@article{Schermer, author = {Schermer, Detleff}, title = {Design according to Eurocode 6 in practice}, series = {Mauerwerk}, volume = {21}, journal = {Mauerwerk}, number = {1}, publisher = {Ernst \& Sohn, a Wiley brand}, issn = {1432-3427}, doi = {10.1002/dama.201700719}, abstract = {For the structural design of masonry according to Eurocode 6 with the associated German national annex, the simplified method and the further simplified calculation method in Annex A are available. These procedures provide tools that can be used in practice to design standard cases quickly and easily. One feature of the verification of masonry walls under compressive loading is that no bending moments in the walls have to be determined as part of the determination of section forces and moments since the verification of the load-bearing capacity of the wall is based solely on the acting vertical force. The effects of floor end restraint and buckling are dealt with by simple equations. One new feature of verification according to Eurocode 6 is that the effect of partially supported floors on the load-bearing capacity of the wall can be included directly. The code is compact and simple to use and the further simplified calculation method is predestined for verification by manual calculation.}, language = {en} } @article{SchermerMeyerLutmanetal., author = {Schermer, Detleff and Meyer, Udo Joachim and Lutman, Marjana and Triller, Petra}, title = {Shear tests on highly thermal insulating clay unit masonry walls with thin layer mortar}, series = {Mauerwerk}, volume = {23}, journal = {Mauerwerk}, number = {3}, publisher = {Ernst \& Sohn}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {1432-3427}, doi = {10.1002/dama.201900007}, pages = {160 -- 169}, abstract = {The paper presents the results of a series of 6 shear tests on full scale highly thermal insulating clay unit masonry walls. The walls consisted of units with large voids filled with mineral wool with a thermal conductivity of lambda= 0,07 W/(m . K). The aim of the investigations was the verification of the in-planeshear resistance of this type of thermal insulating clay unit masonry in addition to the tests reported in [1]. The current design rules for clay unit masonry in DIN EN 1996-1-1/NA are rather conservative compared to the test results for thermal insulating units.}, language = {en} } @article{Schermer, author = {Schermer, Detleff}, title = {The simplified calculation method of DIN EN 1996-3 in practice}, series = {Mauerwerk}, volume = {19}, journal = {Mauerwerk}, number = {6}, publisher = {Wiley}, doi = {10.1002/dama.201500682}, pages = {471 -- 478}, abstract = {The design and detailing of masonry buildings was usually undertaken in the past using the simplified procedure in Section 6 of DIN 1053-1 (1996-11). With the changeover to the new European code, a new procedure has been made available with the simplified calculation method of DIN EN 1996-3, which promises similarly simple and safe handling for the user. The practical implementation of this new code has been underway for some time. The article investigates the standard design cases and explains the innovations and alterations compared to DIN 1053-1.}, language = {en} } @article{Schermer, author = {Schermer, Detleff}, title = {Hybrid testing of masonry structures subjected to seismic loading}, series = {Mauerwerk}, volume = {18}, journal = {Mauerwerk}, number = {3-4}, publisher = {Ernst ; WILEY}, address = {Berlin ; Weinheim}, issn = {1437-1022}, doi = {10.1002/dama.201400625}, pages = {206 -- 212}, abstract = {The combination of experiments and numeric description in a test makes it possible to realistically investigate almost any type of system subjected to dynamic loading without requiring the extremely expensive device of a shaking table. With the numeric approach it is possible to examine the behaviour of even very large and complex structures, thus reducing the experimental investigations to the essential part of the system - for example, bracing masonry walls. This test method has proved to be very helpful, particularly for the investigation of seismic loading, and it allows the synchronous examination of several force and displacement variables (horizontal, vertical, rotational). A new laboratory is presented for the investigation of full-scale building structures up to three storeys high. Die Kombination von Experiment und numerischer Beschreibung innerhalb eines Versuches erlaubt die realit{\"a}tsnahe Untersuchung ann{\"a}hernd beliebiger Systeme unter dynamischen Beanspruchungen, ohne den extrem hohen Aufwand von R{\"u}tteltischen zu erfordern. Durch die Numerik k{\"o}nnen auch sehr große und komplexe Strukturen mit ihrem Verhalten erfasst werden, wobei sich die versuchsm{\"a}ßige Untersuchung auf den maßgebenden Teil des Systems - beispielsweise aussteifende Mauerwerksw{\"a}nde - beschr{\"a}nken kann. Insbesondere f{\"u}r Erdbebenbeanspruchung hat sich die Versuchsmethode sehr gut bew{\"a}hrt und es k{\"o}nnen mehrere Kraft- und Verschiebungsgr{\"o}ßen (horizontal, vertikal, Rotation) synchron behandelt werden. F{\"u}r die Untersuchung an vollmaßst{\"a}blichen Geb{\"a}udestrukturen bis zu drei Geschossen wird ein neues Labor vorgestellt.}, language = {en} } @misc{Schermer, author = {Schermer, Detleff}, title = {Test set-up and proposed testing procedure for the determination of masonry walls under in-plane shear loadings : Brick and Block Masonry: Trends, Innovations and Challenges}, series = {Proceedings of the 16th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference (IMAC), Padova, Italy, 26-30 June 2016}, journal = {Proceedings of the 16th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference (IMAC), Padova, Italy, 26-30 June 2016}, publisher = {Routledge}, pages = {1883 -- 1888}, language = {en} } @article{SchermerMeyerLutmanetal., author = {Schermer, Detleff and Meyer, Udo Joachim and Lutman, Marjana and Triller, Petra}, title = {Shear tests on full scale storey-height specimens constructed with thermally insulating clay unit masonry with thin-layer mortar}, series = {Mauerwerk}, volume = {23}, journal = {Mauerwerk}, number = {6}, publisher = {Ernst \& Sohn}, issn = {1432-3427}, doi = {10.1002/dama.201900025}, pages = {378 -- 386}, abstract = {The paper presents results of a series of 6 in-plane shear tests on storey-height clay unit masonry panels [1] with thin-layer mortar, carried out in addition to previous test campaigns [2], [3], and [4]. The walls were constructed with unfilled thermally insulating clay units with a thermal conductivity of lambda = 0.09 W/(m . K). The current design rules for clay unit masonry according to DIN EN 1996-1-1/NA [5] are conservative compared to the presented test results for thermally insulating clay unit masonry.}, language = {en} } @article{SchermerSchmalzMeyeretal., author = {Schermer, Detleff and Schmalz, Jonathan and Meyer, Udo Joachim and Gams, Matija and Lutman, Marjana and Triller, Petra}, title = {Shear tests on thermal insulating clay unit masonry walls with thin layer mortar}, series = {Mauerwerk}, volume = {22}, journal = {Mauerwerk}, number = {6}, publisher = {Ernst \& Sohn, a Wiley brand}, doi = {10.1002/dama.201800028}, pages = {385 -- 398}, abstract = {The paper presents the results of 20 shear tests on full scale thermal insulating clay unit masonry walls. The types of units used (units with large chambers filled with mineral wool pads and units with small corings filled with mineral wool granulate) as well as the tested wall geometries and vertical loads are representative of the most common wall constructions currently used in housing in Germany. The aim of the investigations was the verification of the shear -resistance of thermal insulating clay unit masonry under realistic conditions and comparison with the design rules in the codes and national technical approvals. The current design rules for clay unit masonry in DIN EN 1996-1-1/NA are rather conservative compared to the test results for thermal insulating units.}, language = {en} } @misc{MeissnerSchermerAmbergeretal., author = {Meißner, Jonathan and Schermer, Detleff and Amberger, Franziska and Hofmann, Philipp}, title = {Eccentric partial compression tests on wall test specimens}, series = {18th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference : Proceedings of IB2MaC 2024 Volume 2, 21.-24. July 2024, Birmingham}, volume = {2025}, journal = {18th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference : Proceedings of IB2MaC 2024 Volume 2, 21.-24. July 2024, Birmingham}, editor = {Milani, Gabriele and Ghiassi, Bahman}, publisher = {Springer}, isbn = {978-3-031-73309-3}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-73310-9_16}, pages = {223 -- 238}, abstract = {Within the scope of this work, the objective was to transfer the stress situations resulting at the exterior wall-floor joint as partial area loads to wall test specimens. The actual load-bearing capacities of highly thermally insulating plane clay unit masonry are to be quantified and compared with the calculated load-bearing capacities based on the unconfined stress-strain relationship and the linear-elastic, quasi-ductile and rigid-plastic material behaviour. In order to record also the deformations and compression at cross-section level directly in the load application area as well as the curvatures at system level, the deformations of all test specimens are documented by means of optical deformation measurement (digital image correlation). In this way, not only the load-bearing capacity but also, in particular, the stress resp. Strain distribution and stress redistributions as well as the experimental moment-curvature relationship can be quantified for the further analytical considerations and evaluations. Accordingly, it can be determined for all eccentric partial area loads that, regardless of the loading situation, higher load bearing capacities are achieved both compared to the calculated bearing capacity and based on a rigid-plastic material behaviour. Especially in the case of the loading situation at the bottom of the walls with partially supported floors, the activation of the unloaded cross-sectional zone at the load transfer can be shown very well based on the photogrammetrically determined cross-sectional compression. The decoupling initiated by the local discontinuity of the stress-strain state occurs only after the rigid-plastic cross-sectional bearing capacity is reached.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HofmannSchermerAmbergeretal., author = {Hofmann, Philipp and Schermer, Detleff and Amberger, Franziska and Meißner, Jonathan}, title = {Experimental investigation at the exterior wall-floor joint with partially supported slabs}, series = {18th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference : Proceedings of IB2MaC 2024 Volume 2, 21.-24. July 2024, Birmingham}, booktitle = {18th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference : Proceedings of IB2MaC 2024 Volume 2, 21.-24. July 2024, Birmingham}, editor = {Ghiassi, Bahman and Milani, Gabriele}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-031-73309-3}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-73310-9_18}, pages = {254 -- 265}, abstract = {The objective of the extensive experimental investigations at the exterior wall-floor joint on a scale of 1:1 on highly thermally insulating clay unit masonry was to record the interaction between the acting axial force and the resulting slab rotation as a result of defined slab fixed end moments. The focus of this test series was on the influence of the nonlinear system behaviour at different axial force-moment combinations caused by the gaping of the horizontal joints as well as the contact zone between slab and masonry. With knowledge of the moment-rotation interaction as a function of the axial force of the wall, a numerical model can be developed with regard to the nonlinear system behaviour. Since the angle of rotation of the slab is of major importance in this respect, the structural design of a reinforced concrete slab is dispensed with in the test and replaced by a flexurally rigid solid steel bracket. This has the decisive advantage that the rotation of the steel bracket can be precisely detected by means of optical deformation measurement (digital image correlation) and directly assigned to the existing axial force-moment combinations. The evaluation of the tests has shown that the dominant nonlinear effect is essentially due to the gaping of the horizontal joints in the exterior wall-floor joint. During the test execution, the proportionality limit between the bracket moment and the bracket rotation could be successively increased with increasing load level regardless of the previous nonlinear system behaviour.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MeissnerSchermerAmbergeretal., author = {Meißner, Jonathan and Schermer, Detleff and Amberger, Franziska and Hofmann, Philipp}, title = {Experimental investigations on the influence of eccentric load application on the load bearing capacity of clay unit masonry walls}, series = {18th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference : Proceedings of IB2MaC 2024 Volume 2, 21.-24. July 2024, Birmingham}, booktitle = {18th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference : Proceedings of IB2MaC 2024 Volume 2, 21.-24. July 2024, Birmingham}, editor = {Milani, Gabriele and Ghiassi, Bahman}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-031-73309-3}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-73310-9_17}, pages = {239 -- 253}, abstract = {For the analysis of centric and double-eccentric wall compression tests, a comprehensive database of different highly thermally insulating clay unit types is being compiled for the first time. The objective of the analysis is, on the one hand, to characterise the load-deformation behaviour of highly thermally insulating clay unit masonry and, on the other hand, to analyse the resulting stress distribution at the cross-section level. In addition, the influence of the increasing load inclination angle with decreasing test specimen slenderness is also shown. With regard to the wall compression tests under double-eccentric loading, the effects caused by the load inclination become obvious and lead to an average reduction of the load-bearing capacity of 41\% compared to the centric compression tests. Furthermore, an opposite effect can also be observed with regard to the generally known interaction between decreasing specimen slenderness and increasing load-bearing capacity. According to this, lower load-bearing capacities result with constant eccentricity and decreasing slenderness, so that a back calculation to a uniform slenderness ratio with the relevant normalisation functions is not possible. The reason for this is due to the linearly increasing load inclination angle and the resulting increasing shear stress within the transverse webs.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchermerMeissnerAmbergeretal., author = {Schermer, Detleff and Meißner, Jonathan and Amberger, Franziska and Hofmann, Philipp}, title = {Numerical investigation for nonlinear internal forces at the exterior wall-floor joints}, series = {18th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference : Proceedings of IB2MaC 2024 Volume 2, 21.-24. July 2024, Birmingham}, booktitle = {18th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference : Proceedings of IB2MaC 2024 Volume 2, 21.-24. July 2024, Birmingham}, editor = {Ghiassi, Bahman and Milani, Gabriele}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-031-73310-9}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-73310-9_19}, pages = {266 -- 279}, abstract = {The objective of the presented work is the analysis of the numerically determined nodal moments at the exterior wall-floor joint compared to the linear-elastic calculation of a frame section according to Annex C of Eurocode 6, Part 1-1 (EN 1996-1-1). The focus of the comparative analysis is the influence of the structural nonlinearity of the exterior wall-floor joint as well as the acting wall axial force, which are explicitly captured in the FE model in contrast to the linear-elastic frame section. In particular, the contact zone is of special importance for partially supported floor and the associated discontinuous stress distribution between the exterior wall and slab. The reason for this is the fact that the transition zone between the masonry wall and the slab behaves in a highly nonlinear manner due to the lack of tensile strength. The related eccentricity e/a required for the ultimate limit state design is thus significantly influenced by the interaction of the axial force and the resulting joint rotations.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HofmannSchermerAmbergeretal., author = {Hofmann, Philipp and Schermer, Detleff and Amberger, Franziska and Meißner, Jonathan}, title = {Substitute test method for the local load bearing capacity of masonry with partially supported slabs}, series = {18th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference : Proceedings of IB2MaC 2024 Volume 2, 21.-24. July 2024, Birmingham}, booktitle = {18th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference : Proceedings of IB2MaC 2024 Volume 2, 21.-24. July 2024, Birmingham}, editor = {Ghiassi, Bahman and Milani, Gabriele}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-031-73310-9}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-73310-9_21}, pages = {294 -- 307}, abstract = {With increasing thermal insulation requirements and resource-efficient construction methods, demands on building exterior walls are rising. Monolithic exterior walls, devoid of additional insulation, require meticulous planning and execution of the exterior wall-floor joint. Besides addressing building physics, fire safety, and sustainable construction, this detail must meet structural analysis standards. The joint's load-bearing capacity hinges on both the masonry wall and slab loads. Masonry walls primarily bear loads from slabs and roof structures. However, slab loads induce rotation, adding bending stress to the masonry. Bending transmission depends on structural design, material parameters, and axial force, creating parameter interactions. To scrutinize various products and design variants regarding contact stiffness, load distribution, and stress concentrations, the Laboratory for Structural Engineering at the University of Applied Sciences (OTH) in Regensburg, Germany developed specific testing methods. These methods realistically capture load redistribution effects based on perforation patterns and quantify potential loadbearing reserves. Additionally, optimising design regulations based on results can accurately describe masonry's load-deformation behaviour.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{AmbergerSchermerHofmannetal., author = {Amberger, Franziska and Schermer, Detleff and Hofmann, Philipp and Meißner, Jonathan}, title = {Shear tests on thermal insulating clay unit masonry walls}, series = {18th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference : Proceedings of IB2MaC 2024 Volume 2, 21.-24. July 2024, Birmingham}, booktitle = {18th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference : Proceedings of IB2MaC 2024 Volume 2, 21.-24. July 2024, Birmingham}, editor = {Ghiassi, Bahman and Milani, Gabriele}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-031-73310-9}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-73310-9_3}, pages = {31 -- 43}, abstract = {Masonry made of highly insulating clay units is a very common construction method, especially in multi-storey residential buildings. To apply this type of construction also in earthquake proven areas, the characterisation of strength and deformation properties under cyclic horizontal loads is essential. For this, a series of full-scale experimental investigations on the behaviour of walls made of thermally insulating clay unit masonry under combined loadings (N-M-V) were carried out in the Laboratory for Structural Engineering at the University of Applied Sciences Regensburg (OTH), Germany. The aim of the static-cyclic tests was to characterise the load-deformation behaviour and the failure mechanism under earthquake loadings. In conventional buildings, stiffening walls are loaded by vertical axial forces and horizontal in-plane loadings. The interaction with the concrete floor slabs leads to restraining effects in real buildings, which create counteracting bending moments. Accordingly, in the test, the loads were applied by a combined loading of bending moment and axial force. Digital image correlation documented deformations to identify failure mechanism. Results indicate that current design approaches according to DIN EN 1996-1-1 are on the safe side regarding the load-bearing capacity of the tested walls contain load-bearing capacity reserves. Based on the failure patterns from digital image correlation, it can be recognised that a strict separation of the individual failure types does not appear to make sense, as the ultimate failure of the test specimens was caused by a combination of several failure types.}, language = {en} }