@inproceedings{VitzthumClausHerrmann, author = {Vitzthum, Thorsten and Claus, Thorsten and Herrmann, Frank}, title = {Can Aggregate Production Planning (APP) be modified to be as good as Master Production Scheduling (MPS)}, series = {ACC Journal}, volume = {23}, booktitle = {ACC Journal}, number = {2}, doi = {10.15240/tul/004/2017-2-012}, pages = {155 -- 162}, abstract = {In diesem Beitrag wird anhand einer Fallstudie die Bedeutung der Hauptproduktionsprogrammplanung (HPPLAN) f{\"u}r die hierarchische Produktionsplanung herausgearbeitet werden. Dazu wird versucht das Ergebnis der aggregierten Gesamtplanung (AGGRPLAN) durch Ver{\"a}nderung einzelner Paramater so zu verbessern, dass es dem Ergebnis der HPPLAN entspricht. Im Rahmen der Untersuchungen konnten dabei Verbesserungen f{\"u}r einzelne Planungssituationen erzielt werden, eine generelle L{\"o}sung konnte jedoch nicht gefunden werden. Insbesondere der Einsatz eines geeigneten Kapazit{\"a}tsreduktionsfaktors in Verbindung mit der Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der Durchlaufzeit f{\"u}hrt zu einer Verbesserung der L{\"o}sung. Bei der Planung von mehr als einem Produkt ist allerdings schwierig einen geeigneten Kapazit{\"a}tsreduktionsfaktor zu finden, da dieser abh{\"a}ngig von der Nachfrage ist.}, subject = {Hierarchische Produktionsplanung}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{VitzthumClausHerrmann, author = {Vitzthum, Thorsten and Claus, Thorsten and Herrmann, Frank}, title = {Einfluss von Mitarbeiterqualifikationszeiten im Rahmen nachhaltiger Produktionsplanung}, series = {Simulation in Produktion und Logistik 2017, Kassel, 20.-22. September}, booktitle = {Simulation in Produktion und Logistik 2017, Kassel, 20.-22. September}, pages = {315 -- 324}, abstract = {This research paper evaluates the potential of reducing shortages and costs that are created by training measures as an example for measurement of extended qualification of key employees in sustainable production planning. Capacity planning with standard methods in Enterprise Resource Planning Systems, namely priority rules, are used. Almost always, the optimal solution is not found, although there is one. In addition, unnecessarily high stocks are built up. In real business situations, this causes lost profits.}, subject = {Enterprise-Resource-Planning}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{TrostClausHerrmann, author = {Trost, Marco and Claus, Thorsten and Herrmann, Frank}, title = {Employment of temporary workers and use of overtime to achieve volume flexibility using master production scheduling: monetary and social implications}, series = {Proceedings of the 35th ECMS International Conference on Modelling and Simulation (ECMS 2021): May 31st-June 2nd, 2021, United Kingdom}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 35th ECMS International Conference on Modelling and Simulation (ECMS 2021): May 31st-June 2nd, 2021, United Kingdom}, editor = {Al-Begain, Khalid}, isbn = {978-3-937436-72-2}, doi = {10.7148/2021-0213}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-24906}, abstract = {Flexibility and in particular volume flexibility is an important topic for industrial manufacturing companies. In this context, the harmonization of the available and required capacity is a central task, especially with increasing fluctuations in customer demand. In classical approaches , this is considered only by the use of additional capacities and there are only a few approaches that combine aspects of personnel planning with production planning. Therefore, this article presents a linear optimization model for master production scheduling that includes aspects of personnel requirements planning. It is used to investigate different strategies for the use of overtime and temporary workers in order to achieve different levels of volume flexibility. With regard to the monetary and social impacts, the results indicate that overtime has a stronger influence to achieve volume flexibility than the use of temporary workers. However, both are affected by substantial deficits in human working conditions. But the results also imply a promising potential for improving the social aspects without a significant increase in costs.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{TrostClausHerrmann, author = {Trost, Marco and Claus, Thorsten and Herrmann, Frank}, title = {Influence of Company Sizes in adapted Master Production Scheduling for Improving Human Working Conditions}, series = {Proceedings of the 34th International ECMS Conference on Modelling and Simulation, ECMS 2020}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 34th International ECMS Conference on Modelling and Simulation, ECMS 2020}, editor = {Steglich, Mike}, publisher = {European Council for Modelling and Simulation}, isbn = {978-3-937436-68-5}, doi = {10.7148/2020-0287}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-24817}, pages = {287 -- 293}, abstract = {Sustainability is an important topic in production plan-ning and control. This article contributes in particular the to further research on the social dimension. It pre-sents a linear optimisation model for Master Produc-tion Scheduling in order to improve human working conditions. Existing approaches have already identified a considerable potential for improvements. Further-more, this article analyses the influence of the compa-ny size on workload and costs using an application with a high proportion of manual activities. It is demonstrat-ed that human working conditions can be improved independently from the company size without increas-ing costs. In addition, smaller companies tend to have a higher exhaustion and the workload affects the total costs more in smaller companies. Therefore, smaller companies might benefit more from an improvement in human working conditions.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{TerbrackHerrmannClaus, author = {Terbrack, Hajo and Herrmann, Frank and Claus, Thorsten}, title = {Deviation in Energy Consumption on Aggregate Production Planning Level in Industry Practice}, series = {Proceedings of the 34th International ECMS Conference on Modelling and Simulation (ECMS 2020)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 34th International ECMS Conference on Modelling and Simulation (ECMS 2020)}, editor = {Steglich, Mike}, isbn = {978-3-937436-68-5}, doi = {10.7148/2020-0334}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-24804}, pages = {334 -- 340}, abstract = {In this article, we discuss energy consumption of producing firms on aggregate production planning. While almost constant energy consumption can be the case for a producing firm, highly fluctuating energy demand can occur as well. Together with volatile energy supply, e.g. due to renewable energy sources, this combination of fluctuating energy supply and demand can result in planning uncertainty and high energy costs. We propose different case studies in which such high deviation in the electricity consumption of a producing firm occurs due to aggregate production planning without appropriate consideration of energy consumption.}, language = {en} } @article{TerbrackFrankHerrmannetal., author = {Terbrack, Hajo and Frank, Ingo and Herrmann, Frank and Claus, Thorsten and Trost, Marco and G{\"o}tz, Matthias}, title = {A literature database on ecological sustainability in hierarchical production planning}, series = {Anwendungen und Konzepte der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, journal = {Anwendungen und Konzepte der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, number = {12}, publisher = {AKWI}, issn = {2296-4592}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-23539}, pages = {36 -- 40}, abstract = {This article describes a systematic literature search of research articles on the topics of ecological sustainability and production planning. Over 900 research articles deal intensively with these topics. These articles were catalogued and included in a database. They can be evaluated with an analysis tool, developed by the research group. The tool is available free of charge via a website of the research group.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SelmairHanfeldClausetal., author = {Selmair, Maximilian and Hanfeld, Marc and Claus, Thorsten and Herrmann, Frank}, title = {Exploring Opportunities}, series = {Simulation Notes Europe (SNE), Special Issue: Simulation in Production and Logistics: Impact of Energetic Factors}, volume = {27}, booktitle = {Simulation Notes Europe (SNE), Special Issue: Simulation in Production and Logistics: Impact of Energetic Factors}, number = {2}, doi = {10.11128/sne.27.tn.10375}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-2007}, pages = {97 -- 103}, abstract = {Motivated by the increasing share of renewable energy in the markets for energy commodities, this study has evaluated the potential for optimizing production planning by taking into account disposable options for procuring energy, in this case electricity. For this purpose, a material flow simulation study extended by an electricity price simulation has been executed to examine possible cost scenarios. Our findings support the notion of a potential for further research in new optimization models involving energy procurement as well as energy trading options}, subject = {Materialflussplanung}, language = {en} } @misc{EnglbergerHerrmannClaus, author = {Englberger, Julian and Herrmann, Frank and Claus, Thorsten}, title = {A simulation analysis of Independent Requirements Consumption in Master Production Scheduling}, series = {ASIM Workshop, Trends in Computational Science and Engineering (ASIM TCSE 2012), February 13-14, 2012, Vienna University of Technology, Austria}, journal = {ASIM Workshop, Trends in Computational Science and Engineering (ASIM TCSE 2012), February 13-14, 2012, Vienna University of Technology, Austria}, abstract = {This poster presents purpose and function of the Independent Requirements Consumption in Master Production Scheduling and gives recommendations for its application. The approach of hierarchical production planning and its planning problems are explained. The problem of new customer requirements information between planning periods and solving options are shown. The solving option of Independent Requirements Consumption is focus of this poster. The algorithm of the Independent Requirements Consumption that is implemented in commercial Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems like the SAP system is analyzed. The methods for analyzing the effects of the Independent Requirements Consumption are outlined. The scenarios for simulation studies are stated and compared to similar investigations. The simulation studies were performed on a simulation system at IPF that contains both a production planning and control system and a production. The extent of simulation analyses outreaches similar investigations, especially because of the variety of scenarios. For scenarios in which capacity is available to a sufficient extent, advice for setting the Independent Requirements Consumption parameters is given. It is pointed out that with production constrained scenarios, the necessity to level out production leads to problems. An algorithm to determine necessary inventory levels is presented. It is stated that straight advice for Independent Requirements Consumption parameter settings might not be possible with production constrained scenarios. Further analyses with production constrained scenarios as well as investigations concerning safety stocks in combination with Independent Requirements Consumption are current and future research topics at the Innovation Center for Production Logistics and Factory Planning.}, subject = {Produktonsplanung}, language = {en} } @misc{TerbrackClausHerrmann, author = {Terbrack, Hajo and Claus, Thorsten and Herrmann, Frank}, title = {An Optimization Model for Production Scheduling with Energy Consumption and Energy-related Emissions}, series = {OR 2022, International Conference on Operations Research 2022, September 6-9, 2022, Karlsruhe}, journal = {OR 2022, International Conference on Operations Research 2022, September 6-9, 2022, Karlsruhe}, abstract = {Due to the scarcity of resources, rising costs as well as the further need for ecological improvement in industrial production, firms are increasingly motivated to take into account energy consumption in production planning. Associated with this, the consideration of energy-related emissions is becoming an additional point of interest for decisionmakers in both, economic and ecological terms. Based on an extensive systematic literature review, the study at hand presents a multicriterial scheduling problem that addresses tardiness, energy consumption and energy-related emissions in production scheduling. A model is introduced that takes into account job release dates, multiple machine states, a power demand threshold as well as time-varying emission conversion factors. Multiple case studies are analysed and the effects of different technological implementations as energy onsite generation and energy storage systems are evaluated. Furthermore, several price mechanisms regarding energy procurement and emission trading are discussed. Moreover, by coupling the optimization model to a discrete event simulation model, we are able to compare the model results to real case scenarios. First computational experiments have demonstrated that the model and its extensions can effectively reduce the environmental impact associated with production while simultaneously considering corresponding economic objectives. Based on the proposed approach, our research aims on answering the question with which economic trade-offs an ecological improvement in terms of energy consumption and emission output can be achieved in production.}, language = {en} } @misc{HerrmannSchoenClausetal., author = {Herrmann, Frank and Schoen, Maximilian and Claus, Thorsten and Dai, Chenghao}, title = {Aggregate Production Planning under Risk of Disruption}, series = {OR 2024, International Conference on Operations Research 2024, September 3-6, 2024, Munich}, journal = {OR 2024, International Conference on Operations Research 2024, September 3-6, 2024, Munich}, abstract = {In recent years, large scale disruptions to global supply chains, like the Covid pandemic, a ship blocking the Suez canal or sanctions against Russia, have caused production to slow down or even to stand still, causing shortages and massive losses for affected businesses. Even if only specific companies were originally affected, shortages and delays rippled along the supply network. The established approach to deal with disruptions is to utilize safety stock and capacity to compensate for fluctuations in uncertain quantities like customer demand. This approach is tried and tested for small fluctuations. To address larger disruptions, like the above given, very high safety stock and capacity would be needed, which would lead to unnecessarily high costs. Resilience has often been viewed as an expensive capability that drives costs. Recent studies however advocate for the development of lean resilience concepts, creating new capabilities, which enable resilience and can deal with large fluctuations, reimagining resilience from the perspectives of efficiency and value creation. This contribution identifies gaps in current research and establishes structural deficits of approaches discussed in the literature regarding supply chains. Firstly, the need for rigorous, quantitative definitions of resilience and relevant disruptions is justified. Then, a stochastic model for aggregate production planning that includes capabilities to compensate for such large fluctuations along several dimensions is proposed. Lastly, this model is then applied to a case study pertaining to a realistic supply chain under the risk of large scale disruptions and the results of this approach are evaluated.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{EnglbergerHerrmannClaus, author = {Englberger, Julian and Herrmann, Frank and Claus, Thorsten}, title = {Simulation-based determination of capacity load factors for master production scheduling}, series = {Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Simulation in Production and Logistics, October 9 - 11, 2013, Paderborn, Germany}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Simulation in Production and Logistics, October 9 - 11, 2013, Paderborn, Germany}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-2610}, pages = {631 -- 640}, abstract = {This paper deals with the problem of varying capacity load factors in master production scheduling. A simulation system of a production planning and control system and of a production system is described and an approach to compute the capacity loads from the simulation results is developed. This approach is used to measure period-specific capacity load factors for master production scheduling. The measured capacity load factors vary over time and show that the common assumption of the load factors being period-independent is inappropriate. A stochastic programming model to cope with this variation is described. This model is compared to a common linear programming model for master production scheduling in a simulation experiment. The results show that the use of the measured capacity load factor scenarios improves the quality of the estimation of the capacity load factors significantly.}, subject = {PPS}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{LangeHerrmannClaus, author = {Lange, Frederick and Herrmann, Frank and Claus, Thorsten}, title = {Simulation based clearing functions for a model of order release planning}, series = {Proceedings of the 27th EUROPEAN Conference on Modeling and Simulation, May 27th - 30th, 2013, {\AA}lesund, Norway}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 27th EUROPEAN Conference on Modeling and Simulation, May 27th - 30th, 2013, {\AA}lesund, Norway}, doi = {10.7148/2013-0741}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-2205}, pages = {741 -- 747}, abstract = {In capacitated production systems at high utilization there exists a nonlinear relationship between the orders which are in process and the output. This nonlinear relationship can be described by nonlinear Clearing Functions. We show how a Clearing function will be estimated and integrate it into a model of order releases planning. We compare our model with two inventory management policies under different demand conditions.}, subject = {Auftragsabwicklung}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{EnglbergerHerrmannClaus, author = {Englberger, Julian and Herrmann, Frank and Claus, Thorsten}, title = {Simulation of robust Master Production Scheduling in an industrially relevant planning environment}, series = {Proceedings of the 27th EUROPEAN Conference on Modeling and Simulationn, May 27th - 30th, 2013, {\AA}lesund, Norway}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 27th EUROPEAN Conference on Modeling and Simulationn, May 27th - 30th, 2013, {\AA}lesund, Norway}, doi = {10.7148/2013-0794}, pages = {794 -- 800}, abstract = {This paper presents a simulation analysis on the effects of robust master production scheduling. Up to now, relatively highly aggregated planning models for robust master production scheduling were regarded and the realizability of the planning results was not considered. This paper analyses a more detailed model for master production scheduling than in previous works. The evaluation of the planning results is made by providing the planning results to the subsequent planning levels in a hierarchical production planning system and realizing them in a realistic production system. The primary objective of the production system is to minimise tardiness of customer order deliveries. The secondary objective is to minimise inventory of end products. It is shown that robust master production scheduling in such a planning system leads to significant reductions of tardiness of customer order shipment. Compared to an equivalent deterministic approach for master production scheduling, the mean customer order backlog is reduced more than the mean inventory levels are increased.}, subject = {Hierarchische Produktionsplanung}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{EnglbergerHerrmannClaus, author = {Englberger, Julian and Herrmann, Frank and Claus, Thorsten}, title = {Independent Requirements Consumption in Master Production Scheduling in an Uncapacitated Environment}, series = {Informatics, Microsystems, Information Systems. Proceedings. 2012}, volume = {Vol. 1(1)}, booktitle = {Informatics, Microsystems, Information Systems. Proceedings. 2012}, isbn = {9785733909301}, subject = {Produktionsplanung}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ClausHerrmann, author = {Claus, Thorsten and Herrmann, Frank}, title = {Simulation als betriebliche Entscheidungshilfe}, series = {Erg{\"a}nzungsband zu den Proceedings zur 14. ASIM Fachtagung "Simulation in Produktion und Logistik", vom 6. bis 8. Oktober 2010 am Karlsruher Institut f{\"u}r Technologie, Karlsruhe}, booktitle = {Erg{\"a}nzungsband zu den Proceedings zur 14. ASIM Fachtagung "Simulation in Produktion und Logistik", vom 6. bis 8. Oktober 2010 am Karlsruher Institut f{\"u}r Technologie, Karlsruhe}, subject = {Produktion}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{TrostTeichClausetal., author = {Trost, Marco and Teich, Enrico and Claus, Thorsten and Herrmann, Frank}, title = {Master Production Scheduling and the relevance of included social criteria}, series = {ACC Journal}, volume = {23}, booktitle = {ACC Journal}, number = {3}, doi = {10.15240/tul/004/2017-2-011}, pages = {146 -- 154}, abstract = {Folgender Beitrag untersucht die Notwendigkeit einer Ber{\"u}cksichtigung von Mitarbeiterauslastungen und davon abh{\"a}ngiger Bearbeitungszeiten in der Hauptproduktionsprogrammplanung. Zudem wird aufgezeigt, dass dieses Themengebiet aktuell eine Forschungsl{\"u}cke darstellt. Aus diesem Grund wird ein selbst entwickeltes lineares Optimierungsmodell f{\"u}r die Hauptproduktionsprogrammplanung vorgestellt, welches soziale Kriterien und eine geeignete Fallstudie enth{\"a}lt. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass erhebliche Abweichungen durch eine Ignoranz von Mitarbeiterauslastungen und davon abh{\"a}ngiger Bearbeitungszeiten entstehen. Deshalb ist eine Integration zu empfehlen. Allerdings wird auch deutlich, dass weitere Forschungen notwendig sind, speziell f{\"u}r die Bestimmung geeigneter Ersch{\"o}pfungsfunktionen, so wie beispielsweise Funktionen f{\"u}r Lerneffekte existieren.}, subject = {Fertigungsprogrammplanung}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{TrostClausHerrmann, author = {Trost, Marco and Claus, Thorsten and Herrmann, Frank}, title = {Adapted Master Production Scheduling: Potential for Improving Human Working Conditions}, series = {Proceedings of the 33th European Conference on Modelling and Simulation 2019 (ECMS), Caserta, Italy}, volume = {33,1}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 33th European Conference on Modelling and Simulation 2019 (ECMS), Caserta, Italy}, doi = {10.7148/2019}, pages = {310 -- 316}, abstract = {This article illustrates the problem of deficient working conditions like high work intensity and underlines the possibilities of production planning and control to improve them. However, an included literature search presents that previous approaches have predominantly considered social aspects within a short planning horizon and that there is a need for a long-term consideration. To address this research gap a linear optimization model for Master Production Scheduling is presented, which has been extended by basic aspects of personnel requirements planning and a control of personnel work intensity. The results show that improvements in working conditions can be achieved through adapted production planning without an automatically increase in costs. However , challenges in quantifying the corresponding social correlations are identified as well.}, subject = {Produktionsplanung}, language = {en} } @article{TrostTeichClausetal., author = {Trost, Marco and Teich, Enrico and Claus, Thorsten and Herrmann, Frank}, title = {Ein lineares Optimierungsmodell zur Hauptproduktionsprogrammplanung mit Ber{\"u}cksichtigung sozialer Gr{\"o}ßen}, series = {uwf UmweltWirtschaftsForum}, volume = {25}, journal = {uwf UmweltWirtschaftsForum}, doi = {10.1007/s00550-017-0454-7}, pages = {71 -- 80}, abstract = {Aufgrund weniger existenter sozialorientierter Forschungen im Rahmen der Produktionsplanung und -steuerung stellt dieser Beitrag ein lineares Optimierungsmodell f{\"u}r die Hauptproduktionsprogrammplanung vor, welches soziale Kriterien ber{\"u}cksichtigt. Erste Ergebnisse deuten an, dass geringe Kosten nicht durch eine maximierte Mitarbeiterauslastung entstehen sondern durch geringe Kapazit{\"a}tsschwankungen.}, subject = {Hierarchische Produktionsplanung}, language = {de} } @book{ClausHerrmannTeich, author = {Claus, Thorsten and Herrmann, Frank and Teich, Enrico}, title = {Kostensimulation}, publisher = {Springer Gabler}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {978-3-658-25167-3}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-25168-0}, subject = {Kostenanalyse}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{TrostClausTeichetal., author = {Trost, Marco and Claus, Thorsten and Teich, Enrico and Selmair, Maximilian and Herrmann, Frank}, title = {Social and Ecological Capabilities for a sustainable Hierarchical Production Planning}, series = {Proceedings of the 30th EUROPEAN Conference on Modeling and Simulation (ECMS 2016), May 31st - June 3rd, 2016, Regensburg, Germany}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 30th EUROPEAN Conference on Modeling and Simulation (ECMS 2016), May 31st - June 3rd, 2016, Regensburg, Germany}, doi = {10.7148/2016-0432}, abstract = {Production planning and production control mainly focus on optimising the entire production system of a company. On the basis of hierarchical planning as a suitable method for solving this task, this paper shows - besides the economic dimension taken into account so far - that there are also social and ecological effects which will have to be considered in the process of planning. For this purpose, we would like to indicate here which social and ecological parameters can be or have already been taken into account for master production scheduling, for lot sizing and resource scheduling. As a result, an overview has been created which presents the existing concepts of sustainable production planning and production control as well as the existing deficits regarding the sustainability perspective.}, subject = {Hierarchische Produktionsplanung}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{JanssenHerrmannClaus, author = {Janssen, Larissa and Herrmann, Frank and Claus, Thorsten}, title = {Beitrag zur Abfallreduktion mittels mathematischer Optimierung und simulationsbasierter Validierung}, series = {Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Simulation in Production and Logistics, September 23 - 25, 2015, Dortmund, Germany}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Simulation in Production and Logistics, September 23 - 25, 2015, Dortmund, Germany}, abstract = {Perishable goods with a shelf life of 3-5 days require frequent inventory controls in the food retail trade. Maintaining a high service level for these products in stores is difficult due to demand uncertainty. A high service level often leads to a lot of stock in stores. In case it is not sold, it is waste. As an approach towards waste volume reduction, the economic order quantity (EOQ) problem is optimised in combination with the delivery frequency problem on the basis of the microperiods, i.e. morning, midday, afternoon, and evening. The presented model is designed for multiple stores with one regional warehouse. The simulation model measures the waste volume in stores. Experiments show that the combined optimisation of both problems leads to a reduction of total costs and waste volume.}, subject = {Bestandsmanagement}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{SelmairHerrmannClausetal., author = {Selmair, Maximilian and Herrmann, Frank and Claus, Thorsten and Teich, Enrico}, title = {Potential of Reducing the Total Energy Consumption by Scheduling a Jobshop Production System}, series = {Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Simulation in Production and Logistics, September 23 - 25, 2015, Dortmund, Germany}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Simulation in Production and Logistics, September 23 - 25, 2015, Dortmund, Germany}, pages = {375 -- 384}, abstract = {This research paper has evaluated the potential of reducing energy consumption by scheduling jobshop production systems with machines using standby modes in free times. The initial introduction of the planning issue is followed by a description of the approach to assess the available potential. Subsequently, the research procedure by means of simulation, a detailed discussion of the results and a perspective on future research is given. Moreover, the notion that scheduling influences the energy consumption in jobshop production systems is supported. The presented simulation research also documents that there is no direct correlation between energy consumption and total lead time, although this was presumed usually. Finally, this paper provides a forecast for a possible optimisation model as well as an exemplary model with an energy-optimised schedule plan.}, subject = {Produktionsplanung}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SelmairClausTrostetal., author = {Selmair, Maximilian and Claus, Thorsten and Trost, Marco and Bley, Andreas and Herrmann, Frank}, title = {Job Shop Scheduling with Flexible Energy Prices}, series = {Proceedings of the 30th EUROPEAN Conference on Modeling and Simulation, May 31st - June 3rd, 2016, Regensburg, Germany}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 30th EUROPEAN Conference on Modeling and Simulation, May 31st - June 3rd, 2016, Regensburg, Germany}, doi = {10.7148/2016-0488}, abstract = {The rising energy prices - particularly over the last decade - pose a new challenge for the manufacturing industry. Reactions to climate change, such as the advancement of renewable energies, raise the expectation of further price increases and variations. Regarding the manufacturing industry, production planning and controlling can have a significant influence on the in-plant energy consumption. In this paper, we develop a scheduling method as a linear optimization model with the objective to minimize energy costs in a job shop production system.}, subject = {Job Shop Scheduling}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{TrostForstnerClausetal., author = {Trost, Marco and Forstner, Robert and Claus, Thorsten and Herrmann, Frank and Frank, Ingo and Terbrack, Hajo}, title = {Sustainable Production Planning and Control: A Systematic Literature Review}, series = {Proceedings of the 33th European Conference on Modelling and Simulation 2019 (ECMS), Caserta, Italy}, volume = {33,1}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 33th European Conference on Modelling and Simulation 2019 (ECMS), Caserta, Italy}, doi = {10.7148/2019}, pages = {303 -- 309}, abstract = {This article reviews the state of the art in research regarding sustainable extensions of hierarchical production planning. Sustainability is currently of considerable importance due to various interest groups. Hierarchical operational production planning and control is the state of the art in research as well as in industrial practice for planning of stations and their aggregations to production systems. Thus, it might be highly relevant to improve sustainability. In the literature mainly the scheduling level as well as the ecological dimension are considered. So the current research is limited to selected partial planning problems and incomplete with regard to sustainable aspects that emerge.}, subject = {Produktionsplanung}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{LangeHerrmannClaus, author = {Lange, Frederick and Herrmann, Frank and Claus, Thorsten}, title = {Simulation based capacity estimation for a model of order release planning under the consideration of service levels}, series = {Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Simulation in Production and Logistics, October 9 - 11, 2013, Paderborn, Germany}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Simulation in Production and Logistics, October 9 - 11, 2013, Paderborn, Germany}, isbn = {978-0-9564944-6-7}, pages = {741 -- 747}, abstract = {Clearing Functions describe the nonlinear relationship between the orders which are in process and the output in capacitated productions systems under high utilization. These Clearing Function can be derived analytical by using steady-state queuing models or empirical by using simulation. We show how to estimate a Clearing Function for a single-level multi-product production system by using a simulation model. This non-linear Clearing Function is integrated into a model of order release planning. We extend this model to consider the uncertainty of the demand by using a Beta service level. We compare our model with an inventory management policy under different demand conditions.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{TrostClausTeichetal., author = {Trost, Marco and Claus, Thorsten and Teich, Enrico and Herrmann, Frank}, title = {Die soziale Dimension in der nachhaltigen hierarchischen Produktionsplanung - Stand der Forschung und Ans{\"a}tze zur Weiterentwicklung bestehender Planungsmodelle}, series = {Proceedings zur NAMA 2016 (NAMA 2016), October 5th - 7th, 2016, Dresden, Germany}, booktitle = {Proceedings zur NAMA 2016 (NAMA 2016), October 5th - 7th, 2016, Dresden, Germany}, pages = {4 S.}, abstract = {Bei der Produktionsplanung steht die Optimierung des Produktionssystems eines Unternehmens im Vordergrund. In diesem Beitrag wird auf Basis der hierarchischen Produktionsplanung aufgezeigt, dass neben {\"o}konomischen und {\"o}kologischen Aspekten insbesondere auch soziale Effekte bei der Entscheidungsfindung zu ber{\"u}cksichtigen sind. Dazu werden f{\"u}r die Hauptproduktionsprogrammplanung, die Losgr{\"o}ßenplanung und die Ressourcenbelegungsplanung dargelegt, welche sozialen Gr{\"o}ßen ber{\"u}cksichtigt werden k{\"o}nnen beziehungsweise bereits ber{\"u}cksichtigt sind. {\"U}berdies wird ein Modellansatz zur Hauptproduktionsprogrammplanung vorgestellt, der auf die Beseitigung identifizierter Forschungsl{\"u}cken abzielt.}, subject = {Hierarchische Produktionsplanung}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{FrankHerrmannClaus, author = {Frank, Ingo and Herrmann, Frank and Claus, Thorsten}, title = {Improving sustainability through substitutes in cross-location production planning}, series = {Proceedings of the International Annual Conference of the German Operations Research Society 2019 (OR 2019), Dresden, September 3 - 6, 2019}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Annual Conference of the German Operations Research Society 2019 (OR 2019), Dresden, September 3 - 6, 2019}, subject = {Produktionsplanung}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{TerbrackHerrmannClaus, author = {Terbrack, Hajo and Herrmann, Frank and Claus, Thorsten}, title = {Determining an optimal energy demand range within master production scheduling}, series = {Proceedings of the International Annual Conference of the German Operations Research Society 2019 (OR 2019) Dresden, September 3 - 6, 2019}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Annual Conference of the German Operations Research Society 2019 (OR 2019) Dresden, September 3 - 6, 2019}, subject = {Produktionsplanung}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{TrostClausHerrmann, author = {Trost, Marco and Claus, Thorsten and Herrmann, Frank}, title = {Master production scheduling with consideration of social aspects for networking with human resources requirements planning}, series = {Proceedings of the International Annual Conference of the German Operations Research Society 2018 (OR 2018), Br{\"u}ssel, September 12 - 14, 2018}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Annual Conference of the German Operations Research Society 2018 (OR 2018), Br{\"u}ssel, September 12 - 14, 2018}, abstract = {A large number of current research focuses on the sustainable orientation of business processes. However, it is often neglected that, next to the ecological and economic dimension, the social dimension is also an important pillar of sustainability. Therefore, the intended contribution focuses on the integration of social aspects into the Master Production Scheduling and thus achieves a network between production planning and human resources requirements planning. The study shows that previous papers on production planning and control usually ignore the social dimension. Exceptions are works that take advantage of learning and forgetting effects at the lot-sizing and scheduling. In addition, there are various papers in the scheduling area which aim to reduce employee workload by optimizing resource allocation. Thus, however, only an optimal distribution of burden is achieved. Therefore, this paper presents a long-term management of the burden. To this end, the classic Master Production Scheduling, which has been statically limited in terms of capacity, whereby additional capacities have been used, will be expanded. At the same time, human resources requirements planning is based on assumptions regarding the expected capacity requirements. The created linear optimization model, addresses these weak points. A flexible available capacity is integrated on the basis of existing sales orders. It is making possible, to build up and reduce capacities, whereby technical restrictions (number of workplaces) and labor market conditions (number of available employees, qualification of employees and experience of employees) are also mapped. This represents a significant progress compared to previous models, whereby the target function minimizes costs. Further progress has been made in investigating the effects of exhaustion. The ratio of capacity requirements to available capacity was controlled externally as employee utilization and processing times dependent on the employee's utilization were taken into account. Subsequently, different utilization situations were examined under the assumption of different exhaustion and random demand patterns with the aim of determining an optimal employee utilization. A key finding of this study is that - contrary to common assumptions - achieving cost benefits is not necessarily associated with maximizing utilization, but rather with controlling employee utilization. An additional effect results from the reduction of the employee burden. However, the flexible capacity available does not limit the performance of the production system. In addition, we are currently working on the investigation of effects in a long-term planning horizon and of consequences for the downstream planning levels of production planning and control. Overall, the contribution presents an innovative research project that aims to integrate social aspects into production planning in order to make a contribution to truly sustainable models in the future.}, subject = {Produktionsplanung}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{TrostClausHerrmann, author = {Trost, Marco and Claus, Thorsten and Herrmann, Frank}, title = {Adapted Master Production Scheduling: Analysis on the impact of relevant social performance indicators from the GRI standard}, series = {Proceedings of the International Annual Conference of the German Operations Research Society 2019 (OR 2019) Dresden, September 3 - 6, 2019}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Annual Conference of the German Operations Research Society 2019 (OR 2019) Dresden, September 3 - 6, 2019}, abstract = {The sustainable development of processes is currently an important topic in industry and science. Various interest groups and other factors like resource shortages or a lack of skilled workers drive this trend. In the area of Production and Operation Management, the integration of sustainable aspects is also becoming more and more important. However, mainly ecological aspects are considered. Thus, this contribution expands the previous research by the integration of social aspects. For this, we limit our research to the Master Production Scheduling as part of operational production planning. In the context of sustainability, the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standard has established itself for companies and other organisations to report on their sustainability activities. It is the first and most widely adopted global standards for sustainability reporting. The aim of this standard is to measure the sustainable performance and in this way, sustainability activities can be oriented to specific performance indicators. Accordingly, the GRI standard enables concrete initiatives to improve social, environmental and economic conditions for everyone. The modular standard comprises 36 standard modules. For this paper, the 19 social modules were analysed and relevant indicators that could be influenced by the Master Production Scheduling were identified. One of the important indicators from the GRI standard for our research question is the use of employees, measured in terms of hiring and employee turnover. The long-term employee commitment and thus low fluctuation will become a competitive advantage in the future, which is enhanced by the demographic change and the lack of skilled workers. In order to integrate these aspects based on the GRI standard, the classic formulation of Master Production Scheduling is extended. For this a control of the employee utilization within concrete utilization intervals as well as dependent processing times due to different exhaustion effects were integrated. Additionally, in order to take into account the requirements of a flexible production and to model the use of employees, aspects of personnel requirements planning are considered as well, which enable the build-up and reduction of capacity. As a result, social and economic consequences of related production scenarios are presented. In this context, a conflict of targets arises especially with macroeconomic fluctuations. On the one hand, shortages and inventories should be avoided from an economic point of view. On the other hand, a low and constant work intensity as well as a constant number of staff should be preferred for long-term employee commitment. Accordingly, the ability of the model to examine these questions, which will become more and more important for industrial enterprises in the future, becomes clear. Furthermore, it can be seen that it is possible to improve social aspects by adapted production planning without neglecting economic targets.}, subject = {Produktionsplanung}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{TrostClausHerrmann, author = {Trost, Marco and Claus, Thorsten and Herrmann, Frank}, title = {Limitation of Temporary Employment in the Master Production Scheduling}, series = {Liberec Economic Forum 2021: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference}, booktitle = {Liberec Economic Forum 2021: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference}, editor = {Antlov{\´a}, Klara and Semer{\´a}dov{\´a}, Tereza}, edition = {1. Aufl.}, address = {Liberec, Czech Republic}, isbn = {978-80-7494-578-6}, pages = {201 -- 209}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{TerbrackClausGoetzetal., author = {Terbrack, Hajo and Claus, Thorsten and G{\"o}tz, Matthias and Herrmann, Frank and Selmair, Maximilian}, title = {Analyse von konventionellen Priorit{\"a}tsregeln zur Reduktion von CO2-Emissionen durch den Einsatz von Photovoltaikanlagen}, series = {Simulation in Produktion und Logistik 2021: Erlangen, 15.-17. September 2021}, booktitle = {Simulation in Produktion und Logistik 2021: Erlangen, 15.-17. September 2021}, editor = {Franke, J{\"o}rg and Schuderer, Peter}, publisher = {Cuvillier Verlag}, address = {G{\"o}ttingen}, isbn = {978-3736974791}, pages = {75 -- 84}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{ForstnerClausHerrmann, author = {Forstner, Robert and Claus, Thorsten and Herrmann, Frank}, title = {Anwendung eines Energieabnahmekorridors auf der Ebene der Hauptproduktionsprogrammplanung}, series = {Russian Journal of Applied Sciences}, booktitle = {Russian Journal of Applied Sciences}, publisher = {A. A. Kuleshov MSU}, address = {Mogilev}, pages = {95 -- 98}, language = {de} } @article{TerbrackClausHerrmann, author = {Terbrack, Hajo and Claus, Thorsten and Herrmann, Frank}, title = {Energy-Oriented Production Planning in Industry}, series = {Sustainability}, volume = {13}, journal = {Sustainability}, number = {23}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, doi = {10.3390/su132313317}, pages = {1 -- 32}, abstract = {Scarcity of resources, structural change during the further development of renewable energy sources, and their corresponding costs, such as increasing resource costs or penalties due to dirty production, lead industrial firms to adapt ecological actions. In this regard, research on energy utilization in production planning has received increased attention in the last years, resulting in a large number of research articles so far. With the paper at hand, we review the literature on energy-oriented production planning. The aim of this study is to derive similar core issues and related properties along energy-oriented models within hierarchical production planning. For this, we carry out a systematic literature review and analyze and synthesize 375 research articles. We classify the underlying literature with a novel two-dimensional classification scheme and identify three key topics and five frequently found characteristics, which are presented in detail throughout this article. Based on these results, we state several potentials for further research.}, language = {en} } @incollection{ClausHerrmannManitz, author = {Claus, Thorsten and Herrmann, Frank and Manitz, Michael}, title = {Knappe Kapazit{\"a}ten und Unsicherheit - Analytische Ans{\"a}tze und Simulation in der Produktionsplanung und -steuerung}, series = {Produktionsplanung und -steuerung}, booktitle = {Produktionsplanung und -steuerung}, editor = {Claus, Thorsten and Herrmann, Frank and Manitz, Michael}, publisher = {Springer Gabler}, address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, isbn = {978-3-662-64290-0}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-64291-7_1}, pages = {3 -- 7}, language = {de} } @incollection{TerbrackFrankHerrmannetal., author = {Terbrack, Hajo and Frank, Ingo and Herrmann, Frank and Claus, Thorsten and Trost, Marco}, title = {Eine Literaturdatenbank zur Nachhaltigkeit in der hierarchischen Produktionsplanung}, series = {Produktionsplanung und -steuerung}, booktitle = {Produktionsplanung und -steuerung}, editor = {Claus, Thorsten and Herrmann, Frank and Manitz, Michael}, publisher = {Springer Gabler}, address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, isbn = {978-3-662-64290-0}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-64291-7_3}, pages = {27 -- 35}, language = {de} } @article{Stumvollspaeter:PlachClaus, author = {Stumvoll (sp{\"a}ter: Plach), Ulrike and Claus, Thorsten}, title = {Challenges while Updating Planning Parameters of an ERP System and How a Simulation-Based Support System Can Support Material Planners}, series = {Systems}, volume = {4}, journal = {Systems}, number = {1}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, doi = {10.3390/systems4010010}, pages = {11}, abstract = {In an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system, production planning is influenced by a variety of parameters. Previous investigations show that setting parameter values is highly relevant to a company's target system. Parameter settings should be checked and adjusted, e.g., after a change in environmental factors, by material planners. In practice, updating the parameters is difficult due to several reasons. This paper presents a simulation-based decision support system, which helps material planners in all stages of decision-making processes. It will present the system prototype's user interface and the results of applying the system to a case study.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{TrostTerbrackClausetal., author = {Trost, Marco and Terbrack, Hajo and Claus, Thorsten and Herrmann, Frank}, title = {Established production planning and control and its enhancement with sustainability}, series = {Proceedings of the 37th ECMS International Conference on Modeling and Simulation (ECMS 2023): June 20th - June 23rd, 2023, Florence, Italy}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 37th ECMS International Conference on Modeling and Simulation (ECMS 2023): June 20th - June 23rd, 2023, Florence, Italy}, publisher = {ECMS}, isbn = {978-3-937436-80-7}, issn = {2522-2422}, doi = {10.7148/2023-0320}, pages = {320 -- 327}, abstract = {Against the background of the energy crisis, shortage of skilled workers, demographic change and other drivers, sustainable development is also becoming increasingly important for industrial companies. In this respect, production planning and control has an enormous influence on relevant objectives. In classical approaches of production planning and control as presented in this paper, economic-oriented objectives are taken into account to a large extent in decision making. This paper demonstrates that besides these classical models, a variety of approaches exist to influence ecological and social targets through production planning. These different models are assigned to sustainability areas and outlined by exemplary literature sources. Further research is needed, for instance, in the joint consideration of sustainability criteria along different planning levels and sustainable dimensions.}, language = {en} } @article{TrostClausHerrmann, author = {Trost, Marco and Claus, Thorsten and Herrmann, Frank}, title = {Social Sustainability in Production Planning: A Systematic Literature Review}, series = {Sustainability}, volume = {14}, journal = {Sustainability}, number = {13}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, doi = {10.3390/su14138198}, pages = {1 -- 31}, abstract = {Sustainable production includes economic, environmental, and social aspects. However, social sustainability has received less attention, especially compared to the economic aspects. Next to technical and organizational measures, social improvements within supply chains can also be achieved through suitable production planning. Within production planning, production programs are determined, and the assignment of available resources (e.g., employees) is specified. Thus, the utilization and workload of employees are defined. This systematic literature review investigates to what extent such employee-related social aspects are reflected in production planning and discusses whether economic aspects dominate them. For this, a Scopus database search was carried out and 76 identified approaches were analyzed and categorized regarding the occurring employee-related social aspects and their implementation. Thus far, the approaches mainly consider single aspects on single planning levels. A consideration of a broad set of aspects along the entire production planning has rarely been studied. In particular, health and safety aspects are considered on the levels of assembly line balancing and job rotation. However, their impact is primarily determined by the specific settings of the decision-maker. To support decision-makers, only a few studies have investigated the effects based on real application scenarios. Further potential might be an extended modeling of social and economic interdependencies and a consideration of employee-related social aspects in medium- to long-term production planning.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{TerbrackClausHerrmann, author = {Terbrack, Hajo and Claus, Thorsten and Herrmann, Frank}, title = {Addressing Energy Consumption and Energy-related Emissions by Single Machine Scheduling}, series = {Operations Research Proceedings 2022, Abstracts of the Annual International Conference of the German Operations Research Society (Gor): Karlsruhe, Germany, September 6-9, 2022}, booktitle = {Operations Research Proceedings 2022, Abstracts of the Annual International Conference of the German Operations Research Society (Gor): Karlsruhe, Germany, September 6-9, 2022}, editor = {Grothe, Oliver and Nickel, Stefan and Rebennack, Steffen and Stein, Oliver}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{TerbrackClausHerrmann, author = {Terbrack, Hajo and Claus, Thorsten and Herrmann, Frank}, title = {Emission reduction through production scheduling by priority rules and energy onsite generation}, series = {Proceedings of the 36th ECMS International Conference on Modelling and Simulation (ECMS 2022), May 30th - June 3rd, 2022, {\AA}lesund, Norway}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 36th ECMS International Conference on Modelling and Simulation (ECMS 2022), May 30th - June 3rd, 2022, {\AA}lesund, Norway}, publisher = {ECMS}, isbn = {978-3-937436-77-7}, issn = {2522-2414}, doi = {10.7148/2022-0114}, pages = {114 -- 120}, abstract = {This article describes primary findings of various simulation runs on job shop scheduling dealing with energy consumption and emission pollution. By two combinations of priority rules, production is linked to the generation output of a renewable energy source installed onsite. The resulting schedules show a reduction of energy-related emissions and makespan compared to several conventional priority rules often used in industrial practice.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{DilefeldClausTeich, author = {Dilefeld, Maximilian and Claus, Thorsten and Teich, Enrico}, title = {Robot Task Assignment In Dynamic Factory Environments}, series = {Proceedings of the 38th ECMS International Conference on Modeling and Simulation (ECMS 2024): June 4th - June 7th, 2024, Cracow, Poland}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 38th ECMS International Conference on Modeling and Simulation (ECMS 2024): June 4th - June 7th, 2024, Cracow, Poland}, publisher = {ECMS}, isbn = {978-3-937436-84-5}, issn = {2522-2422}, doi = {10.7148/2024-0338}, pages = {338 -- 344}, abstract = {Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) and Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs) are being applied more and more frequently in a wide range of use cases. Following the general trend of decentralisation of control structure in the Industry 4.0 paradigm, this paper analyses the application of auction algorithms to solve the robot task assignment problem. We focus on the use of mobile robots in production environments with a high level of uncertainty which places hight demand on the flexibility of the online scheduling architecture. A sequential single-item (SSI) auction algorithm is validated for a real-world use case where multiple mobile robots supply car bodies to manual rework stations in a paint shop application using simulation. The optimization objective of such an algorithm is discussed in regards to the examined use case.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{DaiSchoenClausetal., author = {Dai, Chenghao and Sch{\"o}n, Maximilian and Claus, Thorsten and Herrmann, Frank}, title = {Multi-Site Aggregate Production Planning With Resilience Consideration}, series = {Proceedings of the 38th ECMS International Conference on Modeling and Simulation (ECMS 2024): June 4th - June 7th, 2024, Cracow, Poland}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 38th ECMS International Conference on Modeling and Simulation (ECMS 2024): June 4th - June 7th, 2024, Cracow, Poland}, publisher = {ECMS}, isbn = {978-3-937436-84-5}, issn = {2522-2422}, doi = {10.7148/2024-0345}, pages = {345 -- 351}, abstract = {The recent years have shown a high frequency of disruptions like natural disasters or manmade disruptions, leading, for example, to transport routes or production facilities being unavailable for extended periods. Many manufacturing companies, which nowadays operate in a global production network, are heavily exposed to these disruptions. This results in both significant costs and substantial exceeding of promised deadlines. If it concerns the first company in a supply chain, it causes correspondingly significant delays in promised deadlines for subsequent companies in the supply chain, including a correspondingly significant increase in costs. Both are exemplified in this paper through a case study. This case study demonstrates that through resilience, both implications can be significantly reduced.}, language = {en} } @article{TrostClausHerrmann, author = {Trost, Marco and Claus, Thorsten and Herrmann, Frank}, title = {Master Production Scheduling with Consideration of Utilization-Dependent Exhaustion and Capacity Load}, series = {Sustainability}, volume = {15}, journal = {Sustainability}, publisher = {MDPI}, doi = {10.3390/su15086816}, pages = {1}, abstract = {A large number of researchers have addressed social aspects in hierarchical production planning. This article responds to research gaps identified in our previous literature review. Accordingly, consideration of social aspects and the economic implications of social improvements are required in a longer term planning approach. For this, we integrate work intensity as employee utilization in a general mixed-integer programming model for master production scheduling. Following existing fatigue functions, we represent the relationship between work intensity and exhaustion through an employee-utilization-dependent exhaustion function. We account for the economic implications through exhaustion-dependent capacity load factors. We solve our model with a CPLEX standard solver and analyze a case study based on a realistic production system and numerical data. We demonstrate that the consideration of economic implications is necessary to evaluate social improvements. Otherwise, monetary disadvantages are overestimated, and social improvements are, thus, negatively affected. Moreover, from a certain level of work-intensity reduction, demand peaks are smoothed more by pre-production, which requires more core employees, while temporary employment is reduced. Further potential may arise from considering and quantifying other interdependencies, such as employee exhaustion and employee days off. In addition, the relationship between social working conditions and employee turnover can be integrated.}, language = {en} }