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There are several political programmes in Western Europe aimed at improving the quality of urban life such as the “Programme Socially Acceptable City” by the Federal Government and the German Federal States or European-Union-policies such as the “EU-target-2-promotion” to develop disadvantaged regions, cities and “urban areas with a strong need for development” or “social hot spots”. These programmes often end without having provided systematic and theoretically grounded evaluations of their impact on urban quality of life. Furthermore, urban development policies lack an accompanying monitoring system to assess the outcomes. Often the responsible actors furnish proof of the success by listing the (limited number of) jobs generated in the “local economy” or comparable single indicators which lack theoretical substantiation. Hence in order to meet to this need for integrated urban development, this paper proposes a comprehensive system of social indicators for the local level (both at the city-wide and the social area level) to measure the urban quality of life of residents. These concepts combine the discussion on quality of life and the social-area-analysis. The paper also contributes to a main focus of this working group, i.e. to the discussion of the characteristics which qualify indicators for urban development policy. My considerations also refer to international experience in this research and policy field. One issue is to clarify along with Georg Simmel what is essential for quality of life in cities. I suggest the dimensions of “temporal prosperity”, “spatial prosperity”, “material prosperity”, “cultural prosperity” and “social prosperity” and their impact on “life satisfaction and satisfaction to live in the city” or in the neighbourhood”. My proposal uses the example of the city of Nürnberg to illustrate the concept. The 100-indicator-system for these 6 dimensions of urban QoL might be useful for integrated urban development initiatives.
Using DRM in the 26 MHz band is an interesting option for local braodcasting. A field trial was set up with two low power DRM transmitters in the area of Nuremberg. Mobile reception was found to be possible at distances of up to 20 km to the transmitter. However, audio dropouts due to flat fading in the multipath channel were frequently observed at low vehicle speed. Fixed reception with outdoor antennas was found to be possible at distances of more than 40 km. An overall availability of the audio signal of 99.2 % was achieved at seven different locations during ten days. Long term recordings of several hundreds of hours at one location showed that audio availability was better than 97% in many cases but was reduced at times by local sources of noise and interfering signals from distant stations when ionospheric scattering was possible due to high solar activity and sporadic E layers. Based on these findings it is concluded that for service planning the same procedures as for VHF transmitter networks can be applied. However to avoid interference by ionosperic scattering, cochannel transmitters must be seperated by at least 2500 km. Therefore, only one channel will be available in each place.
In 2020 Malaysia will be a highly developed industrialized country. This aim is described in the Vision 2020 program. And Malaysia acts accordingly and founded five application oriented universities in the recent 2 1/2 years. How to set up application oriented universities and how to educate highly qualified application oriented engineers were the main topics of the 1st National Convention on Engineering Education: Profession Oriented Approach in Putrajaya, Malaysia, July 7-9, 2003. The author has been invited by the conference organisors to give a keynote speech on the economic relevance of Fachhochschulen to the German economy because Germany's professional and application oriented education system is a preferred reference model. This paper presents statistical evidence that Fachhochschulen are indispensable to the German higher education and economy.
Basic aspects of a high velocity Diesel jet interaction with small cylindrical obstacles are presented in the paper. The phenomenon discussed in the paper lies between cylinder overflow and jet impingement on to solid wall. Especially the effect of high velocity Diesel jet “destruction” and its distribution in space are investigated in the paper. As shown, the dominant role in this process plays a fist obstacle: its diameter, distance from the nozzle outlet and injection pressure play a dominant role in characterization of the jet distribution in space. The jet spatial distribution bases on a multi-jet model. By Diesel jet impingement on a single obstacle with smaller diameter the distribution angle decreases with increasing injection pressure. For bigger obstacle the angle separating both jets increases being almost independent of the injection pressure. This angle does not change with time after impingement process, however decreases with increasing distance between nozzle and the obstacle. For Diesel jet impingement on more than single obstacle, the jet distribution depends on the obstacle geometrical configuration but not necessarily on the number of obstacles. As shown in the paper quite similar distribution has been obtained for three and eight obstacles configurations. Presented phenomenological model explains this observation. There is possible to design such configuration of small obstacles which permit very good charge homogenization in defined space (combustion chamber).
The Sky Train at Dortmund University campus is a driverless transit system. Cabins suspended from the elevated guideway glide along towards to their destination. The vehicles can run on the double track route at one-minute intervalls with a nominal speed of 50 km/h. The guideway consists of boxshaped steel beams with a narrow slot on bottom. With its structure it forms the inside support wheel and guidance wheel tracks for the bogies. The passenger cabins hanging on the bogies are oscillating in lateral direction influenced by the periodic track irregularities. For different system parameters the response of the lateral cabin acceleration at the center of gravity is determined by frequency response analysis and computer simulation. It is shown that by optimizing the design parameters the passenger ride comfort in lateral direction can be improved enormously. Further improvement is possible only by active control. The original version of the paper was presented on the Second International Conference on Dynamics, Vibration and Control, Beijing, P.R. China 2006.
In this report the author proposes strategy for development of intelligent combustion systems with a goal to approach a near-zero emission internal combustion engine operating in a wide range of speeds and loads. Main requirement for future I.C. engine is to develop a system permitting homogeneous combustion process (minimum of engine emissions) under all operational conditions. The author suggests, that none existing individual combustion system may satisfy these conditions. However, combination of different individual combustion modes in a one system may permit homogeneous combustion in a wider range of loads. Such combination of individual systems having potential for a homogeneous combustion and operating in different ranges of engine loads is here defined as an intelligent engine. In order to make this strategy practicable a new concept for mixture formation (MDI-Mixture Direct Injection) and homogeneous combustion based on the Porous Medium (PM)- technology is proposed in this paper. This is probably first publication indicating possibility of developing of intelligent combustion systems in engines. This paper concentrates on MDI system that may adopt an actual combustion mode realizing in engine (i.e. ignition and combustion conditions) to actual engine operational conditions
The paper describes application of a highly porous open cell structures to internal combustion engines for supporting mixture formation and combustion processes. Porous structures, materials and their properties for engine application are discussed in this paper. Especially application to a high temperature combustion processes are considered. Novel concepts for internal combustion engines based on the application of porous medium technology are presented and discussed. The main attention is focused on the engine concepts having potential for homogeneous (nerly emissions free) combustion process under variable engine operational conditions. It is shown that porous media can be used for a great variety of improvements in the combustion process. The key role for NOx reduction and soot emission ellimination is a homogeneous combustion in engine. This can be realised by homogeneous mixture formation, and a 3D ignition preventing from formation of a flame front having a temperature gradient a in the entire combustion volume. All these processes: gas flow, fuel injection and its spatial distribution, vaporization, mixture homogenization, ignition and combustion can be controlled or positively influenced with the help of porous media/ceramic reactors.
Studying under time-pressure
(2010)
My paper follows two aims: First, to fill the gap in reliable time-budget-data on the daily life of students. To date only subjective estimates exist on how they spend their time. My paper presents results of a weekly time-budget of bachelor-students (studying “Social Work” at the University of Applied Sciences in Nürnberg/Germany which is representative of social science studies in Germany in some dimensions). The instrument used is a standardized diary where students filled in how they spent their time in fifteen-minute-divisions. The diaries record a typical week in the semester (June 2008). The quota-sample comprised of 109 students in their second and fourth semesters. These data on students´ time-budgets and workload and on their distribution of time devoted to lectures and study time outside the classroom are compared to national data (29th social survey of students, SOEP 2008 etc.) and data – as much as it is available – from Anglo-Saxon countries. These data provide, for the first time, a time-budget of a student-sample which can be compared to the time-budgets of gainfully employed with regard to the specific time-use of students.
This study shows a new way of aligning the evolution of an organization’s information system with its own evolution: a methodological guideline for IS consultants is built upon an explicit epistemological basis. In the first part, given the epistemological properties of an organization (a psycho-social, time-sensitive environment), the need of a close cooperation between organization experts and IS experts (“observers” with different points of view) is underlined; “soft” skill training strengthens the effectiveness of communication between the two different perspectives in evaluating the “world” of an organization. A permanent cyclic-iterative knowledge gain is envisaged via the cooperation and convergence of different “scientific disciplines” and “approaches” that enable multi-level learning within the organization. Such learning constitutes a core method of information systems design, development and maintenance. In the second part, information systems are classified and the term information systems aging is defined. According to Lehman’s laws, a lack of appropriate anti-aging methods leads to an enormous increase in information systems complexity and, in consequence, to a complete loss of usability and maintainability of the information systems affected. Therefore, specific methods against information systems aging are presented for the different phases (analytic, synthetic and maintenance phase) of the information systems life cycle. All of these methods refer to the aspects of temporal dynamics of organizations and / or common responsibility of organization experts and IS experts and can be visualized by cycles of knowledge gain (mayeutic cycles).
On May 6th 1971 the worldwide first MAGLEV vehicle was presented by Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) in Ottobrunn near Munich, Germany. Till the year 2000 different test and application MAGLEV vehicles followed, but no commercial use in Germany. Since December 31st 2002 the Shang-hai MAGLEV Transportation System is successfully in operation, as the worldwide first and only one commercial used MAGLEV line. The paper in honour of Prof. Dr.-Ing. Eveline Gottzein for her 80th birthday contains in the reference list her scientific publications about MAGLEV vehicle control systems.