Insight into the formation of carbon-doped titanate nanotubes

  • The formation of carbon-doped titanate nanotubes has been studied by using a simplified synthesis approach and extracting samples at different stages during the formation. The hydrothermal synthesis was conducted in a rotary evaporator with a PFA flask under ambient conditions. The resulting samples have been analyzed regarding their morphology, structure and surface area using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and gas adsorption measurements. The results show the formation of high surface area nanosheets after a synthesis time as short as 2 h. Even though the surface area at this stage has already reached 212 m2/g, a change in morphology to elongated structures is not observed until 4 h of synthesis, suggesting the formation of the nanotubes during this phase. From that moment on, the d100 value, corresponding to the layer spacing between the nanotube layers, is further decreasing. Additionally, the formation of bundles with longer synthesis times was observed. This effect is discussed to be caused by a self-assemblyThe formation of carbon-doped titanate nanotubes has been studied by using a simplified synthesis approach and extracting samples at different stages during the formation. The hydrothermal synthesis was conducted in a rotary evaporator with a PFA flask under ambient conditions. The resulting samples have been analyzed regarding their morphology, structure and surface area using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and gas adsorption measurements. The results show the formation of high surface area nanosheets after a synthesis time as short as 2 h. Even though the surface area at this stage has already reached 212 m2/g, a change in morphology to elongated structures is not observed until 4 h of synthesis, suggesting the formation of the nanotubes during this phase. From that moment on, the d100 value, corresponding to the layer spacing between the nanotube layers, is further decreasing. Additionally, the formation of bundles with longer synthesis times was observed. This effect is discussed to be caused by a self-assembly process of nanotubes assisted by the continuous rotation of the flask in the rotary evaporator. The analysis of the final sample after 24 h revealed remaining carbon shells from the precursor powder. The presence of Ti–O–C bonds observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy proved the incorporation of carbon in the nanotube structure.show moreshow less

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Author:Dominik EitelORCiD, Jessica Aumüller, Julia GleißORCiD, Michaela BlumORCiD, Ulrich HagemannORCiD, Olaf Kottas, Sabrina Panzer, Jens HelbigORCiD, Uta HelbigORCiD, Ulrich Teipel
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceja.2025.100898
ISSN:2666-8211
Parent Title (English):Chemical Engineering Journal Advances
Publisher:Elsevier BV
Document Type:Article
Language:English
Reviewed:Begutachtet/Reviewed
Release Date:2025/11/17
Tag:Titanate nanotubesHydrothermal synthesisX-ray diffractionSurface areaCarbon doping
Volume:24
Article Number:100898
institutes:Fakultät Werkstofftechnik
Institut für Angewandte Wasserstoffforschung, Elektro- und Thermochemische Energiesysteme (H2Ohm)
Institut für Chemie, Material- und Produktentwicklung
Research Themes:Materialien & Produktionstechnik
Licence (German):Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International
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