TY - JOUR A1 - Kreimeier, Julian A1 - Bielmeier, Thomas A1 - Götzelmann, Timo T1 - Evaluation of Capacitive Markers Fabricated by 3D Printing, Laser Cutting and Prototyping JF - Inventions: Special Issue Innovations in 3-D Printing N2 - With Tangible User Interfaces, the computer user is able to interact in a fundamentally different and more intuitive way than with usual 2D displays. By grasping real physical objects, information can also be conveyed haptically, i.e., the user not only sees information on a 2D display, but can also grasp physical representations. To recognize such objects (“tangibles”) it is skillful to use capacitive sensing, as it happens in most touch screens. Thus, real objects can be located and identified by the touch screen display automatically. Recent work already addressed such capacitive markers, but focused on their coding scheme and automated fabrication by 3D printing. This paper goes beyond the fabrication by 3D printers and, for the first time, applies the concept of capacitive codes to laser cutting and another immediate prototyping approach using modeling clay. Beside the evaluation of additional properties, we adapt recent research results regarding the optimized detection of tangible objects on capacitive screens. As a result of our comprehensive study, the detection performance is affected by the type of capacitive signal processing (respectively the device) and the geometry of the marker. 3D printing revealed to be the most reliable technique, though laser cutting and immediate prototyping of markers showed promising results. Based on our findings, we discuss individual strengths of each capacitive marker type. Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:92-opus4-5603 VL - 2018 IS - Volume 3, Issue 1, Article 9 PB - MDPI ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreimeier, Julian A1 - Götzelmann, Timo T1 - Two Decades of Touchable and Walkable Virtual Reality for Blind and Visually Impaired People: A High-Level Taxonomy JF - Multimodal Technologies and Interaction N2 - Although most readers associate the term virtual reality (VR) with visually appealing entertainment content, this technology also promises to be helpful to disadvantaged people like blind or visually impaired people. While overcoming physical objects’ and spaces’ limitations, virtual objects and environments that can be spatially explored have a particular benefit. To give readers a complete, clear and concise overview of current and past publications on touchable and walkable audio supplemented VR applications for blind and visually impaired users, this survey paper presents a high-level taxonomy to cluster the work done up to now from the perspective of technology, interaction and application. In this respect, we introduced a classification into small-, medium- and large-scale virtual environments to cluster and characterize related work. Our comprehensive table shows that especially grounded force feedback devices for haptic feedback (‘small scale’) were strongly researched in different applications scenarios and mainly from an exocentric perspective, but there are also increasingly physically (‘medium scale’) or avatar-walkable (‘large scale’) egocentric audio-haptic virtual environments. In this respect, novel and widespread interfaces such as smartphones or nowadays consumer grade VR components represent a promising potential for further improvements. Our survey paper provides a database on related work to foster the creation process of new ideas and approaches for both technical and methodological aspects. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti4040079 SN - 2414-4088 VL - 4 IS - 4 PB - MDPI AG ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schuster, Maria A1 - Arias-Vergara, Tomas A1 - Müller-Hörner, Rainer A1 - Winterholler, Cordula A1 - Bocklet, Tobias T1 - Verstehen mich mit der Maske noch alle? T1 - Speech quality changes due to face masks BT - Coronavirus-Pandemie JF - MMW - Fortschritte der Medizin N2 - In Arztpraxen nimmt der Infektionsschutz mittels Mund-Nasen-Maske momentan eine zentrale Rolle ein. Wenig nachgedacht wird dabei über die Folgen für die Kommunikation. Gerade schwerhörigen Patienten bereiten gedämpfte Stimmen und abgedeckte Lippen Probleme. KW - Face mask, speech quality, computer-assisted speech assessment, hearing loss Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s15006-020-0749-4 VL - 162 IS - 14 SP - 42 EP - 44 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bocklet, Tobias A1 - Nöth, Elmar A1 - Riedhammer, Korbinian T1 - Künstliche Intelligenz für die Analyse pathologischer Sprache JF - Sprache - Stimme - Gehör N2 - Sprache kann eine Vielzahl von diagnostisch relevanten Informationen enthalten. In diesem Übersichtsartikel wird aufgezeigt, wie Methoden der Künstlichen Intelligenz, insbesondere Maschinelles Lernen und Sprachverarbeitung, angewendet auf Sprachsignale eingesetzt werden können: zur Bewertung von Verständlichkeit, zur Automatisierung von standardisierten Tests und zur Bestimmung medizinischer Skalen und Diagnosen. Eine abschließende kritischen Betrachtung von akustischen Merkmalen über eine Vielzahl von Pathologien gibt Grund zur Annahme, dass diese Marker tatsächlich diagnostisch relevante Informationen enthalten. N2 - Speech can contain a variety of diagnostically relevant cues. In this article, it is shown how artificial intelligence, in particular machine learning and speech processing, can be applied to speech signals: to assess intelligibility, to automate standardized tests, and to determine medical scales and diagnoses. We conclude with critical review of acoustic features across a variety of pathologies that give reason to believe that these markers do indeed contain diagnostically relevant information. T2 - Artificial Intelligence for the Analysis of Pathologic Speech KW - Künstliche Intelligenz - Machine Learning - pathologische Sprache - Spracherkennung - Sprachverarbeitung Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2089-5778 VL - 47 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Axenie, Cristian A1 - Halilov, Ertan A1 - Main, Julian A1 - Weiss, David T1 - Edge neuro-statistical learning for event-based visual motion detection and tracking in roadside safety systems JF - Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering N2 - The Vision Zero Program's purpose is to reduce traffic-related fatalities and serious injuries while promoting equitable, safe, and healthy mobility for all. Ultimately, the challenge is to detect pedestrians during the day and especially at night to implement safety measures. The current study introduces an award-winning low-power solution employing neuromorphic visual sensing and hybrid neuro-statistical processing developed by the Technische Hochschule Nürnberg team for the TinyML Vision Zero San Jose Competition. The solution proposes a novel neuromorphic edge fusion of spiking neural networks and event-based expectation maximization for the detection and tracking of pedestrians and bicyclists. We provide a deployment-ready evaluation of the detection performance along with robustness, energy footprint, and weatherization while emphasizing the advantages of the neuro-statistical edge solution and its city-level scaling capabilities. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/adcbcb SN - 2634-4386 PB - IOP Publishing ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bayerl, Sebastian P. A1 - Gerczuk, Maurice A1 - Batliner, Anton A1 - Bergler, Christian A1 - Amiriparian, Shahin A1 - Schuller, Björn A1 - Nöth, Elmar A1 - Riedhammer, Korbinian T1 - Classification of Stuttering – The ComParE challenge and beyond JF - Computer Speech & Language N2 - The ACM Multimedia 2022 Computational Paralinguistics Challenge (ComParE) featured a sub-challenge on the classification of stuttering in order to bring attention to this important topic and engage a wider research community. Stuttering is a complex speech disorder characterized by blocks, prolongations of sounds and syllables, and repetitions of sounds and words. Accurately classifying the symptoms of stuttering has implications for the development of self-help tools and specialized automatic speech recognition systems (ASR) that can handle atypical speech patterns. This paper provides a review of the challenge contributions and improves upon them with new state-of-the-art classification results for the KSF-C dataset, and explores cross-language training to demonstrate the potential of datasets in multiple languages. To facilitate further research and reproducibility, the full KSF-C dataset, including test-set labels, is also released. KW - Dysfluency Stuttering ComParE challenge Paralinguistics Pathological speech Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2023.101519 VL - 81 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Götzelmann, Timo T1 - Visually Augmented Audio-Tactile Graphics for Visually Impaired People JF - ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS) N2 - Tactile graphics play an essential role in knowledge transfer for blind people. The tactile exploration of these graphics is often challenging because of the cognitive load caused by physiological constraints and their complexity. The coupling of physical tactile graphics with electronic devices offers to support the tactile exploration by auditory feedback. Often, these systems have strict constraints regarding their mobility or the process of coupling both components. Additionally, visually impaired people cannot appropriately benefit from their residual vision. This article presents a concept for 3D printed tactile graphics, which offers to use audio-tactile graphics with usual smartphones or tablet-computers. By using capacitive markers, the coupling of the tactile graphics with the mobile device is simplified. These tactile graphics integrating these markers can be printed in one turn by off-the-shelf 3D printers without any post-processing and allows us to use multiple elevation levels for graphical elements. Based on the developed generic concept on visually augmented audio-tactile graphics, we presented a case study for maps. A prototypical implementation was tested by a user study with visually impaired people. All the participants were able to interact with the 3D printed tactile maps using a standard tablet computer. To study the effect of visual augmentation of graphical elements, we conducted another comprehensive user study. We tested multiple types of graphics and obtained evidence that visual augmentation may offer clear advantages for the exploration of tactile graphics. Even participants with a minor residual vision could solve the tasks with visual augmentation more quickly and accurately. Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:92-opus4-5571 VL - 2018 IS - Volume 11, Issue 2, Article No. 8 PB - ACM ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schötteler, Sebastian A1 - Laumer, Sven A1 - Schuhbauer, Heidi T1 - Consequences of Enterprise Social Media Network Positions for Employees BT - A Literature Review and Research Agenda JF - Business & Information Systems Engineering N2 - AbstractEmployees often use enterprise social media (ESM) for communication, collaboration, and knowledge sharing, leading to ESM networks–that is, social networks of interrelated employees based on ESM. Many organizations possess ESM networks, and there is increasing research on their consequences for employees depending on how these employees are positioned in such networks. ESM network research is complex and consists of various interrelated dimensions. However, a synthesis of the abovementioned studies is lacking. Therefore, the current body of knowledge may obfuscate how the different dimensions interrelate, impeding a more holistic understanding of the consequences that employees may experience depending on their network positions. Moreover, there is little understanding of which research topics in this area have been addressed to date and where further research is needed. This paper addresses these gaps by means of a literature review and research agenda that synthesizes past studies. The results emphasize that whether ESM are beneficial for and exert a positive influence on employees largely depends on the employees’ positions in the underlying networks. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-023-00803-0 SN - 2363-7005 VL - 65 IS - 4 SP - 425 EP - 440 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Axenie, Cristian T1 - Antifragile control systems in neuronal processing: a sensorimotor perspective JF - Biological Cybernetics N2 - The stability–robustness–resilience–adaptiveness continuum in neuronal processing follows a hierarchical structure that explains interactions and information processing among the different time scales. Interestingly, using “canonical” neuronal computational circuits, such as Homeostatic Activity Regulation, Winner-Take-All, and Hebbian Temporal Correlation Learning, one can extend the behavior spectrum towards antifragility. Cast already in both probability theory and dynamical systems, antifragility can explain and define the interesting interplay among neural circuits, found, for instance, in sensorimotor control in the face of uncertainty and volatility. This perspective proposes a new framework to analyze and describe closed-loop neuronal processing using principles of antifragility, targeting sensorimotor control. Our objective is two-fold. First, we introduce antifragile control as a conceptual framework to quantify closed-loop neuronal network behaviors that gain from uncertainty and volatility. Second, we introduce neuronal network design principles, opening the path to neuromorphic implementations and transfer to technical systems. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-025-01003-7 SN - 1432-0770 VL - 119 IS - 2-3 PB - Springer Nature ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schötteler, Sebastian A1 - Meier, Florian J. A1 - Gengler, Eva A1 - Laumer, Sven T1 - The Relationship Between Profile Disclosure Breadth and Network Size on Professional Social Media: Gender as a Moderator JF - ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems N2 - Professional social media (PSM) platforms, such as LinkedIn, enable professional networking. Larger network sizes on PSM are associated with benefits similar to those that result from bridging social capital. Disclosing profile information, in general, is related to increased network size. Thus, digital profiles may be useful features for shaping PSM network size. However, how profile disclosure breadth shapes network size and which profile information has the strongest effect on network size is unknown. Lastly, how gender affects the relationship between profile disclosure breadth and network size is unclear. To close these research gaps, this study applied regression analysis to 67,189 LinkedIn profiles to explore the relationship between profile disclosure breadth and network size on PSM moderated by gender. The results demonstrate that higher levels of profile disclosure breadth are associated with increased network size. Moreover, profile picture presence, profile headline length, and the number of skills listed affected network size the most. Women had smaller network sizes than men on average, indicating a gender network gap. Furthermore, while remarkable levels of profile disclosure breadth seem to benefit women more than men in terms of network size, the threshold levels required to manifest this benefit are not often achieved in practice. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1145/3715966.3715972 SN - 0095-0033 VL - 56 IS - 1 SP - 79 EP - 100 PB - Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Albrecht, Jens A1 - Rudolph, Eric ED - Dexheimer, Andreas ED - Rothballer, Marc T1 - Künstliche Intelligenz und Machine Learning BT - Grundwissen für Sozialarbeiter/-innen JF - jugendhilfe KW - Maschinelles Lernen KW - Künstliche Intelligenz KW - Sozialarbeit KW - Soziale Arbeit KW - KI KW - Grundwissen Y1 - 2023 SN - 0022-5940 VL - 61 IS - 5 PB - Luchterhand CY - München ER - TY - JOUR A1 - van Wagensveld, Remko A1 - Wägemann, Tobias A1 - Mader, Ralph A1 - Tavakoli Kolagari, Ramin A1 - Margull, Ulrich T1 - Evaluation and modeling of the supercore parallelization pattern in automotive real-time systems JF - Parallel Computing Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parco.2018.12.004 SN - 0167-8191 VL - 81 SP - 122 EP - 130 PB - Elsevier BV ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von der Heyde, Markus A1 - Gerl, Armin A1 - Groß, Rainer A1 - Klapper, Frank A1 - Knaden, Andreas A1 - Meister, Vera G. A1 - Rehm, Simone T1 - Gemeinsame Digitalisierung durch die Entwicklung von IT-Governance-Strukturen auf Landesebene BT - Vergleich von Zielen und Steuerung der Hochschulkooperation von fünf Bundesländern in Deutschland JF - Wirtschaftsinformatik & Management Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1365/s35764-022-00393-8 SN - 1867-5905 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 127 EP - 139 PB - Springer ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Götzelmann, Timo T1 - Autonomous Selection and Printing of 3D Models for People Who Are Blind JF - ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS) N2 - 3D models are an important means for understanding spatial contexts. Today these models can be materialized by 3D printing, which is increasingly used at schools for people with visual impairments. In contrast to sighted people, people with visual impairments have so far, however, neither been able to search nor to print 3D models without assistance. This article describes our work to develop an aid for people with visual impairments that would facilitate autonomous searching for and printing of 3D models. In our initial study, we determined the requirements to accomplish this task by means of a questionnaire and developed a first approach that allowed personal computer-based 3D printing. An extended approach allowed searching and printing using common smartphones. In our architecture, technical details of 3D printers are abstracted by a separate component that can be accessed via Wi-Fi independently of the actual 3D printer used. It comprises a search of the models in an annotated database and 3D model retrieval from the internet. The whole process can be controlled by voice interaction. The feasibility of autonomous 3D printing for people with visual impairments is shown with a first user study. Our second user study examines the usability of the user interface when searching for 3D models on the internet and preparing them for the materialization. The participants were able to define important printing settings, whereas other printing parameters could be determined algorithmically. Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:92-opus4-5587 VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 25 PB - ACM ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Götzelmann, Timo T1 - 3D-Druck für blinde Menschen BT - vom statischen Druck zu interaktiven Objekten JF - Informatik-Spektrum N2 - Neben herkömmlichen taktilen Drucktechniken für blinde Menschen findet auch der 3D-Druck zunehmend Verbreitung. Während anfängliche Ansätze beabsichtigten, mit dieser alternativen Drucktechnologie qualitativ ähnliche Druckresultate zu erzielen, nutzen neuere Ansätze deren Potenzial, um interaktive Drucke zu erstellen. Ausgehend von dieser Entwicklung verschafft dieser Artikel einen Überblick über wesentliche Ansätze für die Erstellung von vielfältigen taktilen Materialen mittels 3D-Druckern. Er zeigt dabei insbesondere den Wandel von statischen zu interaktiven Ansätzen auf. Dabei muss bei Letzteren eine Kopplung zwischen den taktilen 3D-Drucken und elektronischen Entitäten erfolgen, welche durch unterschiedliche Sensorik umgesetzt werden kann. Zukünftige Entwicklungen könnten es erlauben, die Interaktion des Benutzers mit der kompletten Oberfläche von 3D-Drucken sensorisch zu erfassen und somit komplexe neue Interaktionsmöglichkeiten zu erschließen, welche blinden wie auch sehenden Menschen hilfreich sein können. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00287-017-1068-8 SN - 1432-122X VL - 2017 IS - Volume 40, Issue 6 SP - 511 EP - 515 PB - Springer ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zoppelt, Markus A1 - Tavakoli Kolagari, Ramin T1 - Reaching Grey Havens: Industrial Automotive Security Modeling with SAM JF - International Journal on Advances in Security Y1 - 2018 VL - 11 PB - IARIA ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schuhbauer, Heidi A1 - Schötteler, Sebastian A1 - Niu, Johannes A1 - Schiffer, Bernhard A1 - Wolfharth, David A1 - Groß, Tim A1 - Kreidl, Thomas A1 - Model, Fabian T1 - Analysis of Politicians’ Tweets to Explore Political Communication with Social Network Analysis JF - International Journal On Advances in Networks and Services N2 - This paper illustrates the practical application of cluster analysis, social network analysis, sentiment analysis, and topic analysis in a case study on Twitter data. These techniques provide insights into the public communication patterns between German Members of Parliament (MPs) on Twitter around the time of the 2021 federal election. The question of this work was to determine whether a potential shift in communication towards the inaugurated “Ampel” coalition, made up of the parties SPD, Greens, and FDP, can be derived from Twitter interactions. Twitter data were collected and separated into two time slots: before and after the election. In distinct scenarios, mention, retweet, and reply interactions are first considered together and then separately. In these scenarios,the Girvan-Newman Algorithm detects clusters of MPs dependent on the interactions observed. Then, the average inbreeding homophily and other network metrics of the pre- and post-election area are compared. An additional scenario focuses on intra- and inter-party sentiments conveyed within tweet texts. In a fourth scenario, MPs are grouped according to their party affiliation, the average inbreeding homophily values of parties, and potential coalitions. A topic analysis handled relevant discussion topics between the successful coalition parties. Changes in communication behavior at these two different time slots are visible. The communication clusters of those MPs differ mostly before and after the election. The average sentiment of the parties towards each other changed positively, although no significant tendency could be derived regarding later coalition formations. A determination of the density of the network for the topics also indicates that the importance of the individual topics before and after the formation of the government has a consistent relevance. KW - Cluster Analysis; Microblog; Network Metrics; Sentiment Analysis; Social Network Analysis; Topic Analysis Y1 - 2023 SN - 1942-2644 VL - 16 IS - 1/2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wolf, Philipp A1 - Götzelmann, Timo T1 - VEPdgets: Towards Richer Interaction Elements Based on Visually Evoked Potentials JF - Sensors N2 - For brain–computer interfaces, a variety of technologies and applications already exist. However, current approaches use visual evoked potentials (VEP) only as action triggers or in combination with other input technologies. This paper shows that the losing visually evoked potentials after looking away from a stimulus is a reliable temporal parameter. The associated latency can be used to control time-varying variables using the VEP. In this context, we introduced VEP interaction elements (VEP widgets) for a value input of numbers, which can be applied in various ways and is purely based on VEP technology. We carried out a user study in a desktop as well as in a virtual reality setting. The results for both settings showed that the temporal control approach using latency correction could be applied to the input of values using the proposed VEP widgets. Even though value input is not very accurate under untrained conditions, users could input numerical values. Our concept of applying latency correction to VEP widgets is not limited to the input of numbers. KW - brain–computer interface; BCI; VEP; interaction; HCI; interaction elements; control elements; controls; widgets; VEP-widget Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229127 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 23 IS - 22 PB - MDPI AG ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wagner, Dominik A1 - Baumann, Ilja A1 - Bocklet, Tobias ED - Baumann, Ilja T1 - Generative adversarial networks for whispered to voiced speech conversion: a comparative study JF - International Journal of Speech Technology N2 - Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have demonstrated promising results as end-to-end models for whispered to voiced speech conversion. Leveraging non-autoregressive systems like GANs capable of performing conditional waveform generation eliminates the need for separate models to estimate voiced speech features, and leads to faster inference compared to autoregressive methods. This study aims to identify the optimal GAN architecture for the whispered to voiced speech conversion task by comparing six state-of-the-art models. Furthermore, we present a method for evaluating the preservation of speaker identity and local accent, using embeddings obtained from speaker- and language identification systems. Our experimental results show that building the speech conversion system based on the HiFi-GAN architecture yields the best objective evaluation scores, outperforming the baseline by ∼9% relative using frequency-weighted Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Log Likelihood Ratio, as well as by ∼29% relative using Root Mean Squared Error. In subjective tests, HiFi-GAN yielded a mean opinion score of 2.9, significantly outperforming the baseline with a score of 1.4. Furthermore, HiFi-GAN enhanced ASR performance and preserved speaker identity and accent, with correct language detection rates of up to ∼98%. KW - Speech conversion · Generative adversarial networks · Whispered speech · Voiced speech Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10772-024-10161-1 VL - 27 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pérez-Toro, Paula Andrea A1 - Vásquez-Correa, Juan Camilo A1 - Bocklet, Tobias A1 - Nöth, Elmar A1 - Orozco-Arroyave, Juan Rafael T1 - User State Modeling Based on the Arousal-Valence Plane: Applications in Customer Satisfaction and Health-Care JF - IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing N2 - The acoustic analysis helps to discriminate emotions according to non-verbal information, while linguistics aims to capture verbal information from written sources. Acoustic and linguistic analyses can be addressed for different applications, where information related to emotions, mood, or affect are involved. The Arousal-Valence plane is commonly used to model emotional states in a multidimensional space. This study proposes a methodology focused on modeling the user’s state based on the Arousal-Valence plane in different scenarios. Acoustic and linguistic information are used as input to feed different deep learning architectures mainly based on convolutional and recurrent neural networks, which are trained to model the Arousal-Valence plane. The proposed approach is used for the evaluation of customer satisfaction in call-centers and for health-care applications in the assessment of depression in Parkinson’s disease and the discrimination of Alzheimer’s disease. F-scores of up to 0.89 are obtained for customer satisfaction, of up to 0.82 for depression in Parkinson’s patients, and of up to 0.80 for Alzheimer’s patients. The proposed approach confirms that there is information embedded in the Arousal-Valence plane that can be used for different purposes. KW - Arousal-valence plane KW - acoustic KW - linguistic KW - customer satisfaction KW - alzheimer’s disease KW - depression Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2021.3112543 SN - 1949-3045 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 1533 EP - 1546 PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ER -