<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>4296</id>
    <completedYear>2025</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>1</issue>
    <volume>22</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>2025-06-05</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Characteristics, crack use, housing situation and psychosocial problems of people in the open drug scene in cologne, Germany – results of a cross-sectional survey</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Background&#13;
Open drug scenes are characterized by public gatherings of people who use drugs (PWUD) for the purpose of drug consumption and trade, often related to poor health conditions as risk of overdose, a higher prevalence of infectious disease and social exclusion. This cross-sectional survey investigated the characteristics, substance use patterns, and support needs of PWUD within the open drug scene at Neumarkt in Cologne (ODSC) in Germany.&#13;
 &#13;
Methods&#13;
A cross-sectional survey was conducted between April and June 2023 among PWUD frequenting the ODSC. A structured questionnaire, comprising sociodemographic information, substance use patterns, overdose history, and psychosocial support needs was used.&#13;
 &#13;
Results&#13;
A total of 119 participants were surveyed, with a majority identifying as male (79%) and an average age of 42 years. Heroin was the most frequently consumed substance (64.7%), followed by alcohol (56.3%) and crack/cocaine (21%). People who use crack (PWUC) were younger (mean age 36.6) and more likely to be homeless (56%) than respondents who are not using crack. The most mentioned support needs included housing (69.5%), bureaucratic assistance (60.2%), and health related support (51.7%).&#13;
 &#13;
Conclusion&#13;
The ODSC presents a complex risk environment where homelessness, limited access to healthcare due to lack of health insurance, and frequent substance use exacerbate health and social challenges. Expanding harm reduction services, including housing first initiatives, and low-threshold opioid substitution treatment access for individuals without health insurance, is crucial to address these issues.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Harm Reduction Journal</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1477-7517</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1186/s12954-025-01256-2</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus_import_data">{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T19:18:18Z","timestamp":1757618298049,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749081600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017590","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Essen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017590","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Harm Reduct J"],"abstract":"&lt;jats:title&gt;Abstract&lt;\/jats:title&gt;\n          &lt;jats:sec&gt;\n            &lt;jats:title&gt;Background&lt;\/jats:title&gt;\n            &lt;jats:p&gt;Open drug scenes are characterized by public gatherings of people who use drugs (PWUD) for the purpose of drug consumption and trade, often related to poor health conditions as risk of overdose, a higher prevalence of infectious disease and social exclusion. This cross-sectional survey investigated the characteristics, substance use patterns, and support needs of PWUD within the open drug scene at Neumarkt in Cologne (ODSC) in Germany.&lt;\/jats:p&gt;\n          &lt;\/jats:sec&gt;\n          &lt;jats:sec&gt;\n            &lt;jats:title&gt;Methods&lt;\/jats:title&gt;\n            &lt;jats:p&gt;A cross-sectional survey was conducted between April and June 2023 among PWUD frequenting the ODSC. A structured questionnaire, comprising sociodemographic information, substance use patterns, overdose history, and psychosocial support needs was used.&lt;\/jats:p&gt;\n          &lt;\/jats:sec&gt;\n          &lt;jats:sec&gt;\n            &lt;jats:title&gt;Results&lt;\/jats:title&gt;\n            &lt;jats:p&gt;A total of 119 participants were surveyed, with a majority identifying as male (79%) and an average age of 42 years. Heroin was the most frequently consumed substance (64.7%), followed by alcohol (56.3%) and crack\/cocaine (21%). People who use crack (PWUC) were younger (mean age 36.6) and more likely to be homeless (56%) than respondents who are not using crack. The most mentioned support needs included housing (69.5%), bureaucratic assistance (60.2%), and health related support (51.7%).&lt;\/jats:p&gt;\n          &lt;\/jats:sec&gt;\n          &lt;jats:sec&gt;\n            &lt;jats:title&gt;Conclusion&lt;\/jats:title&gt;\n            &lt;jats:p&gt;The ODSC presents a complex risk environment where homelessness, limited access to healthcare due to lack of health insurance, and frequent substance use exacerbate health and social challenges. Expanding harm reduction services, including housing first initiatives, and low-threshold opioid substitution treatment access for individuals without health insurance, is crucial to address these issues.&lt;\/jats:p&gt;\n          &lt;\/jats:sec&gt;","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-025-01256-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T23:22:12Z","timestamp":1749079332000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characteristics, crack use, housing situation and psychosocial problems of people in the open drug scene in cologne, Germany \u2013 results of a cross-sectional survey"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Deimel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lucie","family":"Feldmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Scherbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Firk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Flei\u00dfner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"1256_CR1","volume-title":"Responding to open drug scenes and drug-related crime and public nuisance\u2013 towards a partnership approach","author":"J Connoly","year":"2006","unstructured":"Connoly J. Responding to open drug scenes and drug-related crime and public nuisance\u2013 towards a partnership approach. Strasbourg: Pompidou Group; 2006. Report No.: P-PG\/COOP(2006)3."},{"key":"1256_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1024\/0939-5911.a000094","volume":"57","author":"K Thane","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thane K, Wickert C, Verthein U, Konsummuster. Risikoverhalten und Hilfebedarfe von konsumentinnen in Den Offenen Drogenszenen Deutschlands. SUCHT. 2011;57:141\u20139.","journal-title":"SUCHT"},{"key":"1256_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2009.07.004","volume":"16","author":"D Fast","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fast D, Shoveller J, Shannon K, Kerr T. Safety and danger in downtown Vancouver: understandings of place among young people entrenched in an urban drug scene. Health Place. 2010;16:51\u201360.","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"1256_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-853","volume":"14","author":"H Waal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Waal H, Clausen T, Gjersing L, Gossop M. Open drug scenes: responses of five European cities. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:853.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1256_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1159\/000259053","volume":"1","author":"R Bless","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bless R, Korf DJ, Freeman M. Open drug scenes: a cross-national comparison of concepts and urban strategies. Eur Addict Res. 1995;1:128\u201338.","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"1256_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-3959(02)00007-5","volume":"13","author":"T Rhodes","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rhodes T. The \u2018risk environment\u2019: a framework for understanding and reducing drug-related harm. Int J Drug Policy. 2002;13:85\u201394.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"1256_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1159\/000519886","volume":"28","author":"MB Saberi Zafarghandi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saberi Zafarghandi MB, Eshrati S, Rashedi V, Vameghi M, Arezoomandan R, Clausen T, et al. Indicators of drug-related community impacts of open drug scenes: a scoping review. Eur Addict Res. 2022;28:87\u2013102.","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"1256_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1080\/15332640.2013.788917","volume":"12","author":"MC Van Hout","year":"2013","unstructured":"Van Hout MC, Bingham T. Open drug scenes and drug-related public nuisance: a visual rapid assessment research study in Dublin, Ireland. J Ethn Subst Abuse. 2013;12:154\u201378.","journal-title":"J Ethn Subst Abuse"},{"key":"1256_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.10.014","volume":"75","author":"T Kammersgaard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kammersgaard T. Being \u2018in place\u2019, being \u2018out of place\u2019: problematising marginalised drug users in two cities. Int J Drug Policy. 2020;75:102589.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"1256_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1108\/DAT-12-2020-0082","volume":"21","author":"S Prepeliczay","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prepeliczay S, Schmidt-Semisch H. Tolerance zones: a pragmatic approach to respond to problems related to open alcohol and drug scenes in bremen\/germany. Drugs Alcohol Today. 2021;21:225\u201335.","journal-title":"Drugs Alcohol Today"},{"key":"1256_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1007\/s11553-020-00820-x","volume":"16","author":"S Prepeliczay","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prepeliczay S, Schmidt-Semisch H. Gesundheitliche Risikolagen in der Bremer Drogenszene. Pr\u00e4v Gesundheitsf. 2021;16:368\u201373.","journal-title":"Pr\u00e4v Gesundheitsf"},{"key":"1256_CR12","volume-title":"MoSyD-Jahresbericht. Drogentrends in Frankfurt am main","author":"B Werse","year":"2021","unstructured":"Werse B, Kamphausen G, Martens J. MoSyD-Jahresbericht. Drogentrends in Frankfurt am main. Frankfurt: Centre for Drug Research; 2021."},{"key":"1256_CR13","unstructured":"Bremer V, Cai W, Gassowski M, Hau\u00dfig J, Marcus U, Nielsen S et al. Robert Koch-Institut. Abschlussbericht der Studie Drogen und chronische Infektionskrankheiten in Deutschland (DRUCK-Studie). Berlin; 2016."},{"key":"1256_CR14","unstructured":"Dammer E, Schneider F, Pfeiffer-Gerschel T, Bartsch G, Friedrich M. Gesundheitliche Begleiterscheinungen &amp; Schadensminderung. M\u00fcnchen: Deutsche Beobachtungsstelle f\u00fcr Drogen und Drogensucht DBDD; 2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.dbdd.de\/fileadmin\/user_upload_dbdd\/05_Publikationen\/PDFs\/REITOX_BERICHT_2018\/07_WB_Gesundheitliche_Begleiterscheinungen_2018.pdf"},{"key":"1256_CR15","volume-title":"Psychosoziale behandlung in der substitutionstherapie: praxis klinischer sozialarbeit","author":"D Deimel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Deimel D. Psychosoziale behandlung in der substitutionstherapie: praxis klinischer sozialarbeit. Marburg: Tectum Verl; 2013."},{"key":"1256_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03140.x","volume":"106","author":"L Degenhardt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Degenhardt L, Bucello C, Mathers B, Briegleb C, Ali H, Hickman M, et al. Mortality among regular or dependent users of heroin and other opioids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Addiction. 2011;106:32\u201351.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"1256_CR17","unstructured":"K\u00fchnl R, Meier C, Prins G, Neumeier E. Crack. Trendspotter. M\u00fcnchen: Institut f\u00fcr Therapieforschung; 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.akzept.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Trendspotter-Crack-in-Deutschland_Dezember-20211.pdf"},{"key":"1256_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-22138-6_40","volume-title":"Handbuch Drogen in sozial- und kulturwissenschaftlicher perspektive","author":"S H\u00f6\u00dfelbarth","year":"2019","unstructured":"H\u00f6\u00dfelbarth S. Konsumverhalten und kontrollstrategien von crackkonsument_innen. In: Feustel R, Schmidt-Semisch H, Br\u00f6ckling U, editors. Handbuch Drogen in sozial- und kulturwissenschaftlicher perspektive. Wiesbaden: Springer VS; 2019. pp. 593\u2013610."},{"key":"1256_CR19","unstructured":"Akzept eV. Handlungsempfehlungen zum Umgang mit Crack-Konsum im Kontext der Drogen- und Suchthilfe. Berlin; 2023. Available from: https:\/\/suchtkooperation.nrw\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/HandlungsempfehlungenCrack2023__002_.pdf"},{"key":"1256_CR20","unstructured":"Pauly A, Jeschky K. Jahresbericht 2023 Drogenkonsumr\u00e4ume in Nordrhein-Westfalen. K\u00f6ln: Suchtkooperation NRW; 2023. Available from: https:\/\/suchtkooperation.nrw\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/Jahresbericht_2023_komplett.pdf"},{"key":"1256_CR21","volume-title":"Crack. Trendspotter update","author":"R K\u00fchnl","year":"2023","unstructured":"K\u00fchnl R, Bergmann H, Math\u00e4us F, Neumeier E. Crack. Trendspotter update. M\u00fcnchen: Institut f\u00fcr Therapieforschung; 2023."},{"key":"1256_CR22","unstructured":"Statista. Entwicklung der Einwohnerzahl in K\u00f6ln (kreisfreie Stadt) von 1995 bis 2023. Statista. 2024 [cited 2024 Aug 22]. Available from: https:\/\/de.statista.com\/statistik\/daten\/studie\/322477\/umfrage\/entwicklung-der-gesamtbevoelkerung-in-koeln\/"},{"key":"1256_CR23","first-page":"137","volume":"116","author":"L Kraus","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kraus L, Seitz N-N, Schulte B, Cremer-Schaeffer P, Braun B, Verthein U, et al. Estimation of the number of people with opioid addiction in Germany. Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt International. 2019;116:137\u201343.","journal-title":"Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt International"},{"key":"1256_CR24","unstructured":"Stadt K\u00f6ln. Drogenkonsumr\u00e4ume. o.J. [cited 2024 Aug 22]. Available from: https:\/\/www.stadt-koeln.de\/leben-in-koeln\/gesundheit\/sucht\/drogenkonsumraum"},{"key":"1256_CR25","volume-title":"Handlungsempfehlungen des forschungsverbundes \u201edrugs and urban security (DRUSEC) - November 2020","author":"C Padberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Padberg C, Zielinski A, St\u00f6ver H. Umgang Mit Drogen in der \u00f6ffentlichkeit. \u201eOffene Drogenszenen Mit drogenkonsumr\u00e4umen, Frankfurt am main. Handlungsempfehlungen des forschungsverbundes \u201edrugs and urban security\u201c (DRUSEC) - November 2020. Frankfurt am Main: Institut f\u00fcr Suchtforschung Frankfurt; 2020."},{"key":"1256_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103130","volume":"95","author":"TM Brunt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brunt TM, Lefran\u00e7ois E, Gunnar T, Arponen A, Seyler T, Goudriaan AE, et al. Substances detected in used syringes of injecting drug users across 7 cities in Europe in 2017 and 2018: the European syringe collection and analysis project enterprise (ESCAPE). Int J Drug Policy. 2021;95:103130.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"1256_CR27","unstructured":"Neumeier E, Bergmann H, Karachaliou K, Schneider F. Bericht 2024 des nationalen REITOX-Knotenpunkts an die EMCDDA (Datenjahr 2023\/2024). Deutschland, Workbook Gesundheitliche Begleiterscheinungen und Schadensminderung.. M\u00fcnchen: Deutsche Beobachtungsstelle f\u00fcr Drogen und Drogensucht DBDD; 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.dbdd.de\/fileadmin\/user_upload_dbdd\/05_Publikationen\/PDFs_Reitox-Bericht\/REITOX_BERICHT_2024\/REITOX_BERICHT_2024_GesBegleiterscheinungenSchadensminderung.pdf"},{"key":"1256_CR28","unstructured":"Der Beauftragte der Bundesregierung f\u00fcr Sucht- und Drogenfragen. Zahl der Drogentoten in Deutschland weiter angestiegen. 2024 [cited 2024 Aug 2]. Available from: https:\/\/www.bundesdrogenbeauftragter.de\/presse\/detail\/zahl-der-drogentoten-in-deutschland-weiter-angestiegen\/"},{"key":"1256_CR29","unstructured":"Holler F. Zahl der Drogentoten in K\u00f6ln steigt drastisch. K\u00f6lner Stadt-Anzeiger. 2024; Available from: https:\/\/www.ksta.de\/koeln\/koeln-zahl-der-drogentoten-steigt-drastisch-804996"},{"key":"1256_CR30","volume-title":"Rauschgiftkriminalit\u00e4t. Bundeslagebild 2023","author":"Bundeskriminalamt","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bundeskriminalamt. Rauschgiftkriminalit\u00e4t. Bundeslagebild 2023. Wiesbaden: Bundeskriminalamt; 2024."},{"key":"1256_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1515\/pubhef-2020-0080","volume":"28","author":"S Schneider","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schneider S, Beisel L. \u00dcberdosierungen von heroin. Public Health Forum. 2020;28:288\u201391.","journal-title":"Public Health Forum"},{"key":"1256_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleissner S, St\u00f6ver H, Sch\u00e4ffer D, Wodarz-von Essent H, Deimel D, Wodarz N. Take-Home Naloxone in opioid dependency: an intervention to reduce opioid-related deaths. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2025;arztebl.m2025.0030.","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0030"},{"key":"1256_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Flei\u00dfner S, St\u00f6ver H, Sch\u00e4ffer D. Take-Home Naloxon: Ein Baustein der Drogennotfallprophylaxe auch in Deutschland. Bundesgesundheitsbl. 2023 [cited 2023 Jun 5]; Available from: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00103-023-03705-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-023-03705-4"},{"key":"1256_CR34","unstructured":"Werse B, Kamphausen G. MoSyD Szenestudie 2022 Die offene Drogenszene in Frankfurt am Main. Frankfurt am Main: Centre for Drug Research; 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.uni-frankfurt.de\/136573211\/MoSyD_Szenebefragung_2022_final.pdf"},{"key":"1256_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeBeck K, Buxton J, Kerr T, Qi J, Montaner J, Wood E. Public crack cocaine smoking and willingness to use a supervised inhalation facility: implications for street disorder. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2011;6:4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-6-4"},{"key":"1256_CR36","unstructured":"Berthel T, Penzenstadler L, Vogel M. Therapieformen bei Crack- und Kokainkonsum. Bern: Schweizerische Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Suchtmedizin; 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.ssam-sapp.ch\/fileadmin\/SSAM\/user_upload\/Therapieformen_bei_Crack_und_Kokainkonsum_Bericht_SSAM_240115.pdf"},{"key":"1256_CR37","unstructured":"Cs\u00e1k R. Harm Reduction Services in Switzerland. United Kingdom: Harm Reduction International; 2022. Available from: https:\/\/hri.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Harm-Reduction-in-Switzerland_FINAL.pdf"},{"key":"1256_CR38","unstructured":"Wermter B. Hamburger Stra\u00dfensubstitution: voller Erfolg f\u00fcr Drogengebrauchende. magazin.hiv. 2021 [cited 2024 Sep 10]. Available from: https:\/\/magazin.hiv\/magazin\/hamburger-strassensubstitution\/"},{"key":"1256_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1351267","volume":"14","author":"D Deimel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Deimel D. Ausl\u00e4nderrechtliche rehabilitationshindernisse in der behandlung Suchtkranker migranten. Suchttherapie. 2013;14:155\u20139.","journal-title":"Suchttherapie"},{"key":"1256_CR40","unstructured":"Kuhn S. Drogenkonsum und Hilfebedarfe von Gefl\u00fcchteten in niedrigschwelligen Einrichtungen der Suchthilfe in Deutschland. Hamburg: Zentrum f\u00fcr Interdisziplin\u00e4re Suchtforschung der universit\u00e4t Hamburg; 2018 Mar. Available from: https:\/\/www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de\/fileadmin\/Dateien\/5_Publikationen\/Drogen_und_Sucht\/Berichte\/Abschlussbericht\/Abschlussbericht_Gefluechtete_Drogenabhaengige.pdf"},{"key":"1256_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.18261\/njwel.3.1.4","volume":"3","author":"VH Bye","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bye VH, Skjong A, Bj\u00f8nness S, Gr\u00f8nnestad TE. The pursuit of dignity: a qualitative study of people using drugs\u2019 experiences of the relocation and reopening of a public gathering place (Open drug scene). Nordic J Wellbeing Sustainable Welf Dev. 2024;3:38\u201352.","journal-title":"Nordic J Wellbeing Sustainable Welf Dev"},{"key":"1256_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31869-X","volume":"391","author":"RW Aldridge","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aldridge RW, Story A, Hwang SW, Nordentoft M, Luchenski SA, Hartwell G, et al. Morbidity and mortality in homeless individuals, prisoners, sex workers, and individuals with substance use disorders in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018;391:241\u201350.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1256_CR43","volume-title":"Befragung Zur lebenslage von Obdachlosen und Wohnungslosen menschen in K\u00f6ln","author":"V Busch-Geertsem","year":"2024","unstructured":"Busch-Geertsem V, Henk J, Sch\u00f6pke S, Steffen A. Befragung Zur lebenslage von Obdachlosen und Wohnungslosen menschen in K\u00f6ln. Bremen: GISS; 2024."},{"key":"1256_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2018-210981","volume":"73","author":"AJ Baxter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baxter AJ, Tweed EJ, Katikireddi SV, Thomson H. Effects of housing first approaches on health and well-being of adults who are homeless or at risk of homelessness: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2019;73:379\u201387.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"1256_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1515\/zfsoz-2010-0504","volume":"39","author":"T Gautschi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gautschi T, Hangartner D. Die untersuchung verborgener populationen: eine Capture-Recapture-Studie Mit Heroinabh\u00e4ngigen. Z F\u00fcr Soziologie. 2010;39:402\u201317.","journal-title":"Z F\u00fcr Soziologie"}],"container-title":["Harm Reduction Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12954-025-01256-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12954-025-01256-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12954-025-01256-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T17:49:55Z","timestamp":1757180995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12954-025-01256-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1256"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-025-01256-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-7517"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1477-7517"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2025","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The original online version of this article was revised: This article has been updated to amend the license information.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Participants were fully informed about the study, including its purpose, the voluntary nature of participation, and their right to withdraw at any time without disadvantage. Verbal informed consent was obtained and documented by the interviewer. No personal identifiers were collected, and all data were gathered anonymously. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Catholic University of Applied Sciences Aachen (AZ2023-02). Although the study was not registered in a public trial database, it was conducted in line with fundamental ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and adhered to all relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"96"}}</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefLicence">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_import_origin">crossref</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_doiImportPopulated">PersonAuthorFirstName_1,PersonAuthorLastName_1,PersonAuthorFirstName_2,PersonAuthorLastName_2,PersonAuthorFirstName_3,PersonAuthorLastName_3,PersonAuthorFirstName_4,PersonAuthorLastName_4,PersonAuthorFirstName_5,PersonAuthorLastName_5,PublisherName,TitleMain_1,Language,TitleAbstract_1,TitleParent_1,ArticleNumber,Issue,Volume,CompletedYear,IdentifierIssn,Enrichmentlocal_crossrefLicence</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="Reviewstatus">Begutachtet/Reviewed</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">doi-import</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Daniel Deimel</author>
    <author>Lucie Feldmann</author>
    <author>Norbert Scherbaum</author>
    <author>Christine Firk</author>
    <author>Simon Fleißner</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Open drug scene</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Harm reduction</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Substance use</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Crack</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Heroin</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Homelessness</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Fakultät Sozialwissenschaften</collection>
    <collection role="Forschungsschwerpunkt" number="4">Gesundheit</collection>
  </doc>
</export-example>
