@article{MichosBikas2020, author = {Michos, Konstantinos N. and Bikas, Georgios}, title = {Quasi-Dimensional Multi-Zone Combustion Diagnostic Tool for SI Engines with Novel NOx and CO Emissions Models}, series = {SAE International Journal of Advances and Current Practices in Mobility}, volume = {2}, journal = {SAE International Journal of Advances and Current Practices in Mobility}, number = {4}, publisher = {SAE International}, issn = {2641-9645}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-0289}, pages = {1818 -- 1848}, year = {2020}, abstract = {In this work a quasi-dimensional multi-zone combustion diagnostic tool for homogeneous charge Spark Ignition (SI) engines is analytically developed for the evaluation of heat release, flame propagation, combustion velocities as well as engine-out NOx and CO emissions, based on in-cylinder pressure data analysis. The tool can be used to assess the effects of fuel, design and operating parameters on the SI engine combustion and NOx and CO emissions formation processes. "Certain novel features are included in the presently developed combustion diagnostic tool. Firstly, combustion chambers of any shape and spark plug position can be considered due to an advanced model for the calculation of the geometric interaction between a spherically expanding flame and a general combustion chamber geometry. Also, the temperature stratification of the burned gas developed during the combustion phase, which has to be captured for the theoretically realistic estimation of the in-cylinder formation of pollutant emissions, is taken into account by a multi-zone thermodynamic treatment. According to this, multiple spherically allocated burned zones are sequentially generated at specified (user-defined) crank angle intervals, forming overlapping shells. Moreover, complex chemical equilibrium compositions are computed, which can include any user-defined mixture of species in the combustion products, using an advanced modular method based on the minimization of Gibbs energy. Furthermore, NOx and CO engine-out emissions are calculated based on novel in-cylinder formation models presented by the authors in the past. Specifically, NOx emissions are evaluated by a global algebraic NOx emissions formation model, accounting for both thermal and subO pathway NO formation, based on the calculation of the characteristic timescales of the relevant NO formation mechanisms. CO emissions are assessed using a new kinetics-based model, consisting of a single Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) that can be analytically integrated. The CO emissions model is derived considering the dynamics of a representative pool of active radicals in post-flame gases and explicitly describes the CO oxidation quenching process. "The combustion diagnostic tool is applied to a lean burn gas engine at various engine speeds under full load conditions and constant lambda value. Various combustion and NOx and CO emissions related results are presented and discussed to illustrate the capabilities of the tool for combustion diagnosis, while at the same time calculated engine-out NOx and CO emissions are found to be in satisfactory agreement with measured ones.}, language = {en} } @article{GrossmannMuehlpfordtRambacheretal.2021, author = {Großmann, Fabian and M{\"u}hlpfordt, Torsten and Rambacher, Patrick and Bikas, Georgios}, title = {Crank-Angle Resolved Flow Measurements in the Intake Duct of a Research Engine Using Novel and Fast Response Aerodynamic Probes}, series = {Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering}, volume = {7}, journal = {Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering}, publisher = {Frontiers Media SA}, issn = {2297-3079}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmech.2021.633690}, pages = {1 -- 15}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Despite the public debate nowadays on the future of Internal Combustion Engines (ICE), which is impeding their development, one limitation towards further optimization of ICE in terms of fuel consumption and emissions can be seen in the current approach and more specifically in the transient engine operation and its control. The main drawbacks in the current approach source from: 1) complex structure of mechanization including sensors and actuators, 2) low time resolution and accuracy of sensing (cost driven), 3) complex Electronic Control Unit (ECU)-software architecture associated with huge calibration effort and 4) recently, funded research due to unsecure business model of ICE is becoming less. To overcome these difficulties unexploited potential should be utilized. Some of this potential lies in cycle-by-cycle and cylinder-by-cylinder accurate fuel and air control, and in the development of physical based virtual sensors with high time resolution and accuracy. One of the main motivations for this study was to develop a measurement technique that enables crank-angle resolved air mass flow rate measurements during engine operation in a dynamometer test cell. The measurement principle is quite simple and is based on gauging the dynamic pressure in both the intake and exhaust duct at the closest possible positions to the valves. To fulfill these requirements aerodynamic probes have been developed and manufactured utilizing 3D printing. The probes have been integrated in special developed flanges, which correspond exactly to the shape of the air channels in the cylinder head of the engine. Hence, they can be mounted either in front of the valves at the intake or behind the valves at the exhaust duct. Results at different engine operating conditions have been obtained, analyzed and correlated to other sensors like air-flow meter. Those post-processed results can be further used to validate 1-D gas exchange models, or 3-D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) port flow models. The ultimate scope of these measurements is to calibrate fast physical-based gas exchange models that can be directly used in the engine control framework on an embedded system.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BikasWeigandBrilzetal.2020, author = {Bikas, Georgios and Weigand, Peter and Brilz, Marina and Michos, Konstantinos}, title = {High Resolution Global NOx Sub-Model for Embedded System Application with Low Calibration Effort}, series = {SAE Technical Paper Series}, booktitle = {SAE Technical Paper Series}, publisher = {SAE International}, address = {400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States}, issn = {0148-7191}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-0246}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @article{KoegelPflitschNorthupetal.2022, author = {K{\"o}gel, Michael and Pflitsch, Andreas and Northup, Diana E. and Carstensen, Dirk and Medley, Joseph J. and Mansheim, Teresa and Killing, Thomas and Buschbacher, Michael and Angerer, Helena and Falkner, Julian and Kynatidis, Achilleas and Ott, Valentin and Regler, Simon}, title = {Combination of close-range and aerial photogrammetry with terrestrial laser scanning to answer microbiological and climatological questions in connection with lava caves}, series = {Applied Geomatics}, volume = {14}, journal = {Applied Geomatics}, number = {4}, publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, issn = {1866-9298}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12518-022-00459-7}, pages = {679 -- 694}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Combining photogrammetric reconstruction (close-range photogrammetry, CRP) and airborne photogrammetry through the structure from motion method (SFM) with terrestrial three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning (TLS), Maelstrom Cave on Big Island, Hawaii (USA), was mapped in three dimensions. The complementary properties of the two methods generated an overall model that depicted significant features of the cave both spatially and visually. Through various processes, the complex geometric quantities were derived from the model that can be used to answer microbiological and climatological questions. In this report, the procedure for the three-dimensional acquisition of the terrain surface above Maelstrom Cave as well as the interior of the cave with TLS and SFM is described. It is shown how the different data sets were combined and contrasted, including a comparison of geometries from the different survey operations. Finally, the editing processes used to quantify and simplify the cave geometry are presented, as well as the analysis of the ellipses generated accordingly to determine the geometric quantities. Through the analysis of the cave geometry, important geometric properties of the Maelstrom Cave could be quantified and categorized. In this way, an effective tool was developed to directly correlate the structure of the cave system with climatological and microbiological parameters in order to answer the corresponding questions.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BetzoldDentel2021, author = {Betzold, Christina and Dentel, Arno}, title = {Evaluation and test operation of different model predictive control approaches for an energy system}, series = {Proceedings of the 17th IBPSA Conference : Bruges, Belgium, Sept. 1-3, 2021}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th IBPSA Conference : Bruges, Belgium, Sept. 1-3, 2021}, publisher = {KU Leuven}, issn = {2522-2708}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.26868/25222708.2021.30597}, pages = {326 -- 333}, year = {2021}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{DentelBetzold2021, author = {Dentel, Arno and Betzold, Christina}, title = {Activation of the building thermal mass to store PV surplus energy}, series = {Proceedings of the 17th IBPSA Conference : Bruges, Belgium, Sept. 1-3, 2021}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th IBPSA Conference : Bruges, Belgium, Sept. 1-3, 2021}, publisher = {KU Leuven}, issn = {2522-2708}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.26868/25222708.2021.31141}, pages = {673 -- 679}, year = {2021}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchierEppleMaaouietal.2020, author = {Schier, Michael and Epple, Fabius and Maaoui, Aicha and Schwellinger, Martin and Weber, Michael and Dietz, Armin and Zimmermann, Rolf}, title = {Development of a Two In One Motor System as a new Vehicle Energy Concept for Next Generation Car}, series = {2020 Fifteenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)}, booktitle = {2020 Fifteenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ever48776.2020.9243148}, pages = {12}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @article{SeissThielEichelbaum2022, author = {Seiß, Volker and Thiel, Susanne and Eichelbaum, Maik}, title = {Preparation and Real World Applications of Titania Composite Materials for Photocatalytic Surface, Air, and Water Purification: State of the Art}, series = {Inorganics}, volume = {10}, journal = {Inorganics}, number = {9}, publisher = {MDPI AG}, issn = {2304-6740}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10090139}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The semiconducting transition metal oxide TiO2 is a rather cheap and non-toxic material with superior photocatalytic properties. TiO2 thin films and nanoparticles are known to have antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antialgal, self, water, and air-cleaning properties under UV or sun light irradiation. Based on these excellent qualities, titania holds great promises in various fields of applications. The vast majority of published field and pilot scale studies are dealing with the modification of building materials or generally focus on air purification. Based on the reviewed papers, for the coating of glass, walls, ceilings, streets, tunnels, and other large surfaces, titania is usually applied by spray-coating due to the scalibility and cost-efficiency of this method compared to alternative coating procedures. In contrast, commercialized applications of titania in medical fields or in water purification are rarely found. Moreover, in many realistic test scenarios it becomes evident that the photocatalytic activity is often significantly lower than in laboratory settings. In this review, we will give an overview on the most relevant real world applications and commonly applied preparation methods for these purposes. We will also look at the relevant bottlenecks such as visible light photocatalytic activity and long-term stability and will make suggestions to overcome these hurdles for a widespread usage of titania as photocalyst.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{DietzCarusoDiTommasoetal.2020, author = {Dietz, Armin and Caruso, M. and Di Tommaso, A. O. and Miceli, R. and Nevoloso, C.}, title = {Enhanced Mathematical Modelling of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Considering Saturation, Cross-Coupling and Spatial Harmonics effects}, series = {2020 Fifteenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)}, booktitle = {2020 Fifteenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ever48776.2020.9243003}, pages = {9}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous machine (IPMSM) conventional mathematical model is generally employed to investigate and simulate the IPMSM control and drive system behaviour. However, magnetic nonlinearities and spatial harmonics have a substantial influence on the IPMSM electromagnetic behaviour and performances. In order to simulate the IPMSM real electromagnetic behaviour, this paper describes an enhanced mathematical model that takes into account the saturation, cross-coupling and spatial harmonics effects. This model has been implemented in Matlab®/Simulink environment where the electric and magnetic parameters are derived from FEA investigations and implemented by the use of lookup tables. The high fidelity of the proposed IPMSM Simulink model is validated by the results of the FEA investigations carried out.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ZocherStarostGrassetal.2023, author = {Zocher, Markus and Starost, Veit and Grass, Norbert and Schmidt, Michael and Wilfling, Timo}, title = {High Bandwidth Integrator for Differential, PCB Integrated Rogowski Coils}, series = {2023 International Conference on Electrical Drives and Power Electronics (EDPE)}, booktitle = {2023 International Conference on Electrical Drives and Power Electronics (EDPE)}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.1109/EDPE58625.2023.10274019}, pages = {1 -- 8}, year = {2023}, abstract = {This paper provides an accurate and high-bandwidth current measurement method, using a differential, PCB integrated Rogowski coil. This measurement is ideal for switching characterization of wide-bandgap semiconductors, which are progressively improving switching speeds of power electronic circuits and require a PCB design with low parasitic inductance. A design workflow for system integration of a differential Rogowski coil, including the necessary signal processing circuits onto a printed circuit board is provided. Different parasitic effects have been analyzed, and an amplifier topology for high bandwidth and superior Common Mode rejection is presented. The calculations are verified by simulation and measurements.}, language = {en} } @article{DietzDiTommasoMarignettietal.2020, author = {Dietz, Armin and Di Tommaso, Antonino Oscar and Marignetti, Fabrizio and Miceli, Rosario and Nevoloso, Claudio}, title = {Enhanced Flexible Algorithm for the Optimization of Slot Filling Factors in Electrical Machines}, series = {Energies}, volume = {13}, journal = {Energies}, number = {5}, publisher = {MDPI AG}, issn = {1996-1073}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/en13051041}, pages = {21}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The continuous development in the field of industrial automation and electric mobility has led to the need for more efficient electrical machines with a high power density. The improvement of electrical machines' slot filling factors is one of the measures to satisfy these requirements. In recent years, this topic has aroused greater interest in the industrial sector, since the evolution of the winding technological manufacturing processes allows an economically sustainable realization of ordered winding arrangements, rather than random ones. Moreover, the manufacture of electrical machines' windings must be preceded by an accurate design phase in which it is possible to evaluate the maximum slot filling factor obtainable for a given wire shape and for its dimensions. For this purpose, this paper presents an algorithmic approach for the evaluation of maximum slot filling factors in electrical machines under an ideal geometric premise. In particular, this algorithm has a greater degree of flexibility with respect to the algorithm approaches found in the literature, since the study has been extended to round, rectangular and hexagonal wire sections. Furthermore, the slot filling factor calculation was carried out both for standard and non-standard slots. The algorithmic approach proposed can be considered as an additional useful tool for the fast design of electrical machine windings.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{LiegmannSchindlerKaramanakosetal.2021, author = {Liegmann, Eyke and Schindler, Tobias and Karamanakos, Petros and Dietz, Armin and Kennel, Ralph}, title = {UltraZohm — An Open-Source Rapid Control Prototyping Platform for Power Electronic Systems}, series = {2021 International Aegean Conference on Electrical Machines and Power Electronics (ACEMP) \& 2021 International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (OPTIM)}, booktitle = {2021 International Aegean Conference on Electrical Machines and Power Electronics (ACEMP) \& 2021 International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (OPTIM)}, publisher = {IEEE}, issn = {1842-0133}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/optim-acemp50812.2021.9590016}, pages = {6}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This paper presents two rapid control prototyping (RCP) use cases facilitated by the open-source platform UltraZohm. The openly available UltraZohm development frame- work eases the transition from simulation to the test bench. The framework offers the integration of automatic code generation for field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), either by using Simulink models based on the HDL Coder, or by synthesizing C++ code into VHDL via the Vivado high-level synthesis tool. The first use case focuses on the implementation details of an on-chip controller-in-the-loop setup, where a permanent magnetsynchronous machine is emulated in the FPGA with a sampling frequency of 2 MHz. The second use case presents an efficient real-time implemen-tation of the sphere decoding algorithm employed to solve the long-horizon finite control set model predictive control problem for a three-level neutral point clamped inverter driving an induction machine. Experimental results based on a small-scale prototype confirm that the algorithm can be executed in real time on the FPGA, with an execution time of a few tens of microseconds. Both use cases highlight the benefits of using a high-performance RCP platform for research in power electronics and their control.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{RabensteinDietzKremseretal.2020, author = {Rabenstein, L. and Dietz, A. and Kremser, A. and Parspour, N.}, title = {Semi-Analytical Calculation of a Laminated Transverse Flux Machine}, series = {2020 International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM)}, booktitle = {2020 International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM)}, publisher = {IEEE}, issn = {2381-4802}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/icem49940.2020.9271065}, pages = {721 -- 727}, year = {2020}, abstract = {n this paper a semi-analytical calculation of a transverse flux machine is presented. First the design of the machine is explained, then the semi-analytical calculation, which is finally compared with a numerical 3D finite element analysis (FEA). The semi-analytical approach is based on a magnetic equivalent circuit, which is solved by nodal analysis and the Broyden-Method. The air gap of the machine is transformed into the magnetic equivalent circuit by conformal mapping using the Schwarz-Christoffel transformation. The comparison to numerical simulation shows that the approach gives good results and is sufficiently accurate for a rough design of the machine.}, language = {en} } @article{WendelKaramanakosGebhardtetal.2021, author = {Wendel, Sebastian and Karamanakos, Petros and Gebhardt, Philipp and Dietz, Armin and Kennel, Ralph}, title = {Flux Linkage-Based Direct Model Predictive Current Control for Synchronous Machines}, series = {IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics}, volume = {36}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics}, number = {12}, publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, issn = {0885-8993}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2021.3083657}, pages = {14237 -- 14256}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This article presents a flux linkage-based direct model predictive current control approach that achieves favorable performance both during steady-state and transient operation. The former is achieved by computing the optimal time instants at which a new switch position is applied to the converter. To this end, the future current behavior is not computed based on the machine inductances or inductance look-up tables; instead, flux linkage maps are utilized to predict the trajectory of the magnetic flux linkage, and subsequently of the current. This is advantageous for electric drives with noticeable magnetic nonlinearity in terms of saturation and/or cross-coupling effects. Hence, by using flux linkage maps in the prediction process, the evolution of the stator current can be calculated more accurately, enabling the controller to make better switching decisions. Moreover, the discussed predictive controller exhibits excellent dynamic performance owing to its direct control nature, i.e., the control and modulation tasks are performed in one computational stage rendering a dedicated modulation stage redundant. Three different drive systems based on permanent magnet synchronous motors are examined to demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented control approach.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{RabensteinDietzParspour2020, author = {Rabenstein, Lukas and Dietz, Armin and Parspour, Nejila}, title = {Design Concept of a Wound Field Transverse Flux Machine using Soft Magnetic Composite Claw-Poles}, series = {2020 10th International Electric Drives Production Conference (EDPC)}, booktitle = {2020 10th International Electric Drives Production Conference (EDPC)}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/edpc51184.2020.9388176}, pages = {5}, year = {2020}, abstract = {This paper presents the machine concept of a wound field transverse flux machine (WFTFM). In contrast to permanent magnet transverse flux machines (PMTFM), here the magneto motive force (mmf) of the rotor is generated by a current. The magnetic circuit of the WFTFM is made of soft magnetic composite (SMC) and is designed as claw-poles. Thus the magnetic circuit consists of only a few components. Together with the simple ring coils in stator and rotor, the WFTFM offers advantages in the production of electrical machines. The basic structure of the machine and a first design is described here. The results generated by numerical three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) are compared with those of conventional machines.}, language = {en} } @incollection{Dernbach2022, author = {Dernbach, Beatrice}, title = {Lernen und Lehren}, series = {Journalismus und Instagram}, booktitle = {Journalismus und Instagram}, publisher = {Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {9783658346027}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-34603-4_7}, pages = {89 -- 103}, year = {2022}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{GerstnerMaerzDietz2020, author = {Gerstner, Michael and Maerz, Martin and Dietz, Armin}, title = {Design of a Wide Input Voltage Range Current-Fed DC/DC Converter Within a Reduced Duty-Cycle Range}, series = {2020 22nd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'20 ECCE Europe)}, booktitle = {2020 22nd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'20 ECCE Europe)}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.23919/epe20ecceeurope43536.2020.9215825}, pages = {10}, year = {2020}, abstract = {A design of a current-fed push-pull converter for wide input voltage ranges within a reduced duty-cycle range is presented. Based on the converter conversion ratios of three different clamping configurations, the potential of the input clamping is shown analytical, simulative and by measurements. A differentiation is made between the four possible operating modes, which can be distinguished in the control of the semiconductors and the magnetomotive force in the reactor. By optimizing the turn ratios of both transformers, the wide input voltage range capability of the input clamped current-fed push-pull converter was improved, which has been proved by measurements on a real prototype.}, language = {en} } @article{HeenemannMilletGirgsdiesetal.2020, author = {Heenemann, Maria and Millet, Marie-Mathilde and Girgsdies, Frank and Eichelbaum, Maik and Risse, Thomas and Schl{\"o}gl, Robert and Jones, Travis and Frei, Elias}, title = {The Mechanism of Interfacial CO2 Activation on Al Doped Cu/ZnO}, series = {ACS Catalysis}, volume = {10}, journal = {ACS Catalysis}, number = {10}, publisher = {American Chemical Society (ACS)}, issn = {2155-5435}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c00574}, pages = {5672 -- 5680}, year = {2020}, abstract = {We report on a combined quantitative charge carrier and catalytic activity analysis of Cu/ZnO(:Al) model catalysts. The promoting effect of Al3+ on the ZnO support for CO2 activation via the reverse water-gas-shift reaction has been investigated. The contact-free and operando microwave Hall Effect technique is applied to measure charge carriers in Cu/ZnO(:Al) based model catalysts under reverse water-gas shift reaction conditions. This method allows us to monitor the electrical conductivity, charge carrier mobility, and absolute number of charge carriers. An increase in charge carrier concentration with increasing Al3+ content and its direct correlation with the catalytic activity for CO formation is found. We conclude that the increased availability of charge carriers plays a key role in CO2 activation and CO formation, which finds additional support in a concurrent decrease of the apparent activation energy and increase in the reaction order of CO2. In combination with comprehensive DFT calculations, the impact of the interfacial charge transfer, coupled to oxygen defect sites in ZnO and CO2 adsorption properties, is elucidated and highlighted. In conclusion, the results from this operando investigation combined with DFT calculations demonstrate the importance of charge transfer processes as decisive descriptors for understanding and explaining catalytic properties.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{GerstnerMaerzDietz2020, author = {Gerstner, Michael and Maerz, Martin and Dietz, Armin}, title = {Reconfigurable Transformer for Wide Input Voltage Range DC/DC Converters}, series = {2020 IEEE 9th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (IPEMC2020-ECCE Asia)}, booktitle = {2020 IEEE 9th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (IPEMC2020-ECCE Asia)}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ipemc-ecceasia48364.2020.9367869}, year = {2020}, abstract = {A transformer with variable primary windings for wide input voltage range DC/DC converters is presented. This transformer structure allows three states of the primary winding to be converted by only two individual windings. Based on the evaluations of a two-switch flyback converter, the potential of DC/DC converters with variable structures, the implementation of such a transformer and the advantages and disadvantages are shown and discussed. Real measurement results demonstrate the noticeable increase in efficiency and the reduction in component stress, having a positive influence on the operation of the converter and the component selection during the design process.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchindlerDietz2020, author = {Schindler, Tobias and Dietz, Armin}, title = {Real-Time Inference of Neural Networks on FPGAs for Motor Control Applications}, series = {2020 10th International Electric Drives Production Conference (EDPC)}, booktitle = {2020 10th International Electric Drives Production Conference (EDPC)}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/edpc51184.2020.9388185}, pages = {1 -- 6}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Machine learning algorithms are increasingly used in industrial applications for a multitude of use-cases. However, using them in control tasks is a challenge due to real-time requirements and limited resources. In this paper, an implementation scheme for real-time inference of multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural networks on FPGAs is proposed. Design constraints for using MLPs in reinforcement learning agents for motor control applications are derived and accounted for in the implementation. Two MLP architectures are evaluated on an FPGA, and the timing and resource-usage data are reported. The real-time capability of the implementation for motor control applications is investigated for standard control frequencies. It is shown by experimental validation that real-time interference with an area-efficient implementation for motor control applications is achievable. Therefore, the proposed implementation scheme can be applied to deep reinforcement learning controllers with hard real-time requirements.}, language = {en} }