@article{SandnerThomsenGonzalez2024, author = {Sandner, Malte and Thomsen, Stephan L. and Gonz{\´a}lez, Libertad}, title = {Preventing Child Maltreatment: Beneficial Side Effects of Public Childcare}, series = {The Economic Journal}, journal = {The Economic Journal}, publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)}, issn = {0013-0133}, doi = {10.1093/ej/ueae070}, year = {2024}, abstract = {We investigate the impact of public childcare provision on the incidence of severe child maltreatment. For identification, we exploit a reform that expanded early childcare in Germany, generating large temporal and spatial variation in childcare coverage at the county level. Using high-quality administrative data covering all reported cases of child maltreatment in Germany by county and year, we find that an increase in childcare slots by one percentage point in a county reduced child maltreatment cases leading to out-of-home placement by about 1\%. Our results suggest that the provision of universal public childcare may be more cost effective than previously thought.}, language = {en} } @article{SandnerYuekselen2024, author = {Sandner, Malte and Y{\"u}kselen, Ipek}, title = {Unraveling the gender wage gap: Exploring early career patterns among university graduates}, series = {Scottish Journal of Political Economy}, journal = {Scottish Journal of Political Economy}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {0036-9292}, doi = {10.1111/sjpe.12405}, pages = {32}, year = {2024}, abstract = {AbstractA large body of literature has shown that the gender wage gap is small in the first years after graduation and increases gradually with age, largely because of family decisions, often a penalty caused by childbirth. However, the gender wage gap immediately after graduation has received less attention. Using a unique dataset that links 5000 university graduates with master's degrees or equivalent from a large German university to detailed employment records from the German social security register, we specifically analyze the gender wage gap at the first job and its dynamics during the initial years of their careers after graduation. We find that a significant gender wage gap already exists in the first job after graduation, even before most young individuals make family decisions. However, this gender wage gap decreases in the first year after entering the labor market and then increases slowly over time. We attribute this initial decrease in the gender wage gap to female university graduates experiencing greater returns from firm and occupational changes than their male counterparts. This suggests that women may use these changes to address skill mismatches, which are more common among women than men in their first job.}, language = {en} } @article{SchepanSandnerContietal.2025, author = {Schepan, Marie Lisanne and Sandner, Malte and Conti, Gabriella and Kliem, S{\"o}ren and Brand, Tilman}, title = {Maternal and Child Health Following 2 Home Visiting Interventions vs Control}, series = {JAMA Pediatrics}, journal = {JAMA Pediatrics}, publisher = {American Medical Association (AMA)}, issn = {2168-6203}, doi = {10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.5929}, year = {2025}, abstract = {ImportanceHome-based interventions targeting socially disadvantaged families may help to improve maternal and child health. Only a few studies have investigated how different staffing models affect early home visiting program outcomes.ObjectiveTo assess the effects of 2 staffing models of an early childhood intervention on mother and child outcomes.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThe baseline assessment of this randomized trial was conducted between November 2006 and December 2009 in 15 municipalities in Germany. The follow-up assessment at offspring age 7 years was carried out by interviewers masked to treatment conditions from April 2015 to December 2017. Data analysis was performed from March to August 2023. Pregnant women with no previous live birth, low-income, and at least 1 additional psychosocial risk factor were eligible. A total of 1157 women were referred to the study by gynecologists, psychosocial counseling services, or employment agencies; 755 were randomized to treatment conditions (2 intervention groups and 2 control groups); and 525 completed the follow-up.InterventionsBased on the Nurse-Family Partnership program, women assigned to the intervention groups received visits by either a midwife (midwife-only model) or by a team consisting of a social worker and a midwife (tandem model) until child age 2 years. Women assigned to control groups had access to the standard health and social services.Main Outcomes and MeasuresAverage treatment effects (ATEs) on the following primary outcomes were assessed using adjusted regression models with inverse probability weighting: developmental disorders, child behavioral problems, adverse, neglectful and abusive parenting, maternal mental health, and life satisfaction.ResultsThe mean (SD) age at follow-up was 29.6 (4.36) years for mothers and 7.55 (0.75) years for children; 272 (52.2\%) of the children were female. Mothers in the tandem model reported fewer internalizing child behavioral problems compared to their control group (ATE, 2.98; 95\% CI, -5.49 to -0.47; absolute reduction, 13.3 percentage points). Beneficial intervention effects were found in the midwife-only group on abusive parenting (ATE, -4.00; 95\% CI, -6.82 to -1.18), parenting stress (ATE, -0.13; 95\% CI, -0.20 to -0.06), and maternal mental health burden (ATE, -3.63; 95\% CI, -6.03 to -1.22; absolute reduction, 6.6 percentage points in depressive symptoms), but not in the tandem group.Conclusions and RelevanceBoth staffing models produced positive intervention effects, with more effects seen in the midwife-only model. These insights can guide future early childhood intervention designs and may help improve health care for socially disadvantaged families.Trial RegistrationGerman Clinical Trials Register Identifier: DRKS00007554}, language = {en} } @article{Sandner2019, author = {Sandner, Malte}, title = {Effects of early childhood intervention on fertility and maternal employment: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial}, series = {Journal of Health Economics}, volume = {63}, journal = {Journal of Health Economics}, publisher = {Elsevier BV}, issn = {0167-6296}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhealeco.2018.11.003}, pages = {159 -- 181}, year = {2019}, abstract = {This paper presents the results of a randomized study of a home visiting program implemented in Germany for low-income, first-time mothers. Besides improving child health and development, a major goal of the program is to improve the participants' economic self-sufficiency and family planning. I use administrative data from the German social security system and detailed telephone surveys to examine the effects of the intervention on maternal employment, welfare benefits, household composition, well-being, and fertility behavior. The study reveals that the intervention decreased maternal employment by 9.3 percentage points and increased subsequent births by 6.4 percentage points, in part through a reduction in abortions.}, language = {en} } @article{SandnerWiynck2023, author = {Sandner, Malte and Wiynck, Frederik}, title = {The Fertility Response to Cutting Child-Related Welfare Benefits}, series = {Population Research and Policy Review}, volume = {42}, journal = {Population Research and Policy Review}, number = {2}, publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, issn = {0167-5923}, doi = {10.1007/s11113-023-09757-3}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Despite long-term interest in whether welfare benefits motivate fertility, evidence from research has not been consistent. This paper contributes new evidence to this debate by investigating the fertility effect of a German welfare reform. The reform decreased the household income of families on welfare by 18\% in the first year after the birth of a baby. Using exclusive access to German social security data on over 460,000 affected women, our analysis finds that the reform leads to a fertility reduction of 6.8\%. This result implies that for mothers on welfare, fertility has an income elasticity of 0.38, which is much smaller than that of general populations reported in the literature. Our findings suggest that welfare recipients' fertility reacts less strongly to financial incentives than the fertility of overall populations.}, language = {en} } @article{SandnerWiynck2023, author = {Sandner, Malte and Wiynck, Frederik}, title = {The Fertility Response to Cutting Child-Related Welfare Benefits}, series = {Population Research and Policy Review}, volume = {42}, journal = {Population Research and Policy Review}, number = {2}, publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, issn = {0167-5923}, doi = {10.1007/s11113-023-09757-3}, pages = {29}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Despite long-term interest in whether welfare benefits motivate fertility, evidence from research has not been consistent. This paper contributes new evidence to this debate by investigating the fertility effect of a German welfare reform. The reform decreased the household income of families on welfare by 18\% in the first year after the birth of a baby. Using exclusive access to German social security data on over 460,000 affected women, our analysis finds that the reform leads to a fertility reduction of 6.8\%. This result implies that for mothers on welfare, fertility has an income elasticity of 0.38, which is much smaller than that of general populations reported in the literature. Our findings suggest that welfare recipients' fertility reacts less strongly to financial incentives than the fertility of overall populations.}, language = {en} } @article{SandnerPatzinaAngeretal.2022, author = {Sandner, Malte and Patzina, Alexander and Anger, Silke and Bernhard, Sarah and Dietrich, Hans}, title = {The COVID-19 pandemic, well-being, and transitions to post-secondary education}, series = {Review of Economics of the Household}, volume = {21}, journal = {Review of Economics of the Household}, number = {2}, publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, issn = {1569-5239}, doi = {10.1007/s11150-022-09623-9}, pages = {461 -- 483}, year = {2022}, abstract = {AbstractThis study examines the immediate and intermediate effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the well-being of two high school graduation cohorts (2020 and 2021) and how changes in well-being affect students' educational plans and outcomes. Our unique panel data on 3697 students from 214 schools in 8 German federal states contain prospective survey information on three dimensions of well-being: mental health problems, self-rated health, and life satisfaction. Data is collected several months before (fall 2019), shortly before and soon after (spring 2020) as well as several months after (fall/winter 2020/21) the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Applying difference-in-differences designs, random effect growth curve models, and linear regression models, we find that school closures had a positive immediate effect on students' well-being. Over the course of the pandemic, however, well-being strongly declined, mainly among the 2021 graduation cohort. We show that a strong decline in mental health is associated with changes in educational and career plans and transition outcomes. As adverse life experiences in adolescence are likely to accumulate over the life course, this study is the first to exhibit potential long-lasting negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on education and careers of young individuals.}, language = {en} } @article{AngerChristophGalkiewiczetal.2024, author = {Anger, Silke and Christoph, Bernhard and Galkiewicz, Agata and Margaryan, Shushanik and Peter, Frauke and Sandner, Malte and Siedler, Thomas}, title = {War, international spillovers, and adolescents: Evidence from Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022}, series = {Journal of Economic Behavior \& Organization}, volume = {224}, journal = {Journal of Economic Behavior \& Organization}, publisher = {Elsevier BV}, issn = {0167-2681}, doi = {10.1016/j.jebo.2024.03.009}, pages = {181 -- 193}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Using novel longitudinal data, this paper studies the short- and medium-term effects of Russia's invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022 on social trust of adolescents in Germany. Comparing adolescents who responded to our survey shortly before the start of the war with those who responded shortly after the conflict began and applying difference-in-differences (DiD) models over time, we find a significant decline in the outcome after the war started. These findings provide new evidence on how armed conflicts influence social trust and well-being among young people in a country not directly involved in the war.}, language = {en} } @article{KliemSandner2021, author = {Kliem, S{\"o}ren and Sandner, Malte}, title = {Prenatal and Infancy Home Visiting in Germany: 7-Year Outcomes of a Randomized Trial}, series = {Pediatrics}, volume = {148}, journal = {Pediatrics}, number = {2}, publisher = {American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)}, issn = {0031-4005}, doi = {10.1542/peds.2020-049610}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Given the lasting positive effects of prenatal and infancy home visiting in the United States on disadvantaged mothers and children at school age, we analyzed the follow-up effects of a German home visiting program (ProKind). We hypothesized improvements in 3 domains at child age 7 years: (1) child development and life satisfaction, (2) maternal mental health and life satisfaction, and (3) adverse parenting, abusive parenting, and neglectful parenting.METHODSWe conducted a randomized controlled trial of home visiting, enrolling 755 pregnant, low-income women with no previous live births. The intervention comprised 32.7 home visits by family midwives and/or social pedagogues until child age 2 years. Assessments were completed on 533 7-year-old firstborn offspring to evaluate 8 primary hypotheses. We found significant positive effects for 4 of the 8 primary hypotheses. Mothers in the intervention group reported fewer behavioral problems among their children in the Child Behavior Checklist (effect size [ES] = 0.21; 95\% confidence interval [CI]: 0.03 to 0.38), less child abusive parenting (ES = 0.19; 95\% CI: 0.00 to 0.37), fewer maternal mental health problems (ES = 0.25; 95\% CI: 0.07 to 0.43), and higher maternal life satisfaction (ES = 0.25; 95\% CI: 0.07 to 0.43). Additional preregistered subgroup analyses regarding child sex revealed larger effects for boys and mothers of boys.CONCLUSIONSThe results suggest that in a western European welfare state, home visiting targeting disadvantaged mothers has lasting effects in important outcome domains. Therefore, home visits also appear to be an effective and efficient public health intervention in European settings.}, language = {en} } @article{ContiKliemSandner2024, author = {Conti, Gabriella and Kliem, S{\"o}ren and Sandner, Malte}, title = {Early Home Visiting Delivery Model and Maternal and Child Mental Health at Primary School Age}, series = {AEA Papers and Proceedings}, volume = {114}, journal = {AEA Papers and Proceedings}, publisher = {American Economic Association}, issn = {2574-0768}, doi = {10.1257/pandp.20241087}, pages = {401 -- 406}, year = {2024}, abstract = {We study the impacts of a prenatal and infancy home visiting program targeting disadvantaged families on mental health outcomes, assessed through diagnostic interviews. The program significantly reduced the prevalence of mental health conditions for both mothers and children, measured at primary-school age, and broke the intergenerational association of these conditions. The impacts are predominantly associated with a particular delivery model, wherein a single home visitor interacts with the family, as opposed to a model involving two home visitors.}, language = {en} } @article{DustmannSandnerSchoenberg2022, author = {Dustmann, Christian and Sandner, Malte and Sch{\"o}nberg, Uta}, title = {The effects of sun intensity during pregnancy and in the first 12 months of life on childhood obesity}, series = {Journal of Human Resources}, volume = {59}, journal = {Journal of Human Resources}, number = {5}, publisher = {University of Wisconsin Press}, issn = {0022-166X}, doi = {10.3368/jhr.0920-11159R1}, pages = {1 -- 44}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Obesity not only leads to immense medical costs associated with treating obesity- related illness but is also associated with lower employment prospects and earnings. This study shows that sunshine-induced vitamin D may have a preventive effect on obesity for children. It investigates the relation between sun intensity from pregnancy until infancy on obesity at age six, using population data of more than 600,000 children. Our findings show that the effects of sun intensity on subsequent obesity are concentrated in the first six months of life: 100 hours of additional sunshine over this period reduce overweight by 1.1 percent and severe obesity by 6.2 percent. We offer two main explanations for this pattern. First, infants' vitamin D levels are particularly sensitive to sunshine in the first six months of life, when lactation is highest. Second, the first six months of life are a sensitive period for later obesity, as this is the period when infants rapidly gain weight and adipose tissue develops.}, language = {en} } @article{SandnerPatzinaAngeretal.2022, author = {Sandner, Malte and Patzina, Alexander and Anger, Silke and Bernhard, Sarah and Dietrich, Hans}, title = {The COVID-19 pandemic, well-being, and transitions to post-secondary education}, series = {Review of Economics of the Household}, volume = {21}, journal = {Review of Economics of the Household}, number = {2}, publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, issn = {1569-5239}, doi = {10.1007/s11150-022-09623-9}, pages = {461 -- 483}, year = {2022}, abstract = {AbstractThis study examines the immediate and intermediate effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the well-being of two high school graduation cohorts (2020 and 2021) and how changes in well-being affect students' educational plans and outcomes. Our unique panel data on 3697 students from 214 schools in 8 German federal states contain prospective survey information on three dimensions of well-being: mental health problems, self-rated health, and life satisfaction. Data is collected several months before (fall 2019), shortly before and soon after (spring 2020) as well as several months after (fall/winter 2020/21) the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Applying difference-in-differences designs, random effect growth curve models, and linear regression models, we find that school closures had a positive immediate effect on students' well-being. Over the course of the pandemic, however, well-being strongly declined, mainly among the 2021 graduation cohort. We show that a strong decline in mental health is associated with changes in educational and career plans and transition outcomes. As adverse life experiences in adolescence are likely to accumulate over the life course, this study is the first to exhibit potential long-lasting negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on education and careers of young individuals.}, language = {en} } @article{NeugebauerPatzinaDietrichetal.2023, author = {Neugebauer, Martin and Patzina, Alexander and Dietrich, Hans and Sandner, Malte}, title = {Two pandemic years greatly reduced young people's life satisfaction: evidence from a comparison with pre-COVID-19 panel data}, series = {European Sociological Review}, volume = {40}, journal = {European Sociological Review}, number = {5}, publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)}, issn = {0266-7215}, doi = {10.1093/esr/jcad077}, pages = {872 -- 886}, year = {2023}, abstract = {How much did young people suffer from the COVID-19 pandemic? A growing number of studies address this question, but they often lack a comparison group that was unaffected by the pandemic, and the observation window is usually short. Here, we compared the 2-year development of life satisfaction of German high school students during COVID-19 (N = 2,698) with the development in prepandemic cohorts (N = 4,834) with a difference-in-differences design. We found a decline in life satisfaction in winter 2020/2021 (Cohen's d = -0.40) that was approximately three times stronger than that in the general population and persisted until winter 2021/2022. Young people found some restrictions particularly burdensome, especially travel restrictions, bans on cultural events, and the closure of bars/clubs.}, language = {en} } @article{ContiPoupakisSandneretal.2021, author = {Conti, Gabriella and Poupakis, Stavros and Sandner, Malte and Kliem, S{\"o}ren}, title = {The effects of home visiting on mother-child interactions}, series = {Child Abuse \& Neglect}, volume = {115}, journal = {Child Abuse \& Neglect}, publisher = {Elsevier BV}, issn = {0145-2134}, doi = {10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105021}, pages = {12}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Home visiting programs constitute an important policy to support vulnerable families with young children. One of their principal aims is to improve infant-parent relationships, so a key measure of their effectiveness is based on observational measures of parent-children interactions. In the present study we provide novel evidence on the effectiveness of home visiting programs in improving mother-child interactions within a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of the Pro Kind program. A major goal of the Pro Kind program is to promote child development by strengthening the intuitive parenting skills of mothers. On this basis, the following research question is addressed in this paper: What is the impact of the Pro Kind home visitation program on the quality of mother-child interaction?}, language = {en} } @article{ContiSandnerBrandetal.2025, author = {Conti, Gabriella and Sandner, Malte and Brand, Tilman and Kliem, S{\"o}ren}, title = {Efficacy of delivery models in early intervention: Findings from Germany's nurse-family partnership on family and child welfare services and pediatric medical incidents in high-risk families}, series = {Child Abuse \& Neglect}, volume = {166}, journal = {Child Abuse \& Neglect}, publisher = {Elsevier BV}, issn = {0145-2134}, doi = {10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107513}, year = {2025}, abstract = {This study evaluates the effectiveness of two delivery models of the ProKind intervention—a German adaptation of the Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP)—in supporting high-risk families. The continuous model (CM) involves home visits exclusively conducted by NFP-trained midwives, while the tandem model (TM) combines visits by a midwife during pregnancy with follow-up visits by a social worker postnatally. A total of 755 disadvantaged pregnant women were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 394) or control groups (n = 361). Outcomes include child protection service (CPS) surveillance, foster care placements, and pediatric hospital visits. The study is based on a longitudinal, multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT) with two follow-up phases: Phase I (birth to 36 months) and Phase II (around the child's 7th birthday). Average treatment effects were estimated using augmented inverse probability weighting (AIPW) combined with lasso variable selection. The CM significantly reduced pediatric hospital visits in both follow-up phases. In Phase II, there were also suggestive trends toward reduced CPS surveillance and fewer foster care placements. No significant effects were found for the TM on any outcome. Full-sample analyses confirmed significant reductions in hospital visits during Phase II. These results underscore the relevance of delivery models in home-visitation programs and suggest that sustained, midwife-led interventions can yield long-term benefits for vulnerable families.}, language = {en} } @article{SchepanJungmannKliemetal.2024, author = {Schepan, Marie Lisanne and Jungmann, Tanja and Kliem, S{\"o}ren and Siegert, Carolin and Sandner, Malte and Brand, Tilman}, title = {What contributes to the long-term implementation of an evidence-based early childhood intervention: a qualitative study from Germany}, series = {Frontiers in Health Services}, volume = {3}, journal = {Frontiers in Health Services}, publisher = {Frontiers Media SA}, issn = {2813-0146}, doi = {10.3389/frhs.2023.1159976}, year = {2024}, abstract = {BackgroundRigorous research trials have demonstrated that early childhood interventions can reach socially disadvantaged families and can have a lasting impact on the healthy development of their children. However, little is known about the internal and contextual factors that contribute to the long-term implementation of such interventions. In this study, we investigated the development of the home visiting program Pro Kind. The program was adapted from the evidence-based US-American Nurse-Family Partnership program and was implemented in Germany in 2006. Using an exploratory approach, we examined factors contributing to the long-term implementation of this program.MethodsQualitative interviews with program implementers (midwives, social workers, program managers) of the Pro Kind program and key stakeholders in two cities in Germany were conducted. Interview guides were developed to assess participants' perceptions and experiences on how the program had developed over time internally and in the interaction with its environment. Data were collected between March and September 2021. Drawing on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), data was coded according to the principles of thematic analysis.ResultsA total of 25 individuals (11 program implementers, 14 key stakeholders) were interviewed. The identified factors related to three out of five domains of the CFIR model in our analysis. First, regarding the intervention characteristics, the evidence of effectiveness and the relative advantage of the implementation of the program compared to similar interventions were viewed as contributors to long-term implementation. However, the program's adaptability was discussed as a constraining factor for reaching the target group. Second, concerning the inner setting, stakeholders and program implementers perceived the implementation climate, the leadership engagement and the program's size as relevant factors for networking strategies and program visibility. Third, as part of the outer setting, the degree of networking with external stakeholders was highlighted of great importance for the program.ConclusionsWe identified several factors of particular importance for the long-term implementation and sustainability of an early childhood intervention at the practice level, particularly in the local context in Germany. These findings should inform the design of impactful, scalable, and sustainable early childhood interventions targeting disadvantaged families.}, language = {en} } @article{AngerLercheSandner2023, author = {Anger, Silke and Lerche, Adrian and Sandner, Malte}, title = {Berufsorientierung und Berufsberatung am Gymnasium}, series = {Berufseinstieg als Wachstumsfaktor}, volume = {76}, journal = {Berufseinstieg als Wachstumsfaktor}, number = {12}, pages = {20-24}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Der Artikel verweist darauf, dass die Wahl f{\"u}r ein Studium oder eines Studienfachs oftmals von soziodemografischen Merkmalen, wie dem Bildungshintergrund der Eltern, und nicht ausschließlich von der Eignung junger Menschen abh{\"a}nge. Insbesondere an Gymnasien, wo die Berufsorientierung vergleichsweise wenig strukturell verankert sei, bestehe Potenzial, die Berufsentscheidung von Abiturient*innen zu verbessern. Der Ausbau von individuellen Informationsangeboten, wie z.B. die pers{\"o}nliche Berufsberatung der BA, k{\"o}nne die Informationsgrundlage von Abiturient*innen erweitern, den Entscheidungsprozess wie auch die Studien- und Berufswahl verbessern und somit langfristig {\"o}konomisches Wachstum erzeugen.}, language = {de} } @misc{AngerChristophGalkiewiczetal.2024, author = {Anger, Silke and Christoph, Bernhard and Galkiewicz, Agata and H{\"o}rl, Tobias and Margaryan, Shushanik and Maushart, Milan and Peter, Frauke and Sandner, Malte and Siedler, Thomas}, title = {Berufliche Pl{\"a}ne von Haupt- und Realsch{\"u}ler*innen: Der Anteil der Unentschlossenen steigt}, series = {IAB Forum}, volume = {2024}, journal = {IAB Forum}, doi = {10.48720/IAB.FOO.20240924.01}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Der Anteil der Jugendlichen, die sich sicher sind, eine Ausbildung absolvieren zu wollen, sinkt zusehends. Zuletzt traf dies nur noch auf 42 Prozent der befragten Hauptsch{\"u}ler*innen und auf 37 Prozent der Realsch{\"u}ler*innen in den jeweiligen Abschlussklassen zu.}, language = {de} } @misc{DemirHertweckSandneretal.2024, author = {Demir, G{\"o}kay and Hertweck, Friederike and Sandner, Malte and Y{\"u}kselen, Ipek}, title = {Wer neben dem Studium mit den „richtigen" Kollegen jobbt, kann die beruflichen Startchancen vielfach verbessern}, series = {IAB Forum}, volume = {2024}, journal = {IAB Forum}, doi = {10.48720/IAB.FOO.20241014.01}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Netzwerke spielen eine bedeutende Rolle in der Arbeitswelt: Oft bilden sie die Grundlage f{\"u}r die pers{\"o}nliche und fachliche Weiterentwicklung und somit f{\"u}r den beruflichen Erfolg. So k{\"o}nnen gerade junge Akademiker*innen bei ihrem Einstieg in den Beruf unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen von beruflichen Kontakten profitieren, die sie w{\"a}hrend eines Studentenjobs gekn{\"u}pft haben.}, language = {de} } @article{SandnerAngerBernhardetal.2023, author = {Sandner, Malte and Anger, Silke and Bernhard, Sarah and Dietrich, Hans and Lerche, Adrian and Patzina, Alexander and Singer, Stefanie and Toussaint, Carina and Malfertheiner, Verena}, title = {Berufsberatung: In der Corona-Krise konnten nicht alle Themenw{\"u}nsche junger Menschen ausreichend besprochen werden}, series = {IAB Forum}, journal = {IAB Forum}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Angesichts der zunehmenden Komplexit{\"a}t der Berufswelt hat die Berufsberatung f{\"u}r junge Menschen an Bedeutung gewonnen. Um die Berufsorientierung zu unterst{\"u}tzen, bietet die Bundesagentur f{\"u}r Arbeit neben umfassenden Informationen zur Ausgestaltung und Anforderung von Berufen auch individuelle Beratungsgespr{\"a}che an. Eine Befragung angehender Abiturient*innen zeigt, dass sich junge Erwachsene insbesondere Beratung zu beruflichen M{\"o}glichkeiten und zu ihrer pers{\"o}nlichen Eignung w{\"u}nschen. In den Beratungsgespr{\"a}chen konnten allerdings nicht alle Themenw{\"u}nsche aufgegriffen werden.}, language = {de} } @article{SandnerDustmannSchoenberg2022, author = {Sandner, Malte and Dustmann, Christian and Sch{\"o}nberg, Uta}, title = {Exposing a child to sunshine in the first six months of life reduces their risk of obesity}, series = {VoxEU}, journal = {VoxEU}, editor = {Sandner, Malte}, year = {2022}, abstract = {New research suggests that sunshine-induced vitamin D helps prevent obesity in children. This column uses nearly two decades of data from compulsory health screenings for children in Germany - combined with information on daily sun at the district level - and concludes that exposure to 100 hours more sunshine in the first six months of life reduces the risk of severe obesity at age six by 6\%. These findings have important public health implications, as vitamin D intake can be increased at low cost through dietary supplements for pregnant and breastfeeding mothers.}, language = {en} } @article{SandnerAchatzReimsetal.2022, author = {Sandner, Malte and Achatz, Juliane and Reims, Nancy and Schels, Brigitte}, title = {Disadvantaged young people find the transition from school to work particularly difficult}, series = {IAB Forum}, volume = {2022}, journal = {IAB Forum}, year = {2022}, abstract = {How the transition from school to working life takes place sets the course for individual labour market opportunities. This transition is particularly difficult for disadvantaged young people. Different factors come into play: studies of young people in Germany show that in addition to low or no educational qualifications, attending a special needs school, having a disability, or growing up in low-income families are further barriers to a successful transition. Participation in support programmes can only partially offset these disadvantages.}, language = {en} } @article{SandnerKliemSiegertetal.2022, author = {Sandner, Malte and Kliem, S{\"o}ren and Siegert, Carolin and Rothamel, Julia}, title = {Familienhebammen - Nachhaltig wirksam}, series = {Deutsche Hebammen Zeitschrift}, volume = {74}, journal = {Deutsche Hebammen Zeitschrift}, number = {8}, issn = {3052-0614}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Das Modellprojekt »Pro Kind« hat in drei Bundesl{\"a}ndern untersucht, welche kurz- und langfristigen Auswirkungen regelm{\"a}ßige, strukturierte Hausbesuche von Familienhebammen haben k{\"o}nnen. Diese fachliche Begleitung n{\"u}tzt nicht nur den Einzelnen, sondern der gesamten Gesellschaft.}, language = {de} } @article{SandnerKliemPfeiffer2022, author = {Sandner, Malte and Kliem, S{\"o}ren and Pfeiffer, Christian}, title = {Fr{\"u}he Hilfe zeigt Wirkung}, series = {Centaur}, volume = {2022}, journal = {Centaur}, year = {2022}, language = {de} } @article{SandnerAngerBernhardetal.2024, author = {Sandner, Malte and Anger, Silke and Bernhard, Sarah and Dietrich, Hans and Knau, Felix and Lerche, Adrian and Patzina, Alexander and Toussaint, Carinna}, title = {Welche Erwartungen Abiturient*innen mit einem Studium oder einer Berufsausbildung verbinden}, series = {IAB Forum}, journal = {IAB Forum}, doi = {10.48720/IAB.FOO.20240903.01}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Nach dem Abitur er{\"o}ffnen sich jungen Menschen alle weiterf{\"u}hrenden Bildungswege. Neben der Wahl der Fachrichtung steht die Entscheidung zwischen Studium oder Berufsausbildung im Vordergrund. Hier geht es neben pers{\"o}nlichen Interessen und F{\"a}higkeiten um die Erwartungen der Abiturient*innen hinsichtlich der Aussichten auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und in Bezug auf die Arbeitsbedingungen nach einem Studium oder einer Ausbildung. Diese Erwartungen unterscheiden sich je nachdem, ob sie eher zu einem Studium oder einer Ausbildung tendieren.}, language = {de} } @techreport{SandnerAngerBernhardetal.2024, author = {Sandner, Malte and Anger, and Bernhard, and Janssen, and Leber, and Lerche, and Oberfichtner, and Reims, and Schels, and Senghaas, and Stephan, and Toussaint, and T{\"u}bbicke,}, title = {Zum Entwurf des SGB-III-Modernisierungsgesetzes. Stellungnahme des IAB zum Referentenentwurf eines Gesetzes zur Modernisierung der Arbeitslosenversicherung und Arbeitsf{\"o}rderung am 24.7.2024}, series = {IAB-Stellungnahme}, volume = {2024}, journal = {IAB-Stellungnahme}, number = {1}, issn = {2195-5980}, doi = {10.48720/IAB.SN.2401}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Mit dem SGB-III-Modernisierungsgesetz sollen die Arbeitslosenversicherung und die Arbeitsf{\"o}rderung b{\"u}rgerfreundlicher, transparenter, effizienter und unb{\"u}rokratischer gestaltet werden. Das IAB nimmt Stellung zu folgenden Aspekten des Referentenentwurfs dieses Gesetzes: Kooperationsplan zur Eingliederung im SGB III, Reform des Gr{\"u}ndungszuschusses, rechtskreis{\"u}bergreifende Kooperationen/Jugendberufsagenturen, Beratung f{\"u}r junge Menschen, Berufsorientierungspraktikum und außerbetriebliche Ausbildung.}, language = {de} } @article{BaertschSandner2025, author = {Baertsch, Laurenz and Sandner, Malte}, title = {Reducing the child penalty by incentivizing maternal part-time work?}, series = {Labour Economics}, volume = {95}, journal = {Labour Economics}, publisher = {Elsevier BV}, issn = {0927-5371}, doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102759}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Governments worldwide are discussing ways to increase maternal labor market participation and to reduce the child penalty. This study analyzes the long run effects of a paid parental leave reform in Germany, a country characterized by high rates of maternal part-time employment after childbirth. The reform introduced additional financial incentives for mothers to engage in part-time work during the first two years following childbirth. Using German social security records, we exploit the fact that only mothers whose child is born in or after July 2015 are eligible for the new part-time parental leave option in a Difference-in-Differences strategy. We find that the policy increased the probability that high-income mothers return to work during the first year after child birth by 2.1-2.8 percentage points ( 15\%-20\%). However, the policy does not affect maternal employment along the extensive or intensive margin (part-time or full-time work) in the long run (i.e. up to 4.5 years after child). This indicates that while the reform successfully encourages early part-time return to work among high-income mothers, it does not significantly reduce the child penalty. However, it does also not trap mothers in part-time employment.}, language = {en} } @article{KliemSandnerBrandetal.2025, author = {Kliem, S{\"o}ren and Sandner, Malte and Brand, Tilman and Fischer, Sebastian and Lohmann, Anna and Schepan, Marie Lisanne and Conti, Gabriella and Baier, Dirk}, title = {Follow-up study on the long-term effectiveness of the home-visiting program "ProKind": study protocol for a randomized controlled trial}, series = {Frontiers in Pediatrics}, volume = {13}, journal = {Frontiers in Pediatrics}, publisher = {Frontiers Media SA}, issn = {2296-2360}, doi = {10.3389/fped.2025.1606749}, year = {2025}, abstract = {BackgroundThe Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP) is an evidence-based home visiting program shown to improve maternal and child outcomes. Pro Kind is the first German adaptation of NFP, implemented between 2006 and 2012. While earlier evaluations demonstrated short- and medium-term benefits, no European trial has yet assessed long-term effects into adolescence. ObjectivesThis study protocol outlines the third phase of the Pro Kind randomized controlled trial (RCT), designed to evaluate the program's effectiveness 14-16 years post-intervention. Primary aims are to assess adolescent and maternal outcomes related to mental health, parenting, risk behaviors, and life satisfaction, as well as potential long-term economic effects.MethodsThe original RCT enrolled 755 pregnant women with psychosocial risk factors, randomly assigned to an intervention (n = 394) or control group (n = 361). The intervention comprised structured home visits from midwives or tandem teams (midwife + social worker) from pregnancy until the child's second birthday. The 15-year follow-up combines self-report data (via online interviews and questionnaires) and administrative records on employment, social benefits, and criminal justice involvement. Discussion: This study represents the first long-term follow-up of an NFP adaptation in Europe. While U.S. trials of NFP provide evidence of the program's effectiveness, these results cannot be generalized to European welfare contexts. This underscores the need for long-term evaluations of NFP adaptations in Europe to generate evidence that can inform policy and ensure evidence-based decision making.}, language = {en} } @techreport{AngerChristophGalkiewiczetal.2025, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Anger, Silke and Christoph, Berhard and Galkiewicz, Agata and Margaryan, Shushanik and Sandner, Malte and Siedler, Thomas}, title = {Online Tutoring, School Performance, and School-to-Work Transitions: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial}, pages = {83}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Tutoring programs for low-performing students, delivered in-person or online, effectively enhance school performance, yet their medium- and longer-term impacts on labor market outcomes remain less understood. To address this gap, we conduct a randomized controlled trial with 839 secondary school students in Germany to examine the effects of an online tutoring program for low-performing students on academic performance and school-to-work transitions. The online tutoring program had a non-significant intention-to-treat effect of 0.06 standard deviations on math grades six months after program start. However, among students who had not received other tutoring services prior to the intervention, the program significantly improved math grades by 0.14 standard deviations. Moreover, students in non-academic school tracks experienced smoother school-to-work transitions, with vocational training take-up 18 months later being 5 percentage points higher—an effect that was even larger (12 percentage points) among those without prior tutoring. Overall, the results indicate that tutoring can generate lasting benefits for low-performing students that extend beyond school performance.}, language = {en} } @techreport{AngerChristophGalkiewiczetal.2024, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Anger, Silke and Christoph, Bernhard and Galkiewicz, Agata and Margaryan, Shushanik and Peter, Frauke and Sandner, Malte and Siedler, Thomas}, title = {A Library in the Palm of Your Hand? A Randomized Field Experiment with Low-Income Children}, series = {IZA : Discussion paper series}, journal = {IZA : Discussion paper series}, number = {17322}, organization = {IZA : Institute of Labor Economics}, issn = {2365-9793}, pages = {77}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Reading comprehension is critical for academic success, yet children from disadvantaged backgrounds often engage in reading less frequently than their more advantaged peers. This study evaluates the impact of a randomized reading intervention targeting 11{12-year-olds from low-income households in Germany. As part of the intervention, children received e-book readers with access to a large digital library of age-appropriate books. The results show a signicant increase in reading engage- ment, leading to improvements in academic performance. 12 months after the start of the intervention, academic performance improved by 10.3\% of a standard devia- tion, with eects persisting at 9.6\% after 30 months. Additionally, the intervention positively impacted the socioemotional well-being of the children.}, language = {en} } @techreport{AngerBassettoSandner2024, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Anger, Silke and Bassetto, Jacopo and Sandner, Malte}, title = {Lifting Barriers to Skill Transferability: Immigrant Integration through Occupational Recognition}, series = {IZA : Discussion Paper Series}, journal = {IZA : Discussion Paper Series}, number = {17444}, organization = {IZA : Institute of Labor Economics}, issn = {2365-9793}, year = {2024}, abstract = {While Western countries worry about labor shortages, their institutional barriers to skill transferability prevent immigrants from fully utilizing foreign qualifications. Combining administrative and survey data in a difference-in-differences design, we show that a German reform, which lifted these barriers for non-EU immigrants, led to a 15 percent increase in the share of immigrants with a recognized foreign qualification. Consequently, non-EU immigrants' employment and wages in licensed occupations (e.g., doctors) increased respectively by 18.6 and 4 percent, narrowing the gaps with EU immigrants. Despite the inflow of non-EU immigrants in these occupations, we find no evidence of crowding out or downward wage pressure for natives.}, language = {en} } @article{AngerBernhardDietrichetal.2024, author = {Anger, Silke and Bernhard, Sarah and Dietrich, Hans and Knau, Felix and Lerche, Adrian and Patzina, Alexander and Sandner, Malte and Toussaint, Carina}, title = {Wenn der Bildungsweg eine neue Richtung nimmt: Warum Abiturient*innen ihr Studium oder ihre Ausbildung abbrechen}, series = {IAB Forum}, journal = {IAB Forum}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Abbr{\"u}che eines Studiums oder einer Ausbildung pr{\"a}gen nicht nur individuelle Bildungs- und Karrierepfade, sondern haben auch gesamtwirtschaftliche Folgen. Angesichts zunehmender Fachkr{\"a}fteengp{\"a}sse und steigender Ausbildungskosten gewinnt die Vermeidung solcher Abbr{\"u}che an Bedeutung. Dass Abiturient*innen ihr Studium oder ihre Ausbildung vorzeitig beenden, hat vielf{\"a}ltige Ursachen. H{\"a}ufigster Grund ist die fehlende {\"U}bereinstimmung der pers{\"o}nlichen Interessen mit den Inhalten des gew{\"a}hlten Bildungswegs.}, language = {de} } @article{AngerBernhardDietrichetal.2025, author = {Anger, Silke and Bernhard, Sarah and Dietrich, Hans and H{\"u}bner, Christian and Lerche, Adrian and Patzina, Alexander and Sandner, Malte and Toussaint, Carina and Wilzek, Lukas}, title = {Wenn der Bildungsweg eine neue Richtung nimmt: Warum Abiturient*innen ihr Studium oder ihre Ausbildung abbrechen}, series = {IAB Forum}, volume = {2025}, journal = {IAB Forum}, doi = {10.48720/IAB.FOO.20250725.01}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Abbr{\"u}che eines Studiums oder einer Ausbildung pr{\"a}gen nicht nur individuelle Bildungs- und Karrierepfade, sondern haben auch gesamtwirtschaftliche Folgen. Angesichts zunehmender Fachkr{\"a}fteengp{\"a}sse und steigender Ausbildungskosten gewinnt die Vermeidung solcher Abbr{\"u}che an Bedeutung. Dass Abiturient*innen ihr Studium oder ihre Ausbildung vorzeitig beenden, hat vielf{\"a}ltige Ursachen. H{\"a}ufigster Grund ist die fehlende {\"U}bereinstimmung der pers{\"o}nlichen Interessen mit den Inhalten des gew{\"a}hlten Bildungswegs.}, language = {de} } @techreport{SandnerBruckmeierLietzmannetal.2023, author = {Sandner, Malte and Bruckmeier, and Lietzmann, and Wenzig, and Wiemers,}, title = {Zum Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Einf{\"u}hrung einer Kindergrundsicherung. Stellungnahme des IAB zur {\"o}ffentlichen Anh{\"o}rung im Ausschuss f{\"u}r Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend des Deutschen Bundestags am 13.11.2023}, series = {IAB-Stellungnahme}, volume = {2023}, journal = {IAB-Stellungnahme}, number = {10}, doi = {10.48720/IAB.SN.2310}, pages = {16}, year = {2023}, language = {de} } @techreport{SandnerAngerBruckmeieretal.2023, author = {Sandner, Malte and Anger, and Bruckmeier, and Br{\"u}cker, and Gellermann, and Promberger, and Ramos Lobato, and Trahms, and Wiemers, and Wolff,}, title = {Einsch{\"a}tzung zu Reformen bei B{\"u}rgergeld und Midijobs sowie zur Grundrente und zur Einf{\"u}hrung der Kindergrundsicherung. Stellungnahme des IAB zur Anh{\"o}rung beim Sachverst{\"a}ndigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung am 13.10.2023}, series = {IAB-Stellungnahme}, volume = {2023}, journal = {IAB-Stellungnahme}, number = {08}, issn = {2195-5980}, doi = {10.48720/IAB.SN.2308}, year = {2023}, language = {de} } @article{LakebergBachmannHoffmannetal.2026, author = {Lakeberg, Meret and Bachmann, Christian and Hoffmann, Falk and Jungmann, Tanja and Sandner, Malte and Zeeb, Hajo and Kliem, S{\"o}ren and Brand, Tilman}, title = {Sex-specific associations between prenatal maternal mental health and child behavior problems at age 7: A (multi-center) longitudinal study of socially disadvantaged mother-child dyads}, series = {European Child \& Adolescent Psychiatry}, journal = {European Child \& Adolescent Psychiatry}, publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, issn = {1018-8827}, doi = {10.1007/s00787-026-02974-z}, year = {2026}, abstract = {Mental health issues are highly prevalent in socially disadvantaged populations, impacting both mothers and children. Maternal mental health plays a crucial role in child development and well-being. This study aimed to assess the association between maternal symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress during pregnancy and child behavioral problems at age 7 in a socially disadvantaged population. Data from the German longitudinal Pro Kind study were analyzed using the Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale (DASS-21) to assess maternal distress in pregnancy and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL 6-18R) to measure internalizing and externalizing problems at age 7. Logistic regression models were applied, adjusting for potential confounders, including sex-stratified analyses. The study sample included 508 socially disadvan- taged mother-child dyads, with a high prevalence of maternal mental distress and a substantial proportion of children exhibiting behavioral problems. In female children, moderate to severe maternal depression, anxiety, and stress during pregnancy increased the likelihood of internalizing problems as well as the total behavior problems at age 7. In male children, only mild, but not moderate or severe symptoms of maternal stress were associated with an increased likelihood of an elevated total problem score at age 7. The results of this study highlight the importance of maternal mental health in pregnancy as a predictor for child mental health, and also point to potential sex/gender differences in susceptibility to child problem behavior associated with maternal distress. Our findings underscore the need for targeted prenatal mental health interventions, especially within socially disadvantaged populations.}, language = {en} } @techreport{BauerGernerMummertetal.2023, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Bauer, Anna and Gerner, Hans-Dieter and Mummert, Uwe and Sandner, Malte and Seebens, Holger and J{\"a}ckle, Robert}, title = {OHM Happiness Report (OHR)}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:92-opus4-9488}, pages = {2 -- 35}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Die langfristige Lebenszufriedenheit (Happiness/Gl{\"u}cksempfinden) ehemaliger Studierender scheint maßgeblich mit ihrem subjektiven Gl{\"u}cksempfinden w{\"a}hrend der Zeit an der Hochschule zusammen zu h{\"a}ngen (Harker und Keltner, 2001). Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht der vorliegende Beitrag basierend auf Survey-Daten aus dem Jahr 2022 die Lebens- und Studienzufriedenheit der Studierenden an der TH N{\"u}rnberg Georg Simon Ohm. Unsere Analysen ergeben einen durchschnittlichen OHM Happiness Score von 6,93 Skalenpunkten. Dieser Wert liegt etwas {\"u}ber dem Durchschnitt der deutschen Bev{\"o}lkerung (6,86), knapp unterhalb des arithmetischen Mittels in Bayern (7,06) und entspricht genau dem Gl{\"u}cksempfinden der Region Franken (6,94), in deren Zentrum N{\"u}rnberg die OHM zu Hause ist. International positioniert sich die OHM im Bereich der Bev{\"o}lkerung von L{\"a}ndern wie den USA (6,98), der Schweiz (6,94) oder der Tschechischen Republik (6,92). Wir zeigen, dass die Lebenszufriedenheit unter den Studierenden - analog zur Gesamtbev{\"o}lkerung - w{\"a}hrend der Covid-19-Pandemie zur{\"u}ck gegangen ist. Das Covid-Happiness-Tal scheint mit der endg{\"u}ltigen R{\"u}ckkehr in die H{\"o}rs{\"a}le im Jahr 2022 aber {\"u}berwunden zu sein. Ferner zeigen wir, dass Studienzufriedenheit und Lebenszufriedenheit an der OHM positiv korrelieren und untersuchen, wie verschiedene Merkmale und Leistungen der Studierenden mit ihrer Happiness und Studienzufriedenheit zusammenh{\"a}ngen: eine h{\"o}here Selbstwirksamkeit geht mit einer deutlich h{\"o}heren Lebens- und Studienzufriedenheit einher, dagegen sind schlechte Schul- und Studienleistungen, die Erwartung einer langen Studiendauer, Stress und Prokrastination mit einer geringeren Lebens- und Studienzufriedenheit verbunden. Schließlich steht ein h{\"o}heres erwartetes Einstiegsgehalt in einem positiven Zusammenhang mit dem subjektiv empfundenen Gl{\"u}ck, allerdings nur bis zu einem Jahresbruttogehalt von 60.000 Euro. Studierende, die einen h{\"o}heren Verdienst erwarten, geben ein niedrigeres Gl{\"u}cksniveau an.}, subject = {Gl{\"u}ck}, language = {de} }