@article{KwadeMoellerMuelleretal.2023, author = {Kwade, Arno and M{\"o}ller, Marcel and M{\"u}ller, Jannes and Hesselbach, Jutta and Zellmer, Sabrina and Doose, Stefan and Mayer, Julian and Michalowski, Peter and Powell, Malcolm and Breitung-Faes, Sandra}, title = {Comminution and Classification as Important Process Steps for the Circular Production of Lithium Batteries}, series = {KONA Powder and Particle Journal}, volume = {40}, journal = {KONA Powder and Particle Journal}, number = {0}, publisher = {Hosokawa Powder Technology Foundation}, issn = {0288-4534}, doi = {10.14356/kona.2023006}, pages = {50 -- 73}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) provide the largest source of electrical energy storage today. This paper covers the use of comminution processes and, thus, crushers and mills for particle breakage and dispersing, as well as classifiers for particle separation within the process chain, from the raw material to the final lithium battery cell and its recycling at end of life. First of all, the raw materials for the active material production have to be produced either by processing primary raw materials, or by recycling the spent lithium batteries. The end-of-life battery cells have to be shredded, the materials separated and then milled in order to achieve the so-called black mass, which provides a secondary material source with very valuable components. Using these materials for the synthesis of the cathode active materials, milling has to be applied in different stages. The natural graphite, increasingly used as anode material, has to be designed in mills and classifiers for achieving targeted properties. Nanosized silicon is produced by nanomilling using stirred media mills as a primary option. Conductive additives for LIBs, like carbon black, have to be dispersed in a solvent with machines like planetary mixers, extruders or stirred media mills. In the future, mechanochemical synthesis of solid electrolytes will especially require additional application of comminution processes.}, language = {en} } @article{PuntDooseBoettcheretal.2022, author = {Punt, Franziska and Doose, Stefan and B{\"o}ttcher, Ann-Christin and Breitung-Faes, Sandra and Kwade, Arno}, title = {Modeling and Flow Sheet Simulation of Selected Mechanical Recycling Processes for Li-Ion Batteries}, series = {Chemie Ingenieur Technik}, volume = {95}, journal = {Chemie Ingenieur Technik}, number = {1-2}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {0009-286X}, doi = {10.1002/cite.202200156}, pages = {59 -- 67}, year = {2022}, abstract = {To investigate the mechanical processes of Li-ion battery recycling in more detail, models for the different unit processes are to be developed. Here, model approaches for the cutting mill and the zig-zag-sifter are presented. These models are to be used in dynamic flow sheet simulations, with which the individual unit processes as well as the combination to a small process chain were simulated. Thereby, the dynamic interactions between the process steps were investigated, which can be used later for optimization and regulation of the processes. The particle sizes after the cutting mill process as well as the mass flow between the processes influence the separation behavior of the sifter. These changes in the separation function due to an increasing mass flow out of the mill are shown.}, language = {en} }