Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Doctoral thesis (231)
- Habilitation (2)
- Bachelor thesis (1)
Institute
- Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät (52)
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften (39)
- Philosophisch-Pädagogische Fakultät (25)
- Mathematisch-Geographische Fakultät (20)
- Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaftliche Fakultät (18)
- Psychologie (12)
- Pädagogik (9)
- Politikwissenschaft (8)
- Geographie (7)
- Geschichts- und Gesellschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät (7)
Language
- German (131)
- English (70)
- Multiple languages (30)
- Spanish (2)
- Italian (1)
Keywords
- Corporate Social Responsibility (10)
- Logistik (8)
- Geomorphologie (7)
- Nachhaltigkeit (7)
- Management (6)
- Supply Chain Management (6)
- Einzelhandel (5)
- Englisch (5)
- Fernerkundung (5)
- Kundenmanagement (5)
Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) als freiwilliges Arbeitsengagement und freiwilliges Engagement in Non-Profit-Organisationen (NPOs) im Privatleben haben positive Auswirkungen auf gesellschaftlicher, finanzieller, organisationaler sowie individueller Ebene und sind unverzichtbar. Basierend auf Freiwilligkeit und organisationaler Eingebundenheit existieren Parallelen zwischen OCB und freiwilligem Engagement in NPOs. Theoretische und empirische Aspekte sprechen für die Existenz von positiven Spillover-Effekten zwischen OCB und freiwilligem Engagement in der Freizeit. Zum einen hängen Erwerbsarbeit und Privatleben über Work-Home-Spillover miteinander zusammen. Zum anderen wirkt sich Erwerbsarbeit auf freiwilliges Engagement im Privatleben aus und vice versa. Für die wissenschaftliche Untersuchung behavioraler Spillover-Effekte fordern Studien eine Spezifikation des betrachteten Verhaltens. Angelehnt an OCB werden deshalb Hilfsbereitschaft (Hilfe gegenüber anderen Organisationsmitgliedern), Unkompliziertheit (Ertragen vorübergehender Unannehmlichkeiten) und Eigeninitiative (Auseinandersetzung mit und Teilhabe an organisationalen Themen) als konkrete Engagementdimensionen untersucht. Persönlichkeitseigenschaften, individuelle Ressourcen und Wertekongruenz stellen mögliche Erklärungsansätze für die vermuteten Spillover-Effekte dar. Der Nachweis positiver Spillover-Effekte zwischen OCB und freiwilligem Engagement in NPOs sowie deren Erklärung stehen im Zentrum der vorliegenden Studienreihe.
Das multimethodale Forschungsdesign umfasst drei quantitative und eine qualitative Studie. Die Prästudie zu freiwilligem Engagement in Sportvereinen (N = 432) fokussiert die Existenz der Spillover-Effekte. Deren zeitliche Stabilität überprüft die Längsstudie (N = 107). In der Generalisierungsstudie (N = 434) werden die Befunde auf freiwilliges Engagement unabhängig vom Engagementbereich übertragen und erklärt. Interviews mit Führungskräften (N = 27) belegen die Spillover-Effekte aus einer Fremdperspektive.
Verschiedene statistische Methoden, wie Regressionsanalysen und Mittelwertvergleiche, bestätigen die Existenz von Spillover-Effekten zwischen OCB und freiwilligem Engagement in NPOs. Diese zeigen sich für die jeweils äquivalente Engagementdimension im anderen Kontext, sodass sich beispielsweise Hilfsbereitschaft in Erwerbsarbeit und NPO gegenseitig beeinflusst. Die Studienreihe belegt größtenteils die zeitliche Stabilität, Generalisierbarkeit und Validität der untersuchten Spillover-Effekte. Eine Erklärung ergibt sich durch Differenzierung der Teilnahme an gesellschaftlichen Aktivitäten in NPOs und der Übernahme eines freiwilligen Engagements in NPOs. Soziale Verantwortung als Persönlichkeitseigenschaft und das Kompetenzerleben vermitteln den Zusammenhang zwischen OCB und freiwilligem Engagement im Privatleben zwar nicht, klären jedoch einen hohen Varianzanteil beider Formen unabhängig voneinander auf. Andere individuelle Ressourcen und Wertekongruenz spielen für freiwilliges Engagement im beruflichen und privaten Kontext dagegen eine untergeordnete Rolle.
Die Integration und Diskussion der Befunde belegen die Bedeutsamkeit von Konsistenzbestreben im Sinne der Selbstwahrnehmung für Spillover-Effekte der Hilfsbereitschaft und Unkompliziertheit. Demgegenüber sind Spillover-Effekte der Eigeninitiative auf Selbstwirksamkeit zurückzuführen. Die Ergebnisse schaffen Ansatzpunkte zur Wertschätzung und Förderung von freiwilligem Engagement durch Arbeitgebende. Darüber hinaus lassen sich Implikationen für die Personalauswahl in der Erwerbsarbeit sowie die Rekrutierung und Bindung freiwillig engagierter Personen in NPOs ableiten.
In children exposed to any traumatic experience, a conditional prevalence rate of 15.9% was estimated for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Alisic et al., 2014). In order to achieve best treatment outcomes, selecting evidence-based treatments is necessary (Durlak & DuPre, 2008). For pediatric PTSD, international guidelines recommend the use of manualized trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT; Forbes, Bisson, Monson, & Berliner, 2020; National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2018; Phoenix Australia Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, 2013) and many effectiveness studies and initiatives (e.g. Goldbeck, Muche, Sachser, Tutus, & Rosner, 2016; Jensen et al., 2014; National Child Traumatic Stress Network, 2012) disseminated the TF-CBT manual of Cohen, Mannarino and Deblinger (2006, 2017; specific TF-CBT). However, the uptake of evidence-based treatments such as specific TF-CBT into practice is strongly affected by service providers’ attitudes toward evidence-based practice (EBP; Aarons, 2004; Aarons, Cafri, Lugo, & Sawitzky, 2012; Aarons, Sommerfeld, & Walrath-Greene, 2009; Moullin, Dickson, Stadnick, Rabin, & Aarons, 2019). These attitudes can be measured with the Evidence-Based Practice Attitudes Scale-36 (EBPAS-36; Rye, Torres, Friborg, Skre, & Aarons, 2017). In Germany, several effectiveness trials are underway further disseminating specific TF-CBT (Rosner, Barke, et al., 2020; Rosner, Sachser, et al., 2020) but a reliable and validated German version of the EBPAS-36 is missing. In addition, in terms of pooled effect sizes (ES), only one review evaluated specific TF-CBT 10 years ago (Cary & McMillen, 2012). Furthermore, little is known about the stability of its treatment effects, the concordance between children and adolescents’ and their caregivers’ ratings regarding the youths’ symptoms in this context as well as the influence of the heterogeneity of instruments used by individual studies.
Therefore, the aims of this dissertation were fourfold: Publication 1 pooled ES for specific TF-CBT regarding posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and secondary outcomes to provide an update of the literature. Large improvements were found across all outcomes and results were favorable for specific TF-CBT compared to all control conditions at post-treatment. Publication 2 pooled ES for specific TF-CBT at 12-month follow-up for the same outcomes to evaluate the stability of treatment effects and investigated concordance between participants and caregiver ratings. Again, large improvements were evident across all outcomes and TF-CBT was superior to active treatments and treatment as usual at 12-month follow-up. No significant differences were detected between participant and caregiver ratings with high reliability across almost all outcomes and assessment points. Publication 3 produced a validated German translation of the EBPAS-36 (EBPAS-36D) to facilitate EBP implementation research in Germany. Good psychometric properties and validity of the EBPAS-36D were confirmed. As additional content, this dissertation provides an unpublished report on the pooled ES of publication 1 differentiated by instruments used to assess the outcomes. ES did not differ by the instrument used to assess the respective outcome.
The conclusions that can be drawn from the studies as well as their limitations are discussed in the final section. While the EBPAS-36D was successfully validated and specific TF-CBT was strongly supported, several issues were identified that need further research attention.
Background:
Pollen allergies are widespread around the world, making the study of pollen levels in and around cities a task of high importance. This is also related to the fact that an increasing number of people is living in cities and urban areas are expanding. In addition, environmental changes in the context of climate change are expected to alter plant characteristics that affect the amount of pollen in the air. In order to assess the allergy risk, information on pollen that people are exposed to is needed. Monitoring of aeroallergens in cities is often conducted using a single trap. This trap can provide information on background pollen concentration, however, it does not reflect temporal and spatial variations of pollen at street level of the heterogeneous urban environment. The amount of pollen in the air is the result of a number of processes, one of which is pollen production. Pollen production is expected to be altered by climate change and is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature or air pollutants. To further investigate variations of allergenic pollen in cities, this thesis focuses on these central research questions:
- Are there differences in the amount of airborne pollen between urban and rural locations and do pollen loads vary at different spatial and temporal scales?
- What is the influence of land use and management on pollen loads?
- Is there a difference in pollen production of allergenic species between urban and rural locations and can the influence of environmental factors be detected?
Data and Methods:
Data on airborne pollen were gathered in two study areas with various pollen traps. In Ingolstadt, Germany, background pollen concentrations of Poaceae were measured in 2019 and 2020. Additionally, a network consisting of twelve gravimetric pollen traps was set up during the grass pollen seasons of those years. For an additional sampling campaign, portable volumetric traps were used to measure pollen concentration at street level. Investigations were also conducted in Sydney, Australia, where concentrations of Poaceae, Myrtaceae and Cupressaceae pollen and Alternaria spores were measured during three pollen seasons from 2017 to 2020. In the summer of 2019/2020, additional ten gravimetric traps were set up. For both study areas, pollen season characteristics and temporal and spatial variations of pollen concentrations and pollen deposition were analysed in context with land use, land management and meteorological parameters.
Furthermore, pollen production of the allergenic species Betula pendula, Plantago lanceolata and Dactylis glomerata was investigated in the Ingolstadt study area along an urbanisation gradient, which covered different types of land use. In total, 24 individuals of B. pendula, 82 individuals of P. lanceolata and 54 individuals of D. glomerata were analysed. Pollen production was compared between urban and rural locations and the influence of air temperature and the air pollutants nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) was assessed. Air temperature was measured in the field and pollutant concentrations were computed using a land use regression model.
Results and Discussion:
In Ingolstadt, grass pollen concentrations and deposition were generally higher at rural than at urban locations as documented in peak values and seasonal totals. Diurnal variations however, did not vary between urban and rural locations. Grass pollen levels were linked to local vegetation and land use but also land management, as grass cutting was reducing pollen levels in the surroundings.
In Sydney, pollen season characteristics varied between the seasons and we found significant correlations between daily pollen and spore concentrations and meteorological parameters. There were significant positive correlations with air temperature for all analysed pollen and spore types. Correlations with humidity (Myrtaceae, Cupressaceae, Alternaria) and precipitation (Myrtaceae, Cupressaceae) were negative. Spatial variations of pollen deposition were observed, but there were no correlations with land use. This could be attributable to the drought before and during this sampling campaign as well as the temporal setting of the sampling campaign.
The results from both study areas suggest that local vegetation is the main influence on the pollen amount at street level. However, when the season’s intensity decreased, other influences such as resuspension or pollen transport become more important. Analyses of pollen production revealed statistically significant differences between urban and rural locations for B. pendula and P. lanceolata. Pollen production decreased with temperature and urbanisation for all species, however, pollen production varied at small spatial distances within species. For increasing air pollutant levels, decreases were observed for B. pendula and P. lanceolata, but increases for D. glomerata. These results suggest that environmental influences seem to be species-specific.
The results from the studies contribute to the knowledge on temporal and spatial variations of airborne pollen in cities, as well as on pollen production of allergenic species. They highlight the importance of pollen monitoring at street level and at different locations in cities to assess the amount of pollen that people are exposed to. Further research in this area should investigate the influence of land management, which was identified to influence the amount of pollen in the air, and which could be a mitigation strategy for allergy-affected people. In addition, pollen production should be further examined with different kinds of experiments, as it is the major influence of ambient pollen concentration in the air.
Vor dem Hintergrund gesellschaftlicher Veränderungen und Herausforderungen gewinnt die Kooperation zwischen Wissenschaft, Politik, Wirtschaft und Bevölkerung zunehmend an Bedeutung. An Hochschulen führt dies dazu, dass diese sich im Sinne von Third Mission stärker hin zu ihrem nichtakademischen Umfeld öffnen. Diese Entwicklung im Aufgabenbereich der Hochschulen bringt strukturelle Änderungen mit sich und erfordert eine Organisationsentwicklung für die einzelnen Hochschulen. Dieser organisationale Veränderungsprozess wird im Zuge der Dissertation exemplarisch im Kontext eines großen Veränderungsprojekts untersucht, das die Third Mission stärken soll und an zwei Hochschulen angesiedelt ist.
Die Dissertation umfasst drei Publikationen mit folgenden Forschungsschwerpunkten und Ergebnissen: In der ersten Publikation zeigen sich Zusammenhänge zwischen der Wahrnehmung des Managements sowie bestimmten Ausprägungen der Organisationskultur und den kognitiven und affektiven veränderungsbezogenen Einstellungen der Wissenschaftler*innen. Darüber hinaus legen qualitative Ergebnisse dar, welche Erwartungen die Wissenschaftler*innen an das Veränderungsmanagement im Zuge organisationaler Veränderungen an Hochschulen haben.
Im Rahmen der zweiten Publikation werden die Einstellungen der Hochschulangehörigen gegenüber der Veränderung im Längsschnitt untersucht. Die kognitiven, affektiven und intentionalen Einstellungen sind sowohl zu Beginn des Prozesses als auch nach einem Jahr positiv ausgeprägt. Vor allem bei den Wissenschaftler*innen und wissenschaftsunterstützenden Mitarbeitenden zeigt sich jedoch ein Rückgang der positiven Einstellungen im Verlauf des Prozesses.
Mit der dritten Publikation wird die Rolle der organisationalen Gerechtigkeit bei Veränderungsprozessen an Hochschulen untersucht. Für die Bereitschaft der Mitarbeitenden, die Veränderung zu unterstützen, ist die prozedurale Gerechtigkeit relevant. Im Längsschnitt erklärt das Erleben dieser die Bereitschaft der Mitarbeitenden, die Veränderung ein Jahr später zu unterstützen. Dieser Zusammenhang wird durch die erlebten positiven Affekte mediiert.
Die Studienreihe vertieft im Gesamtbild das bisher existierende Verständnis der Einstellungen von Hochschulangehörigen im Rahmen organisationaler Veränderungsprozesse an Hochschulen. Zudem können aus den Befunden praktische Implikationen für die Umsetzung von Organisationsentwicklungen an Hochschulen sowie für die Stärkung der Third Mission und des Transfers an Hochschulen abgeleitet werden.
Diese kumulative Dissertation befasst sich mit den Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf Hochgebirgslandschaften, insbesondere mit der Morphodynamik und der langfristigen Entwicklung aktiver Blockgletscher im Kaunertal in den Ötztaler Alpen, Österreich. Darüber hinaus liefert die Arbeit am Beispiel des Zwieselbachferners in den Stubaier Alpen, Österreich, neue Erkenntnisse über die Entstehung von blockgletscherähnlichen periglazialen Landformen. Diese können durch das Zusammenwirken von Felsstürzen und dem fortschreitenden Abschmelzen von Gletschern unterhalb der Gleichgewichtslinie entstehen.
In dieser Arbeit werden sowohl moderne Fernerkundungstechnologien, wie luftgestütztes LiDAR und digitale Luftbilder, als auch historische Datenquellen, wie analoge Luftbilder, historische Karten und Messdaten, verwendet. Durch diese Kombination können Fließgeschwindigkeiten und Höhenänderungen dieser Landschaftselemente über mehrere Jahrzehnte dokumentiert werden. Darüber hinaus ermöglicht dies eine detaillierte Untersuchung der Kinematik von Blockgletschern. Dabei reichen die Analysen auf Einzugsgebietsebene bis ins Jahr 1953 zurück. Für das Fallbeispiel des Inneren Ölgruben Blockgletschers reichen die Untersuchungen sogar bis ins Jahr 1922 zurück.
Es wurde ein allgemeiner Trend in der Blockgletscherkinematik festgestellt, der mit der alpenweiten Beschleunigung seit den 1990er Jahren übereinstimmt. Die Analyse deutet darauf hin, dass dieser Trend hauptsächlich auf den Anstieg der Frühlings- und Sommertemperaturen und das frühere Eintreten des Endes der Schneebedeckung zurückzuführen ist. Dies unterstreicht die Relevanz des gegenwärtigen Klimawandels und seiner Auswirkungen auf die Blockgletscherbewegungen. Die Erkenntnisse, die durch die Erweiterung des Untersuchungszeitraums bis 1922 gewonnen werden konnten, bestätigen diese Annahmen und unterstreichen die Bedeutung kürzerer Warmphasen und der Gletscherüberprägung zum Ende der LIA auf die Kinematik. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Entlastung durch Gletscherschmelze und das Abschmelzen von Toteis zu einer erhöhten Wasserverfügbarkeit und zu Veränderungen des Spannungs- und Fließfeldes führen und somit erhöhte Fließbewegungen begünstigen. Die Untersuchung der multidekadischen Blockgletscherkinematik zeigte eine deutliche Variabilität in der Reaktion einzelner Blockgletscher und Blockgletscherloben. Trotz der generellen Beschleunigungstrends seit den 1990er Jahren offenbaren der Zeitpunkt, das Ausmaß und die zeitlichen Maxima der kinematischen Veränderungen eine differenzierte Sensitivität oder Reaktionsdynamik der einzelnen Blockgletscher und Blockgletscherloben gegenüber Schwankungen und Änderungen der externen Einflussfaktoren. Dies weist auf die Bedeutung interner Faktoren für die Kinematik hin und unterstreicht die Komplexität dieser Geosysteme.
Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der Entstehung und Entwicklung einer blockgletscherähnlichen Landschaftsform, die durch einen Felssturz auf den Zwieselbachferner verursacht wurde. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass der Klimawandel eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Entstehung und Entwicklung solcher Landschaftsformen spielt. Seine Auswirkungen sind insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Gletscherdynamik, den Schutteintrag und die thermische Isolation des darunter liegenden Eises von großer Bedeutung. In unserem Fallbeispiel führt ein Felssturz zur Bildung einer schuttbedeckten Landform mit einem Eiskern, die aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Abschmelzraten des schuttbedeckten Teils und des umgebenden Gletschers steile Fronten und Flanken aufweist. Die Extrapolation der Eisdickenentwicklung lässt vermuten, dass dieser Teil des Gletschers nach dem vollständigen Abschmelzen des umgebenden Gletschers als periglaziale blockgletscherähnliche Landform erhalten bleibt.
This cumulative dissertation investigates the newly emerged phenomenon of customer success management (CSM). CSM has received a significant amount of attention from academics and practitioners alike. However, the body of academic literature is still in its infancy, especially when comparing CSM’s relevance to the field of relationship marketing.
Manuscript 1: Zakrzewski, K., Krause, V., Pfaff, C. & Seidenstricker, S. (2023). Is customer success management a new relationship marketing practice? A review, definition, and future research agenda based on practice theory.
Manuscript 2: Zakrzewski, K., Krause, V., Eberl, D. & Rangarajan, D. (2023). Dynamic & proactive segmentation of post-sale customer relationships in B2B subscription settings: The customer health score.
Manuscript 3: Zakrzewski, K. (2023). Customer success management - closing a capability gap in the customer-focused structure toward customer centricity in B2B service contexts.
The first manuscript adopts a new approach to the investigation of CSM, providing a practice-based definition that distinguishes CSM from other relationship marketing constructs. By utilizing the 3 Ps framework of practice theory (praxis, practices, and practitioners), the definition of CSM as a strategic function was refined. In addition, the second manuscript utilized praxis to develop the customer health score, which can be used as an indicator for the dynamic and proactive segmentation of customers. The third manuscript builds on this functional definition to show how CSM’s organizational embeddedness can help overcome barriers to customer centricity by enabling adaptive organizational capability.
In forecast combination, multiple predictions are linearly combined through the assignment of weights to individual forecast models or forecasters. Various approaches exist for defining the weights, which typically involve determining the number of models to be used for combination (selection), choosing an appropriate weighting function for the forecast scenario (weighting), and using regularization techniques to adjust the calculated weights (shrinkage). The papers listed address the integration of the three approaches into holistic data analytical models.
The first paper develops a two-stage model in which weights are first calculated based on the in-sample error covariances to minimize the error on the available data by combining the individual models. Based on the selection status of a model, the weight of an individual model is then linearly shrunk either toward the mean or toward zero. The selection status is thereby derived apriori from information criteria, where Contribution 1 introduces the selection based on the model’s in-sample accuracy and performance robustness under uncertainty.
Contribution 2 modifies the two-stage model to shrink the forecasters’ weights non-proportionally to the mean or zero. Further, a new information criterion based on forward feature selection is proposed that iteratively selects the forecaster that is expected to achieve the largest increase in accuracy when combined.
Contribution 3 extends the iteration-based information criterion presented in the second contribution to consider diversity gains in addition to accuracy gains when selecting and combining forecasters.
A one-stage model for simultaneous weighting, shrinking, and selection is finally built and evaluated on simulated data in Contribution 4. Instead of requiring a prior selection criterion, the model itself learns which forecasters to shrink to the mean or to zero, while relying on a new sampling procedure to tune the model.
"Present Bias in Choices over Food and Money: Evidence from a Framed Field Experiment" - this paper presents results from a field experiment investigating dynamically inconsistent time preferences over real food choices and commitment take-up in a natural environment. We implement a longitudinal consumption experiment with a continuous convex budget: College students repeatedly choose and consume lunch menus at their college canteen. We not only allow for a full continuum of healthy or unhealthy foods; we also explicitly design the consumption stage to comply with the consume-on-receipt assumption: utility is created right after handing out the food. The paper also focuses on the implications for effective policy design: It sheds light on consumers' tendency to utilize different types of self-control devices to commit to personal consumption plans. We further compare inconsistent behavior between convex food and money choices to investigate the applicability of monetary reward studies to natural behavior. We find no correlation between time parameters in food vs. money tasks. Utility estimates from food choices suggest that dynamically consistent individuals substitute internal self-control with commitment take-up. Non-committing individuals tend to be present-biased and naive about their inconsistency.
"Dynamic Inconsistencies and Food Waste: Assessing Food Waste from a Behavioral Economics Perspective" - this paper investigates the link between dynamically inconsistent time preferences and individual food consumption and waste behavior. Food waste is conceptualized as unintended consequence of consumption choices along the food consumption chain: Because inconsistent individuals postpone the consumption of healthier food at home, storage time is prolonged and food more likely to be wasted. Capitalizing on a rich data set from a nationally representative survey, the paper constructs targeted measures of time-related food consumption and waste behaviors. In line with the theory, the paper finds that more present-biased individuals waste more food. The mechanism can be empirically supported: Although dynamically inconsistent individuals plan their food consumption, they deviate from their consumption plans more compared to consistent individuals. Deviation behavior is significantly associated with food waste. The paper points to the importance of considering dynamic inconsistencies at different stages of the food consumption process to foster the intended effects of food policies (increase in healthy nutrition) and diminish unintended consequences (increase in food waste).
"Economic Behavior under Containment: How do People Respond to Covid-19 Restrictions?" - this paper investigates the effects of policy interventions on individual decision-making and preferences by looking at a period of unprecedentedly strict regulation: the Covid-19 pandemic. Focusing on Germany, we measure regulatory strictness by calculating a policy stringency index at the federal state level. Capitalizing on exogenous variation in predetermined election cycles across states, we instrument policy stringency with the distance to the next election. Results support a positive relation between weeks to next election and state policy stringency. Leveraging a nationally representative short panel, the paper exploits this exogenous variation in policy stringency across states and over time to assess behavioral changes in different economic domains. The paper finds that government restrictions increase working from home and the provision of childcare at home, while it reduces the number of grocery shopping trips. Containment policies also affect risk preferences and fear of Covid-19: individuals become more risk-averse and afraid of Covid-19 as a consequence of stricter policies. The results are robust against various different model specifications.
Responsible finance
(2023)
In Anbetracht großer globaler Herausforderungen ist in den letzten Jahren die Frage, wie mit nachhaltiger Geldanlage ein positiver Einfluss auf die Erreichung von Nachhaltigkeitszielen genommen werden kann, immer weiter in den Fokus geraten. Dieses Verständnis hat sich jedoch bei zahlreichen Anbietern von Nachhaltigkeitsfonds noch nicht durchgesetzt und auch die akademische Auseinandersetzung mit nachhaltiger Geldanlage fokussiert sich bisher vor allem auf eine Analyse der finanziellen Auswirkungen dieser Anlageform. Eine weitere Lücke in der akademischen Betrachtung ist eine ausführliche Auseinandersetzung mit der Praxis christlich geprägter Geldanlage.
Beitrag 1 entwickelt die konzeptuelle Grundlage für die weiteren Artikel. Darauf aufbauend wird in Beitrag 2 Literatur zu der Frage analysiert, welche Anlagetechniken bevorzugt werden sollten, um eine Verbesserung der Nachhaltigkeitsleistung der Portfoliounternehmen zu erreichen. Beitrag 3, eine empirische Studie, verwendet die Erkenntnisse der ersten beiden Beiträge, um zu untersuchen, ob und - wenn ja - wie eine Einflussnahme auf die Nachhaltigkeitsleistung der Portfoliounternehmen in den Anlagepolitiken der Anbieter von Nachhaltigkeitsfonds verankert ist. Beitrag 4, ebenfalls eine empirische Studie, beleuchtet die Praxis christlich geprägter Nachhaltigkeitsfonds. Zum einen wird analysiert, welche Filter und Anlagetechniken verwendet werden. Zum anderen wird ein Teil des in Beitrag 3 entwickelte Kategorie-Systems genutzt, um zu ermitteln, wie wichtig die Verbesserung der Nachhaltigkeitsleistung der Portfoliounternehmen für die Fondsanbieter ist.
Exposure to more than one language influences children's language development (Kehoe & Kannathasan, 2021). It has been shown that particularly the relative amount of language input bilingual children receive influences their language development. Bilingual children can never dedicate the same amount of time to either one of their languages as their monolingual peers because their everyday linguistic environment is divided between two languages. This may ultimately lead to typically developing bilingual children with linguistic profiles similar to monolingual children with a language developmental disorder (DLD) if they have reduced contact to one of their languages (Paradis, 2010). For this reason, it is particularly difficult for clinicians (i.e., Speech-Language Pathologists, SLPs) to distinguish between actual language impairment and typical deviations from the (monolingual) norm due to limited language exposure. In Germany, almost half of all children in speech therapy have a bilingual or multilingual language background (Lüke & Ritterfeld, 2011). Despite the high proportion of bilingual children in speech therapy, the assessment and treatment of DLD in this population is still predominantly monoculturally and monolingually oriented (Scharff Rethfeldt, 2016). Previous studies have identified nonword repetition tasks (NWRTs) as promising tools for the clinical differentiation between bilingual typically developing children and children with DLD because they are arguably relatively free from the influence of children's prior language experience (Schwob et al., 2021). However, some researchers have raised the question of whether bilingual children might still be disadvantaged by language-specific characteristics of nonwords (e.g., Chiat, 2015).
In three separate studies, this dissertation will (1) demonstrate the influence of bilingual language exposure on speech sound processing, an essential building block of language development, (2) evaluate how DLD is diagnosed in bilingual children in Germany and which factors contribute to positive attitudes towards bilingualism in SLPs, and (3) investigate whether bilingual children's nonword repetition performance of language-specific versus unspecific (i.e., more language-neutral) nonwords is subject to the influence of their individual language exposure.
In the first study (see chapter 2), the perception and production of Voice Onset Time (VOT) in bilingual Italian-German, monolingual German, and monolingual Italian children was investigated using a combination of neurophysiological and behavioral methods. Forty five-year-old children (16 monolingual German, 24 bilingual Italian-German) participated in the electroencephalographic (EEG) study, in which automatic speech sound processing of Italian- and German-specific VOT contrasts was investigated. To compare the participants language-specific VOT production, in addition to the 16 monolingual German and 24 bilingual Italian-German children, a control group of five monolingual Italian-speaking children were tested with a picture naming task in which the production of language-specific word-initial VOT was recorded based on ten words per target sound. Acoustic measurements were taken in Praat (Boersma & Weenink, 2013). Children's language background was assessed using a parental language background questionnaire. In the second study (see Chapter 3), 66 SLPs from Germany participated in an online survey investigating their attitudes towards bilingualism and their approaches in their daily clinical practice. Finally, in the third study (see Chapter 4), a new NWRT was developed that included Italian- and German-specific as well as language-unspecific nonwords. The NWRT was implemented in an online platform and administered to a group of 26 bilingual Italian-German TD children. Children's repetition performance in the different nonword subcategories was analyzed in the context of their linguistic background (recorded using the same questionnaire as in Study 1).
Study 1 showed that Italian-German bilingual five-year-old children and the monolingual German control group behaved similarly in processing language-specific VOT stimuli. However, differences between the two groups likely related to language exposure were evident in the processing of a German "long lag" stimulus. Surprisingly, the bilingual group had no advantage in processing the Italian "voicing lead" stimuli. This suggests that the bilingual five-year-olds do not (yet) process the Italian contrasts automatically (Yu et al. 2019). Acoustic measures of productive VOT for Italian and German words were consistent with this interpretation. Specifically, bilingual children showed mastery of the German but variability with respect to the Italian VOT contrast. Evidence for crosslinguistic influence (cf. Paradis & Genesee, 1996) was observed. Study 2 showed that there seems to be an imbalance between SLPs' knowledge of the specific requirements for providing their services to bilingual children and their actual application in clinical practice, indicating sufficient awareness but still a relatively high presence of monolingual approaches in the context of speech therapy. Presumably, this is due to a lack of available materials and/or resources. Finally, Study 3 showed that Italian-German bilingual children performed equally well on Italian-specific, German-specific, and language-unspecific nonwords, regardless of their individual language exposure and language dominance patterns, supporting the view that even language-specific NWRTs can be used to clinically assess the language performance of bilingual children with relatively little exposure to either of their languages. However, this result has yet to be replicated and thus confirmed with a group of children with DLD.
In summary, these three studies highlight the gap between scientific research and clinical practice and demonstrate the relevance of clinicians' participation in research projects to (1) improve knowledge transfer between the two fields and (2) promote evidence-based practices in the context of Speech-Language Pathology.