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Challenges in the implementation of responsible business conduct (2021)
Baier, Carolin
This cumulative dissertation aims to provide novel and holistic ideas on how companies can solve different challenges in the implementation of responsible business conduct (RBC). The dissertation entails three individual scientific papers: 1. Baier, C., Göttsche, M., Hellmann, A., and Schiemann, F. (2021), “Too good to be true: Influencing credibility perceptions with signaling reference explicitness and assurance depth”, published online in the Journal of Business Ethics (VHB-JQ3: B), doi: 10.1007/s10551-020-04719-7. 2. Baier, C., Beckmann, M., and Heidingsfelder, J. (2020), “Hidden allies for value chain responsibility? A system theory perspective on aligning sustainable supply chain management and trade compliance”, published in the International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management (VHB-JQ3: B), Vol. 50 No. 4, pp. 439-456, doi: 10.1108/IJPDLM-02-2019-0037. 3. Baier, C. (2020), “Strengere Sorgfaltspflichten für verantwortungsvolle Lieferketten?”, published in DER BETRIEB (VHB-JQ3: D), Vol. 35, pp. 1801-1805. The three papers of this dissertation concentrate on specific facets of RBC and aim to find new insights and solutions for different challenges in the implementation of RBC. The first paper investigates ethical sustainability reporting and assurance practices. The second paper emphasizes that corporations are responsible to manage both the upstream and downstream sustainability impacts on the value chain and thus concentrates on the RBC aspect of value chain responsibility. The third paper focuses on the concept of supply chain due diligence to identify, prevent, mitigate, and account for adverse human rights and environmental impacts as an elementary part of RBC.
Reihenfolgestabilität in der automobilen Variantenfließfertigung (2021)
Müller, Mareike
Die vorliegende Dissertation analysiert die reihenfolgestabile Variantenfließfertigung im automobilen Umfeld und entwickelt neue Ansätze zur Stabilisierung der Produktion. In der Automobilindustrie ermöglichen flexible Fertigungslinien die Produktion variantenreicher, individuell ausgestatteter Fahrzeugmodelle mit kleinem Produktionsvolumen bis hin zur Losgröße eins. Dies verursacht einen zunehmenden logistischen Aufwand, da die Anzahl unterschiedlicher Teile und Komponenten stark ansteigt. Um Fertigungslinien weiterhin effizient mit Teilen zu versorgen, werden neue Produktionsstrategien und Logistikkonzepte entwickelt. Die Anwendung der Auftragsfertigung und die frühzeitige Festlegung der Fertigungsreihenfolge ermöglicht die Umsetzung von bedarfs- und reihenfolgesynchronen (JIS) Anlieferungsstrategien sowie die Einrichtung von Supermärkten an den Fertigungslinien. Basis hierfür ist eine konstante Fertigungsfolge nach der sich die internen sowie externen Logistikprozesse ausrichten. Dies erfordert eine hohe Prozessstabilität, die kontinuierlich gemessen werden muss. Aufgrund von stochastischen Prozesszeiten, Reihenfolgeverwirbelungen und Staueffekten im Produktionsfluss wird die Stabilität gemindert. Durch die gezielte Allokation von Puffern lassen sich diese Effekte reduzieren. Diese Arbeit untersucht Kennzahlen zur Messung von Stabilität, die Allokation von Puffern sowie Versorgungsstrategien von JIS Teilen in der reihenfolgestabilen Automobilproduktion.
Alternativas al desarrollo: Autodeterminación y autonomía (2020)
Tamayo Rojas, Carolina
Este trabajo de doctorado tiene como objetivo principal, aportar al entendimiento y a los espacios de discusión sobre la creación de alternativas al desarrollo en la región norte andina en Colombia. En el cuerpo de la tesis se analiza la historia de la construcción del concepto de desarrollo. Es así, como se pregunta por el desarrollo como un sistema de ideas y prácticas políticas que determinan la creación discursiva de un orden político global. La pregunta por la representación de las comunidades, objetos de ésta ayuda, cobra gran importancia. Se abren dentro de la tesis, campos de discusión, sobre la construcción de esta representación y se trazan continuidades históricas desde el inicio del proyecto colonial. Para hablar de alternativas al desarrollo se toma el ejemplo de la comunidad indígena Inga de Aponte-Nariño y se analizan la permanencia en el tiempo de las categorías sociales del Ayni, la Mink’a, el Cambalache, que han permitido la formación de alternativas al desarrollo, convirtiéndose en símbolo de sus resistencia cultural y política. Desde la comunidad Inga de Aponte-Nariño se trazan las redes indígenas, donde se actúa políticamente en un nivel supralocal y regional y se confronta al Estado en la arena política. De igual forma, se observa con profundidad el rol del intercambio étnico-cultural en la creación de estas redes y plataformas de acción. En efecto, se analiza la cooperación interétnica desde su historicidad y se entiende como una estrategia de supervivencia y pervivencia en el tiempo. La ancestralidad, como origen de la lucha contra la matriz colonial del poder, toma gran importancia, al igual que la espiritualidad y la ritualidad. El método etnográfico ha sido en el desarrollo de este trabajo de gran ayuda. De igual forma, la teoría Postcolonial y la teoría del Post-desarrollo resultan herramientas fundamentales en este análisis.
Digital assistants in E-Services (2020)
Hagel, Julia Sarah
This cumulative dissertation examines possible applications of digital assistants and their optimal design. The first article analyzes whether the emotional support from a digital assistant has a positive effect on the customer’s satisfaction with the service or his persistence. The second article examines digital assistants in their possible role as companions. The effects of the presence of a digital companion on customer satisfaction are examined. The third article deals with digital assistants in their possible role as instrumental supporters. While digital assistants appear through written/recorded language or a visualized embodiment in the context of emotional support or as a companion, they act more inconspicuously while providing instrumental support (e.g. as an autopilot of an autonomous vehicle). Therefore, the article focuses on a possible anthropomorphization of the autonomous digital assistant and examines whether the perceived risk of the user is reduced and his satisfaction with the service can be increased.
Audit Pricing: Further evidence from the German and European markets (2020)
Fleischer, Rouven
This study comprises three individual contributions to the research focus on pricing of auditing services. Using German and European data sets, the empirical investigation examines, among other things, how different dimensions of size, possible interactions from a so-called Big 4 premium or fee cutting behavior, as well as different financial risk factors affect the level of auditing services. The study 'Size effects and audit pricing: Evidence from Germany' shows, among other things, that of those auditors who also provide consulting services for their clients, only Big 4 auditors achieve higher fees for auditing services. Furthermore, the results of the study suggest that the Big 4 premium shown in previous studies for the German market is strongly influenced by a market leader premium. Taking into account the high relevance of company size as a factor in the pricing of audit services, the study also concludes that company size should rather be represented by non-financial variables such as the natural logarithm of the number of employees in order to exclude any interdependencies with other financial variables. The study entitled 'The Big 4 premium: Does it survive an auditor change? Evidence from Europe' presents new findings on the impact of auditor changes on audit fees, with a special focus on a possible Big 4 premium. This combines the previous research on the Big 4 premium and fee cutting. Matching analyses are used to compare the audit fees of companies that switch to a Big 4 auditor with those companies that switch to a non-Big 4 auditor. As a result, a Big 4 premium can only be shown for those companies that do not change auditors. In the case of a change of auditor, the results show that Big 4 auditors are willing to give up this bonus or even accept a discount on non-Big 4 auditors. This discount usually persists in the first few years. Accordingly, the assumption is that Big 4 auditors are pursuing a "foot-in-the-door" strategy to win new clients. Based on these results, the existence of a Big 4 premium is strongly dependent on the decision of the respective company to change auditors. The study 'Variation of financial risk over time and the impact on audit pricing' focuses on the consideration of financial risk factors and their development over time. The key assumption of the study is that continuity of relevant financial ratios reduces the risk position of the auditor and should be positively reflected in the audit fees. For companies that do not change auditors, the results show an influence of increased volatility of financial ratios on the level of audit fees. This leads to the assumption that in case of increased volatility in the financial ratios, companies could deliberately not change the auditor in order to send a sign of stability to third parties and, if necessary, accept a premium on the existing auditor's fees. In the case of a change of auditor, however, new auditors could waive a corresponding premium in order to win new clients.
Essays on organisational purpose and sustainability disclosure (2020)
Loza Adaui, Cristian Rolando
“While each of our individual companies serves its own corporate purpose, we share a fundamental commitment to all of our stakeholders” (Business Roundtable, 2019). With this statement, 181 managers of the Business Roundtable renewed their fundamental view about the purpose of business. This symbolic statement generated a vivid discussion and proved the importance and actuality of addressing organisational purpose as a research topic. From an academic perspective the discussion about organizational purpose is not new but diverse (Bartlett & Ghoshal, 1994; Basu, 1999; Canals, 2010; George, 1999; Henderson & Steen, 2015; Hollensbe, Wookey, Hickey, George, & Nichols, 2014; Koslowski, 2001; Loza Adaui & Mion, 2016; Porter & Kramer, 2011; Quinn & Thakor, 2018; Sisodia, Wolfe, & Sheth, 2006). There are many overlapping points between the discussion on the organisational purpose and the study of corporate sustainability. Because from a sustainability management perspective, companies are administrated and valued, taking into consideration not only their economic performance but also the ecological and social impact that they generate (Elkington, 1994). This cumulative dissertation addresses in a broad perspective the overlapping points of the discussion on organizational purpose and sustainability and entails four modules: Module I: Matthias S. Fifka, Anna-Lena Kühn, Cristian R. Loza Adaui & Markus Stiglbauer (2016) Promoting Development in Weak Institutional Environments: The Understanding and Transmission of Sustainability by NGOs in Latin America. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 27(3), 1091-1122. Module II: Giorgio Mion & Cristian R. Loza Adaui (2020) Understanding the Purpose of Benefit Corporations: An Empirical Study on the Italian Case. International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility, 5(4), 1-15. Module III: Giorgio Mion & Cristian R. Loza Adaui (2019) Mandatory Nonfinancial Disclosure and Its Consequences on the Sustainability Reporting Quality of Italian and German Companies. Sustainability, 11(17), 4612. Module IV: Cristian R. Loza Adaui (2020) Sustainability Reporting Quality of Peruvian Listed Companies and the Impact of Regulatory Requirements of Sustainability Disclosures. Sustainability, 2020, 12(3), 1135.
Electrophysiological correlates of reinforcement learning and credit assignment (2020)
Wurm, Franz
Reinforcement learning constitutes a valuable framework for reward-based decision making in humans, as it breaks down learning into a few computational steps. These computations are embedded in a task representation that links together stimuli, actions, and outcomes, and an internal model that derives contingencies from explicit knowledge. Although research on reinforcement learning has already greatly advanced our insights into the brain, there remain many open questions regarding the interaction between reinforcement learning, task representations, and internal models. Through the combination of computational modelling, experimental manipulation, and electrophysiological recording, the three studies of this thesis aim to elucidate how task representations and internal models are shaped and how they affect reinforcement learning. In Study 1, the manipulation of action-outcome contingencies in a simple one-stage decision task allowed to investigate the impact of explicit knowledge about task learnability on reinforcement learning. The results highlight the flexible adjustment of internal models and the suppression of central computations of reinforcement learning when a task is represented as not learnable. Using a similar manipulation, Study 2 investigates how this influence of explicit knowledge on reinforcement learning holds under the increasing complexity of a two-stage environment. Again, pronounced neural differences between task conditions indicate separable computations of reinforcement learning and, more importantly, the selective influence of explicit knowledge and internal models on reinforcement learning. Study 3 uses a novel task design which necessitates inference about plausible action-outcome mappings, and thus, credit assignment. The findings suggest that multiple task representations are neurally conceptualized and compete for action selection, thereby solving the structural credit assignment problem. In sum, the studies of this thesis highlight the importance of reinforcement learning as a central biological principle and draw attention to the necessity of flexible interactions between reinforcement learning, task representations, and internal models to cope with the varying demands from the environment.
Extending the research on service management - essays on choice, automation and quality measurement in the service environment (2020)
Hettich, Alexander
Article 1: Despite the proliferation of healthier side items for children at fast food restaurants, many parents still do not make healthy choices for their children in this setting. The goal of this research is to identify the parents most likely to do so and develop an intervention to nudge these parents toward making healthier choices in retail outlets. Across four field studies conducted in a retail environment (i.e., locations of a fast food restaurant chain), the authors predict and find that parents with a high tendency to engage in social comparison and a malleable view of the self are most likely to conform to the norm in their parental social network. Given that the norm in the population studied is to order a less healthy side item (e.g., fries) versus a healthy side item (e.g., fruit), conforming results in significantly less healthy orders for the children of these individuals. The authors demonstrate that a social norm-based intervention designed to set a new healthy norm in this retail environment succeeded in increasing the overall proportion of parents that chose a healthy side item by over 29% by increasing the choice of healthy sides specifically for these individuals. The authors conclude with a discussion of implications for theory, retail managers, and policy makers. Article 2: Despite the popularity of Mystery Shopping (MS) to assess service performance relatively little research has been conducted on the practice. This article extends the research on Mystery Shopping by evaluating drivers and moderators of employee performance at Mystery Shopping checks. To do so, based on the results of in-depth interviews with 24 employees of a fast-food chain and existing theoretical knowledge, a model of employee performance at MS checks was developed. The developed model was then evaluated applying structural equitation modeling techniques. For this purpose, data of more than 200 employees from 9 different restaurants of the fast food restaurant chain were collected. Where perceived goal importance is identified as a direct driver of employee performance at Mystery Shopping checks results show that the effect of Job Satisfaction on MS performance is mediated by the satisfaction with MS as a service measurement tool and moderated by organizational commitment. Results further show that incentives are only effective under certain conditions to increase employee performance at Mystery Shopping checks. Article 3: Technologies that enable customers to produce services on their own (SSTs) have found their way into service delivery routines. The successful deployment of SSTs depends critically on employees’ attitudes toward the technologies, because their attitudes determine their willingness to use and introduce the SSTs to customers. A negative attitude toward SSTs instead can lead to employees’ dissatisfaction and generally poorer performance. Despite the importance of employees’ attitudes towards SSTs, relevant theoretical contributions are limited. This article addresses this lack of research. It introduces a holistic model of how employees’ attitudes toward SSTs form. Based on 30 in-depth interviews with frontline employees the model proposes that attitude formation towards SSTs depends on the perceived influence of SST deployment on job security, customer orientation, work design, and technological dependence. Second, by compiling practical findings from two different industries, this study identifies some moderating effects, according to the conditions for the SST deployment. Two key moderators influence the strength and even the direction of the effects of employees’ attitudes toward SSTs: employees’ job class and the level of automation implied by SSTs. Based on the conceptualized model this study offers managerial implications with regard to the successful introduction of SSTs, from an employee perspective. It also highlights some pertinent tactics, depending on the SST deployment condition, for improving employees’ attitudes toward SSTs.
Vermittler - Bewahrer - Wächter. Orientierungen von Lehrerinnen und Lehrern im Themenfeld Kultur (2020)
Zanker, Peter
Auf Grundlage welchen Kulturbegriffs die Lehrkräfte innerhalb des Deutschunterrichts der Grundschule handeln, ist zentrales Thema der vorliegenden Arbeit. Mit Hilfe von Gruppendiskussionen fragt die Studie nach implizitem Wissen der Lehrer*innen im Themenfeld Kultur. Neben der Überwindung kulturellen Defizits kann mit Hilfe der dokumentarischen Methode ein Ethnozentrismus als pädagogische Leitidee rekonstruiert werden. Ein Ausweg daraus wird im bedeutungsorientierten Kulturbegriff als Grundlage eines kultursensiblen Deutschunterrichts aufgezeigt. In den Kulturwissenschaften werden eine Vielzahl von Kulturbegriffen diskutiert, dies geschieht allerdings kaum für den schulischen Kontext. Der Kulturbegriff, der dem Denken und Handeln der Lehrer*innen zugrunde liegt, ist jedoch Grundlage für stattfindende ethnische Zuschreibungen oder Stigmatisierungen und gleichzeitig auch Basis für eine gelungene Gleichstellung aller Schüler*innen. Das Forschungsprojekt stellt die Lehrkraft als zentralen Akteur innerhalb des Unterrichtsprozesses in den Mittelpunkt: Welches Verständnis von Kultur liegt ihrem Deutschunterricht in der Grundschule zugrunde? Die Studie fragt danach, welche Orientierungsrahmen, welche impliziten Wissensbestände im Themenfeld Kultur bei Lehrer*innen zu rekonstruieren sind, um so ein besseres Verständnis der kollektiven Wahrnehmung zu generieren. In der praxeologischen Arbeit werden mit Hilfe des Gruppendiskussionsverfahrens und der dokumentarischen Methode konjunktive Erfahrungsräume der Lehrer*innen im Themenfeld Kultur rekonstruiert. Alle Gruppen, jeweils ganz unterschiedlich, verhandeln die Überwindung des kulturellen Defizits. Darauf aufbauend zeigt sich, dass die Lehrer*innen auf einen kollektiven Habitus kultureller Wissensvermittlung auf Basis eines ethnozentristischen Weltbildes zurückgreifen. Durch das kulturelle Nichtwissen bleibt den Lehrkräften ein pädagogisch-kultursensibler Handlungsspielraum verwehrt. Mit Hilfe des bedeutungsorientierten Kulturbegriffs kann dieser Spielraum im Themenfeld Kultur geweitet werden, indem die individuelle und kulturelle Vielfalt aus der Perspektive der Schüler*innen thematisiert werden. Er bildet einen Baustein, um mit einer ganzheitlichen Kultur- und Diversitätsdidaktik das methodisch-didaktische Desiderat im Feld des Deutschunterrichts aufzuheben.
Integrated order picking and vehicle routing – problems, insights, and solution approaches [cumulative dissertation] (2020)
Schubert, Daniel
Order picking and delivery are integral parts of many supply chains, especially those of retail and online trade. They are mostly non-value-adding, downstream processes, but they are responsible for the majority of logistics costs. Accordingly, the academic literature deals with both order picking and vehicle routing in a diverse and detailed manner. However, a holistic view of both processes is mostly not sufficiently taken into account. The interdependent effects on the operational planning level are only considered to a limited extent since the processes are usually considered isolated or sequential planning is assumed. This thesis examines different order picking and vehicle routing problems. Furthermore, it shows the advantages of integrative planning and develops exact and heuristic solution methods for the investigated problems. The first paper develops a structural understanding of the subproblems of picking and delivery. In addition, the article illustrates the development of the research branch of integrative order picking and vehicle routing. Further contributions examine practice-oriented problems in the field of micro-store deliveries (contribution 2), same-day deliveries (contribution 3), and the supply of supermarkets (contribution 4). In each case, different real-world constraints are included and different objectives are addressed. Furthermore, problem-specific integrative solution methods are developed and compared to classical approaches.
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