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Zusammenfassend stellen die deutschen und europäischen Wasserstoffstrategien hohe und ambitionierte Zielvorgaben, die grundsätzlich als erreichbar angesehen werden können. Die Realisierung der dafür notwendigen hohen Investitionen hängt jedoch stark von den rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen sowie den Standortfaktoren der Anlage ab. Erfolgsversprechend für die Anlagenplanung ist ein Ansatz, bei dem der zeitliche und räumliche Strombezug sowie die Wasserstoffverwendung von Beginn mitgedacht werden. Die daraus möglichen Kostenersparnisse haben das Potential, Wasserstoff gegenüber derzeit sehr kostengünstigen grauem Wasserstoff für die Industrie wettbewerbsfähig zu machen. Aus Sicht der CO2-Vermeidungskosten stellt Wasserstoff derzeit keine Konkurrenz zu beispielsweise Biodiesel dar – bietet perspektivisch jedoch umfangreichere Anwendungs-möglichkeiten und könnte sich somit in anderen Bereichen als kostengünstigste Klimaschutzmaßnahme durchsetzen. Darüber hinaus sind für das Erreichen dieser Ziele die in diesem Beitrag genannten Hemmnisse durch rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen zwingend abzubauen. Vor allem eine grundlegende Reform der Stromnebenkosten ist dringend nötig. Dies eröffnet umfangreiche Potentiale für eine wettbewerbsfähige Produktion von Wasserstoff. Für eine wirkliche integrierte Energiewende muss darüber hinaus Power-to-Gas grundsätzlich als Verbindungstechnologie definiert werden und nicht als Letztverbraucher. Weitere Stellschrauben sind Nutzung von Green PPAs und die Anerkennung des Emissionsminderungseffekts von grünem Wasserstoff im Rahmen der Treib-hausgasquotenverpflichtung. Wasserstoffimporte, beispielsweise aus sonnen- und windreichen Regionen außerhalb Europas, wo erneuerbare Stromentstehungskosten von bereits 2 €-ct/kWh möglich sind, werden trotz Transports wirtschaftlich attraktiv sein und langfristig einen bedeutenden Anteil der Wasserstofflieferung und damit einer zukünftigen Wasserstoffwirtschaft darstellen. Für eine langfristig gesicherte und nachhaltige internationale Versorgung wird bereits am Anfang von Wasserstoff-Partnerschaften erstens die Energiesituation eines Lieferlandes und die Vermeidung von Konkurrenzsituationen zwischen Wasserstoffelektrolyse und lokaler Stromversorgung zu berücksichtigen sein. Zweitens sind zu große Abhängigkeiten von einzelnen Ländern und deren politischen Risiken, wie bei der heutigen Erdölbeschaffung, zu vermeiden. Die aktuelle Förderung der heimischen Herstellung von Wasserstoff ist trotzdem richtig und wichtig, denn sie dient der technischen Weiterentwicklung und der Verringerung von interna-tionalen Lieferrisiken- und Abhängigkeiten.
This paper assesses the relationship between decision util-ity and experienced utility of recreational nature visits.The former is measured as the travel cost to reach that siteas routinely used by the travel cost method (TCM), andthe latter is operationalized through visit-related subjec-tive well-being (SWB). As such, the analysis is a test ofconvergent validity by examining whetherex anteTCM-based assessment of recreational value reflecting decisionutility corresponds to statedex postSWB, reflecting expe-rienced utility. It explores to what extent utility revealedby counts of nature visits are associated with self-reported,visit-related SWB relating to that same visited site. Theanalysis uses two existing datasets providing informationon (i) 3672 recreational visits to green/blue spaces inEngland over the course of four years and (ii) 5937 recrea-tional visits to bluespace sites across 14 European coun-tries over one year. Results show a positive associationbetween travel cost and visit-related SWB while control-ling for trip frequency and a large set of covariates,suggesting convergent validity of the two utility concepts.A breakdown by travel mode suggests this relationshiponly holds for trips involving motorized transport and isnot present for habitual, chore-like walking visits to therecreational site.
Seit Jahren wird von und in der Sozialen Arbeit Ressourcenorientierung statt Defizitorientierung gefordert. Empowerment und die Ermöglichung von erlebter Selbstwirksamkeit (Agency) sind begründete und weithin
anerkannten Orientierungen für die Praxis. Es geht um den Abbau paternalistischer Strukturen, um parteiliches Miteinander und um Partizipation. Verglichen mit der Jugendhilfe und der Eingliederungshilfe scheint die Wohnungslosenhilfe ein wenig spät dran zu sein. Aber auch in diesem traditionellen Feld der Sozialen
Arbeit hat sich in den letzten Jahren etwas getan.
Der Artikel fragt nach der Bedeutung von sozialer Ungleich-
heit für die Dynamik globaler Produktion. Trotz einer breiten feministischen Debatte zur Rolle von Geschlechterverhältnissen in globalen Wertschöpfungsketten seit den 1970er-Jahren wurde diese Dimension systematisch aus dem Mainstream der weiteren Theorieentwicklung ausgeblendet. Der vorliegende Beitrag schärft den Blick für soziale Ungleichheit in transnationalen Produktionsnetzen, indem zum einen die Verflechtung von bezahlter und unbezahlter sowie formeller und informeller Arbeit beleuchtet wird, die immer auch geschlechtlich strukturiert ist. Zum anderen wird die Bedeutung privater Haushalte für die Aneignung von Mehrwert durch (transnationale) Unternehmen thematisiert, die den Zusammenhang von produktiver und reproduktiver Sphäre sichtbar macht. Akkumulation in globalen Wertschöpfungsketten basiert auf der gezielten Ausnutzung von Ungleichheit und Diskriminierung, die auf der Verflechtung unterschiedlicher Ungleichheitsdimensionen wie Geschlecht, Ethnizität/Race, Klassen- bzw. Kastenzugehörigkeit, Alter oder Region beruhen. Eine intersektionale Perspektive auf Ungleichheit ist deshalb unabdingbar, um die komplexen Macht- und Herrschaftsverhältnisse zu verstehen und entsprechende Gegenmaßnahmen entwickeln zu können.
The dominant literature on the development of the EU's new economic governance regime suggests that it constitutes another step towards integration in the European fiscal policy framework. However, I argue that this limited view neglects the politics of labour that underlies European monetary integration. In the euro area competitiveness adjustment is promoted, which means in practice fostering and facilitating the confrontation of workers by employers in order to keep unit labour costs down. The new economic governance reforms consistently reinforced this policy-making logic. Its central innovation was the systematization and 'hardening' of the macroeconomic surveillance framework beyond fiscal policy, which created new competences at the EU level to intervene in national labour market policies, including wages. This is what is actually new about the new economic governance; marking a recent key moment in European monetary integration and reinforcing the politics of labour underlying it.
AbstractThis paper examines the influence of the six World Governance Indicators (WGIs), as defined by the World Bank, on the real GDP growth of five emerging markets, the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries, and three advanced economies, the United States, Germany and Japan. The analysis is based on a panel data set containing the six WGIs along with further macroeconomic variables (government debt, external debt, current account balance, trade balance, budget balance, foreign exchange rate and short-term interest rate), with annual data from 1996 to 2018. We find that regulatory quality has a positive impact on economic growth, an effect that remains stable across all robustness tests. This indicates that a sound regulatory environment stimulates economic growth. We also find a negative impact of rule of law on economic growth, but this effect is not robust. The literature, however, documents a negative effect from income to rule of law, expressing that higher income does not necessarily lead to a demand for better institutions. A principal component analysis on the WGIs shows that governance is diverse across countries, while stable over time. The first two PCs capture more than 95% of the WGIs variance and are able to cluster emerging and developed markets.
Supply chain viability (SCV) is an emerging concept of growing importance in operations management. This paper aims to conceptualize, develop, and validate a measurement scale for SCV. SCV is first defined and operationalized as a construct, followed by content validation and item measure development. Data have been collected through three independent samplings comprising a total of 558 respondents. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses are used in a step-wise manner for scale development. Reliability and validity are evaluated. A nomological model is theorized and tested to evaluate nomological validity. For the first time, our study frames SCV as a novel and distinct construct. The findings show that SCV is a hierarchical and multidimensional construct, reflected in organizational structures, organizational resources, dynamic design capabilities, and operational aspects.
The findings reveal that a central characteristic of SCV is the dynamic reconfiguration of SC structures in an adaptive manner to ensure survival in the long-term perspective. This research conceptualizes and provides specific, validated dimensions and item measures for SCV. Practitioner directed guidance and suggestions are offered for improving SCV during the COVID-19 pandemic and future severe disruptions.
Recently, a number of structured funds have emerged as public-private partnerships with the intent of promoting investment in renewable energy in emerging markets. These funds seek to attract institutional investors by tranching the asset pool and issuing senior notes with a high credit quality. Financing of renewable energy (RE) projects is achieved via two channels: small RE projects are financed indirectly through local banks that draw loans from the fund’s assets, whereas large RE projects are directly financed from the fund. In a bottom-up Gaussian copula framework, we examine the diversification properties and RE exposure of the senior tranche. To this end, we introduce the LH++ model, which combines a homogeneous infinitely granular loan portfolio with a finite number of large loans. Using expected tranche percentage notional (which takes a similar role as the default probability of a loan), tranche prices and tranche sensitivities in RE loans, we analyse the risk profile of the senior tranche. We show how the mix of indirect and direct RE investments in the asset pool affects the sensitivity of the senior tranche to RE investments and how to balance a desired sensitivity with a target credit quality and target tranche size.
Businesses and governments are becoming increasingly concerned about the resilience of supply chains and calling for their review and stress testing. In this conceptual essay, we theorize a human-centred ecosystem viability perspective that spans the dimensions of resilience and sustainability and can be used as guidance for the conceptualization of supply chain resilience analysis in the presence of long-term crises. Subsequently, we turn to the technological level and present the digital supply chain twin as a contemporary instrument for stress testing supply chain resilience. We provide some implementation guidelines and emphasize that although resilience assessment of individual supply chains is important and critical for firms, viability analysis of intertwined supply networks and ecosystems represents a novel and impactful research perspective. One of the major outcomes of this essay is the conceptualization of a human-centred ecosystem viability perspective on supply chain resilience.
Sraffian supermultiplier models, as well as Kaleckian distribution and growth models that make use of non-capacity creating autonomous demand growth to cope with Harrodian instability, have paid little attention to the financial side of autonomous demand growth as the driver of the system. Therefore, we link the issue of Harrodian instability in Kaleckian models driven by non-capacity creating autonomous demand growth with the associated financial dynamics. For a simple model with autonomous government expenditure growth, zero interest rates and no consumption out of wealth, we find that adding debt dynamics does not change the results obtained by Skott (2017) based on Lavoie's (2016) model without debt, each published in this journal. Hence, in this simple model, the long-run equilibrium is stable if Harrodian instability is not too strong and the autonomous growth rate does not exceed a maximum given by the long-run equilibrium saving rate. Introducing interest payments on government debt as well as consumption out of wealth into the model, however, changes the stability requirements: First, the autonomous growth rate of government expenditures should not fall short of the exogenous monetary interest rate. Second, this growth rate should not exceed a maximum given by the saving rate in the long-run equilibrium net of the propensity to consume out of wealth. Third, Harrodian instability may be almost as strong as in the simple model without violating long-run overall stability, particularly if the propensity to consume out of wealth is low. We claim that irrespective of the relevance or irrelevance of Harrodian instability, it is necessary to introduce financial variables into models driven by non-capacity creating autonomous demand in order to assess the long-run (in-)stability and sustainability of growth.
In this article, the main events of political life in Portugal are discussed. It includes a report on general elections in 2022, the formation of a new Socialist absolute majority government led by Prime Minister Antonio Costa, and major parliamentary decisions and debates. The year 2022 started with early general elections, strengthening the ruling Socialist Party, which won a majority of seats in the national Parliament. However, it took some time for the new government to learn to govern in the new context.
In 2021, Portuguese politics was strongly affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. In this constraining context, the Portuguese population went twice to the polls in presidential and local elections. Moreover, the Portuguese government was the holder of the presidency of the Council of the European Union. Throughout the year, the Portuguese government negotiated with the political parties to get the 2022 budget approved. However, most opposition parties rejected the budget for different reasons. Therefore, the President of the Republic dissolved Parliament and announced early elections for 30 January 2022. Although it was a difficult year, Portugal was able to implement an aggressive vaccination programme, which led to a high vaccination coverage of 80 per cent of the population.