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In the world of internet marketing, search engine optimization is a popular term. Getting higher rankings on the search engine and thereby getting more views to advertiser’s site is basically what it is. However, those views will not mean a lot if they do not lead to sales or conversion. Search advertisers join an online auction in order to get a slot in the search engine results pages. This means, in Pay per Click online model, advertisers have to pay to the search engine for the number of clicks on the advertisement they posted. Therefore, predicting conversion likelihood for advertisers is highly crucial for the sake of the revenue. Besides, being able to understand and track the conversion rates not only allows advertisers to measure the performance of the web pages but also to identify areas for improvement. In this study, machine learning is used for predicting the conversion rate using search term queries in google shopping ads. The purpose is to analyse if a pattern on search term queries to predict conversion rate can be observed. Search term queries with a high probability of better conversion rate can be advertised more. While the bids on low-conversion segments can be lowered to reduce the costs. For this purpose, extracting features from the text to represent it in a way that can be understood by the machine like term frequency and paragraph vector are tested on machine learning and deep learning model. The results show that different patterns of search term queries do not lead to a predictable conversion rate in the specific use case. Thus, the search term itself is no indicator for good or bad conversion rate.
Hypothesis Extraction from Academic Papers Using Neural Networks for Ontology Theory Learning
(2019)
In this study, we investigated a new use case of deep learning. We applied deep learning to extract causes and effects from the hypotheses of the scientific papers. The research presents a variety of RNN models, including RNN models with CRF layer for labelling the sequences. We used such models as Bi-LSTM, LSTM, SimpleRNN and GRU. The experiments were conducted with GloVe vector representation and character level vector representation of words. Moreover, along with RNN models, we evaluated various hyperparameters and model setups to achieve the highest performance scores. In the end, we obtained promising results and shared our thoughts on the future prospects of the following studies.
COVID-19 pandemic influence on the social protection systems of selected Global South countries.
(2022)
Social protection which is a set of policies and programmes designated to improve people’s life quality and protect them from poverty and social vulnerabilities is something that has been severely impacted by the sudden Coronavirus pandemic that began in late 2019. The following paper will analyse how the social protection systems of Brazil and Rwanda performed in the times of the crisis and its main assumption is that the social protection system in Brazil has failed in the face of COVID-19 pandemic due to deficient and callous governing while the inclusive and efficient policymaking in Rwanda enabled the country’s social protection system to conduct an effective crisis response.
The study will examine what are the country-specific social protection factors that contributed to different crisis responses in the instances of Brazil and Rwanda. The key results are that while the COVID-19 pandemic has disclosed the weaknesses of social protection systems in both Brazil and Rwanda, the first had a failed response because of the dismissive attitude of political leaders which resulted in unsatisfactory consequences in the social protection functionality while the latter performed admirably in the times of a crisis because of a fast institutional healthcare response and communication between the government and the citizens. The research method of this study is literature analysis and review as well as a cross-country comparison.
Abstract
The world as we know it today is characterized by a massive process of digitalization in every prospect. Communication patterns, economy and business mechanisms as well as life styles are changing towards a higher utilization of technology, digital devices and the internet. With the bust of the dot.com bubble, the previously static and company dominated web changed into an interactive playground where everybody can become a publisher of content: the Web 2.0 was born. Social media developed soon which is competing with traditional media like TV, newspaper or radio.
Marketers worldwide quickly discovered the potential of using these social media to promote their brands, products and services. Social media has the huge advantage that it is able to track and store all data of a user’s history and actions. This makes it possible to target specific customer groups and provide them customized content. Nevertheless marketing approaches differ from country to country.
Therefore this thesis discusses the potential of social media marketing (SMM) for foreign companies in China in order to improve customer relationships. With market saturation of smartphones, the best and most cost-effective way in China to do SMM is via mobile social networks as they grant the closest access to targeted audiences. For this a “9-step social media action plan” is developed. The action plan is especially suitable for small and medium sized foreign enterprises who utilize the Chinese messenger app WeChat as their first marketing tool.
This study was focused to determine the causal relationship between free cash flow (FCF) and profitability of public listed pharmaceutical companies in Germany. Based on the review of the past empirical studies it was found that contradictory evidences are present in the past studies regarding the relationship of FCF and the variables of profitability of publicly listed companies. To conduct this study, quantitative research was performed, where quantitative data was empirically testing to find evidence regarding the impact of FCF on variables of profitability of public listed pharmaceutical companies in Germany. A sample of 10 years panel data from 2011 to 2020 was selected for 10 German publicly listed pharmaceutical companies. The data was collected from the annual financial reports of the listed companies. Panel regression analysis with random effect was conducted to analyze the data. The results of the panel regression analysis suggested that FCF can have a significant positive impact on net profit margin (NPM) and return on asset (ROA) as variables of profitability. Therefore, the causal relationship of FCF with the two variables of profitability namely; NPM and ROA of the 10 German public listed pharmaceutical companies was found to be positive and significant. However, the causal relationship of FCF with the two variables of profitability namely; gross profit margin (GPM) and return on equity (ROE) of the 10 German public listed pharmaceutical companies was found to be insignificant. The FCF can increase the profitability in terms of NPM and ROA of German public listed pharmaceutical companies. Hence, the causal relationship between free cash available and profitability in term of ROA and NPM of the pharmaceutical public listed companies in Germany were found to be significant and positive. Therefore, the upwards movement of FCF can have a significant positive influence on profitability of pharmaceutical public listed companies in Germany in terms of ROA and NPM.
Waste management is now more important than ever in the world because of population growth and increasing revenues. Because of both reasons, people start to consume more so in parallel with the consumption, wastes also increase. If the wastes were analyzed in terms of their contents, it could be seen that organic wastes have the highest percentage in the total wastes. Due to this reason, organic wastes should be utilized with regard to environment and economics. In order to achieve this utilization, all organic waste management systems have to be compared and also new methods and their integration with other systems should be examined in the sense of economics and environment.
Compared to other EU countries,Germany is in a good place for organic waste management in terms of recycling. However, more research should be conducted and more utilization options should be investigated. In this sense, vermicompost is going to be examined as an organic waste management system.
Besides, integration of vermicompost with other waste management systems are going to be analyzed. In this thesis, the following question is going to be answered : Does using of vermicompost as an organic waste management system or integration of vermicompost with other organic waste management systems in Germany contribute to German economy more than other organic waste management systems do ?
Cyprus is a big east Mediterranean island with more than half a century long problem. Unfortunately, this problem was caused by conflicts between two neighbouring nations on the island and with Turkey’s illegal invention this problem became the problem for the century. In this thesis historical development of the problem takes an important place since conflict has very important historical roots. This thesis explains peace projects of the UN on the island and the last well-known peace project called Annan plan which was also supported by the EU. Lastly the EU enlarged the island without solving this historical problem. The EU often uses its strong conditionality power over candidates, yet the EU fails to conduct a peace on the island before it welcomes Cyprus to the Union. The main reason for this fast enlargement decision of the EU was Greece’s open policy for Cyprus. Since Eastern enlargement was important for the EU as a new market and an important security policy, the EU did not want to spend time on Cyprus because this would postpone the eastern enlargement. As a result, Republic of Cyprus became a member of the EU as a whole island, while the problem is still there.
Nowadays, globalisation is being increasingly resisted. Nationalist tendencies, yearnings for greater heterogeneity and the pursuit of contradictory trends are growing. Culturally diverse states strive to coexist by defending and promoting their distinct interests, jeopardising international cohesion. In such unpredictable times, supranational organisations such as the European Union are indispensable sources of international stability. Due to the growing complexity of international relations, managing cross-border cooperation has become increasingly difficult. Even the greatest supporter of the European project has to admit that the European Union is at risk. Over the past decade, the European Union has been facing a series of crises. Especially the Eurozone crisis and the migration crisis have reinforced an anti- European sentiment and fuelled Eurosceptic and populist movements across the European continent. These difficulties culminated in the British referendum on leaving the European Union in June 2016, whose result constitutes a major threat to the future of the European Union. Will other Member States follow? Will the European Union disintegrate? What are the consequences of Brexit for the European project as a whole? The purpose of this thesis is to identify the impact of Brexit on European integration. More precisely, this thesis focuses particularly on the effects of Brexit on the European Union’s budget, the single market, the customs union, the Northern Ireland backstop, as well as the issue of immigration. Furthermore, it takes a closer look by analysing the impact of Brexit on German businesses. This study shows that the impact of Brexit should not be underestimated. Yet, the ultimate scope of the consequences depends on both the terms of the withdrawal agreement and the future relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union. This thesis contributes to the growing body of European studies and provides an overview of current developments within and future prospects for the European Union. In addition, the findings also serve as a basisto understand the challenges of European integration.
Macroeconomic Effects of Fiscal Consolidation: New Evidence from the Great Recession in Europe?
(2013)
Large fiscal consolidation packages aiming at reducing budget deficits and debt levels to
prudent levels have been designed to overcome the Great Recession in Europe. This paper
investigates how fiscal consolidation is conducted in four sample countries in order to
comply with the respective limits under the Excessive Deficit Procedure of the Stability
and Growth Pact. The subsequent macroeconomic analysis reveals that the consolidation
measures do not only fall back behind their aim of reducing the public debt-to-GDP ratio,
but lead to overall devastating economic consequences, especially in the peripheral
countries. The central argument of the thesis claims that restrictive austerity measures are
currently self-defeating and harmful for economic growth. Moreover, the reluctance to
induce a change in these measures will drive the economies even further into a state of
recession instead of stabilizing their economic positions. The main finding of this paper is
that the negative outcomes would have been predictable much earlier if policy makers had
based their decisions on standard macroeconomic theory. The underestimation of fiscal
multipliers and the misinterpreted crowding out effect are only some factors that indicates
the need to loosen up the tight budget constraints and refocus on a more growth-friendly
consolidation process.
Energy investment relations: The Mexico-Germany Energy Alliance and its prospects in sustainability
(2018)
In April 2016, the German Federal Minister of Economy and Energy and the Mexican Secretary of Energy signed a declaration of intent for a bilateral energy alliance, and by June of 2016 the Energy Alliance between Mexico and Germany was launched. The main objective of this alliance is to support the expansion of renewable energies, the diffusion of efficient energy technologies, increase transparency in the oil and gas sectors and in the long term, to increase the supply’s security in Germany. Nevertheless, since the Mexican Energy Reform was approved by the Congress, the development of energy extraction megaprojects has threatened the territorial rights of indigenous people, and in some Mexican States the intensive extractivism of energy and resources has already resulted in the forced displacement and habitat destruction of numerous indigenous communities. The main purpose of this paper is to determine whether this association is moving towards a mutually beneficial renewable energy alliance with a sustainable development. The research for this text is based on secondary sources, such as books, papers about critical development studies and sustainable development, as well as official reports and legislation.
The Efficient Market Hypothesis would lead one to believe that stock markets are perfectly efficient and that abnormal/ deviant average returns are not possible. However, the existence of calendar anomalies empirically shows how specific periods during a week, month and year can influence the average returns in the stock markets. Research from scholarly journals and books, industry-related news sources, and industry-experts shows the occurrence of various calendar anomalies in global markets that led to unbalanced average returns and confronted the fundaments of the Efficient Market
Hypothesis.
We are living in the age of data, organizations are facing exponential growth in data. This growth
of data if not dealt with in the right approach will do more harm than good to the organization.
One of the most important aspects of data is data quality. Increased data quality ensures better
decision-making, thereby enabling companies to stay competitive in the market. Data quality
directly affects business decision-making, consequently having a direct effect on the KPIs of the
organization. So it is integral for growing organizations to gain an understanding of where they
stand with regards to their data quality to make improvements needed so data quality problems
won’t affect the organization's goals and KPIs. The topic of data quality is a topic that has been
addressed in numerous researches and from different aspects, there are many established and
interesting studies that have been done and resulted in different frameworks that are followed in
our days now and that shows how rich and important this topic is. The thesis aims to gain a more
precise understanding of how data quality can affect the ability of an organization to achieve the
set key performance indicators (KPIs). To do that this study will take a live example which is the
company of Uberall and do a case study on it, the situation of data quality of Uberall was
analyzed through interviews with different employees from different departments. This research
gives an insight into some precise data quality problems that Uberall is currently facing and
needs to address .
This paper critically reviews and builds upon the state of the art in a rapidly evolving collectionof post-Keynesian
and heterodox approaches to understanding the economy as subsystem of nature. A brief history of supplyside
resource limits in neoclassical models is given, along with
a discussion of the limits to the neoclassical paradigm as a tool of economic analysis, especially with an eye to environmental concerns. The benefits of the postKeynesian
paradigm are then discussed before providing a comprehensive literature review of what is now described as “Ecological Macroeconomics”. Attempts to incorporate environmental limits in heterodox economics are growing, yet it seems additional research has merely brought about further questions. Specifically, the feasibility of dematerializaion is analyzed given the “paradox of
growth”: greater output has historically meant increasing impact on the environment, yet reducing investment or consumption results in unemployment. It is found that dematerialization can be achieved only through a significant rebalancing of national priorities, away from
energyintensive production and material consumption and towards lowimpact,low productivity services of clear social and environmental benefit. Ultimately, however, the most important question to be answered for Ecological Macroeconomics, and postKeynesians in general, ishow to best define sustainability and balance planetary and social wellbeing given the irreversibility of human development and fundamental uncertainty about what what may happen in the future.
After the introduction into the topic and its relevancy, customer experience management and its relation to third-party cookies for digital advertising are explained. Common methods to track customers along the customer journey are established; one of them being third-party cookies. The third chapter presents all categories of web cookies and describes their purposes. Thereafter, data privacy legislations, which regulate cookie usage and consumer rights are introduced. In the same chapter, a timeline of the third-party cookie phase-out is given and cookies’ efficacy for advertising is analysed. In spite of marketer’s reliance on third-party cookies, the deprecation of them might present marketers with new opportunities.
The Application of Valuation Models in Value-based Performance Measurement at Gas Industry Companies
(2022)
The role of branding in a marketing strategy against counterfeiting for high-fashion companies
(2019)
This thesis examines the effectiveness of the latest Transfer Learning techniques for Natural Language Processing applied to the classification of research methods used in scientific journals in the domain of Information Systems. The task of automated knowledge extraction from academic articles has seen ongoing progress in recent years. However, the combination of transfer and Deep Learning in order to assign research methods to scientific papers has not been addressed in the literature yet. The main contribution of this thesis is, therefore, an artifact that applies cutting-edge Transfer Learning techniques to a Deep Learning model by conducting several experiments and comparing their effectiveness. The prototype considers various ways of fine-tuning that are crucial to retain the knowledge transferred from pretrained models and avoid catastrophic forgetting. Additionally, this work discusses the literature with regard to the task-specific Theory Ontology Learning and the method-specific state of the art in Transfer Learning for Natural Language Processing. As a result, the artifact surpassed the performance of previously developed models for research method extraction, presented in the literature, without applying any custom feature engineering and only using around a thousand of labeled observations.
Materiality in CSR-Reporting
(2020)
This thesis is based on a research regarding one of the most important profession in corporate world, namely Forensic Accountant, which recently its role is highly demanded. With the purposes to support the government and the corporate of detecting and preventing fraud from the inside of company, Forensic Accountant plays an important role in corporate crime world, especially accounting fraud.
This thesis aims to show the corporates and the government in Germany about how important the role and function of Forensic Accountant to help them by preventing, detecting, and even investigating accounting fraud that has been committed by the employees. From the rate of committed fraud in a global scale and national scale as a comparison, the efforts of anti-fraud that have been done so far by the company, an example of case study regarding accounting fraud, to the discussion of the possibility and effectiveness of Forensic Accountant in Germany will all be provided in this thesis.
European Neighboorhood Policy as a power instrument of the Euopean Union: the case Azerbaijan
(2019)
What are the Limitations of the Internal Control Systems which May Lead to Major Accounting Fraud
(2021)
Driven by the decrease in the fertility rate, the increase in life expectancy, and, therefore, the shift of the demographical structure, the topic of labor shortage is gaining more importance worldwide, and in the context of the present paper, in Europe and Germany. More precisely, this paper deals with the labor shortage in the field of nursing in Germany.
The lack of nurses and geriatric nurses is not only due to the demographical change. Moreover, it’s a result of the poor working conditions, the negative image of the profession, and other factors that will be examined in the paper in every detail.
Further, the paper examines the labor shortage in nursing out of the perspective of several actors, including the state, institutions, and literature, in consideration of political, sociological, economical, and technological factors. In the course of this analysis, five semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed within the paper.
All these attempts aim to answer the research question: "What are the causes and the effects of the shortage of skilled labor in the nursing sector in Germany?" The answer to this question considers a variety of different components.
Concerning the effects, several activities and measures to counteract the shortage of nursing workforce in Germany are presented, including, among other things, the project “Konzertierte Aktion Pflege”, various legislations, activities driven by human resources. Overall, the thesis and the results are beneficial for everyone that is influenced by the topic (including nurses, governmental institutions, employers, and employees in nursing), along with everyone in society. This is because anyone, either as a relative or as a patient, can be confronted with the need for care.
The question to be answered in this thesis is whether Germany’s democratic system can be shown to affect its cybersecurity strategy (CSS) when comparing it to countries with similar and less democratic governance systems. Therefore, cybersecurity strategies of the United States, Germany and China were compared – one full democracy, one flawed democracy and one autocratic country. Analysed was whether those strategies are defensive or offensive, thus more pacifistic or belligerent. It can be concluded that democracies are pacifistic in a dyadic way in cyberspace. There exist normative constraints for offensive cyber operations and strategies, which do not exist in autocratic countries. A public debate is taking place. Besides, power in democracies is decentralised, and various institutional control mechanisms exist. The industry is independent of the government, and leaders need to be accountable to their people. In addition, there is a difference between full and flawed democracies. There exist more constitutional and normative constraints that hinder the country to conduct offensive cyber operations in the full democracy, Germany. Those constraints are less strong in the US. Institutional and normative democratic deficits seem to increase a country’s offensiveness. Nevertheless, influential might as well be other factors, such as the fact, that the US was for years the world’s superpower and is embedded in a system of allies. China communicates its adherence to active defence, but the cybersecurity frame is used by the CCP to keep itself in power. Therefore, various means like economic espionage or technical information controls mechanisms are used.