TY - JOUR A1 - Schultz, Christof A1 - Fenske, Markus A1 - Otto, Nicolas A1 - Dion-Bertrand, Laura-Isabelle A1 - Gélinas, Guillaume A1 - Marcet, Stéphane A1 - Dagar, Janardan A1 - Schlatmann, Rutger A1 - Unger, Eva A1 - Stegemann, Bert ED - Bouclé, Johann T1 - Loss Analysis of P3 Laser Patterning of Perovskite Solar Cells via Hyperspectral Photoluminescence Imaging JF - Solar N2 - Upscaling perovskite solar cells and modules requires precise laser patterning for series interconnection and spatial characterization of cell parameters to understand laser–material interactions and their impact on performance. This study investigates the use of nanosecond (ns) and picosecond (ps) laser pulses at varying fluences for the P3 patterning step of perovskite solar cells. Hyperspectral photoluminescence (PL) imaging was employed to map key parameters such as optical bandgap energy, Urbach energy, and shunt resistance. The mappings were correlated with electrical measurements, revealing that both ns and ps lasers can be utilized for effective series interconnections with minimal performance losses at optimized fluences. Our findings provide a deeper understanding of fluence-dependent effects in P3 patterning. Moreover, the results demonstrate that the process window is robust, allowing for reasonable cell performance even with deviations from optimal parameters. This robustness, coupled with the scalability of the laser patterning process, emphasize its suitability for industrial module production. KW - Photoluminescence KW - photoluminescence KW - perovskite KW - laser KW - ablation KW - photovoltaic KW - series interconnection KW - solar module KW - thin film KW - hyperspectral KW - Perovskite KW - Laser KW - Photovoltaic Y1 - 2025 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:523-20545 SN - 2673-9941 VL - 5 IS - 2 PB - MDPI ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dagar, Janardan A1 - Paramasivam, Gopinath A1 - Klimm, Carola A1 - Fenske, Markus A1 - Schultz, Christof A1 - Schlatmann, Rutger A1 - Stegemann, Bert A1 - Unger, Eva T1 - Stability Assessment of p-i-n Perovskite Photovoltaic Mini-Modules Utilizing Different Top Metal Electrodes JF - Micromachines N2 - Long-term stability is one of the major challenges for p-i-n type perovskite solar modules (PSMs). Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of fully laser-patterned series interconnected p-i-n perovskite mini-modules, in which either single Cu or Ag layers are compared with Cu/Au metalbilayer top electrodes. According to the scanning electron microscopy measurements, we found that Cu or Ag top electrodes often exhibit flaking of the metal upon P3 (top contact removal) laser patterning. For Cu/Au bilayer top electrodes, metal flaking may cause intermittent short-circuits between interconnected sub-cells during operation, resulting in fluctuations in the maximum power point (MPP). Here, we demonstrate Cu/Au metal-bilayer-based PSMs with an efficiency of 18.9% on an active area of 2.2 cm2 under continuous 1-sun illumination. This work highlights the importance of optimizing the top-contact composition to tackle the operational stability of mini-modules, and could help to improve the feasibility of large-area module deployment for the commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics. KW - self-assembled monolayer KW - module KW - electrode KW - perovskite KW - maximum power point KW - flakes KW - stability Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:523-14784 SN - 2072-666X VL - 12 IS - 4 PB - MDPI ER -