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Die neue Frauenfrage
(2013)
Priorität: Geringverdiener
(2013)
Obsessed with the preservation of national unity and homogeneity, the Turkish state has since its inception had little tolerance for Kurdish demands for greater legal recognition and a measure of autonomy. However, its 1987 decision to give its citizens the right to petition the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) to enhance its chances for membership to the European Union (EU) obliged the state to confront, at the transnational level, the Kurdish demands for human rights protection and equal treatment. The cases taken to the ECtHR by Kurdish civilians revealed that cloaked in the language of ‘war on terrorism’, the Turkish military had committed egregious violations including the forced displacement of civilians , the destruction of property, the burning of forests, as well as extra-judicial killings, disappearances and torture. Turkey’s EU candidacy increased the existing international pressure on the government to revise its mode of dealing with the insurgency and with Kurdish political and cultural demands more generally. The EU demanded
that Turkey first and foremost execute the ECtHR’s judgments on Kurdish issues, but also grant the Kurds limited linguistic rights in order to fulfil minority rights protection as part of the membership accession criteria. Yet, as argued in this chapter, although there has been some improvement, the problem has not been eradicated nor has there been any substantive change in government policy on the Kurdish question.
Severe economic and financial market crises exacerbate collective action problems and thus trigger challenges to legitimacy in democracies. The article presents a typology of decision-making modes in economic policy-making in normal times and crisis times. It shows that problems of time-inconsistency in combination with high uncertainty over re-distributive implications lead to an “ad-hoc-technocratization” of economic policy-making. The separation of decision-taking from input-based legitimacy-procedures is relevant for scholars of democracy because the redistributive implications of crisis policies are high. The “democratic deficit” of crisis policies is thus not a symptom of “Post-Democracy” but of the specific context arising in an economic crisis.
Aufbruch in die Euro-Union
(2013)
Trotz der offensichtlichen sozialpolitischen Relevanz und großen medialen Aufmerksamkeit des Phänomens Kinderlosigkeit sind das Ausmaß, die Ursachen und die Konsequenzen der Kinderlosigkeit in Deutschland bislang unzureichend untersucht worden, mit der Folge, dass in öffentlichen Debatten eine unkritische Verwendung irreführender, wenn nicht falscher Angaben über Kinderlosigkeit vorherrscht. Das Ziel des Bandes besteht vor diesem Hintergrund darin, das Phänomen der Kinderlosigkeit in Deutschland analytisch differenziert zu durchdringen und belastbare Daten und Ergebnisse über das Ausmaß und die Struktur, die Ursachen und Folgen von Kinderlosigkeit zu präsentieren.
Hintergrund
Je niedriger der soziale Status von Müttern und Vätern, desto höher ist die Verbreitung von Gesundheitsstörungen und Krankheiten bei ihnen selbst und auch bei ihren Kindern. Für Strategien der Gesundheitsförderung ist es entsprechend wichtig, Eltern mit niedrigem Sozialstatus stärker als bisher einzubeziehen.
Ziel
Da Eltern mit den bisherigen freien Angeboten nur sehr schwer erreicht werden können, wird in diesem Beitrag analysiert, auf welchen Wegen Elternbildungsprogramme über die Settings Kindergarten, Schule und Jugend- und Familienhilfe in die Lebenswelt aller Familien verbindlich eingebunden werden können.
Ergebnis
Am Beispiel von drei unterschiedlichen Elternbildungsprogrammen („Lions-Quest“, „STEP“ und „U-Boot“) wird im Rahmen einer formativen Evaluation analysiert, auf welche Weise diese Einbindung gelingen kann. Am Beispiel des STEP-Elterntrainings wird nachgewiesen, dass durch ein in die Settings eingebettetes Angebot mehr Mütter und Väter aus sozial benachteiligten Familien erreicht werden können als mit einem nicht institutionell verankerten Angebot.
Young women, and not young men, acquire the privileged diplomas offered by the educational system, and it is they who obtain the more promising career prospects. In this paper, we seek to identify factors that account for the declining school performance of boys and young men. After reviewing and analysing the international literature on gender and education, we integrate various explanatory approaches into a comprehensive socialisation model. The model focuses on the developmental tasks young men face during adolescence. Our central thesis is that the declining school performance of young men cannot be fully explained by their failure to cope with the developmental task ‘qualification’. Rather, the three other central clusters of developmental tasks – ‘social attachment’, ‘regeneration’, and ‘participation’ – have to be incorporated. The crucial implication is that supporting young men at school will show only limited results. Rather, to improve the school performance of young men, it is also necessary to address their deficits in coping with the other developmental tasks.
In einem Aufsatz in der Zeitschrift „Die Deutsche Schule“ habe ich in Heft 4 des Jahrgangs 1988, also vor 25 Jahren, „Thesen zur strukturellen Entwicklung des Bildungs-
systems in den nächsten fünf bis zehn Jahren“ zur Diskussion gestellt. In diesem Beitrag fasse ich im ersten Teil die Thesen in ihrer Essenz zusammen, sodass die Kernaussagen zu Strukturentwicklungen deutlich werden. Es handelte sich nicht nur um feststellende Thesen, die eine Einschätzung bestehender Trends und eine Prognose künftiger Entwicklungen beabsichtigten, sondern auch um normative Aussagen mit dem
Charakter von Handlungsempfehlungen an die Bildungspolitik, die eine Reaktion auf die zu erwartenden Trends vorschlugen. Im Zentrum stand das Postulat, ein „Zwei-Wege-Modell“ für das Schulsystem zu etablieren, indem neben dem Gymnasium eine Integrierte Sekundarschule aufgebaut wird. Im zweiten Teil konfrontiere ich die Thesen mit der heutigen Realität und stelle die Frage, ob die vor einem Vierteljahrhundert formulierten Trendfortschreibungen und Entwicklungsprognosen richtig waren. Im dritten Teil schreibe ich die Thesen zur strukturellen Entwicklung des Bildungssystems auf der Basis des Jahres 2013 fort.
Im Zusammenhang mit der Diskussion über das Für und Wider des dreigliedrigen Schulsystems in der Bundesrepublik machte der Autor dieses Artikels in den 1970er Jahren den Vorschlag, Haupt-, Real- und Gesamtschulen zu integrierten Sekundarschulen zusammenzufassen, mit eigenen Oberstufen auszustatten und dem Gymnasium gleichzustellen. Dieser Artikel zeichnet die wissenschaftliche und politische Diskussion zu diesem "Zwei-Wege-Modell". Die Analyse zeigt, dass nach anfänglicher vehementer Ablehnung im Zuge der Vereinigung der beiden deutschen Staaten eine schrittweise Annäherung an das Modell erfolgte. Die Gründe werden unter anderem in der Stärkung der international ausgerichteten empirischen Bildungsforschung und dem dadurch entstandenen Druck gesehen, Bildungsgerechtigkeit herzustellen. Hinzu kommen gestiegene Qualifikationsanforderungen sowie demografische Faktoren. Es wird die These vertreten, dass es sich hierbei um unumkehrbare Entwicklungstrends handelt und sich das Zwei-Wege-Modell mittelfristig in allen 16 Ländern durchsetzen wird.
Youth protest, sometimes accompanied by riots, in a number of
European countries over the last few years repeatedly trigger the question whether similar forms of protest can be expected in the near future from young people in Germany as well. While any, often spontaneous eruption of (violent) protest, can never be predicted with certainty, we argue, based on an analysis of the last Shell Youth Studies (cf. Shell Deutschland 2002, 2006, 2010), that it is rather unlikely to happen in Germany, indeed that if anything this likelihood has decreased over recent years. We identify three explanations for the – compared to a range of other European countries – striking acquiescence of the current young generation in Germany: 1. A range of institutions that keep young Germans in the education system until they finally find employment, 2. a strong culture of pragmatic individualism, and 3. a strong distrust of political parties.
Based on three in-depth case studies, the study analyzes how and why Chinese enterprises partner with governments in cooperative ventures which aim to simultaneously achieve poverty alleviation objectives and establish profitable business ventures in rural areas. The analysis draws out specific characteristics of three government-business partnerships in China, which vary in terms of governance structure, resource complementarity and incentives. The findings show that in this state capitalist system, outcomes of government-business partnerships depend on firms having unique resources and capabilities that serve particular policy objectives of the government. By the same token, in order to make partnerships attractive to firms, national and local governments must hold the keys to unique resources needed by enterprises looking to do business in low-income markets. The cases further illustrate that, in order to build and maintain successful government-business partnerships over time, the alignment of incentives plays an important role. In sum, complementary resources and well-aligned interests between firms and governments help to explain why some government-enterprise partnerships are more successful than others.
This paper analyzes the determinants of Chinese government support for methanol automobile fuel development. At the national level, a preference for low carbon alternatives, ongoing bureaucratic restructuring, and profitability concerns of the national oil companies (NOCs) help to explain a lack of support for methanol fuel. At the local level, a short-term and localized view of industry development explains why some governments actively promote methanol fuel through local standardization, subsidies, and management of NOC opposition. The case of methanol fuel illustrates how local governments with strong, embedded interests have filled in the national-level policy vacuum on this issue. These findings contribute to the ongoing debate on the evolving central–local relations in China and hold lessons for alternative fuel adoption efforts underway in many parts of the world.
Why do policies often seem to converge across countries at the same time? This question has been studied extensively in the diffusion literature. However, past research has not examined complex choice environments, especially where there are many alternatives. This article fills this gap in the literature. I show how Fine and Gray’s Competing Risks Event History Analysis can be used to tease apart the causes of policy convergence. I apply the method to an examination of the reasons why, from the mid-1990s to 2007, many countries created independent deposit insurers. I find an interaction between international recommendations and regional peers’ choices, particularly in the European Union. However, convergence appears to slow under the particular conditions of a banking crisis, regardless of how well independence is promoted. Possibly due to electoral incentives, democracies seem to have been more likely to create independent insurers. Ultimately, I demonstrate how competing risks analysis can help enable future research on policy choices, complementing methods previously applied in political economy.
Barriers to increasing energy efficiency: Evidence from small- and medium-sized enterprises in China
(2013)
This paper analyzes financial, informational and organizational barriers to energy efficiency investments for small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in China. Its findings are based on a survey of 480 SMEs in Zhejiang province, and complemented by semi-structured interviews with enterprises contained in the survey sample. Responses reveal that only a minority of SMEs in China actively perform energy saving activities at a significant level. The survey data suggest, further, that informational barriers are the core bottleneck inhibiting energy efficiency improvements in China's SME sector. Financial and organizational barriers also influence a company's energy saving activities, with interview-based evidence stronger than statistical evidence. The interviews point out three additional barriers to energy saving activities: the role of family ownership structures, lax enforcement of government regulations and the absence of government support as well as a lack of skilled labor. More than 40% of enterprises in the sample declared themselves unaware of energy saving equipment or practices in their respective business area, indicating that there are high transaction costs for SMEs to gather, assess, and apply information about energy saving potentials and relevant technologies. One policy implication of the study is that the Chinese government could play a more active role in fostering the dissemination of energy-efficiency related information in the SME sector.
With its recently published 12th Five-Year Plan (FYP, 2011–2015) China's leaders have set ambitious national environmental targets and goals for developing a more sustainable economy and society. Past records, however, show that ambitious goals and regulations too often fail due to shortcomings in local implementation and civil society participation. At the sub-national level, economic, political, and social interests continue to dictate the political agenda and the participation of non-state actors remains limited. This article analyses these implementation and participation gaps and reviews recent innovations and experiments to address these gaps in local environmental politics in China. Although many ongoing experiments and new institutional arrangements can be identified, these projects and initiatives remain limited in scope and geographical spread. Further advances in policy enforcement and in opening up policy design to citizens and other non-state actors at the local level are needed in order to turn the article ambitions of the 12th FYP into reality.
This paper analyses the career backgrounds of local government officials in provincial Environmental Protection Bureaus (EPBs) in China and explains the appointment patterns of Chinese EPB bureaucrats. Using biographical information of provincial EPB heads and drawing on fieldwork conducted in Shanxi Province and Inner Mongolia, this paper finds that only one-fourth of the provincial EPB heads were promoted through the bureau ranks within the EPBs, while the remaining three-fourths were appointed from positions outside the environment field. Further, nearly all EPB heads' professional backgrounds and associated networks can be clearly categorized as environmental, business, provincial government, or local government oriented. This paper delineates these four types of Chinese EPB leaders and explains why an awareness of the different professional orientations is critical to understanding environmental regulation and protection in China. These findings have implications for inferring the unique characteristics of a province's EPB leadership, the implementation capacities of provincial EPBs, and the appointment preferences of provincial leaders.
Quo Vadis SPD
(2013)
Analyse der verschiedenen Arten von Stiftungen und ihre Bedeutung für die Kinder- und Jugendhilfe
(2013)
Few would doubt that the conditions of governance have changed-and continue to change-as the early 21st century seems to enter a period of profound uncertainty. Yet, at the same time, the world seems alive with a cacophony of approaches-old and new-on how to improve governance and, ultimately, policy outcomes. This collection-the first in a series of annual editions-seeks to address the implications of the current state of the world in terms of "good governance", i.e. the effective, efficient, and reliable set of legitimate institutions and actors dedicated to dealing with matters of public concern, be it in the field of financial markets (the focus of this edition), health care, security, or migration, and across local, national and international levels. Researchers at The Hertie School of Governance (Berlin, Germany) and other experts examine the current state of governance challenges and innovations from a variety of inter-disciplinary perspectives. This edition features a special set of chapters on the challenges of financial and fiscal governance, the tradeoffs faced by governance actors, and the new arrangements that have emerged or are required to not only address the ongoing crisis but also ensure greater stability into the future. This special section is complemented by chapters introducing basic concepts and models; exploring other global challenges and the reasons behind seemingly lackluster responses to them and highlighting the need for responsible sovereignty; conceptualizing governance innovation and introducing key examples; and assessing existing indicators of governance, while proposing a new framework for collecting, interpreting and applying governance-related information.
The Governance Report 2013
(2013)
his Report is about the state of governance. Few would doubt that the conditions of governance have changed — and continue to change — as the early 21st century seems to enter a period of profound uncertainty. Yet, at the same time, the world seems alive with a cacophony of approaches — old and new — on how to improve governance and, ultimately, policy outcomes. This Report — the first in a series of annual editions produced by the Hertie School of Governance — seeks to address the implications of the current state of the world in terms of "good governance", that is, the effective, efficient, and reliable set of legitimate institutions and actors dedicated to dealing with matters of public concern, be it in the field of financial markets, health care, security, or migration, and across local, national, and international levels. Following an introduction that offers a framework of basic concepts and models, The Governance Report 2013 then goes on to explore a number of global challenges and the reasons behind seemingly lacklustre responses and highlight the need for responsible sovereignty; examine in depth the challenges of financial and fiscal governance with a focus on the trade-offs and ways to address them; analyse key governance innovations and their potential for success; and assess existing indicators of governance, while proposing a new framework for collecting, interpreting, and applying governance-related information. The findings lead to a set of concrete proposals on the way ahead.
Few would doubt that the conditions of governance have changed-and continue to change-as the early 21st century seems to enter a period of profound uncertainty. Yet, at the same time, the world seems alive with a cacophony of approaches-old and new-on how to improve governance and, ultimately, policy outcomes. This collection-the first in a series of annual editions-seeks to address the implications of the current state of the world in terms of "good governance", i.e. the effective, efficient, and reliable set of legitimate institutions and actors dedicated to dealing with matters of public concern, be it in the field of financial markets (the focus of this edition), health care, security, or migration, and across local, national and international levels. Researchers at The Hertie School of Governance (Berlin, Germany) and other experts examine the current state of governance challenges and innovations from a variety of inter-disciplinary perspectives. This edition features a special set of chapters on the challenges of financial and fiscal governance, the tradeoffs faced by governance actors, and the new arrangements that have emerged or are required to not only address the ongoing crisis but also ensure greater stability into the future. This special section is complemented by chapters introducing basic concepts and models; exploring other global challenges and the reasons behind seemingly lackluster responses to them and highlighting the need for responsible sovereignty; conceptualizing governance innovation and introducing key examples; and assessing existing indicators of governance, while proposing a new framework for collecting, interpreting and applying governance-related information
The environment of national agencies has changed considerably in recent years as they increasingly become engaged in European Union networks. This article contributes to a growing body of literature on those networks and their effect on executive politics at the national level by asking whether and how the EU involvement of national agencies affects the agencies' autonomy in policy formulation. We develop an analytical model for explaining the effect of EU involvement on agency autonomy. Analyzing data from a comprehensive survey of federal agencies in Germany, we find that EU involvement has a positive effect on national agencies' policy autonomy. Moreover, we find a somewhat stronger effect of agency involvement in sectoral networks on autonomy than in intergovernmental networks, which is attributed to information asymmetries between ministries and agencies. Yet this effect is weaker than initially expected, which can be explained by a considerable degree of overlap between different types of EU involvement.
Countries in Northwestern Europe, including Belgium, report cohort fertility levels of close to two children per woman; whereas Central European countries, such as Germany, have levels of around 1.6 children. In seeking to explain these differences, some scholars have stressed the role of the social policy context, while others have pointed to variation in fertility-related social norms. But because these influences are interdependent, it is difficult to isolate their effects on fertility trends. This study attempts to disentangle these two factors by drawing on a quasi-natural experiment. After World War I Germany was compelled to cede the Eupen–Malmedy territory to Belgium. The population of this region has retained its German linguistic identity, but has been subject to Belgian social policies. We examine whether the fertility trends in this German-speaking region of Belgium follow the Belgian or the German pattern. Our findings indicate that they generally resemble the Belgian pattern. This suggests that institutional factors are important for understanding the current fertility differences in Western Europe.
In Partnerschaft mit dem Bundesministerium des Innern (BMI) und weiteren Partnern veranstaltete Wegweiser im Juni 2013 erstmals den Zukunftskongress Staat & Verwaltung. Im Vorfeld wurde die Studie Zukunftspanel 2013 zum Zukunftskongress Staat & Verwaltung durchgeführt, eine Weiterentwicklung des jährlichen Monitoring E-Government & Verwaltungsmodernisierung Deutschland, das seit mittlerweile mehr als zehn Jahren als einzige kontinuierliche Befragung den Fortschritt sowie die Trends, Perspektiven und Herausforderungen der Verwaltungsmodernisierung in Deutschland erhebt.
- Das Zukunftspanel analysiert bei nahezu allen Verwaltungen in Bund, Ländern und Kommunen den Status quo, erzielte Erfolge und zukünftige Herausforderungen der Verwaltungsreform und Digitalisierung der Verwaltung
- Es erfasst – im Vorfeld des Zukunftskongresses Staat & Verwaltung 2013 – konkrete Fortschritte bei der Verwaltungsmodernisierung
- Es identifiziert Erfolgsprojekte, die zur Übertragung und Nachahmung anregen sollen
- Es beschleunigt die Diskussion um drängende Modernisierungs- und Sanierungsmaßnahmen in Staat und Verwaltung
Das Zukunftspanel Staat & Verwaltung wird von der Wegweiser GmbH Berlin Research & Strategy in Zusammenarbeit mit der Hertie School of Governance durchgeführt.(Quelle: Wegweiser.de)
Stetig neue Anforderungen an die Leistungsfähigkeit und gleichzeitig steigender Kostendruck sind bereits seit Jahrzehnten die zentralen Herausforderungen öffentlicher Verwaltungen und Auslöser von Veränderungen. Im Hinblick auf Erfolg versprechende Lösungen und Maßnahmen zeichnet sich dabei in den letzten Jahren allerdings eine interessante Schwerpunktverschiebung ab: bei den derzeitigen Reformdiskussionen in Europa stehen vor allem die Verbesserung sowie neue Formen der Zusammenarbeit und Koordination im Vordergrund. Zwei aktuelle Studien bestätigen hierbei einen klaren Handlungsbedarf in Deutschland.
Recent decades have seen a range of public sector reforms, focusing on diverse aspects. Some of these reforms have had a structural dimension and include privatisation, downsizing and outsourcing, while others have focused on aspects such as improving access and transparency, collaboration, and innovation. This contribution explores how public sector executives rate administrative reforms in their country on a number of dimensions. It presents preliminary findings from an academic survey among 3,173 top public sector executives in 10 European countries.
Based on an executive survey this article analyses the extent to which a new managerial logic has replaced traditional administrative values and identity in Austria. We do not find any strong evidence of a new managerial logic but rather modifications, local translations and the emergence of a hybrid identity.
This country report summarizes the findings from the COCOPS survey in Germany and aims to systematically map German experiences with administrative reform and performance management from a top executive perspective. It is based on answers from 566 public sector executives and separately describes the results for central government (both federal and Länder) as well as for the employment and health sector and also includes comparisons with the overall COCPS survey with 4814 answers from 10 European countries. The results of this executive survey confirm both an ongoing relevance of the legalistic Weberian tradition and a more incrementalist approach to public administration in Germany , but also bring a more nuanced image of the administrative reform introduced and implemented in Germany. The results show interesting differences at policy sector level and in particular a significantly higher adoption and institutionalization of performance management as well as a stronger reform intensity in the employment sector along with a significantly more positive assessment of these reforms. The data also indicate that a higher adoption of management instruments goes a long with a more positive assessment of administrative performance and – contrary to the common assumption – does not have a negative impact on factors such as work satisfaction, social capital and organizational commitment. From an international comparative perspective administrative we find evidence for a rather similar reform agenda with most other European countries but also a more hesitant adoption –
especially of performance management – in Germany.
Schwerpunkt Gerechtigkeit
Neben den bewährten Themen Familie, Schule, Freunde und Freizeit ist das Schwerpunktthema der World Vision Kinderstudie 2013 das Thema Gerechtigkeit. Die Kinder wurden befragt, was Gerechtigkeit für sie überhaupt ist und ob und wo sie sich gerecht oder ungerecht behandelt fühlen. Erhoben wurden die Antworten zum einen wieder über eine quantitative Studie, bei der die Kinder von Interviewerinnen und Interviewern einen Fragebogen mit 60 Fragen vorgelegt bekamen, den sie in etwa 30 Minuten beantworteten. Dies ist der erste Teil der Studie. Zum anderen gab es wieder einen qualitativen Teil, in dem 12 Kinder in Tiefeninterviews und mit kindgerechten Methoden zu ihren Lebenswelten befragt wurden. Daraus entstanden 12 Kinderporträts, die den zweiten Teil der Studie füllen.
(Verlagsangabe)
Ein Studium ist nichts Besonderes mehr. Viele Berufe können nur noch mit einem akademischen Abschluss ausgeübt werden. Wird sich dieser Trend fortsetzen – und mit welchen Folgen für den Wert verschiedener Bildungswege? Wissenschaftler und Publizisten, Studenten und Lehrer, Vertreter der Wirtschaft und der Gewerkschaften ergreifen Partei: für oder gegen eine Gesellschaft, in der Akademiker immer wichtiger werden.
The chapter situates governance innovations within the broad innovation literature. It offers a multi-dimensional concept of innovations; reviews causes and conditions for innovation such as innovator characteristics and innovation systems; highlights the interdependent relationship between innovation and isomorphism; and identifies the main characteristics of innovations in the realm of governance. Our engagement with the literature reveals seven propositions and hypotheses that can guide research on governance innovations in the future.
Deutschland ist ein Wohlfahrtsstaat, bei dem traditionell die Familie im Zentrum steht. Viele staatliche Leistungen, wie Kindergeld und Elterngeld, fließen den Familien direkt zu. Dennoch ist der Anteil von Familien, die in relativer Armut leben, im internationalen Vergleich hoch, und der Bildungserfolg von Kindern hängt eng mit der sozialen Lage der Eltern zusammen. Dieses Buch greift die Debatte über ein Betreuungsgeld auf und fragt grundsätzlich: Welche Staatshilfen brauchen Eltern und Kinder wirklich? Wohin soll das Geld fließen?
Heute Generation Praktikum – morgen Generation Altersarmut? Vom Verhalten der jungen Generation hängt es ab, ob die auf eine frühe Eigenvorsorge setzenden Rentenreformen der letzten Jahre Erfolg haben werden oder nicht. Macht die junge Generation den eingeleiteten Systemwechsel mit? Die vom Versorgungswerk MetallRente beauftragte Studie macht deutlich, dass die neuen Anforderungen der Altersvorsorge in deutlichem Widerspruch zur Lebensplanung junger Menschen stehen.