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How Children See Well-Being, Poverty, and Justice: The Focus of the Third World Vision Child Study
(2017)
School plays a major role in the daily lives of 6- to 11-year-olds—and not just in terms of the time spent there and the structuring of the day through school attendance. It also imposes completely new social and intellectual demands on children, because they now have a range of different things to learn, and they need to acquire not only knowledge but also basic competencies such as reading, writing, and arithmetic. School admission also marks the beginning of a new phase of life in a new community in which children first have to find and claim their place. This is because school is a social location in which children can meet their friends and forge new friendships. Hence, alongside confronting them with the actual contents of learning, it also places greater demands on children’s abilities to socialize and adapt to their surroundings while simultaneously coming to terms with new spatial conditions. Put briefly, school has many facets for children, and for each individual child, school admission is accompanied not only by opportunities, scopes for making new discoveries, and new chances but also by constraints, disappointments, and trials to be mastered. School becomes an increasingly important life space for childhood experience.
Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Relevanz makro-struktureller Merkmale für die Gesundheit und sozioökonomische Ungleichheit in der Gesundheit von Jugendlichen in hochentwickelten Wohlfahrtsstaaten. Datenbasis ist die internationale "Health Behaviour in School-aged Child-ren (HBSC)"-Studie 2005/06. Sie umfasst 11- bis 15-jährige Jugendliche in 27 europäischen und nordamerikanischen Länder (n=134.632), die in fünf Wohlfahrtsstaatsregimes (sozialde-mokratisch, konservativ, liberal, süd- und osteuropäisch) zusammengefasst wurden. In hierar-chischen Regressionsmodellen wurden für die psychosomatische Beschwerdelast als gesund-heitliche Zielgrößee individuelle (familiärer Wohlstand) und makro-strukturelle Determinanten (Einkommensungleichheit, Ausgaben für das Gesundheitssystem, Regime-Dummies) unter Kontrolle des nationalen Wohlstands analysiert. Im liberalen Regime und damit in Ländern mit hoher Einkommensungleichheit fallen die Beschwerderate und sozioökonomische Un-gleichheiten in der Beschwerdelast am höchsten aus. Der gesellschaftliche Wohlstand und die Ausgaben für das Gesundheitssystem sind dagegen nicht mit den Beschwerden assoziiert
This paper reviews life course approaches applied in epidemiology, sociology and psychology and proposes a theoretical framework that integrates the concept of socialisation. We argue that the paradigmatic principles of interdisciplinary life course research (human agency, timing in lives, linked lives and historical context) provide a strong basis for a more holistic and theory-driven view of the life course and its interdependent pathways. The ´agency within structure´ paradigm on which these principles are based is an essential part of socialisation theory. We emphasize that socialisation theory has the potential to act as a theoretical link between social science and epidemiology, because it offers a multi-causal framework to illuminate the association between social structure and health across the life course. In order to better understand the development of health and health inequalities in a life course perspective, an interdisciplinary approach is required. The increased attention to socialisation principles might open new dialogue and empirical research perspectives for health sociology and epidemiology. Keywords: ageing, health, life course, social inequalities, socialisation theory
Objectives
Little is known about the impact of recessions on young people’s socioeconomic inequalities in health. This study investigates the impact of the economic recession in terms of youth unemployment on socioeconomic inequalities in psychological health complaints among adolescents across Europe and North America.
Methods
Data from the WHO collaborative ‘Health Behaviour in School-aged Children’ (HBSC) study were collected in 2005/06 (N = 160,830) and 2009/10 (N = 166,590) in 31 European and North American countries. Logistic multilevel models were used to assess the contribution of youth unemployment in 2009/10 (enduring recession) and the change in youth unemployment (2005–2010) to adolescent psychological health complaints and socioeconomic inequalities in complaints in 2009/10.
Results
Youth unemployment during the recession is positively related to psychological health complaints, but not to inequalities in complaints. Changes in youth unemployment (2005–2010) were not associated with adolescents’ psychological health complaints, whereas greater inequalities in complaints were found in countries with greater increases in youth unemployment.
Conclusions
This study highlights the need to tackle the impact of increasing unemployment on adolescent health and health inequalities during economic recessions.
Die Studie gibt Aufschluss darüber, wie Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene über das Geld von heute und die Rente von morgen denken. Sie macht eindringlich klar: Die nachhaltige Alterssicherung ist in Gefahr – und zwar nicht nur in Deutschland.
Wer heute in das Berufsleben eintritt, soll sich vom ersten Tag an um seine Alterssicherung kümmern. Wer das nicht tut, ist später von Altersarmut bedroht. Wohl noch nie stand eine junge Generation so stark im Spannungsfeld von eigener Verantwortung und staatlicher Regulierung.
Die Studie gibt Aufschluss darüber, welche Einstellungen Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene zu Vorsorge und Finanzthemen haben. Ergänzt wird sie durch Beiträge europäischer Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler. Sie analysieren die Lösungsansätze in verschiedenen Ländern und machen eindringlich klar: Nicht nur in Deutschland ist die nachhaltige Alterssicherung in Gefahr.
Jugend und Politik
(2016)
Selten wird ein Thema seit Ende der 1990er Jahre so intensiv diskutiert wie die politische Bildung und Beteiligung von Jugendlichen. Seither wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche Möglichkeiten der politischen Partizipation Jugendlichen eingeräumt werden sollen. Die ‚Bilanzierung‘ und ‚Perspektiven‘ der politischen Bildung und Beteiligung Jugendlicher bilden den Schwerpunkt des Bandes, um sowohl das Verhältnis Jugendlicher zur Politik heute neu zu bestimmen als auch einen systematischen Vergleich vorzunehmen und damit weitere Impulse für die Entwicklung der künftigen Jugendpolitik zu gewinnen.
This study aims to determine whether educational differentiation (i.e. early and long tracking to different school types) relate to socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent smoking. Data were collected from the WHO-Collaborative 'Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC)' study 2005/2006, which included 48,025 15-year-old students (Nboys = 23,008, Ngirls = 25,017) from 27 European and North American countries. Socioeconomic position was measured using the HBSC family affluence scale. Educational differentiation was determined by the number of different school types, age of selection, and length of differentiated curriculum at the country-level. We used multilevel logistic regression to assess the association of daily smoking and early smoking initiation predicted by family affluence, educational differentiation, and their interactions. Socioeconomic inequalities in both smoking outcomes were larger in countries that are characterised by a lower degree of educational differentiation (e.g. Canada, Scandinavia and the United Kingdom) than in countries with higher levels of educational differentiation (e.g. Austria, Belgium, Hungary and The Netherlands). This study found that high educational differentiation does not relate to greater relative inequalities in smoking. Features of educational systems are important to consider as they are related to overall prevalence in smoking and smoking inequalities in adolescence.