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Field Experiments
(2015)
Field experiments are experiments in settings with high degrees of naturalism. This article describes different types of field experiments, including randomized field trials, randomized rollout designs, encouragement designs, downstream field experiments, hybrid lab-field experiments, and covert population experiments, and discusses their intellectual background and benefits. It also lists methodological challenges researchers can encounter when conducting field experiments, including failure to treat, selective attrition, spillover, difficulty of replication, and black box causality, and discusses available solutions. Finally, it provides an overview over current and emerging directions in field experimentation and concludes with a brief history of field experiments.
The norm of non-refoulement is at the heart of the international protection of refugees yet there remains a lack of consensus as to its status. In this contribution, we examine the question whether it has attained the status of a jus cogens norm. Adopting the methodology of ‘custom plus’ we first examine whether non-refoulement has attained the status of custom, concluding that widespread state practice and opinio juris underpin the view that it is clearly a norm of customary international law. Moreover, much of this evidence also leads to the conclusion that it is ripe for recognition as a norm of jus cogens, due to its universal, non-derogatory character. In other words, it is a norm accepted and recognised by the international community of states as a whole as a norm from which no derogation is permitted. The chapter then examines the consequences for its recognition as jus cogens, exploring some of the many ways in which jus cogens status may have meaningful implications for the norm of non-refoulement.
In this chapter I illustrate, that immigration law, the immigration process and labour market structures may interact to create vulnerability to forced labour, drawing on empirical studies in the UK. Section II begins with some reflection on labour law’s autonomy. Section III seeks to clarify ‘forced labour’. I examine in turn the binary between ‘free’ and ‘unfree’ labour in political economy, and the notion of a continuum from free labour to the ultimate form of unfreedom, slavery. While both the binary and continuum approaches are illuminating, neither approach entirely befits the legal task of identifying the human rights violation that is forced labour. The distinct legal labels of ‘slavery’, ‘servitude’ and ‘forced labour’ are legal concepts embodying distinctive institutional forms of work relation. This part also explores how prohibitions on trafficking, in contrast, introduce a distinctive, potentially distortive focus on migration control and criminalization into this field. In light of the preceding discussion, Section IV examines how the migration process and immigration law create fertile conditions for forced labour. Some features of immigration law, such as precarious and irregular migration status are liable to increase dependency in work relations, which can induce domination. However, this part also considers how those with secure migration status, namely EU citizens in the UK, are also vulnerable to forced labour. In light of this analysis, Section V then critiques the current legal responses to forced labour. These responses should be of concern to labour lawyers, as they obscure general labour rights concerns, and the regulatory conditions that are fertile for forced labour. The UK exemplifies the tendency to obscure labour law concerns, with a Bill on ‘modern slavery’ going through Parliament at the time of writing, proposing life sentences for those convicted of human trafficking, slavery, forced labour and domestic servitude. The criminal approach focuses on the outcome (the forced labour itself), rather than understanding the laws, practices and regulatory gaps that set up the vulnerability to forced labour. Accordingly, I contrast this criminal law approach with the labour law approach, taking into account the 2014 Protocol to the ILO Convention on Forced Labour. A third approach focuses on human rights law. As currently interpreted, the human rights approach is parasitic on the criminal law approach. I argue that a more progressive (ie orthodox labour law) interpretation of human rights law on forced labour is appropriate and necessary. A labour law approach should ideally entail three main elements, which are briefly sketched here. First, it should insulate labour rights from migration status. Secondly, it should regulate labour intermediaries. Thirdly, it should develop better collective and institutional protections for labour rights. Evidently this is not labour law as we find it in the UK today. However, the evidence of extreme labour exploitation and forced labour demands an urgent revisitation of the norms and institutions of labour law.
La educación contemporánea está cada vez más vinculada a las fuerzas económicas globales, y, en esta medida, los sistemas educativos que tratan de influirse mutuamente se enfrentan de modo inevitable a importantes tensiones debidas a las distintas tradiciones, políticas y estructuras formales. Trayectorias del desarrollo de los sistemas educativos modernos ofrece una exhaustiva crítica teórica y empírica de los movimientos de reforma que pretenden homogeneizar la escuela en todo el mundo. Estos detallados estudios de casos, asentados en el conocimiento histórico y sociológico de diversas naciones y épocas, desvelan cómo y por qué las agendas convergentes y de gran envergadura chocan con las políticas institucionales, las prácticas y los currículos específicos. En contra de los modelos teóricos actuales que no consiguen abordar las potenciales presiones nacidas de esas exigentes evoluciones isomorfas, este libro esclarece las peculiaridades culturales idiosincrásicas que producen y, a la vez, problematizan los esfuerzos globales de reforma, y aporta una nueva forma de entender el currículo como manifestación de la identidad nacional.
As contemporary education becomes increasingly tied to global economic power, national school systems attempting to influence one another inevitably confront significant tensions caused by differences in heritage, politics, and formal structures. Trajectories in the Development of Modern School Systems provides a comprehensive theoretical and empirical critique of the reform movements that seek to homogenize schooling around the world. Informed by historical and sociological insight into a variety of nations and eras, these in-depth case studies reveal how and why sweeping, convergent reform agendas clash with specific institutional policies, practices, and curricula. Countering current theoretical models which fail to address the potential pressures born from these challenging isomorphic developments, this book illuminates the cultural idiosyncrasies that both produce and problematize global reform efforts and offers a new way of understanding curriculum as a manifestation of national identity.
Luxembourg has a well differentiated and highly complex national vocational training system. Like many other countries, Luxembourg has a binary secondary education system, consisting of the largely institutionally separate areas of classical general education (secondaire générale) and rather more practical vocational training (secondaire technique). In the school year 2012–2013, there were 12,958 pupils enrolled in general secondary education (33%) and 26,627 in technical secondary education (67%).
In the Luxembourg vocational education system at least four different qualifications can be distinguished; these are associated with very different possibilities for routes to subsequent education, such as access to higher education or training as a master craftsman. As compared to the other options, the régime technique provides the best opportunity to start university studies or, after one year of vocational training, to begin to train as a master craftsman. Of particular interest at the moment is the 2008 reform of vocational training, which is being implemented in stages between 2010 and 2015 and which is focusing more on skills and work processes, providing a more modular structure to the training and a more systematic combination of on-the-job- and school-based learning phases.
International influences on the Luxembourg vocational training system are visible at different levels: first, the Luxembourg system itself contains elements of the dual German system and the more school-orientated and predominantly state-organised French system. Secondly, international cooperation with neighbouring countries – especially cross-border dual training – is essential because of the country's small size and the small number of qualified vocational trainers. Thirdly, the predominantly German-speaking Luxembourg vocational training system faces major challenges because of the high proportion of immigrants. It is clear that the Luxembourg system contains a certain degree of 'mix-and-match' of different elements and educational principles, which contribute to the strong separation between different pathways in secondary education.
The vocational and practical training must not be a dead end for academically talented but linguistically disadvantaged pupils with an immigrant background, nor must vocational training be educationally unattractive for practically inclined and talented Luxembourgers for reasons of prestige. In order to formulate appropriate solutions in the context of these inequality-related problems, more international comparative research seems inevitable.
An additional area for in-depth analysis is assessing the impact of the reform of 2008 on vocational training. Currently, it is not clear what lies behind a number of potentially problematic developments within the system. For example, there needs to be discussion on whether the modularisation measures have led to an unintended fragmentation of vocational training, which would be contrary to the principles and uniformity of the various professions. In this context, there is also the question of how the number of modules could be reduced.
Does the remedy jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights do enough for media freedom?
(2015)
Der Beitrag bietet drei Erklärungen für die Prognose, dass es gemäß den Erkenntnissen der letzten Shell-Jugendstudien auf absehbare Zeit in Deutschland nicht zu breit angelegten Jugendprotesten kommen wird: Erstens, die Verfügbarkeit von bildungs- und sozialpolitischen Institutionen, die benachteiligte Jugendliche im Bildungssystem halten, bis diese schließlich eine Beschäftigung finden, und dadurch teilweise politischen Druck abbauen. Zweitens, die stark ausgeprägte Kultur des pragmatischen Individualismus, die bei der jungen Generation wenig Raum für traditionelle politische Betätigungen lässt. Drittens, die distanzierte Haltung gegenüber den traditionellen politischen Parteien, die ein grundsätzlich durchaus vorhandenes Interesse an politischer Beteiligung nicht zum Zuge kommen lässt.
The interest of social science, media, and policymakers for corruption has exploded after 1990 due to increasing evidence that corruption is accountable for poor growth and chronic underdevelopment. This had impressive policy consequences: by 2012, no less than 161 state parties had adopted the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), which was put into force on 14 December 2005. This article discusses the various conceptualizations of corruption as an individual behavior as well as a governance regime (particularism), the evolution of Western thought until the adoption of ethical universalism as universal governance norm (with UNCAC) and the performance of countries in establishing control of
corruption in historical and contemporary times.
The purpose of the chapter is to show how European integration has influenced Polish foreign policy after the accession and it does so by using the Europeanisation approach. The first section addresses the methodological challenges regarding the application of the Europeanisation concept for studying national foreign policies and gives an insight into the state of the art concerning the empirical studies on Polish diplomacy. The second section examines the EU’s impact on Polish diplomacy within the case study of the policy towards the eastern neighbours and identifies factors which played a role by re-shaping Polish diplomacy after the accession. The final section summarises the findings and deals with the question of how European Polish foreign policy became and what the reasons were for the change within this particular case study.
Welfare and Education
(2015)
This essay provides a condensed summary of major findings in trends in maternal and paternal employment patterns. Key theoretical concepts (such as cultural approaches, welfare state approaches, preference theory, economic approaches, and life course theory) are briefly summarized. The increase in maternal employment rates in most European countries, and the extent to which this increase has been related to growth in part-time and marginal employment, are also discussed. In studying the dynamics of the employment behavior of mothers, empirical researchers have mainly looked at the amount of time it takes for women to return to work after childbirth. While these studies often capture only a snapshot of the life course—namely, the period between childbirth and labor market reentry—new approaches (so-called sequence analyses) that map the lifetime employment patterns of women have been developed. The analysis of the employment patterns of fathers is an emerging field of research as well. However, little is known so far about how fatherhood affects men's lifetime employment patterns, and how paternal employment varies in different cultural and social policy contexts.
Lebens- und Familienformen
(2015)
In diesem Band präsentieren die Herausgebenden das Forschungsgebiet der Bevölkerungssoziologie. Mit unterschiedlichen Fragestellungen der Bevölkerungssoziologie befasste Autoren und Autorinnen tragen durch ihre Beiträge dazu bei. Nach einem ausführlichen Überblick über die in der Bevölkerungssoziologie gängigen Themen, Theorien und Daten werden die Bereiche Fertilität, Familie und Lebensformen, Migration und Mobilität sowie Mortalität, Morbidität und Pflege vorgestellt. Abschließend folgt eine Erörterung des gesellschaftlichen Umgangs mit demographischem Wandel.
Damit richtet sich das Handbuch Bevölkerungssoziologie an ein breites Publikum, das Studierende, Wissenschaftler und Wissenschaftlerinnen, Politiker und Politikerinnen wie auch die interessierte Öffentlichkeit umfasst.
Dieses Lexikon ist ein interdisziplinäres Nachschlagewerk mit fast 2.000 Stichworten aus den Bereichen Methodologie, qualitative und quantitative Methoden sowie Statistik. Forschungspraktische Themen werden ebenso behandelt wie die Grundlagen der empirischen Sozialforschung. Die Methoden in den Einzeldisziplinen werden in Langartikeln systematisch präsentiert. Über 100 MethodikerInnen aus der Soziologie, der Politikwissenschaft, den Kommunikations- und Medienwissenschaften, der Geschichtswissenschaft, der Ethnologie und Kulturanthropologie, der Sozialpsychologie, den Erziehungswissenschaften, den Gesundheitswissenschaften sowie der Sozial- und Kulturgeographie haben zu dem Lexikon beigetragen. Es dient für Studium und Forschung, aber auch für die Praxis in sozialwissenschaftlichen Berufsfeldern als Wissensgrundlage.
Die Deutschen werden älter, bunter und weniger. Auf das Älter- und Bunterwerden darf man sich freuen. Das Wenigerwerden dagegen setzt das Wirtschafts- und Sozialsystem verschiedenen dramatischen Verwerfungen, Spannungen und Verteilungskämpfen aus, die es in der deutschen Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte bisher in diesem Umfang noch nicht gab. Aber diese Gefahren werden bislang von der deutschen Politik, von den Medien und von der Öffentlichkeit nach Kräften ignoriert. Führende Wissenschaftler mit internationalem Renommee rücken aus unterschiedlicher Perspektive diese drohenden Verwerfungen in ein dringend nötiges Rampenlicht. Als größtes Manko wird die Diskrepanz zwischen dem Ausmaß des Problems und seiner Wahrnehmung in Öffentlichkeit und Politik diagnostiziert. Der Appell der Beiträger und Herausgeber zielt darauf ab, schon jetzt mit dem Abfedern der sich aufbauenden Spannungen zu beginnen und nicht weiter wie gehabt mit Scheuklappen und Volldampf auf eine demografische Implosions-Katastrophe zuzusteuern.
This article deals with the availability of large-scale data for demographic analysis. The main sources of data that demographers work with are censuses data, microcensus data, population registers, other administrative data, survey data, and big data. Data of this kind can be used to generate demographic rates and study demographic processes, such as family formation, marriage, divorce, residential mobility, and death. The advantages and pitfalls of different types of data are summarized.
Fully revised and updated, the second edition of the International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, first published in 2001, offers a source of social and behavioral sciences reference material that is broader and deeper than any other. Available in both print and online editions, it comprises over 3,900 articles, commissioned by 71 Section Editors, and includes 90,000 bibliographic references as well as comprehensive name and subject indexes.
Fully revised and updated, the second edition of the International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, first published in 2001, offers a source of social and behavioral sciences reference material that is broader and deeper than any other. Available in both print and online editions, it comprises over 3,900 articles, commissioned by 71 Section Editors, and includes 90,000 bibliographic references as well as comprehensive name and subject indexes.
European cities are contributing to the development of a more sustainable urban system that is capable of coping with economic crises, ecological challenges and social disparities in different nation-states and regions throughout Europe.
This book reveals in a pluralistic way how European cities are generating new approaches to their sustainable development, and the special contribution of culture to these processes. It addresses both a deficit of attention to small and medium-sized cities in the framework of European sustainable development, and an underestimation of the role of culture, artistic expression and creativity for integrated development of the city as a prerequisite to urban sustainability. On the basis of a broad collection of case studies throughout Europe, representing a variety of regionally specific cultural models of sustainable development, the book investigates how participative culture, community arts, and more generally, creativity of civic imagination are conducive to the goal of a sustainable future of small and medium-sized cities.
This is an essential volume for researchers and postgraduate students in urban studies, cultural studies, cultural geography and urban sociology as well as for policymakers and practitioners wanting to understand the specificity of European cities as hubs of innovation, creativity and artistic industriousness.
We are experiencing one of those rare moments in history when subterranean politics 'bubbles up' to the surface. The demonstrations, occupations and new political initiatives that emerged across Europe in 2011 and 2012 struck a chord in public opinion in a way that has not been true of the protests and social movements arising over the last decade. This has caused ripples of discomfort in established institutions, challenging dominant ways of thinking and unsettling normal assumptions about how politics is done. Based on a multi-disciplinary, collaborative research project carried out across Europe, and from the team responsible for the landmark Global Civil Society yearbooks, this volume investigates why this is occurring now, whether the current eruptions are different to previous periods of political upheaval, and what they tell us about the future of the European project.
The 2005 UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions provides an international policy lens for analysing broad debates on issues of cultural globalization and development. The interdisciplinary contributions in this volume offer a fresh understanding of these key issues whilst examining cultural globalization, which is conceived in terms of artistic expressions and entertainment industries and interpreted anthropologically as the rituals, symbols, and practices of everyday life. The broad gamut of theories, methods, and evidence collected by the editors outlines UNESCO's accomplishments, shortcomings, and future policy prospects. This edited collection has a clear message: The Convention is a useful and important instrument in the debate on cultural diversity, but not broad enough or sufficient to confront major challenges concerning human rights, sustainability, and cultural diversity as a whole.
Media is an integral part of the contemporary social world. As an object and subject of social science disciplines, media and mass media are defined, theorized, and approached in a multitude of ways depending on the discipline and question guiding the research. Mass media has a long history whose trajectory has made it a major factor in influencing and shaping society. The shape of media, and thus of society, is constituted by and reconstitutes the social and political contexts of any given temporal or social moment as it relates to the social systems and media infrastructure coinciding with it.
Public Policy
(2015)