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“Hashjacking” the Debate: Polarisation Strategies of Germany’s Political Far-Right on Twitter
(2019)
Twitter is a digital forum for political discourse. The emergence of phenomena like fake news and hate speech has shown that political discourse on micro-blogging can become strongly polarised by algorithmic enforcement of selective perception. Recent findings suggest that some political actors might employ strategies to actively facilitate polarisation on Twitter. With a network approach, we examine the case of the German far-right party Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) and their potential use of a “hashjacking” strategy (The use of someone else’s hashtag in order to promote one’s own social media agenda.). Our findings suggest that right-wing politicians (and their supporters/retweeters) actively and effectively polarise the discourse not just by using their own party hashtags, but also by “hashjacking” the political party hashtags of other established parties. The results underline the necessity to understand the success of right-wing parties, online and in elections, not entirely as a result of external effects (e.g. migration), but as a direct consequence of their digital political communication strategy.
Öffentliche Kinderbetreuung und individuelle Fertilitätsentscheidungen in Deutschland und Schweden
(2004)
In starkem Kontrast zu anderen Wissenschaftsnationen hat Deutschland bis vor kurzem kaum Public Policy Schools hervorgebracht. Damit gemeint sind universitäre Einrichtungen, die in der Forschung interdisziplinär und anwendungsorientiert ausgerichtet sind und in der Lehre vornehmlich postgraduelle Abschlüsse anbieten. Zwar gibt es seit der Jahrtausendwende Neugründungen – denken wir an die Hertie School of Governance, die NRW School of Governance oder die Willy-Brand-School of Governance an der Universität Erfurt, die Hochschule für Politik an der Technischen Universität München und in gewisser Hinsicht auch seit längerem die Universität für Verwaltungswissenschaften Speyer – aber es sind letztlich doch wenige im Vergleich zu den zahlreichen Einrichtungen in den USA, Kanada und Großbritannien.
Zum Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgerichts vom 12 September 2012 über den ESM- und den Fiskalvertrag
(2013)
Die Förderung von Forschung und Lehre durch nicht-staatliche Stiftungen und Zuwendungen nimmt zu. Sie ist unverzichtbar, aber umstritten, denn Wissenschaftsförderung ist bei uns eine öffentliche Aufgabe, hauptsächlich in staatlicher Regie. In diesem Band werden deren Ausmaß und Formen, Effektivität und Innovationskraft zivilgesellschaftlicher Wissenschaftsförderung im historischen Überblick, im historischen Vergleich und an konkreten Beispielen diskutiert.
Zivilgesellschaft
(2007)
Rund 3.000 Bewohner Frankfurts und des Rhein-Main-Gebiets wurden nach ihren Lebensbedingungen und ihrer Lebenszufriedenheit befragt, und das Ergebnis ist so spannend wie die gesamte Region: Die Hertie-Studie FrankfurtRheinMain 2010 zeichnet ein vielschichtiges und lesenswertes Bild von der Lebensqualität zwischen Aschaffenburg und Mainz, Darmstadt und Gießen. Dabei schreibt sie die erfolgreiche und vieldiskutierte Hertie-Berlin-Studie 2009 fort und erweitert diese Stadtstudie neuen Typs um regionale Fragestellungen: Was verbindet Frankfurt mit dem Umland? Wie blickt die Region auf die Mainmetropole? Was eint die Menschen, was trennt sie? Spiegelt das Rhein-Main-Gebiet in der Wahrnehmung der Menschen Lebensrealität wider oder ist diese Region ein Konstrukt?
Contrary to conventional wisdom, even Xi Jinping, who is often depicted in the media and pundit world as having centralized control over nearly every dimension of Chinese governance, still must rely on powerful technology corporations to carry out his will in the increasingly important Internet sector. This suggests a model of political control significantly more nuanced than most observers realize. This chapter argues that Xi Jinping does not rule the Internet and more specifically social media via a tight command-and-control structure, which implies that he is the ultimate decision-maker and companies simply implement his policy decisions. Instead, the chapter demonstrates based on process-tracing that China’s governance of the Internet is best understood as a corporate management model, whereby the Chinese state engages in a partnership with technology companies. Xi Jinping assumes a leadership role enforced by state instruments of control and cooptation strategies. At the same time, the state remains dependent on companies due to their informational, organizational, and institutional resources.
Wutbürger in Wonderland
(2012)
Work Disability and Divorce
(2020)
This chapter uses German register to study the influence of divorce on the uptake of work disability. Information on work disability is included in the register data if sick leave extends beyond 42 days of illness. Thus, our analysis focuses on long-term health issues. We compare divorced men and women over a period of 12 years, starting 7 years before they filed for a divorce and ending 4 years thereafter. As a method, we use matching techniques, which enables us to compare the divorcees with a comparable control group of people who did not divorce. We show that health declined considerably around the time of separation and file opening. Even 4 years after they filed for a divorce, the divorcees’ risk of taking work disability was strongly elevated. However, a portion of the differences in the health status of the divorcees and the control group can be attributed to selection, because the health status of the divorcees had been lower than the health status of the control group 7 years before they filed for a divorce. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the societal consequences of divorce.
Der Beitrag bietet drei Erklärungen für die Prognose, dass es gemäß den Erkenntnissen der letzten Shell-Jugendstudien auf absehbare Zeit in Deutschland nicht zu breit angelegten Jugendprotesten kommen wird: Erstens, die Verfügbarkeit von bildungs- und sozialpolitischen Institutionen, die benachteiligte Jugendliche im Bildungssystem halten, bis diese schließlich eine Beschäftigung finden, und dadurch teilweise politischen Druck abbauen. Zweitens, die stark ausgeprägte Kultur des pragmatischen Individualismus, die bei der jungen Generation wenig Raum für traditionelle politische Betätigungen lässt. Drittens, die distanzierte Haltung gegenüber den traditionellen politischen Parteien, die ein grundsätzlich durchaus vorhandenes Interesse an politischer Beteiligung nicht zum Zuge kommen lässt.
Wind Power Generation
(2022)
Wind power plays a major role in the decarbonization of the power sector. Already now, it supplies increasing shares of the global energy demand. This book chapter provides an overview on the economics of wind energy and highlight global trends in the wind sector. It describes the technical characteristics of onshore and offshore wind energy and explains how these affect the economic competitiveness of the respective technologies. The authors describe how wind power, as an intermittent source of energy, can be integrated into power systems. They also discuss how renewable energy support schemes contribute in fostering the deployment of wind power.
Widerstände und Reformpotenziale in öffentlichen Verwaltungen : Ergebnisse einer empirischen Studie
(2010)
Öffentliche Verwaltungen sind permanent gefordert, ihre Leistungsfähigkeit unter Beweis zu stellen. Dies trifft insbesondere in Zeiten eines konjunkturellen Abschwungs und sinkender Steuereinnahmen zu. Der vorliegende Band dokumentiert die alljährliche Weiterbildungsveranstaltung des Instituts für Betriebswirtschaftslehre der gemeinwirtschaftlichen Unternehmen an der Johannes Kepler Universität Linz (Vorstand: o. Univ. Prof. Dkfm. Dr. Reinbert Schauer) zu diesem Themenbereich, die am 11. März 2010 stattfand (Verwaltungsmanagement-Tag 2010). Konzepte und Erfahrungen aus Deutschland und Österreich wurden dabei vorgestellt und einer vergleichenden Analyse unterzogen: Kommunales Verwaltungscontrolling Schlüsselkennzahlen für die Führung in Gemeinden Widerstände und Reformpotenziale in der Verwaltung. Kommunales Beteiligungsmanagement. (Buchinhalt, Verlagsangabe)
Why Study Foundation?
(1999)
The Maastricht Treaty set a series of convergence criteria that Member States have to meet to join the euro area. The Treaty is not specific, however, about how to prevent free-riding fiscal behaviour once Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is in place. The Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) represents an institutional response.1 Its design includes preventive and corrective mechanisms. The emphasis for the preventive arm rests on the monitoring of Member State behaviour. Euro-area Member States produce Stability Programme updates yearly in the autumn. The European Commission, for its part, assesses the programmes and makes recommendations to the Council of Economic and Finance Ministers (henceforth ‘ECOFIN’) on whether the programmes meet European fiscal objectives, which in particular includes the achievement of budget positions ‘close to balance or in surplus’. In order to move to the formal corrective arm of the Pact, a Member State would have to be found to have an ‘excessive deficit’.
This discussion of the ECJ in the context of a project on political representation in the EU responds to the Court’s changing functions in the integration process and also to the critique which the exercise of this function has provoked in recent years after the Court objected to constitutional provisions and legislation of constitutional status in particular in the sphere of labour law and social protection. The ECJ has been accused of partisanship with a neoliberal-monetarist agenda. These debates are bound to extend to the new functions which were assigned to the CJEU in the supervision of the budgetary discipline of Member States in the Euro zone. The problems that might arise in such a case have been foreshadowed by the recent jurisprudence on the legality of the European practices of crisis management. The judgments of the German Bundesverfassungsgericht of 12 September 1212 on the ESM Treaty and the Fiscal Compact and the CJEU Judgment of 27 November 2012 in the Pringle case are of exemplary importance. They document the difficulties both courts have with the defense of the autonomy of law against apparent functional necessities and concurring attitudes in the readiness to accept the primacy of the political.
What Information Does the Public Demand? Getting the News during the 2005 Anti-Japanese Protests
(2011)
Welfare State Formation in the Enlarged European Union: Patterns of Reform in Postcommunist States
(2007)
Eastern Enlargement of the European Union challenged the design of European Welfare states. Many authors discuss the impact of East European social security systems on their West European counterparts and fear a “race to the bottom”. This paper addresses welfare state developments in the eight post-socialist new member states which completed the accession process in 2004, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Slovenia (EU-8). We focus on institutional patterns and performance as well as on the impact of internal and external actors of welfare state formation. How do the EU-8 diverge from West European welfare states and how do they fit into the typology of welfare state regimes?
Welfare and Education
(2015)
Im Zentrum des Bandes stehen Austauschprozesse, Vermischungen sowie Konflikte zwischen verschiedenen Rechtskulturen. Dabei geht es um den Transfer von Rechtsordnungen, um lokale autonome Ordnungen in Bezug auf Ordnungen mit generellem Geltungsanspruch, um neue Formen der Hybridisierung in der wechselseitigen Rezeption von Rechtsgrundsätzen oder um die Herausbildung transnationaler Rechtsordnungen und die Frage, ob diese sich als Prozesse der Konstitutionalisierung, der Durchsetzung universaler Rechtsprinzipien oder des Managements von Pluralität deuten lassen.
Vorwort
(1996)
In der gegenwlirtigen politikwissenschaftiichen Europadiskussion ist es schon fast ein Gemeinplatz geworden, darauf zu verweisen, daB zur Erfassung des "ganzen Elefanten" (Puchala 1971) EU eine neue theo retische Anstrengung auf breiter Basis notwendig sei. Nachdem je doch das einzige umfassende und ausgearbeitete Theorieangebot, der Neofunktionalismus, von seinen Hauptvertretem vor nunmehr zwan zig Jahren fUr zunehmend inadtiquat erkllirt worden war, hat sich die ursprunglich stark interdisziplinlir orientierte Integrationsforschung wieder den durch die einzelnen Disziplinen bestimmten Fragestellun gen zugewandt, sofem sie sich nicht auf reine Deskription oder Ein zelfallstudien beschrlinkte. Theoretisch interessierte Arbeiten kniipfen daher immer wieder an tatslichliche oder vermeintliche Postulate des Neofunktionalismus an. Die einzige emsthafte Konkurrenz auf dem Feld der Integrationstheorie scheint in Form des "neoliberalen Institu tionalismus" oder des ,,Neorealismus" von der Theorie der intematio nalen Beziehungen zu kommen. Die Kontrastierung des Neofunktio nalismus mit den genannten Spielarten der Theorie der intemationalen Beziehungen reproduziert jedoch nur eine Debatte, die bereits in den sechziger Jahren gefUhrt wurde, und die sich letztlich darum drehte, ob die damaligen Europliischen Gemeinschaften eine neue politische Institution tiber den Nationalstaaten darstellten, die diese in den Hin tergrund zu drlingen drohte oder ob sie nichts anderes als ein Vehikel der nach wie vor tiberwliltigend einfluBreichen Staaten seien, urn ihre Herrschaftsanspruche und Gestaltungsspielrliume im Innem auch un ter den Bedingungen intemationaler Interdependenz zu sichem. Das bruchlose Ankniipfen an die auf hohem theoretischen Niveau geftihrte Debatte der sechziger und fruhen siebziger Jahre bringt je doch forschungsstrategisch mehr Nachteile als Vorteile.
Vorwort
(2009)
Der Versuch, eine Forschungs-Agenda zur Thematik „Soziale Investition“ auf Basis der bisherigen Forschung zu Non-Profit-Organisationen und Philanthropie aufzustellen, bringt zwei Herausforderungen mit sich. Die erste umfasst die massiven ökonomischen, demographischen und sozialen Veränderungen, die in allen entwickelten Ländern stattfinden – Entwicklungen, die von bedeutenden Richtungswechseln in der Politik begleitet werden wie der Neubewertung der Rolle des Staates, dem Schub zur Privatisierung öffentlicher Funktionen und dem Ruf nach größerer individueller und unternehmerischer Verantwortung. Gerade nach der Finanzkrise 2008/09 stellt sich die zentrale Frage post-wohlfahrtsstaatlicher Politikgestaltung: Welche Rahmenbedingungen, Institutionen, Organisationen und individuellen Leistungen können die Rolle des sich verändernden Staates einnehmen und eine Wächterfunktion über die Gemeinwohlproduktion in postindustriellen Gesellschaften einnehmen und gleichzeitig zur Gemeinwohlproduktion beitragen?(Buchinhalt)
Vocationalism
(2017)
Victim or Perpetrator? The Criminalised Migrant and the Idea of ‘Harm’ in the Labour Market Context
(2020)
This chapter provides powerful arguments against the criminalization of irregular migration. It does so by testing the extensive criminalization of irregular migrants against standard liberal principles of criminalization. The chapter argues that it is very difficult to identify any direct wrongs or harms to others that arise in virtue of ‘irregular’ migration. Furthermore, a malum prohibitum offence cannot be justified. Against these weak arguments in favour of criminalization, this chapter identifies compelling reasons against criminalization. Criminalization leads to further criminalization, which ultimately undermines both migrants’ and local workers’ fundamental rights. It also blocks discussion of one particularly worker-protective regulatory response to irregular migration, namely regularization. In truth, the criminalization of migrants represents a context where there has been a decisive rupture with liberal principles of criminalization.
Variety and Trajectories of New Forms of Organizing in the Sharing Economy: A Research Agenda
(2020)
The sharing economy is one of the most influential developments of the last decade. The emergence of new forms of organizing it brings with it has affected modern (business) life at multiple levels: Sharing organizations have blurred the distinction between the individual roles of provider, user, and employee; they have introduced organizational practices of coordinating members and communities; and they have sparked societal, political, and economic debates in multiple fields. These dynamics at the individual, organizational, and field level provide an opportunity for organization scholars to take stock of and theorize the sharing economy.
This volume takes advantage of this opportunity by presenting a collection of empirical and conceptual work that explores the variety and the trajectories of new forms of organizing in the sharing economy, and in doing so builds on, rejuvenates, and refines existing organization theories.
Together, the chapters included in this volume offer a comprehensive overview of theoretically grounded research that deepens our understanding of new forms of organizing and indicates future avenues for research.
This chapter situates ‘executive styles’ within the wider ‘family of styles’ approaches and discusses some of the challenges for advancing comparative research in this field. To this end, it introduces two key institutional dimensions of executive politics that shape executive styles. Subsequently, it reviews and discusses empirical research on executive styles and elaborates on two analytical dimensions for the comparison of national and sectoral executive styles. In a next step, the chapter moves to comparisons over time and reviews studies that analyse the change of executive styles in individual country cases. While a range of (country) examples are used, the chapter draws in particular on European examples and quite specifically on Germany and the UK. The chapter concludes that exploring the varieties of executive styles requires combining national accounts that engage with the institutional and political complexities of single countries, or families of nations, in detail with focussed comparisons zooming in on specific dimensions.
Immunotherapy is currently revolutionizing the treatment of cancer. Detailed analyses of tumor immune cell interaction in the tumor microenvironment will facilitate an accurate prediction of a patient’s clinical response. The automatic and reliable pre-screening of histological tissue sections for tumor infiltrating immune cells (TILs) will support the development of TIL-based predictive biomarkers for checkpoint immunotherapy. In this paper, a learning approach for image classification is presented, which allows various pattern inquires for different types of tissue section images. The underlying trainable reaction diffusion model combines classification and denoising. The model is trained using a stochastic generation of training data. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated for immunofluorescent and for Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained melanoma section images. A particular focus is on the classification of TILs in the proximity to melanoma cells in an experimental melanoma mouse model and in human melanoma. This new learning approach for images of melanoma tissue sections will refine the strategy for the practical clinical application of biomarker research.
This chapter discusses trading in the day-ahead and intraday electricity markets, first in general and then from the perspectives of renewable power generators and demand response, respectively. This includes an overview of the relevant literature, a theoretical framework, and illustrative quantitative examples. The uncertainty of renewable electricity supply drives price volatility, especially in the intraday market, and leads to balancing cost for renewables, which can be optimized through forecasting and trading. The increased intraday price volatility can be exploited and moderated by demand response, which thereby helps to balance the uncertainty of renewables.
Fintech applications such as robo-financial advisors (RAs) are complex algorithmic decision making systems, which gained prominence with their claim to democratize finance. Lack of transparency and explanations for these automated decisions leads to a trust deficit for users, limiting the potential of these applications. Our research aims to analyse the effectiveness of user-centric explanations in conveying the decision-making logic of complex algorithmic systems. Our user study tests techniques from explainable AI, varying in complexity and transparency. The quantitative aspects of our study determine the efficacy and usability of explanations and the qualitative aspects measure the effect of explanations on users and system usability. Our study finds trust and confidence of users in the system is positively correlated with comprehension and transparency provided by the presence of an explanation. There is a notable reduction in comprehension and trust between transparent white and opaque black box explanations of algorithms. This study is designed to aid policymakers and regulators in order to understand user needs which are crucial to designing better policies around algorithmic explainability for RAs.
Usages et travail politiques : une sociologie compréhensive des usages de l’intégration européenne
(2004)
Unternehmer: Afrika
(1987)
The governments of today are not able to transform and adapt to changes in the world around them, as demanded by their constituents. The nature of work, value of public goods, and the constant bombardment of crises are making the old bureaucratic structures obsolete.
Agile Government is an emerging theme, that of government-wide reinvention for adaptiveness and responsiveness. It places the accountability, delivery, capture, design and creation of public value at the heart of the government. The concept of agile government is confused with terms like Agile Manifesto, agile governance, agility among others, and because of this, needs some unpacking.
This book is a deep dive into this topic. It offers insights from the theoretical development of the topic of agile government, some lessons from government practices around the world, and ongoing academic and policy research. The project is spearheaded by the Mohammed Bin Rashid School of Government, which is the first teaching and research institution in the Arab world focusing on public policy and governance.
Public servants are an important component of any functioning administrative system. However, a comprehensive, comparative analysis of public servants from a global perspective is rare. The purpose of this chapter and section is therefore to analyze the concept of the civil servant from a global perspective. In order to do so, the chapter examines the concept of the civil servant, who they are, how they are trained, what they do, how they are rewarded, and how political and institutional factors shape personnel systems. Special attention is placed upon comparisons between civil service traditions, international conceptualizations of civil servants, the scope of public service work, and the status of women in public service. The chapter concludes with a brief introduction to each of the subsequent chapters in this section.
Insufficient access to medicines is a persistent global problem that affects billions of people in low- and middle-income countries. In this chapter, we use access to medicines as a case to understand how business can become instrumental in making progress on persistent and global problems we associate with sustainable development. We examine the emergence and evolution of access to medicines as a mandate for the pharmaceutical industry to contribute to sustainable development. More specifically, we trace the historical developments of corporate social initiatives in the industry and revisit existing research on access to medicines in management and related fields. We then introduce three distinct analytical perspectives - field emergence and change, firm heterogeneity, organizational processes - to examine access to medicine, expose managerial challenges and offer a research agenda that helps to advance research on access to medicines and, more generally, on corporate efforts to address pressing global problems subsumed under the Sustainable Development Goals.
Umweltpolitik
(1996)
Widerstand wird in der Regel nicht staatlich organisiert, auch nicht in der Demokratie. Wer an Widerstand denkt, der denkt an Straßenproteste, Sitzblockaden, aber auch subtilere Versuche, Einfluss zu nehmen auf den öffentlichen Diskurs, politische Alternativen zu formulieren und Menschen zu bewegen, sich für politischen Wandel einzusetzen.
Climate litigation in the Global South is a novel and increasingly prominent phenomenon that prompted a first wave of scholarly work examining and systematizing its main features. Despite the rigour that these academic accounts apply to assessing the main legal arguments of both litigants and courts, they fail to address the possible tensions between climate justice and the consequences of a domestic court decision in developing nations that did not substantially contribute to the climate crisis. This piece aims to fill that gap by using case law from the Global South to examine challenges around remedies, which will underscore the tensions between climate justice and litigation. Thereafter, this piece, drawing from international norms, advocates for the recognition of a duty of international cooperation, which can inform future courts’ orders in climate cases in both the Global North and the Global South. This normative exercise provides the basis to reconcile climate litigation in the Global South with climate justice, two reputed allies.
In today's world, disasters, both natural and manmade, are becoming increasingly frequent, and new solutions are of a compelling need to provide and disseminate information about these disasters to the public and concerned authorities in an effective and efficient manner. One of the most frequently used ways for information dissemination today is through social media, and when it comes to real-time information, Twitter is often the channel of choice. Thus, this paper discusses how Big Data Analytics (BDA) can take advantage of information streaming from Twitter to generate alerts and provide information in real-time on ongoing disasters. The paper proposes TAGS (Twitter Alert Generation System), a novel solution for collecting and analyzing social media streaming data in realtime and subsequently issue warnings related to ongoing disasters using a combination of Hadoop and Spark frameworks. The paper tests and evaluates the proposed solution using Twitter data from the 2018 earthquake in Palu City, Sulawesi, Indonesia. The proposed architecture was able to issue alert messages on various disaster scenarios and identify critical information that can be utilized for further analysis. Moreover, the performance of the proposed solution is assessed with respect to processing time and throughput that shows reliable system efficiency.
Since the foundation of the press, the media in Turkey has had a symbiotic relationship with the state. The state's heavy involvement rendered the development of a "media policy" impossible, since the media did not exist as an independent realm to shape and be shaped by society and politics. Instead, it existed as a tool for both civilian and military governments to control and manipulate society. In the past two decades, the changes induced by the economic liberalisation of the early 1990s, the banking crisis of 2000-2001 and the European Union accession process produced a complex regulatory framework governing the media content and structure in Turkey. This chapter argues that, despite some progress, there are still significant legal infringements on media freedom in Turkey, where the media's economic and political dependence on the state continues.
The COVID-19 pandemic not only ravaged human bodies but also had profound and possibly enduring effects on the health of political and legal systems, economies and societies. Almost overnight, governments imposed the severest restrictions in modern times on rights and freedoms, elections, parliaments and courts. Legal and political institutions struggled to adapt, creating a catalyst for democratic decline and catastrophic increases in poverty and inequality.
This handbook analyses the global pandemic response through five themes: governance and democracy; human rights; the rule of law; science, public trust and decision making; and states of emergency and exception. Containing 12 thematic commentaries and 25 chapters on countries of diverse size, wealth and experience of COVID-19, it represents the combined effort of more than 50 contributors, including leading scholars and rising voices in the fields of constitutional, international, public health, human rights and comparative law, as well as political science, and science and technology studies.
Taking stock after the onset of global emergency, this book provides essential analysis for politicians, policy-makers, jurists, civil society organisations, academics, students and practitioners at both national and international level on the best, and most concerning, practices adopted in response to COVID-19 - and key insights into how states and multilateral institutions should reform, adapt and prepare for future emergencies.
Turkey
(2020)
The road freight sector is responsible for a large and growing share of greenhouse gas emissions, but reliable data on the amount of freight that is moved on roads in many parts of the world are scarce. Many low-and middle-income countries have limited ground-based traffic monitoring and freight surveying activities. In this proof of concept, we show that we can use an object detection network to count trucks in satellite images and predict average annual daily truck traffic from those counts. We describe a complete model, test the uncertainty of the estimation, and discuss the transfer to developing countries.
The rapid pace of technological advancement and innovation has put existing governance and regulatory mechanisms to the test. There is a clear need for new and innovative regulatory mechanisms that enable governments to successfully manage the integration of digital technologies into our societies, and to ensure that such integration occurs in a sustainable, beneficial, and just manner. Artificial Intelligence (AI) stands out as one of the most debated of such innovations. What exactly is it, how should it be built and deployed, how can it be used, and how should it be regulated? Yet across the period of this debate, AI is becoming widely used and addressed within existing, evolving, and bespoke regulatory contexts. The present chapter explores the extant governance of AI and, in particular, what is arguably the most successful AI regulatory approach to date, that of the European Union. The chapter explores core definitional concepts, shared understandings, values, and approaches currently in play. It argues that not only are the Union’s regulations locally effective, but, due to the so-called “Brussels effect,” regulatory initiatives within the European Union also have a much broader global impact. As such, they warrant close consideration.
Trade Unions
(2006)
What role do firms play in the making of EU trade policy? This chapter surveys the policy domain and lays out the instruments firms can employ to influence decisions on trade. It underlines that European trade policy is characterized by a high degree of institutional complexity, which firms have to manage in order to be successful. In particular, the European Commission works intensively to solicit business input in order to gain bargaining leverage vis-à-vis third countries and the EU member states. This reverse lobbying creates a two-channel logic of trade policy lobbying in the EU. Corporate actors have a very good chance of working closely with the European Commission if they can propose pan-European trade policy solutions. This can be either trade liberalization or EU-wide regulatory restrictions on trade. Demands for traditional protectionist measures, especially those that reveal national interest divergences, are difficult to defend at the supranational level. Protectionist lobbying therefore goes through the national route, with corporate actors working to block liberalization by affecting the consensus in the Council of Ministers. The chapter illustrates this two-channel logic by studying business–government interactions in agricultural trade, textiles and clothing, financial services, and telecommunication services.
Tracing Transparency: Public Governance of Algorithms and the Experience of Contact Tracing Apps
(2022)
Toward a Common Definition
(1997)