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Editors' Note: The following essay was originally submitted as a book review. As John Walton notes in his introduction, modern urban sociology has its roots in German and French traditions. Since this essay reviews the most important recent developments in German urban social science, we have taken the unusual step of treating this review essay as an article in the context of this symposium on European urban social science.
International Directory of Research on Non-Profit Organizations, Foundations and the Third Sector
(1986)
Structural analysis and strategic research design: Studying politicized interorganizational networks
(1987)
Network analysis and structural sociology have given relatively little attention to questions of research design and data collection. This paper discusses the substantive implications of conducting structural analysis with more intensive work on research design and data collection. Based on evidence from a case study of a politicized social structure, the major features of strategic research design are presented in a discussion of cognitive and behavioral data, types of ties, multiplexity, and access restrictions.
This paper develops a basic causal model describing the effects of factors such as socialisation, rural-urban background, current occupation, perceived job stressors and locus of control as determinants of psychological distress in a sample of Nigerian factory workers. The analysis builds upon major results and theories of causation of psychological distress in African populations experiencing high rates of social change. Findings regarding perceived job stressors are similar to results found in Western samples, but the findings concerning the effects of cognitive attribution tendencies contrast with what is usually found in Western samples The ensuing discussion of the reasons for such differences emphasises basic themes in the sociogenesis of psycho logical distress in an African context.
Der Aufsatz interpretiert die Ergebnisse einer Befragung von Kölner Schriftstellern. Mit Hilfe der Blockmodellanalyse werden die Autoren in vier Subgruppen (Elite, Nachwuchselite, Peripherie, etablierte Peripherie) eingeteilt. Die Subgruppen werden in ihrer Binnenstruktur und in ihrem Verhältnis zueinander näher bestimmt. In einem zweiten Schritt wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit es sich bei der Sozialposition des Literaten um eine ökonomisch, ästhetisch und sozial instabile Position handelt und welche Beziehungsmuster in der Lage sind,
die instabile Position abzufedern und zu integrieren. Für die vier Subgruppen ergeben sich dabei unterschiedliche Positions- und Beziehungsmuster.
Unternehmer: Afrika
(1987)
Sozialstrukturen: Afrika
(1987)
"Mittelschichten: Afrika"
(1987)
Multilaterale Regelungen zur Haftung für Umweltschäden im Weltraum-, Atom- und Seerecht sind nicht nur statische Völkerrechtsnormen,
sondern auch Produkte eines Prozesses der Interessendurchsetzung. Dieser dynamische Rechtserzeugungsprozeß wird mittels eines
interdisziplinären Ansatzes untersucht, der die
politischen
Grundlagen des Völkerrechts unterstreicht.
Bislang übernehmen Staaten nur dann völkerrechtliche Haftpflicht, wenn dies zur Durchsetzung eigener Interessen dient (Raumfahrt,Atomenergie). Im Regelfall versuchen sie dagegen, die risikoschaffende Industrie zur Haftung heranzuziehen. Sie haben dafür wegweisende Modelle entwickelt (Ölhaftungsfonds). Diese Untersuchung des Entstehungsprozesses der wichtigsten Umwelthaftungskonventionen bildet schließlich die Grundlage für die Beurteilung des Vorhabens der ILC zur Haftung für Schäden durch völkerrechtlich nicht verbotene Aktivitäten.
Die amerikanische Frankreichforschung ist außerordentlich vielfältig, umfangreich und kreativ. Einen systematischen Überblick darüber zu geben, bedürfte eines längerfristigen Forschungsprojektes. In diesem Artikel kann es nur darum gehen, schlaglichtartig einige Aspekte aufzuzeigen, einige Zentren und Schwerpunkte zu benennen und vielleicht ein wenig Problembewußtsein für die Notwendigkeit zu schaffen, sich stärker als bisher bei uns damit zu beschäftigen. Die Beleuchtung der internationalen Dimension der Frankreichforschung ist eine unter vielen Aufgaben dieses Frankreich-Jahrbuchs.
Bourdieu describes the structure of society as a result of class conflicts and status competition. Art in general, and the literary field in particular, is interpreted as a differentiated social field that is autonomous in the sense that it follows its own logic - the competition for cultural legitimation. What literature has in common with other social systems is the stratification of its internal structure into a hierarchical arrangement. Thus the literary field can be described as a horizontally differentiated system that is, however, vertically differentiated internally.
The concern of the paper is to test Bourdieu's theoretical considerations empirically. Data for the analysis and interpretation are based on interviews of Cologne writers. The data are analysed with the aid of blockmodel and correspondence analysis. As far as the data allows us to operationalise the thesis that the literary field is an autonomous differentiated system, Bourdieu's thesis is confirmed. The internal structure can be described more precisely: the first line of demarcation is, in fact, the difference that Bourdieu described between legitimate and illegitimate art: high-culture literature and low-culture literature are the two poles of the literary field. The realm of the legitimate literature is further differentiated into three blocks (elite, junior elite, periphery). The elite and the periphery differ in terms of the different degrees of success. The junior elite occupies an intermediate place. Bourdieu's sociology of literature is supported by the empirical material at hand.
This article outlines major characteristics of the nonprofit sector in civil law, common law, socialist countries, and developing countries. Largely based on an international directory of nonprofit sector research, the article introduces common and country-specific research themes on the nonprofit sector in a comparative perspective. The article concludes by delineating several implications for research in the areas of taxonomy, measurement, intersectoral relations, and comparative institutional history.
Interest in and research on nonprofit organizations and sectors have developed rapidly in recent years. Much of this work by sociologists has focussed on particular subsectors rather than on nonprofits as a class. This review attempts to extract from a large and varied literature a distinctively sociological perspective on nonprofits, which it contrasts to influential work in economics. Two questions—“Why (and where) are there nonprofit organizations” and “What difference does nonprofitness make?”—are addressed at the levels of organization, industry, and firm. Three central conclusions, each with research implications, emerge from this review: (a) The origins and behavior nonprofit organizations reflect institutional factors and state policies as well as the social-choice processes and utility functions emphasized by economists. (b) Understandingth e origins of nonprofit sectors and behavioral differences between nonprofits and for-profit or government organizations requires an industry-level ecological perspective. (c) “Nonprofitness” has no single transhistorical or transnational meaning; nonprofit-sector functions, origins, and behavior reflect specific legal definitions, cultural inheritances, and state policies in different national societies.
The Acknowledgement of Literary Influence: A Structural Analysis of a German Literary Network
(1991)
This paper analyzes a characteristic syndrome of modern literature identified as “anxiety of influence” by literary critics and as “mania for originality” by art historians. Based on a sociological reformulation of the syndrome as it relates to the structure of acknowledged influence, the paper develops and tests several hypotheses. Data are based on a survey of West German writers and are analyzed by using clustering techniques and correspondence analysis. First, the analysis demonstrates the fragmented and non-hierarchical structure of acknowledged literary influence. Second, the different types of influence (absence distinctiveness, and clusterability) correspond to different professional and literary characteristics of writers. Results highlight one of the contradictions between the cultural code and the professional structure of modern art: at the level of ideology, greatness and genius are equated with the absence of influence and artistic uniqueness. The analysis shows, however, that the denial/absence of acknowledged influence is found among writers who are excluded from the professional networks where reputations are made in the world of literature.
The lives of writers are subject to a variety of myths. This article shows that such cultural perceptions of writers bear a close affinity to the social structure of literature in modern societies. Two structural properties seem to encourage the proliferation of myths about writers: (1) the existence of a group of prominent writers who occupy unique social positions and form an amorphous elite and (2) the relation between the elite and the large group of lesser-known, peripheral writers. Elite amorphousness and high relational density among the elite and peripheral "groupness" and sparseness of literary relations among the periphery emerge as two major properties of the social structure. These counterintuitive properties are useful in understanding myth generation in literature; they allow for competing "views" of the social structure, views that seem to develop into contradictory myths of the modern writer. Data on several types of ties among writers were collected and analyzed with block model techniques.
The paper describes how the non-profit sector in East Germany has passed through several distinct phases in recent years. It shows how the role of the non-profit sector under the system of party dominance and centralised economic and social planning signified a major contradiction of East German society: the artificial under-development of civic society in eastern Europe's most successful economy. During the first phase of the transition period in late 1989, the expression and manifestation of political views was predominant. With the disintegration of the socialist party-state, the needs for social service provision increased. West German organisations have increasingly become the dominant factor in East German non-profit sector affairs. The paper argues that the East German non-profit sector will emerge as a slightly poorer and more secular version of its West German counterpart.
The Omega Phenomenon: The Social Infrastructure, Interpersonal Choice and the Social Periphery
(1991)
Der Beitrag untersucht die Frage, ob die zunehmende wirtschaftliche und politische Internationalisierung mit einer zunehmenden Verlagerung staatlicher Handlungskompetenzen auf höheren Ebenen beantwortet werden kann. Der Artikel stützt sich bei seiner Analyse auf die Ergebnisse von Maastricht und vergleicht die britische und deutsche Verhandlungsposition sowie Form und Inhalt des Subsidiaritätsprinzips
The paper examines the relative importance and source of informal sector differentiation in terms of firm characteristics and business behavior. Based on data from metal and wood-processing firms in the Nigerian cities of Lagos and Ibadan, the paper investigates branch-specific and locational differences among firms. Using multivariate analysis, the study demonstrates the primacy of the larger economic environment in which informal sector firms operate. and shows that locational factors are better predictors of firm characteristics and business behavior than industry-specific factors. The results suggest a shift in focus from economic sectors to regional economics. Implications for research and policy are discussed.