TY - JOUR A1 - Hirth, Lion A1 - Ziegenhagen, Inka T1 - Wind, Sonne, und Regelleistung BT - Zeitschrift für Energiewirtschaft, Recht, Technik und Umwelt JF - Energiewirtschaftliche Tagesfragen : et Y1 - 2013 UR - https://www.neon-energie.de/Hirth-Ziegenhagen-2013-Wind-Sonne-Regelleistung.pdf SN - 0013-743X - 0720-6240 IS - 10 SP - 59 PB - EW Medien und Kongresse GmbH CY - Frankfurt am Main ET - 13 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hirth, Lion A1 - Ueckerdt, Falko ED - Stolten, Detlef ED - Scherer, Viktor T1 - The Decreasing Market Value of Variable Renewables: Integration Options and Deadlocks T2 - Transition to Renewable Energy Systems KW - variable renewables KW - market value KW - integration costs Y1 - 2013 SN - 978-3527332397 SN - 9783527673872 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527673872.ch6 SP - 75 EP - 92 PB - Wiley VCH CY - Oxford ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Çalı, Başak ED - Føllesdal, Andreas ED - Schaffer, Johan Karlsson ED - Ulfstein, Geir T1 - The legitimacy of international interpretive authorities for human rights treaties: an indirect-instrumentalist defence T2 - The Legitimacy of International Human Rights Regimes: Legal, Political and Philosophical Perspectives Y1 - 2013 SN - 978-1-107-03460-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139540827.006 SP - 141 EP - 164 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Pisani-Ferry, Jean T1 - Le Réveil des Démons: la crise de l’euro et comment nous en sortir N2 - On croyait les démons assagis : à la faveur de la crise financière de 2008, les Etats avaient repris le dessus sur les marchés financiers et les politiques économiques savaient répondre et conjurer la dépression. Mais la tempête qui a ébranlé la zone euro entre 2009 et 2012, au départ crise banale dans une petite économie périphérique, la Grèce, a gagné un pays après l’autre et a menacé d’emporter tout l’édifice monétaire européen. Dans ce brillant essai, Jean Pisani-Ferry retrace les étapes de la crise et analyse les solutions adoptées. Si l’Europe a fait preuve d’un remarquable sens de la survie, elle souffre aujourd’hui d’une dangereuse absence de communauté de projets. Y1 - 2013 SN - 978-2818503126 PB - Pluriel CY - Paris ET - Nouvelle éd., revue et augmentée ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cederman, Lars-Erik A1 - Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede A1 - Salehyan, Idean A1 - Wucherpfennig, Julian T1 - Transborder Ethnic Kin and Civil War JF - Inernational Organization N2 - A series of studies has shown that civil wars are caused not only by factors inside countries, but also by effects operating across state borders. Whereas a first wave of quantitative studies demonstrated that such effects make the “closed-polity” assumption untenable, more recently researchers have identified particular causal mechanisms driving conflict. Despite these recent advances, a central puzzle remains unresolved, namely why ethnic groups that at least in theory could count on support from large transborder ethnic kin (TEK) groups often have remained surprisingly peaceful, such as the stranded Russian populations in the “near abroad.” We propose a theoretical framework that extends the analysis from the primary dyad between the incumbent and the challenger group by adding a secondary dyad that pits the incumbent against the TEK group. We postulate a curvilinear effect of the TEK group's relative size on conflict onset. Using a new data set on transnational ethnic links, we find that that the risk of conflict increases within the middle range of the size spectrum, consistent with our main hypothesis. This means that large TEK groups have a conflict-dampening effect, provided that they control their own state. Excluded TEK groups, however, are not associated with lower conflict probabilities. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818313000064 VL - 67 IS - 2 SP - 389 EP - 410 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Quenzel, Gudrun A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus T1 - The growing gender gap in education JF - International Journal of Adolescence and Youth N2 - Young women, and not young men, acquire the privileged diplomas offered by the educational system, and it is they who obtain the more promising career prospects. In this paper, we seek to identify factors that account for the declining school performance of boys and young men. After reviewing and analysing the international literature on gender and education, we integrate various explanatory approaches into a comprehensive socialisation model. The model focuses on the developmental tasks young men face during adolescence. Our central thesis is that the declining school performance of young men cannot be fully explained by their failure to cope with the developmental task ‘qualification’. Rather, the three other central clusters of developmental tasks – ‘social attachment’, ‘regeneration’, and ‘participation’ – have to be incorporated. The crucial implication is that supporting young men at school will show only limited results. Rather, to improve the school performance of young men, it is also necessary to address their deficits in coping with the other developmental tasks. KW - Gender gap KW - Education KW - Development Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2012.665168 SN - 0267-3843 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 69 EP - 84 PB - Taylor and Francis CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kostka, Genia A1 - Moslener, U. A1 - Andreas, J. T1 - Barriers to increasing energy efficiency: Evidence from small- and medium-sized enterprises in China JF - Journal of Cleaner Production N2 - This paper analyzes financial, informational and organizational barriers to energy efficiency investments for small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in China. Its findings are based on a survey of 480 SMEs in Zhejiang province, and complemented by semi-structured interviews with enterprises contained in the survey sample. Responses reveal that only a minority of SMEs in China actively perform energy saving activities at a significant level. The survey data suggest, further, that informational barriers are the core bottleneck inhibiting energy efficiency improvements in China's SME sector. Financial and organizational barriers also influence a company's energy saving activities, with interview-based evidence stronger than statistical evidence. The interviews point out three additional barriers to energy saving activities: the role of family ownership structures, lax enforcement of government regulations and the absence of government support as well as a lack of skilled labor. More than 40% of enterprises in the sample declared themselves unaware of energy saving equipment or practices in their respective business area, indicating that there are high transaction costs for SMEs to gather, assess, and apply information about energy saving potentials and relevant technologies. One policy implication of the study is that the Chinese government could play a more active role in fostering the dissemination of energy-efficiency related information in the SME sector. KW - Energy efficiency KW - Small and medium-sized enterprises KW - China KW - Energy policies KW - Information access KW - Energy saving activity Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.06.025 SN - 0959-6526 VL - 57 SP - 59 EP - 68 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kostka, Genia A1 - Hobbs, W. T1 - Embedded interests and the managerial local state: the political economy of methanol fuel-switching in China JF - Journal of Contemporary China N2 - This paper analyzes the determinants of Chinese government support for methanol automobile fuel development. At the national level, a preference for low carbon alternatives, ongoing bureaucratic restructuring, and profitability concerns of the national oil companies (NOCs) help to explain a lack of support for methanol fuel. At the local level, a short-term and localized view of industry development explains why some governments actively promote methanol fuel through local standardization, subsidies, and management of NOC opposition. The case of methanol fuel illustrates how local governments with strong, embedded interests have filled in the national-level policy vacuum on this issue. These findings contribute to the ongoing debate on the evolving central–local relations in China and hold lessons for alternative fuel adoption efforts underway in many parts of the world. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2012.734078 SN - 1067-0564 VL - 22 IS - 80 SP - 204 EP - 218 PB - Taylor and Francis CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kostka, Genia A1 - Mol, Arthur P.J. T1 - Innovations and participation in China JF - Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning N2 - With its recently published 12th Five-Year Plan (FYP, 2011–2015) China's leaders have set ambitious national environmental targets and goals for developing a more sustainable economy and society. Past records, however, show that ambitious goals and regulations too often fail due to shortcomings in local implementation and civil society participation. At the sub-national level, economic, political, and social interests continue to dictate the political agenda and the participation of non-state actors remains limited. This article analyses these implementation and participation gaps and reviews recent innovations and experiments to address these gaps in local environmental politics in China. Although many ongoing experiments and new institutional arrangements can be identified, these projects and initiatives remain limited in scope and geographical spread. Further advances in policy enforcement and in opening up policy design to citizens and other non-state actors at the local level are needed in order to turn the article ambitions of the 12th FYP into reality. KW - Environmental politics KW - Chinese politics KW - Environmental governance KW - Innovation KW - Policy implementation KW - Participation Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2013.763629 SN - 1522-7200 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 3 EP - 16 PB - Taylor and Francis CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kostka, Genia T1 - Environmental protection bureau leadership at the provincial level in China: Examining diverging career backgrounds and appointment patterns JF - Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning N2 - This paper analyses the career backgrounds of local government officials in provincial Environmental Protection Bureaus (EPBs) in China and explains the appointment patterns of Chinese EPB bureaucrats. Using biographical information of provincial EPB heads and drawing on fieldwork conducted in Shanxi Province and Inner Mongolia, this paper finds that only one-fourth of the provincial EPB heads were promoted through the bureau ranks within the EPBs, while the remaining three-fourths were appointed from positions outside the environment field. Further, nearly all EPB heads' professional backgrounds and associated networks can be clearly categorized as environmental, business, provincial government, or local government oriented. This paper delineates these four types of Chinese EPB leaders and explains why an awareness of the different professional orientations is critical to understanding environmental regulation and protection in China. These findings have implications for inferring the unique characteristics of a province's EPB leadership, the implementation capacities of provincial EPBs, and the appointment preferences of provincial leaders. KW - Agency KW - Environmental protection KW - Policy implementation KW - Networks KW - Leadership KW - China Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2012.752184 SN - 1522-7200 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 41 EP - 63 PB - Taylor and Francis CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kostka, Genia A1 - Shin, Kyoung T1 - Energy conservation through energy service companies JF - Energy Policy Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.10.034 SN - 0301-4215 VL - 52 SP - 748 EP - 759 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gandrud, Christopher T1 - Competing risks and deposit insurance governance convergence JF - International Political Science Review N2 - Why do policies often seem to converge across countries at the same time? This question has been studied extensively in the diffusion literature. However, past research has not examined complex choice environments, especially where there are many alternatives. This article fills this gap in the literature. I show how Fine and Gray’s Competing Risks Event History Analysis can be used to tease apart the causes of policy convergence. I apply the method to an examination of the reasons why, from the mid-1990s to 2007, many countries created independent deposit insurers. I find an interaction between international recommendations and regional peers’ choices, particularly in the European Union. However, convergence appears to slow under the particular conditions of a banking crisis, regardless of how well independence is promoted. Possibly due to electoral incentives, democracies seem to have been more likely to create independent insurers. Ultimately, I demonstrate how competing risks analysis can help enable future research on policy choices, complementing methods previously applied in political economy. KW - Deposit insurance KW - Event history analysis KW - Financial policy KW - Diffusion KW - Banking crisis Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512113485333 SN - 1460373X VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 195 EP - 215 PB - Sage CY - Los Angeles [u.a.] ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kostka, Genia A1 - Mol, A. T1 - Local environmental politics in China: Challenges and innovations Y1 - 2013 SN - 978-0415723299 PB - Routledge CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Eaton, Sarah A1 - Kostka, Genia T1 - Does cadre turnover help or hinder China's green rise?: Evidence from Shanxi province T2 - Chinese environmental policy: Dynamics, challenges, and prospects in a changing society Y1 - 2013 SN - 9781137350688 PB - Palgrave Macmillan CY - Basingstoke [u.a.] ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wegrich, Kai T1 - Regulatory Impact Assessment: Ambition, Design and Politics T2 - Handbook on the Politics of Regulation Y1 - 2013 SN - 978-0857937599 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857936110.00045 SP - 397 EP - 410 PB - Elgar Publ. CY - Cheltenham [u.a.] ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Enderlein, Henrik T1 - Solidarität in der Europäischen Union: Die ökonomische Perspektive T2 - Europäische Solidarität und nationale Identität Y1 - 2013 SN - 978-3-16-152814-9 SP - 83 EP - 97 PB - Mohr Siebeck CY - Tübingen ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Enderlein, Henrik A1 - Müller, Camillo von T1 - German Fiscal Federalism at the Crossroads: Between Crisis and Reform T2 - The global debt crisis: haunting U.S. and European federalism Y1 - 2013 SN - 978-0-8157-2417-9 SP - 134 EP - 158 PB - Brookings Inst. Press CY - Washington, D.C. ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Barlösius, Eva A1 - Döhler, Marian A1 - Bach, Tobias A1 - Philipps, Axel T1 - Governance staatlicher Forschung im Spannungsfeld von Staat, Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft Y1 - 2013 UR - http://edok01.tib.uni-hannover.de/edoks/e01fb14/797457658.pdf N1 - Schlussbericht zum Forschungsprojekt „Ressortforschung unter Anpassungsdruck: Governance im Spannungsfeld von Staat, Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft" PB - Leibniz Universität Hannover CY - Hannover ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Jann, Werner A1 - Bach, Tobias T1 - Behördenorganisation und Steuerungsbeziehungen bei der Umsetzung des Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetzes (EEG): Gutachten im Rahmen des Vorhabens "Rechtliche und instrumentelle Weiterentwicklung des EEG" Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Enderlein, Henrik T1 - Das erste Opfer der Krise ist die Demokratie: Wirtschaftspolitik und ihre Legitimation in der Finanzkrise 2008-2013 JF - PVS: Politische Vierteljahresschrift N2 - Severe economic and financial market crises exacerbate collective action problems and thus trigger challenges to legitimacy in democracies. The article presents a typology of decision-making modes in economic policy-making in normal times and crisis times. It shows that problems of time-inconsistency in combination with high uncertainty over re-distributive implications lead to an “ad-hoc-technocratization” of economic policy-making. The separation of decision-taking from input-based legitimacy-procedures is relevant for scholars of democracy because the redistributive implications of crisis policies are high. The “democratic deficit” of crisis policies is thus not a symptom of “Post-Democracy” but of the specific context arising in an economic crisis. KW - Wirtschaftspolitik KW - Legitimation KW - Demokratie KW - Politische Ökonomie KW - Finanzmarktkrise Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/0032-3470-2013-4-714 SN - 0032-3470 VL - 54 IS - 4 SP - 714 EP - 739 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Enderlein, Henrik A1 - von Bogdandy, Armin A1 - Calliess, Christian A1 - Fratzscher, Marcel A1 - Fuest, Clemens A1 - Mayer, Franz C. A1 - Schwarzer, Daniela A1 - Steinbeis, Maximilian A1 - Stelzenmüller, Constanze A1 - Wolff, Guntram A1 - von Weizsäcker, Jakob T1 - Aufbruch in die Euro-Union JF - ZRP: Zeitschrift für Rechtspolitik Y1 - 2013 SN - 0514-6496 IS - 8 SP - 248 EP - 250 PB - Beck CY - München [u.a.] ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bach, Tobias A1 - Philipps, Axel A1 - Barlösius, Eva A1 - Döhler, Marian T1 - Governance von Ressortforschungseinrichtungen T2 - Neue Governance der Wissenschaft : Reorganisation - externe Anforderungen - Medialisierung Y1 - 2013 SN - 978-3-8376-2272-0 SP - 139 EP - 162 PB - Transcript CY - Bielefeld ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Enderlein, Henrik T1 - Das erste Opfer der Krise ist die Demokratie: Wirtschaftspolitik und ihre Legitimation in der Finanzmarktkrise 2008-2013 T2 - Die Versprechen der Demokratie Y1 - 2013 SN - 978-3-8487-0230-5 SP - 45 EP - 75 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seelos, Christian A1 - Mair, Johanna T1 - Innovation and Scale: A Tough Balancing Act JF - Stanford Social Innovation Review KW - Social Innovation KW - Scaling KW - Organizational Innovation Y1 - 2013 VL - Spring 2013 IS - Special Supplement: Innovation for a Complex World SP - 12 EP - 14 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fellner, Gerlinde A1 - Sausgruber, Rupert A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Testing Enforcement Strategies in the Field: Threat, Moral Appeal and Social Information JF - Journal of the European Economic Association N2 - We run a large-scale natural field experiment to evaluate alternative strategies to enforce compliance with the law. The experiment varies the text of mailings sent to potential evaders of TV license fees. We find a strong effect of mailings, leading to a substantial increase in compliance. Among different mailings, a threat treatment which makes a high detection risk salient has a significant deterrent effect. Neither appealing to morals nor imparting information about others’ behavior enhances compliance on aggregate. However, the information condition has a weak positive effect in municipalities where evasion is believed to be common. KW - field experiments KW - enforcement strategies KW - compliance KW - perceptions Y1 - 2013 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-19704 N1 - This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Journal of the European Economic Association. The final authenticated version is available online at: DOI 10.1111/jeea.12013| VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - 634 EP - 660 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Glöckner, Andreas A1 - Towfigh, Emanuel A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Development of legal expertise JF - Instructional Science N2 - In a comprehensive empirical investigation (N = 71,405) we analyzed the development of legal expertise in a critical 1-year period of academic legal training in which advanced law students start practicing to solve complex cases. We were particularly interested in the functional form of the learning curve and inter-individual differences in learning. Performance increases monotonically with the number of practice exams following a slightly concave learning curve without any considerable kinks. Considering the performance development over time, however, the curve is not monotonic and shows intermediate drops in performance. We provide evidence which suggests that these drops are due to cyclic drops in motivation. There are about equally sized marginal effects of practicing law exams in general and practicing exams in the specific area of law. However, students with high (vs. low) initial performance profit more from practicing exams within a specific area of law whereas students with low initial performance profit more from practicing exams in general. The concave increase in performance with the number of practicing exams is mainly driven by individuals with low initial performance. Those with high initial performance mainly display a linear learning trend. We discuss the practical implications of these findings for academic legal training. KW - Expertise KW - Legal decision making KW - Training KW - Learning curves Y1 - 2013 VL - 41 IS - 6 SP - 989 EP - 1007 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina A1 - Bratu, Roxana A1 - Charron, Nicholas A1 - Dimulescu, Valentina A1 - Doroftei, Madalina A1 - Fazekas, Mihály A1 - Kasemets, Aare A1 - King, Lawrence Peter A1 - Martinez Barranco Kukutschka, Roberto A1 - Pop, Raluca A1 - Tóth, István János ED - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina T1 - Controlling Corruption in Europe T2 - The Anticorruption Report N2 - Corruption has an impact. It is about time that anticorruption starts having an impact, too. This is the first annual policy report of the European Seventh Framework Research Project ANTICORRP, which has started in 2012 and will continue until 2018. Based on the work of 21 different research centers and universities gathering original data, ANTICORRP offers yearly updates on the latest from corruption research, analyzing both the consequences of corruption and the impact of policies attempting to curb it. This first report offers a methodology to evaluate corruption risk and quality of government at country, region and sector level by means of corruption indicators that are sensitive to change and policy intervention. The aim of the project is to offer testable, easy to handle policies which reduce corruption risk. Corruption distorts market competition, bolsters deficits on behalf of discretionary spending, hurts real investment in public health and education, reduces tax collection, detriments the absorption rate of EU funds, and generates vulnerable employment and brain drain. This study estimates that if EU member states would all manage to control corruption at the Danish level, tax collection in Europe would increase by 323 billion Euro per year – double of the EU budget for 2013. KW - Anticorruption, European Union, transformative power Y1 - 2013 SN - 978-3-8474-0125-4 VL - 1 PB - Budrich CY - Opladen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hall, Nina T1 - Moving beyond its mandate? UNHCR and climate change displacement JF - Journal for International Organizations Studies Y1 - 2013 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 91 EP - 108 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tobias, Jutta M. A1 - Mair, Johanna A1 - Barbosa-Leiker, Celestina T1 - Toward a theory of transformative entrepreneuring: Poverty reduction and conflict resolution in Rwanda's entrepreneurial coffee sector JF - Journal of Business Venturing N2 - This study illustrates how entrepreneurship may catalyze prosperity as well as peace in entrenched poverty–conflict zones. We bring to life a conceptualization of transformative entrepreneuring by assessing interrelationships between poverty and conflict indicators from the perspective of rural dwellers in Rwanda's entrepreneurial coffee sector. Our findings suggest that individuals' perceptions of poverty alleviation and conflict reduction are sequentially linked, notably via increased quality of life. This enables us to advance theory on entrepreneuring by unpacking the mechanisms through which entrepreneurial processes may transform the lives of such ‘ordinary’ entrepreneurs in settings where economic and social value creation are desperately needed. KW - Social entrepreneurship KW - Entrepreneuring KW - Poverty KW - Conflict KW - Rwanda Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.03.003 VL - 28 IS - 6 SP - 728 EP - 742 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rasmussen, Anne A1 - Reh, Christine T1 - The consequences of concluding codecision early: trilogues and intra-institutional bargaining success JF - Journal of European Public Policy N2 - One of the most important changes in the history of codecision has been the steep increase in early agreements since 1999. Early agreements have enhanced the efficiency of European Union legislation, but they have been criticized for giving a subset of actors disproportionate control over the legislative agenda and negotiation process. Yet, no study has systematically shown whether and how early agreements have indeed redistributed influence between actors within the European Parliament and the Council of Ministers. Our contribution fills this gap by comparing actors’ bargaining success across readings under codecision in a dataset of salient files. Contrary to our theoretical predictions, we do not find evidence of distributional consequences when controlling for inter-institutional conflict and file characteristics. Where codecision is concluded early, the final legislative outcomes are not located closer to the policy positions held by the party group of the Parliament's rapporteur or by the Council Presidency. KW - Bargaining success, codecision, early agreements, party groups, presidency, rapporteur Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2013.795391 SN - 0143-814 VL - 20 IS - 7 SP - 1006 EP - 1023 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jankin, Slava A1 - De Neve, Jan-Emmanuel A1 - Dawes, Christopher T. A1 - Christakis, Nicholas A. A1 - Fowler, James H. T1 - Born to Lead? A Twin Design and Genetic Association Study of Leadership Role Occupancy JF - The Leadership Quarterly N2 - We address leadership emergence and the possibility that there is a partially innate predisposition to occupy a leadership role. Employing twin design methods on data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we estimate the heritability of leadership role occupancy at 24%. Twin studies do not point to specific genes or neurological processes that might be involved. We therefore also conduct association analysis on the available genetic markers. The results show that leadership role occupancy is associated with rs4950, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) residing on a neuronal acetylcholine receptor gene (CHRNB3). We replicate this family-based genetic association result on an independent sample in the Framingham Heart Study. This is the first study to identify a specific genotype associated with the tendency to occupy a leadership position. The results suggest that what determines whether an individual occupies a leadership position is the complex product of genetic and environmental influences, with a particular role for rs4950. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.08.001 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 45 EP - 60 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baturo, Alexander A1 - Jankin, Slava T1 - Life of Brian Revisited: Assessing Informational and Non-Informational Leadership Tools JF - Political Science Research and Methods N2 - Recent literature models leadership as a process of communication in which leaders’ rhetorical signals facilitate followers’ co-ordination. While some studies have explored the effects of leadership in experimental settings, there remains a lack of empirical research on the effectiveness of informational tools in real political environments. Using quantitative text analysis of federal and sub-national legislative addresses in Russia, this article empirically demonstrates that followers react to informational signals from leaders. It further theorizes that leaders use a combination of informational and non-informational tools to solve the co-ordination problem. The findings show that a mixture of informational and non- informational tools shapes followers’ strategic calculi. Ignoring non-informational tools — and particularly the interrelationship between informational and non-informational tools - can threaten the internal validity of causal inference in the analysis of leadership effects on co-ordination. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2013.3 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - 139 EP - 157 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Stockmann, Daniela T1 - Media Commercialization and Authoritarian Rule in China KW - China KW - Authoritarianism KW - Media KW - Commercialization Y1 - 2013 UR - 9781107018440 SN - 9781107469624 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Cingolani, Luciana T1 - The State of State Capacity: a review of concepts, evidence and measures T2 - MERIT Working Papers N2 - This working paper is part of the research programme on Institutions, Governance and Longterm Economic Growth, a partnership between the French Development Agency AFD and the Maastricht Graduate School of Governance Maastricht University UNUMerit. The research builds on the Institutional Profiles Database IPD, jointly developed by AFD and the French Ministry of the Economy since 2001.What is state capacity and how does it affect development The concept of state capacity acquired centrality during the late seventies and eighties, sponsored by a rather compact set of scholarly works. It later permeated through several disciplines and has now earned a place within the many governance dimensions affecting economic performance. The present article aims to provide a historical account of the evolution and usage of the state capacity concept, along with its various operationalizations. It examines in particular a the growing distance in the usage of the concept by different disciplinary and thematic fields; b the process of branching out of the concept from restricted to more multidimensional definitions; c the problems with construct validity and concept stretching, and d the generalized lack of clarity that exists regarding the institutional sources of state capacity. KW - state capacity KW - statebuilding KW - fiscal performance KW - bureaucracies KW - neopatrimonialism Y1 - 2013 UR - https://www.merit.unu.edu/publications/working-papers/abstract/?id=5017 N1 - MERIT Working Papers 053, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT). ET - #2013-053 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - De Hoyos, Rafael E T1 - Economic Performance under NAFTA: A Firm-Level Analysis of the Trade-productivity Linkages JF - World Development N2 - Did the North American Free Trade Agreement make Mexican firms more productive? If so, through which channels? This paper addresses these questions by deploying an innovative microeconometric approach that disentangles the various channels through which integration with the global markets (via international trade) can affect firm-level productivity. The results show that the North American Free Trade Agreement stimulated the productivity of Mexican plants via: (1) an increase in import competition and (2) a positive effect on access to imported intermediate inputs. However, the impact of trade reforms was not identical for all integrated firms, with fully integrated firms (i.e. firms simultaneously exporting and importing) benefiting more than other integrated firms. Contrary to previous results, once self-selection problems are solved, the analysis finds a rather weak relationship between exports and productivity growth. Y1 - 2013 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.09.008 VL - 44 SP - 180 EP - 193 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cardot, Olivier A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - Pierola, Martha Denisse A1 - Rauch, Ferdinand T1 - Success and failure of African exporters JF - Journal of Development Economics N2 - Using a new dataset with transaction-level export data from four African countries (Malawi, Mali, Senegal and Tanzania), this paper explores the determinants of success upon entry into export markets, defined as survival beyond the first year at the firm-product-destination level. We find that the probability of success rises with the number of same-country firms exporting the same product to the same destination, suggesting the existence of cross-firm externalities. We explore several conjectures on the determinants of these externalities and provide evidence suggestive of information spillovers, possibly mediated through the banking system. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2012.12.004 VL - 101 SP - 284 EP - 296 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - Rauch, Ferdinand A1 - Winters, L Alan T1 - Trade as an engine of creative destruction: Mexican experience with Chinese competition JF - Journal of International Economics N2 - This paper exploits the surge in Chinese exports from 1994 to 2004 to evaluate the effects of a competition shock from a low wage competitor for producers in an important middle-income country, Mexico. We find that this shock causes selection and reallocation at both firm and product levels and that its impact is highly heterogeneous at the intensive and extensive margins. Sales of smaller plants and more marginal products are compressed and are more likely to cease, whereas those of larger plants and core products seem relatively impervious to the shock. This implies a reallocation in terms of market shares within firms and between firms. We also show that the impact of expanded access to cheaper Chinese intermediate inputs has a similar effect, with larger plants benefiting more from the availability of cheaper imported inputs. Y1 - 2013 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2012.09.002 VL - 89 IS - 2 SP - 379 EP - 392 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - Zahler, Andrés A1 - Mattoo, Aaditya T1 - Trade and innovation in services: Evidence from a developing economy JF - The World Economy N2 - Studies on innovation and international trade have traditionally focused on manufacturing because neither was seen as important for services. Moreover, the few existing studies on services focus only on industrial countries, although in many developing countries services are already the largest sector in the economy and an important determinant of overall productivity growth. Using a recent firm-level innovation survey for Chile to compare the manufacturing and "tradable" services sector, this paper reveals some novel patterns. First, although services firms have on average a much lower propensity to export than manufacturing firms, services exports are less dominated by large firms and tend to be more skill intensive than manufacturing exports. Second, services firms appear to be as innovative as -- and in some cases more innovative than -- manufacturing firms, in terms of both inputs and outputs of "technological" innovative activity, although services innovations more often take a "non-technological" form. Third, services exporters (like manufacturing exporters) tend to be significantly more innovative than non-exporters, with a wider gap for innovations close to the global technological frontier. These findings suggest that the growing faith in services as a source of both trade and innovative dynamism may not be misplaced. Y1 - 2013 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/twec.12117 VL - 37 IS - 7 SP - 953 EP - 979 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - Ramachandran, Vijaya A1 - Schmidt, Martin T1 - Stunted growth: why don't African firms create more jobs? T2 - Policy Research Working Papers N2 - Many countries in Africa suffer high rates of underemployment or low rates of productive employment; many also anticipate large numbers of people to enter the workforce in the near future. This paper asks the question: Are African firms creating fewer jobs than those located elsewhere? And, if so, why? One reason may be that weak business environments slow the growth of firms and distort the allocation of resources away from better-performing firms, hence reducing their potential for job creation. The paper uses data from 41,000 firms across 119 countries to examine the drivers of firm growth, with a special focus on African firms. African firms, at any age, tend to be 20–24 percent smaller than firms in other regions of the world. The poor business environment, driven by limited access to finance, and the lack of availability of electricity, land, and unskilled labor have some value in explaining this difference. Foreign ownership, the export status of the firm, and the size of the market are also significant determinants of firm size. However, even after controlling for the business environment and for characteristics of firms and markets, about 60 percent of the size gap between African and non-African firms remains unexplained. Y1 - 2013 UR - https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-6727 PB - World Bank Group ET - 6727 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - González, Alvaro S. A1 - Subhash, Hari T1 - Russian volatility: Obstacle to firm survival and diversification T2 - Policy Research Working Paper N2 - The need for economic diversification receives a great deal of attention in Russia. This paper looks at a way to improve it that is essential but largely ignored: how to help diversifying firms better survive economic cycles. By definition, economic diversification means doing new things in new sectors and/or in new markets. The fate of emerging firms, therefore, should be of great concern to policy makers. This paper indicates that the ups and downs -- the volatility -- of Russian economic growth are key to that fate. Volatility of growth is higher in Russia than in comparable economies because its slumps are both longer and deeper. They go beyond the cleansing effects of eliminating the least efficient firms; relatively efficient ones get swept away as well. In fact, an incumbency advantage improves a firm's chances of weathering the ups and downs of the economy, regardless of a firm's relative efficiency. Finally, firms in sectors where competition is less intense are less likely to exit the market, regardless of their relative efficiency. Two policy conclusions emerge from these findings -- one macroeconomic and one microeconomic. First, the importance of countercyclical policies is heightened to include efficiency elements. Second, strengthening competition and other factors that support the survival of new, emerging and efficient firms will promote economic diversification. Efforts to help small and medium enterprises may be better spent on removing the obstacles that young, infant firms face as they attempt to enter, survive and grow. Y1 - 2013 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10986/15828 PB - World Bank Group CY - Washington, D. C. ET - 6605 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - Aterido, Reyes A1 - Beck, Thorsten T1 - Access to Finance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Is There a Gender Gap? JF - World Development N2 - We show the existence of an unconditional gender gap in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, when key observable characteristics of the enterprises or individuals are taken into account the gender gap disappears. In the case of enterprises, we explain our finding with differences in key characteristics and a potential selection bias. In the case of individuals, the lower use of formal financial services by women can be explained by gender gaps in other dimensions related to the use of financial services, such as their lower level of income and education, and by their household and employment status. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.02.013 VL - 47 SP - 102 EP - 120 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Snower, Dennis A1 - Graham, Liam T1 - Hyperbolic Discounting and Positive Optimal Inflation JF - Macroeconomic Dynamics N2 - The Friedman rule states that steady-state welfare is maximized when there is deflation at the real rate of interest. Recent work by Khan, King, and Wolman [Review of Economic Studies 10 (4), 825–860] uses a richer model but still finds deflation optimal. In an otherwise standard New Keynesian model we show that, if households have hyperbolic discounting, small positive rates of inflation can be optimal. In our baseline calibration, the optimal rate of inflation is 2.1% and remains positive across a wide range of calibrations. KW - Optimal Monetary Policy, Inflation Targeting, Phillips Curve, Nominal Inertia, Monetary Policy Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1365100511000393 VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - 591 EP - 620 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hassel, Anke ED - Hinte, Klaus ED - Zimmermann, Klaus T1 - Die Zukunft der Sozialpartnerschaft: Individualisierung versus Arbeitnehmerschutz? T2 - Zeitenwende auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Wie der demografische Wandel die Erwerbsgesellschaft verändert Y1 - 2013 SN - 978-3-8389-0292-0 SP - 213 EP - 230 PB - Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung CY - Bonn ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hustedt, Thurid T1 - Analyzing Policy Advice: The Case of Climate Policy in Germany JF - Central European Journal of Public Policy N2 - Research in public administration and public policy is remarkably split between institutional approaches and policy analytical approaches. Whereas institutional approaches, most often in (comparative) public administration, identify features of politico-administrative systems to account for policy-making such as politicization or the role of the centre, policy perspectives explain policy-making by factors related to the respective policy domain, e.g. frames or agenda-setting. This divide becomes crucial in the analysis of policy advice. On the one hand, advisory systems are affected by features of politico-administrative systems because bureaucrats represent important sources of advice to ministers. On theother hand, advisory systems also vary across policy domains. The paper aims to reconcile the two approaches by analyzing the constitution of policy advisory systems as affected by both institutional and policy factors. The article argues that the composition and role of advisory systems and their components basically depend upon how the problem structure of a given policy domain prompts the involved actors to use the institutional context to impose their specific problem perception, and hence to determine the relevant knowledge in policy advice. Hence, the paper focuses on the question which institutional and policy-level factors affect the constitution of the policy advisory system in climate policy-making in German federal government. Y1 - 2013 SN - 1802-4866 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 88 EP - 110 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reh, Christine A1 - Héritier, Adrienne A1 - Bressanelli, Edoardo A1 - Koop, Christel T1 - The Informal Politics of Legislation JF - Comparative Polical Studies N2 - This article investigates a widespread yet understudied trend in EU politics: the shift of legislative decision making from public inclusive to informal secluded arenas and the subsequent adoption of legislation as “early agreements.” Since its introduction in 1999, “fast-track legislation” has increased dramatically, accounting for 72% of codecision files in the Sixth European Parliament. Drawing from functionalist institutionalism, distributive bargaining theory, and sociological institutionalism, this article explains under what conditions informal decision making is likely to occur. The authors test their hypotheses on an original data set of all 797 codecision files negotiated between mid-1999 and mid-2009. Their analysis suggests that fast-track legislation is systematically related to the number of participants, legislative workload, and complexity. These findings back a functionalist argument, emphasizing the transaction costs of intraorganizational coordination and information gathering. However, redistributive and salient acts are regularly decided informally, and the Council presidency’s priorities have no significant effect on fast-track legislation. Hence, the authors cannot confirm explanations based on issue properties or actors’ privileged institutional positions. Finally, they find a strong effect for the time fast-track legislation has been used, suggesting socialization into interorganizational norms of cooperation. KW - European Parliament, fast-track legislation, informal politics, functionalist institutionalism, distributive bargaining, socialization Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414011426415 SN - 0010-4140 VL - 46 IS - 9 SP - 1112 EP - 1142 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Burns, Charlotte A1 - Rasmussen, Anne A1 - Reh, Christine T1 - Legislative codecision and its impact on the political system of the European Union JF - Journal of European Public Policy N2 - The European Union (EU) has experienced a remarkable degree of change during its history: it legislates in an ever wider range of policy areas, and its institutions and decision-making processes have been reformed repeatedly. One of the most important institutional changes was the introduction of the codecision procedure in 1993, which empowered the European Parliament (EP) and transformed the EU system of governance. Following the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon the majority of legislation is now subject to codecision under the ordinary legislative procedure. Consequently, the operation of codecision has major implications for our understanding and analysis of the EU's legislative outputs and for studies of supranational policy-making and systemic evolution more generally. This collection takes stock of 20 years of practising and studying codecision and examines the procedure's long-term implications for the EU's institutions, politics and policies. KW - Bicameralism, codecision, legitimacy, political system Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2013.795366 VL - 20 IS - 7 SP - 941 EP - 952 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Graf, Lukas T1 - Besser verzahnt: Berufs- und Hochschulbildung in Österreich und der Schweiz JF - WZBrief Bildung Y1 - 2013 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10993/5917 VL - 24 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bernhard, Nadine A1 - Graf, Lukas A1 - Powell, Justin J. W. ED - Soeffner, Hans-Georg T1 - Durch Europäisierung zu mehr Durchlässigkeit? Wandel im Verhältnis von Berufsbildungs- und Hochschulsystemen in Deutschland, Frankreich und Österreich T2 - Transnationale Vergesellschaftungen. Verhandlungen des 35. Kongresses der DGS N2 - [en] Die europäischen Bildungsminister beschlossen 1999 einen einheitlichen europäischen Hochschulraum zu schaffen; der so genannte Bologna Prozess wurde in Gang gesetzt. Mit der Unterzeichnung der Kopenhagener Erklärung nur drei Jahre später entschlossen sich die Nationalstaaten, auch im Bereich der beruflichen Bildung stärker zusammenzuarbeiten. Vor allem soll die nationale wie internationale Vergleichbarkeit von Bildungsabschlüssen verbessert werden. Beide Prozesse zielen darauf ab, Durchlässigkeit zwischen den organisatorischen Feldern berufliche Bildung und Hochschulbildung zu erhöhen, und zwar mit Hilfe von gemeinsam entwi- ckelten Standards wie dem Europäischen und Nationalen Qualifikationsrahmen, einem System zur Validierung und Anerkennung unterschiedlicher Lernformen, der Ermöglichung flexibler Bildungswege und der Einführung von Kreditpunkte- systemen (Powell/Solga 2008, 2010, 2011). Heute, nach einem Jahrzehnt seit Beginn dieser Prozesse stellt sich die Frage, wie diese in den europäischen Nationalstaaten bisher schon gewirkt und wie sie das Verhältnis von Hochschul- und Berufsbildung verändert haben – Veränderungen, die mit vielfältigen Implikationen für die Bildungs- und soziale Mobilität einherge- hen können (Bernhard/Powell/Graf 2010): Die Frage nach Durchlässigkeit zwi- schen beruflicher und Hochschulbildung ist dabei insbesondere deswegen wichtig, da stratifizierte (Aus-)Bildungssysteme ohne Brücken zwischen einzelnen Bildungs- sektoren den möglichst gleichen Zugang zu Bildungs- und Beschäftigungsopportu- nitäten behindern. Y1 - 2013 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10993/5479 SN - 978-3-531-18971-0 PB - Springer VS CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bernhard, Nadine A1 - Graf, Lukas A1 - Powell, Justin J. W. ED - Amos, Karin ED - Schmid, Josef ED - Schrader, Josef ED - Thiel, Ansgar T1 - Auswirkungen des neuen europäischen Bildungsmodells auf die Verknüpfung zwischen Berufs- und Hochschulbildung in Deutschland, Österreich und Frankreich T2 - Europäischer Bildungsraum. Europäisierungsprozesse in Bildungspolitik und Bildungspraxis KW - vocational training ; higher education ; Europe ; Germany ; France ; Austria ; Europeanization ; Bologna process ; Copenhagen process Y1 - 2013 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10993/11423 SN - 978-3-8487-0841-3 SP - 175 EP - 192 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Ebner, Christian A1 - Graf, Lukas A1 - Nikolai, Rita ED - Michael, Windzio T1 - New Institutional Linkages between Dual Vocational Training and Higher Education - A Comparative Analysis of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland T2 - Integration and Inequality in Education Institutions N2 - Germany, Austria, and Switzerland have traditionally provided a large proportion of their workforces with qualifications obtained in the dual vocational training system. However, due to the growing demand for abstract and codified knowledge, all three countries aim at increasing the permeability and individual mobility between the dual training sector and the higher education system. In this chapter we analyse the ways in which Germany, Austria and Switzerland have tried to establish institutional linkages between dual vocational training and higher education. We begin by discussing options for creating such linkages: (1.) upgrading of vocational education and training courses, (2.) introducing dual courses of study, (3.) facilitating attendance of general upper secondary schools for people with vocational qualifications, (4.) enabling the parallel acquisition of a dual vocational training qualification and a higher education entrance qualification, (5.) allowing admission to higher education on the basis of prior dual vocational training qualifications and a certain amount of work experience, and (6.) recognising prior learning as an element in higher education programmes. Our analysis shows that, recently, Germany has relied strongly on the admission to higher education based on vocational training certificates in combination with work experience. Switzerland and Austria are rather pushing the comprehensive introduction of programmes that enable the parallel acquisition of a dual vocational training qualification and a higher education entrance qualification. Finally, we raise questions about the risk of institutional ambiguity and institutional task overload KW - Dual vocational training, Higher education, Permeability, Institutional change Y1 - 2013 UR - https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-6119-3_14 SN - 978-94-007-6118-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6119-3_14 SP - 281 EP - 298 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER -