TY - JOUR A1 - Jankin, Slava A1 - De Neve, Jan-Emmanuel A1 - Dawes, Christopher T. A1 - Christakis, Nicholas A. A1 - Fowler, James H. T1 - Born to Lead? A Twin Design and Genetic Association Study of Leadership Role Occupancy JF - The Leadership Quarterly N2 - We address leadership emergence and the possibility that there is a partially innate predisposition to occupy a leadership role. Employing twin design methods on data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we estimate the heritability of leadership role occupancy at 24%. Twin studies do not point to specific genes or neurological processes that might be involved. We therefore also conduct association analysis on the available genetic markers. The results show that leadership role occupancy is associated with rs4950, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) residing on a neuronal acetylcholine receptor gene (CHRNB3). We replicate this family-based genetic association result on an independent sample in the Framingham Heart Study. This is the first study to identify a specific genotype associated with the tendency to occupy a leadership position. The results suggest that what determines whether an individual occupies a leadership position is the complex product of genetic and environmental influences, with a particular role for rs4950. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.08.001 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 45 EP - 60 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baturo, Alexander A1 - Jankin, Slava T1 - Life of Brian Revisited: Assessing Informational and Non-Informational Leadership Tools JF - Political Science Research and Methods N2 - Recent literature models leadership as a process of communication in which leaders’ rhetorical signals facilitate followers’ co-ordination. While some studies have explored the effects of leadership in experimental settings, there remains a lack of empirical research on the effectiveness of informational tools in real political environments. Using quantitative text analysis of federal and sub-national legislative addresses in Russia, this article empirically demonstrates that followers react to informational signals from leaders. It further theorizes that leaders use a combination of informational and non-informational tools to solve the co-ordination problem. The findings show that a mixture of informational and non- informational tools shapes followers’ strategic calculi. Ignoring non-informational tools — and particularly the interrelationship between informational and non-informational tools - can threaten the internal validity of causal inference in the analysis of leadership effects on co-ordination. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2013.3 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - 139 EP - 157 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Stockmann, Daniela T1 - Media Commercialization and Authoritarian Rule in China KW - China KW - Authoritarianism KW - Media KW - Commercialization Y1 - 2013 UR - 9781107018440 SN - 9781107469624 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Cingolani, Luciana T1 - The State of State Capacity: a review of concepts, evidence and measures T2 - MERIT Working Papers N2 - This working paper is part of the research programme on Institutions, Governance and Longterm Economic Growth, a partnership between the French Development Agency AFD and the Maastricht Graduate School of Governance Maastricht University UNUMerit. The research builds on the Institutional Profiles Database IPD, jointly developed by AFD and the French Ministry of the Economy since 2001.What is state capacity and how does it affect development The concept of state capacity acquired centrality during the late seventies and eighties, sponsored by a rather compact set of scholarly works. It later permeated through several disciplines and has now earned a place within the many governance dimensions affecting economic performance. The present article aims to provide a historical account of the evolution and usage of the state capacity concept, along with its various operationalizations. It examines in particular a the growing distance in the usage of the concept by different disciplinary and thematic fields; b the process of branching out of the concept from restricted to more multidimensional definitions; c the problems with construct validity and concept stretching, and d the generalized lack of clarity that exists regarding the institutional sources of state capacity. KW - state capacity KW - statebuilding KW - fiscal performance KW - bureaucracies KW - neopatrimonialism Y1 - 2013 UR - https://www.merit.unu.edu/publications/working-papers/abstract/?id=5017 N1 - MERIT Working Papers 053, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT). ET - #2013-053 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - De Hoyos, Rafael E T1 - Economic Performance under NAFTA: A Firm-Level Analysis of the Trade-productivity Linkages JF - World Development N2 - Did the North American Free Trade Agreement make Mexican firms more productive? If so, through which channels? This paper addresses these questions by deploying an innovative microeconometric approach that disentangles the various channels through which integration with the global markets (via international trade) can affect firm-level productivity. The results show that the North American Free Trade Agreement stimulated the productivity of Mexican plants via: (1) an increase in import competition and (2) a positive effect on access to imported intermediate inputs. However, the impact of trade reforms was not identical for all integrated firms, with fully integrated firms (i.e. firms simultaneously exporting and importing) benefiting more than other integrated firms. Contrary to previous results, once self-selection problems are solved, the analysis finds a rather weak relationship between exports and productivity growth. Y1 - 2013 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.09.008 VL - 44 SP - 180 EP - 193 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cardot, Olivier A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - Pierola, Martha Denisse A1 - Rauch, Ferdinand T1 - Success and failure of African exporters JF - Journal of Development Economics N2 - Using a new dataset with transaction-level export data from four African countries (Malawi, Mali, Senegal and Tanzania), this paper explores the determinants of success upon entry into export markets, defined as survival beyond the first year at the firm-product-destination level. We find that the probability of success rises with the number of same-country firms exporting the same product to the same destination, suggesting the existence of cross-firm externalities. We explore several conjectures on the determinants of these externalities and provide evidence suggestive of information spillovers, possibly mediated through the banking system. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2012.12.004 VL - 101 SP - 284 EP - 296 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - Rauch, Ferdinand A1 - Winters, L Alan T1 - Trade as an engine of creative destruction: Mexican experience with Chinese competition JF - Journal of International Economics N2 - This paper exploits the surge in Chinese exports from 1994 to 2004 to evaluate the effects of a competition shock from a low wage competitor for producers in an important middle-income country, Mexico. We find that this shock causes selection and reallocation at both firm and product levels and that its impact is highly heterogeneous at the intensive and extensive margins. Sales of smaller plants and more marginal products are compressed and are more likely to cease, whereas those of larger plants and core products seem relatively impervious to the shock. This implies a reallocation in terms of market shares within firms and between firms. We also show that the impact of expanded access to cheaper Chinese intermediate inputs has a similar effect, with larger plants benefiting more from the availability of cheaper imported inputs. Y1 - 2013 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2012.09.002 VL - 89 IS - 2 SP - 379 EP - 392 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - Zahler, Andrés A1 - Mattoo, Aaditya T1 - Trade and innovation in services: Evidence from a developing economy JF - The World Economy N2 - Studies on innovation and international trade have traditionally focused on manufacturing because neither was seen as important for services. Moreover, the few existing studies on services focus only on industrial countries, although in many developing countries services are already the largest sector in the economy and an important determinant of overall productivity growth. Using a recent firm-level innovation survey for Chile to compare the manufacturing and "tradable" services sector, this paper reveals some novel patterns. First, although services firms have on average a much lower propensity to export than manufacturing firms, services exports are less dominated by large firms and tend to be more skill intensive than manufacturing exports. Second, services firms appear to be as innovative as -- and in some cases more innovative than -- manufacturing firms, in terms of both inputs and outputs of "technological" innovative activity, although services innovations more often take a "non-technological" form. Third, services exporters (like manufacturing exporters) tend to be significantly more innovative than non-exporters, with a wider gap for innovations close to the global technological frontier. These findings suggest that the growing faith in services as a source of both trade and innovative dynamism may not be misplaced. Y1 - 2013 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/twec.12117 VL - 37 IS - 7 SP - 953 EP - 979 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - Ramachandran, Vijaya A1 - Schmidt, Martin T1 - Stunted growth: why don't African firms create more jobs? T2 - Policy Research Working Papers N2 - Many countries in Africa suffer high rates of underemployment or low rates of productive employment; many also anticipate large numbers of people to enter the workforce in the near future. This paper asks the question: Are African firms creating fewer jobs than those located elsewhere? And, if so, why? One reason may be that weak business environments slow the growth of firms and distort the allocation of resources away from better-performing firms, hence reducing their potential for job creation. The paper uses data from 41,000 firms across 119 countries to examine the drivers of firm growth, with a special focus on African firms. African firms, at any age, tend to be 20–24 percent smaller than firms in other regions of the world. The poor business environment, driven by limited access to finance, and the lack of availability of electricity, land, and unskilled labor have some value in explaining this difference. Foreign ownership, the export status of the firm, and the size of the market are also significant determinants of firm size. However, even after controlling for the business environment and for characteristics of firms and markets, about 60 percent of the size gap between African and non-African firms remains unexplained. Y1 - 2013 UR - https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-6727 PB - World Bank Group ET - 6727 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - González, Alvaro S. A1 - Subhash, Hari T1 - Russian volatility: Obstacle to firm survival and diversification T2 - Policy Research Working Paper N2 - The need for economic diversification receives a great deal of attention in Russia. This paper looks at a way to improve it that is essential but largely ignored: how to help diversifying firms better survive economic cycles. By definition, economic diversification means doing new things in new sectors and/or in new markets. The fate of emerging firms, therefore, should be of great concern to policy makers. This paper indicates that the ups and downs -- the volatility -- of Russian economic growth are key to that fate. Volatility of growth is higher in Russia than in comparable economies because its slumps are both longer and deeper. They go beyond the cleansing effects of eliminating the least efficient firms; relatively efficient ones get swept away as well. In fact, an incumbency advantage improves a firm's chances of weathering the ups and downs of the economy, regardless of a firm's relative efficiency. Finally, firms in sectors where competition is less intense are less likely to exit the market, regardless of their relative efficiency. Two policy conclusions emerge from these findings -- one macroeconomic and one microeconomic. First, the importance of countercyclical policies is heightened to include efficiency elements. Second, strengthening competition and other factors that support the survival of new, emerging and efficient firms will promote economic diversification. Efforts to help small and medium enterprises may be better spent on removing the obstacles that young, infant firms face as they attempt to enter, survive and grow. Y1 - 2013 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10986/15828 PB - World Bank Group CY - Washington, D. C. ET - 6605 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - Aterido, Reyes A1 - Beck, Thorsten T1 - Access to Finance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Is There a Gender Gap? JF - World Development N2 - We show the existence of an unconditional gender gap in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, when key observable characteristics of the enterprises or individuals are taken into account the gender gap disappears. In the case of enterprises, we explain our finding with differences in key characteristics and a potential selection bias. In the case of individuals, the lower use of formal financial services by women can be explained by gender gaps in other dimensions related to the use of financial services, such as their lower level of income and education, and by their household and employment status. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.02.013 VL - 47 SP - 102 EP - 120 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Snower, Dennis A1 - Graham, Liam T1 - Hyperbolic Discounting and Positive Optimal Inflation JF - Macroeconomic Dynamics N2 - The Friedman rule states that steady-state welfare is maximized when there is deflation at the real rate of interest. Recent work by Khan, King, and Wolman [Review of Economic Studies 10 (4), 825–860] uses a richer model but still finds deflation optimal. In an otherwise standard New Keynesian model we show that, if households have hyperbolic discounting, small positive rates of inflation can be optimal. In our baseline calibration, the optimal rate of inflation is 2.1% and remains positive across a wide range of calibrations. KW - Optimal Monetary Policy, Inflation Targeting, Phillips Curve, Nominal Inertia, Monetary Policy Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1365100511000393 VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - 591 EP - 620 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hassel, Anke ED - Hinte, Klaus ED - Zimmermann, Klaus T1 - Die Zukunft der Sozialpartnerschaft: Individualisierung versus Arbeitnehmerschutz? T2 - Zeitenwende auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Wie der demografische Wandel die Erwerbsgesellschaft verändert Y1 - 2013 SN - 978-3-8389-0292-0 SP - 213 EP - 230 PB - Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung CY - Bonn ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hustedt, Thurid T1 - Analyzing Policy Advice: The Case of Climate Policy in Germany JF - Central European Journal of Public Policy N2 - Research in public administration and public policy is remarkably split between institutional approaches and policy analytical approaches. Whereas institutional approaches, most often in (comparative) public administration, identify features of politico-administrative systems to account for policy-making such as politicization or the role of the centre, policy perspectives explain policy-making by factors related to the respective policy domain, e.g. frames or agenda-setting. This divide becomes crucial in the analysis of policy advice. On the one hand, advisory systems are affected by features of politico-administrative systems because bureaucrats represent important sources of advice to ministers. On theother hand, advisory systems also vary across policy domains. The paper aims to reconcile the two approaches by analyzing the constitution of policy advisory systems as affected by both institutional and policy factors. The article argues that the composition and role of advisory systems and their components basically depend upon how the problem structure of a given policy domain prompts the involved actors to use the institutional context to impose their specific problem perception, and hence to determine the relevant knowledge in policy advice. Hence, the paper focuses on the question which institutional and policy-level factors affect the constitution of the policy advisory system in climate policy-making in German federal government. Y1 - 2013 SN - 1802-4866 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 88 EP - 110 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reh, Christine A1 - Héritier, Adrienne A1 - Bressanelli, Edoardo A1 - Koop, Christel T1 - The Informal Politics of Legislation JF - Comparative Polical Studies N2 - This article investigates a widespread yet understudied trend in EU politics: the shift of legislative decision making from public inclusive to informal secluded arenas and the subsequent adoption of legislation as “early agreements.” Since its introduction in 1999, “fast-track legislation” has increased dramatically, accounting for 72% of codecision files in the Sixth European Parliament. Drawing from functionalist institutionalism, distributive bargaining theory, and sociological institutionalism, this article explains under what conditions informal decision making is likely to occur. The authors test their hypotheses on an original data set of all 797 codecision files negotiated between mid-1999 and mid-2009. Their analysis suggests that fast-track legislation is systematically related to the number of participants, legislative workload, and complexity. These findings back a functionalist argument, emphasizing the transaction costs of intraorganizational coordination and information gathering. However, redistributive and salient acts are regularly decided informally, and the Council presidency’s priorities have no significant effect on fast-track legislation. Hence, the authors cannot confirm explanations based on issue properties or actors’ privileged institutional positions. Finally, they find a strong effect for the time fast-track legislation has been used, suggesting socialization into interorganizational norms of cooperation. KW - European Parliament, fast-track legislation, informal politics, functionalist institutionalism, distributive bargaining, socialization Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414011426415 SN - 0010-4140 VL - 46 IS - 9 SP - 1112 EP - 1142 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Burns, Charlotte A1 - Rasmussen, Anne A1 - Reh, Christine T1 - Legislative codecision and its impact on the political system of the European Union JF - Journal of European Public Policy N2 - The European Union (EU) has experienced a remarkable degree of change during its history: it legislates in an ever wider range of policy areas, and its institutions and decision-making processes have been reformed repeatedly. One of the most important institutional changes was the introduction of the codecision procedure in 1993, which empowered the European Parliament (EP) and transformed the EU system of governance. Following the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon the majority of legislation is now subject to codecision under the ordinary legislative procedure. Consequently, the operation of codecision has major implications for our understanding and analysis of the EU's legislative outputs and for studies of supranational policy-making and systemic evolution more generally. This collection takes stock of 20 years of practising and studying codecision and examines the procedure's long-term implications for the EU's institutions, politics and policies. KW - Bicameralism, codecision, legitimacy, political system Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2013.795366 VL - 20 IS - 7 SP - 941 EP - 952 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Graf, Lukas T1 - Besser verzahnt: Berufs- und Hochschulbildung in Österreich und der Schweiz JF - WZBrief Bildung Y1 - 2013 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10993/5917 VL - 24 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bernhard, Nadine A1 - Graf, Lukas A1 - Powell, Justin J. W. ED - Soeffner, Hans-Georg T1 - Durch Europäisierung zu mehr Durchlässigkeit? Wandel im Verhältnis von Berufsbildungs- und Hochschulsystemen in Deutschland, Frankreich und Österreich T2 - Transnationale Vergesellschaftungen. Verhandlungen des 35. Kongresses der DGS N2 - [en] Die europäischen Bildungsminister beschlossen 1999 einen einheitlichen europäischen Hochschulraum zu schaffen; der so genannte Bologna Prozess wurde in Gang gesetzt. Mit der Unterzeichnung der Kopenhagener Erklärung nur drei Jahre später entschlossen sich die Nationalstaaten, auch im Bereich der beruflichen Bildung stärker zusammenzuarbeiten. Vor allem soll die nationale wie internationale Vergleichbarkeit von Bildungsabschlüssen verbessert werden. Beide Prozesse zielen darauf ab, Durchlässigkeit zwischen den organisatorischen Feldern berufliche Bildung und Hochschulbildung zu erhöhen, und zwar mit Hilfe von gemeinsam entwi- ckelten Standards wie dem Europäischen und Nationalen Qualifikationsrahmen, einem System zur Validierung und Anerkennung unterschiedlicher Lernformen, der Ermöglichung flexibler Bildungswege und der Einführung von Kreditpunkte- systemen (Powell/Solga 2008, 2010, 2011). Heute, nach einem Jahrzehnt seit Beginn dieser Prozesse stellt sich die Frage, wie diese in den europäischen Nationalstaaten bisher schon gewirkt und wie sie das Verhältnis von Hochschul- und Berufsbildung verändert haben – Veränderungen, die mit vielfältigen Implikationen für die Bildungs- und soziale Mobilität einherge- hen können (Bernhard/Powell/Graf 2010): Die Frage nach Durchlässigkeit zwi- schen beruflicher und Hochschulbildung ist dabei insbesondere deswegen wichtig, da stratifizierte (Aus-)Bildungssysteme ohne Brücken zwischen einzelnen Bildungs- sektoren den möglichst gleichen Zugang zu Bildungs- und Beschäftigungsopportu- nitäten behindern. Y1 - 2013 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10993/5479 SN - 978-3-531-18971-0 PB - Springer VS CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bernhard, Nadine A1 - Graf, Lukas A1 - Powell, Justin J. W. ED - Amos, Karin ED - Schmid, Josef ED - Schrader, Josef ED - Thiel, Ansgar T1 - Auswirkungen des neuen europäischen Bildungsmodells auf die Verknüpfung zwischen Berufs- und Hochschulbildung in Deutschland, Österreich und Frankreich T2 - Europäischer Bildungsraum. Europäisierungsprozesse in Bildungspolitik und Bildungspraxis KW - vocational training ; higher education ; Europe ; Germany ; France ; Austria ; Europeanization ; Bologna process ; Copenhagen process Y1 - 2013 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10993/11423 SN - 978-3-8487-0841-3 SP - 175 EP - 192 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Ebner, Christian A1 - Graf, Lukas A1 - Nikolai, Rita ED - Michael, Windzio T1 - New Institutional Linkages between Dual Vocational Training and Higher Education - A Comparative Analysis of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland T2 - Integration and Inequality in Education Institutions N2 - Germany, Austria, and Switzerland have traditionally provided a large proportion of their workforces with qualifications obtained in the dual vocational training system. However, due to the growing demand for abstract and codified knowledge, all three countries aim at increasing the permeability and individual mobility between the dual training sector and the higher education system. In this chapter we analyse the ways in which Germany, Austria and Switzerland have tried to establish institutional linkages between dual vocational training and higher education. We begin by discussing options for creating such linkages: (1.) upgrading of vocational education and training courses, (2.) introducing dual courses of study, (3.) facilitating attendance of general upper secondary schools for people with vocational qualifications, (4.) enabling the parallel acquisition of a dual vocational training qualification and a higher education entrance qualification, (5.) allowing admission to higher education on the basis of prior dual vocational training qualifications and a certain amount of work experience, and (6.) recognising prior learning as an element in higher education programmes. Our analysis shows that, recently, Germany has relied strongly on the admission to higher education based on vocational training certificates in combination with work experience. Switzerland and Austria are rather pushing the comprehensive introduction of programmes that enable the parallel acquisition of a dual vocational training qualification and a higher education entrance qualification. Finally, we raise questions about the risk of institutional ambiguity and institutional task overload KW - Dual vocational training, Higher education, Permeability, Institutional change Y1 - 2013 UR - https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-6119-3_14 SN - 978-94-007-6118-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6119-3_14 SP - 281 EP - 298 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER -