TY - JOUR A1 - Marsh, Michael A1 - Jankin, Slava T1 - European Parliament elections and EU governance JF - Living Reviews in European Governance N2 - The decision to establish direct elections to the European Parliament was intended by many to establish a direct link between the individual citizen and decision making at the European level. Elections were meant to help to establish a common identity among the peoples of Europe, to legitimise policy through the normal electoral processes and provide a public space within which Europeans could exert a more direct control over their collective future. Critics disagreed, arguing that direct elections to the European Parliament would further undermine the sovereignty of member states, and may not deliver on the promise that so many were making on behalf of that process. In particular, some wondered whether elections alone could mobilise European publics to take a much greater interest in European matters, with the possibility of European elections being contested simply on national matters. Evaluating these divergent views, the subject of this article is to review the literature on direct elections to the European Parliament in the context of the role these elections play in governance of the European Union. The seminal work by Reif and Schmitt serves as the starting point of our review. These authors were the first to discuss elections to the European Parliament as second-order national elections. Results of second-order elections are influenced not only by second-order factors, but also by the situation in the first-order arena at the time of the second-order election. In the 30 years and six more sets of European Parliament elections since the publication of their work, the concept has become the dominant one in any academic discussion of European elections. In this article we review that work in order to assess the continuing value of the second-order national election concept today, and to consider some of the more fruitful areas for research which might build on the advance made by Reif and Schmitt. While the concept has proven useful in studies of a range of elections beyond just those for the European Parliament, including those for regional and local assemblies as well as referendums, this review will concentrate solely on EP elections. Concluding that Reif and Schmitt’s characterisation remains broadly valid today, the article allows that while this does not mean there is necessarily a democratic deficit within the EU, there may be changes that could be made to encourage a more effective electoral process. Y1 - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.12942/lreg-2010-4 SN - 1813-856X VL - 5 IS - 4 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Reh, Christine ED - Bjola, Corneliu ED - Kornprobst, Markus T1 - Consensus, compromise and “inclusive agreement”: Negotiating supranational governance T2 - Arguing Global Governance: Agency, Lifeworld and Shared Reasoning N2 - Negotiated “policy-arrangements” and their institutionalization are at the heart of global governance. This chapter focuses on the European Union (EU) as one particular arena that produces binding decisions beyond the nation state. For scholars of global governance, the EU constitutes an interesting but idiosyncratic case: the EU’s system of decision-making and enforcement is highly institutionalized; the EU covers a broad policy-remit, touching upon core areas of national sovereignty such as monetary policy or border control; and the EU is exceptionally intrusive and effective, producing binding laws that are widely complied with in its member states. At the same time, the nature of supranational governance – famously described as “less than a federation, more than a regime” (Wallace 1983) – remains open and undefined. For scholars of argumentation, deliberation and persuasion, the European Union is an equally fruitful object of study: the EU’s deliberative decision-style is used to explain compliance with European law (Neyer 2004); the EU is conceptualized as an actor that projects “normative” rather than military power (Manners 2002) and the supranational decision-process serves as testing ground for theories of deliberation (Eriksen and Fossum 2000; Joerges and Neyer 1997a, 1997b), argumentation (Naurin 2010), problem-solving (Elgström and Jönsson 2000), rhetorical action (Schimmelfennig 2001) and judgment (Kornprobst 2008). Y1 - 2010 SN - 9781136906367 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203842577 SP - 177 EP - 194 PB - Routledge CY - London ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - Keller, Wolfgang A1 - Rauch, Ferdinand T1 - Innovation When The Market Is Shrinking: Firm-level Responses To Competition From China N2 - How does trade liberalization that raises a country’s import competition affect the innovative activity of its firms? We exploit the strong growth of Chinese exports resulting from China’s entry into the World Trade Organization in 2001 as a competitive shock to, specifically, Mexican manufacturing firms. Innovation is captured through information on the adoption of specific production techniques such as just in time inventory methods, quality control, and job rotation. Our results indicate that China’s rise in global trade did not affect by much Mexico’s rate of innovation, which contrasts with the substantial gains that others have found in the case of bilateral liberalization. At the same time, there is a striking heterogeneity in the responses across firms: productive firms innovate more while less productive firms innovate less. This leads to positive selection in that initial differences in firm performance are sharpened by the advent of new competition. We discuss the implications of these findings for theories of trade and innovation. Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - Crespi, Gustavo A T1 - Catching up with the technological frontier: Micro-level evidence on growth and convergence JF - Industrial and Corporate Change N2 - In this article, we study how firm heterogeneity influences productivity catching up using plant-level data from Mexico. The article addresses three issues: first, it evaluates the process of convergence towards the global versus the local technological frontier in a middle-income country such as Mexico. Second, it systematically evaluates the role of technological efforts in determining the speed of convergence towards each of these technological frontiers. Third, it assesses the role of openness and trade integration in determining the speed of convergence and presents a horse race between integration and technological effort in explaining the determinants of heterogeneity in influencing the process of convergence toward both the domestic and the global technological frontier. Our results suggest that building firm-level technological capabilities is important for catching up with the global frontier. A policy focused on trade alone will facilitate convergence towards the best technological practices available locally, but it will fall short of encouraging convergence with the global frontier. Y1 - 2010 UR - https://academic.oup.com/icc/article/19/6/2073/731503 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtq057 VL - 10 IS - 6 SP - 2073 EP - 2096 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lodge, Martin A1 - Wegrich, Kai A1 - McElroy, Gail T1 - Dodgy kebabs everywhere? Variety of Worldviews and Regulatory Change JF - Public Administration N2 - In the study of risk regulation, grid‐group cultural theory has attracted considerable interest. There has, however, been a lack of a systematic interest in its claims and in methodological issues. In this article, we present five claims that are drawn from cultural theory and assess them in the light of failure in meat inspections in Germany. These claims are assessed through the analysis of argumentation as recorded in newspapers. In the light of its empirical findings, this article argues that the claims and methodology employed offer a promising avenue for further work to investigate the usefulness of this particular theoretical approach. Y1 - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2010.01811.x VL - 88 IS - 1 SP - 247 EP - 266 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Molina, Ana Cristina A1 - Bussolo, Maurizio A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo T1 - The DR-CAFTA and the extensive margin : a firm-level analysis T2 - World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Y1 - 2010 UR - http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2010/08/27/000158349_20100827150309/Rendered/PDF/WPS5340.pdf VL - 5340 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - Javorcik, Beata S. T1 - MULTI-PRODUCT EXPORTERS: PRODUCT CHURNING, UNCERTAINTY AND EXPORT DISCOVERIES JF - The Economic Journal N2 - Recent research on international trade focuses on firm‐product‐level heterogeneity and the role of uncertainty in shaping international trade. This article contributes to the literature by examining product‐level dynamics within firms in the context of Mexican trade integration under NAFTA. The data show intense product churning within firms and confirm the existence of within‐firm product heterogeneity. The data indicate that new exporters enter foreign markets with a small number of varieties, most of which were previously sold at home, and with a small export small volume. The data also suggest that export discoveries are relatively rare and are imitated within a short period of time. Y1 - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02356.x VL - 120 IS - 544 SP - 481 EP - 499 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Graf, Lukas ED - Egbert, Henrik ED - Esser, Clemens T1 - Internationalization Strategies in Higher Education Systems: A Variety of Capitalism Analytical Framework T2 - Aspects in Varieties of Capitalism - Dynamics, Economic Crisis, New Players Y1 - 2010 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10993/5936 SN - 978-3-8383-4045-6 SP - 203 EP - 227 PB - Lambert CY - Saarbrücken ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Çalı, Başak ED - Gilbert, Geoff ED - Hampson, Francoise ED - Sandoval, Clara T1 - From Bangladesh to responsibility to protect: the legality and implementation criteria for humanitarian intervention BT - Essays in Honour of Professor Sir Nigel Rodley T2 - The Delivery of Human Rights Y1 - 2010 N1 - ISBN: 9780415813426 9780415579926 9780203844359 SP - 228 EP - 244 PB - Routledge CY - New York ER -