TY - JOUR A1 - Mair, Johanna A1 - Martí, Ignasi T1 - Must social-entrepreneurship be nonprofit? JF - Business Week Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hallerberg, Mark A1 - Strauch, Rolf A1 - von Hagen, Jürgen T1 - The design of fiscal rules and forms of governance in European Union countries JF - European Journal of Political Economy N2 - This paper uses a new data set on budgetary institutions in Europe to examine the impact of fiscal rules and budget procedures in EU countries on public finances. It briefly describes the main pattern of budgetary institutions and their determinants across the EU 15 member states. Empirical evidence for the time period 1985–2004 suggests that the centralisation of budgeting procedures restrains public debt. In countries with one-party governments or coalition governments where parties are closely aligned and where political competition among them is low, this is achieved by the delegation of decision-making power to the minister of finance. Fiscal contracts that require countries to set multi-year targets and that reinforce those targets increase fiscal discipline in countries with ideologically dispersed coalitions and where parties regularly compete against each other. Y1 - 2007 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2006.11.005 SN - 1873-5703 VL - 23 IS - 2 SP - 338 EP - 359 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hallerberg, Mark ED - Ayuso-i-Casals, Joaquim ED - Deroose, Servaas ED - Flores, Elena ED - Moulin, Laurent T1 - Who Provides Signals to Voters about Government Competence on Fiscal Matters? The Importance of Independent Watchdogs T2 - Policy Instruments for Sound Fiscal Policies N2 - The Maastricht Treaty set a series of convergence criteria that Member States have to meet to join the euro area. The Treaty is not specific, however, about how to prevent free-riding fiscal behaviour once Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is in place. The Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) represents an institutional response.1 Its design includes preventive and corrective mechanisms. The emphasis for the preventive arm rests on the monitoring of Member State behaviour. Euro-area Member States produce Stability Programme updates yearly in the autumn. The European Commission, for its part, assesses the programmes and makes recommendations to the Council of Economic and Finance Ministers (henceforth ‘ECOFIN’) on whether the programmes meet European fiscal objectives, which in particular includes the achievement of budget positions ‘close to balance or in surplus’. In order to move to the formal corrective arm of the Pact, a Member State would have to be found to have an ‘excessive deficit’. Y1 - 2007 SN - 978-0-230-27179-1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230271791_11 PB - Palgrave Macmillan CY - London ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Çalı, Başak ED - Dembour, Marie-Bénédicte ED - Kelly, Tobias T1 - The limits of international justice at the European Court of Human Rights: between legal cosmopolitanism and a society of states T2 - Paths to international justice: social and legal perspectives Y1 - 2007 N1 - ISBN 978-0521709200 SP - 111 EP - 133 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Çalı, Başak ED - Arat, Zehra F. Kabasakal T1 - Human Rights discourse and domestic Human Rights NGOs T2 - Human Rights in Turkey N2 - Turkish domestic human rights organizations (HROs) have played a major role in developing a human rights discourse by using human rights as an interpretive framework to criticize, resist, and reform domestic political, social, and economic arrangements. This chapter contends that since 1986, domestic Turkish HROs have been major actors in the development of a domestically grown human rights perspective in Turkish politics. They have introduced framing issues as human rights issues and paved the way in fostering a culture of minimum guarantees and protections that any individual ought to enjoy within the Turkish political community. KW - Political Science Y1 - 2007 N1 - ISBN 9780812240009 SP - 217 EP - 232 PB - University of Pennsylvania Press CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reh, Christine T1 - Pre-cooking the European Constitution? The Role of Government Representatives in EU Reform JF - Journal of European Public Policy N2 - This paper sheds light on an unexplored phase and a neglected actor in EU constitutional politics: the preparation of Treaty reform by the Group of Government Representatives. Striving to explain whether and under which conditions constitutional decisions in Europe were de facto taken by officials, the paper proceeds in three steps. First, possible functions of preparation in complex negotiations are conceptualized and two conditions for effective preparation are proposed: a preparatory body's issue and process resources as well as consensual pre-agreement. A second section introduces the role of government representatives in preparing EU reform, checks their collective resources against the criteria developed in section 1 and assesses their preparatory agency as strong. Third, I analyse the effectiveness of preparing for Amsterdam, using the negotiations on free movement and flexibility as plausibility probes. The analysis demonstrates that officials play a key role even in the bastion of high politics that is Treaty reform, where the final European Council is only the 'tip' of a long-term negotiation process. Y1 - 2007 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760701656411 SN - 0143-814 VL - 14 IS - 8 SP - 1186 EP - 1207 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Costello, Cathryn ED - Baldaccini, Anneliese ED - Guild, Elspeth ED - Toner, Helen T1 - The Asylum Procedures Directive in Legal Context: Equivocal Standards Meet General Principles T2 - Whose Freedom, Security and Justice? EU immigration and asylum law after 1999 Y1 - 2007 SN - 9781841136844 SP - 151 EP - 193 PB - Hart Publishing ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hustedt, Thurid ED - Werner, Jann ED - Döhler, Marian T1 - Kontakt durch Kontrakt? Ministerien und Agencies in Dänemark T2 - Agencies in Westeuropa N2 - Agencification in Dänemark“ ist Thema vorliegenden Aufsatzes und soll eine neuere Entwicklung in der dänischen Zentral Verwaltung in den Mittelpunkt rücken. Y1 - 2007 SN - Print: 978-3-531-15422-0 / Online: 978-3-531-90560-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-90560-0_4 SP - 100 EP - 137 PB - VS Publisher for Social Sciences ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Leading the Dance? Power and Political Resources of Business Lobbyists JF - Journal of Public Policy N2 - Studies of lobbying try to determine the influence and power of non-governmental actors on public policy. Although influence is very difficult to measure empirically, many continue to push for better research design to solve the problem. Through case studies of business-government relations in the United States and the European Union, this article argues that the difficulties with power and influence concern not only their operationalisation, but they also reflect conceptual confusions. Trying to determine the ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ of a policy issue can be misleading, since power also structures apparently harmonious exchange relationships. The perceived success of business lobbying in the cases studied depended on the governments' receptiveness to their demands, which in turn depended on strategic advantages they saw for themselves in international negotiations. Even when business appears to lead the dance, it is more promising to look at resource distribution and the interdependence of both sides, instead of assuming the domination of business power over policy outcomes. Y1 - 2007 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X07000633 VL - 27 IS - 1 SP - 57 EP - 78 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - From National Champions to Global Players? Lobbying by Network Operators During the WTO's Basic Telecommunication Negotiations JF - Business & Society N2 - Observers generally assume that firms which engage in lobbying know what they want. Business—government relations and especially the corporate political activities of network operators during the basic telecommunication negotiations of the World Trade Organization present a slightly different picture. European monopoly providers benefited from the old international regime and initially ignored trade discussions in their sector. In the course of negotiations, however, they became part of a three-level game, which obliged them to consider national, European, and multilateral objectives simultaneously. In the course of these complex negotiations, their preferences evolved. Because governments advanced independently on the liberalization project, companies adapted their policy stances from reluctance to support for the negotiations. This article thus cautions against treatments of lobbying that consider preferences as exogenously given. KW - lobbying KW - public services KW - telecommunications KW - World Trade Organization KW - European Union Y1 - 2007 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650307301384 VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - 229 EP - 252 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Artigas, Alvaro T1 - When trade liberalization turns into regulatory reform: The impact on business–government relations in international trade politics JF - Regulation & Governance N2 - Business–government relations on trade issues are generally characterized as protectionist lobbying or – less often – lobbying for the liberalization of markets. However, with the evolution of the trading system, negotiations today concern not just market opening, but also the regulatory frameworks that structure international trade. This transformation has important consequences for the ways in which private interests can contribute to trade negotiations. Instead of simply trying to exert pressure, businesses and other private actors now form working relationships with governments based on expertise, learning, and information exchange. This article illustrates these new forms of public–private interactions with examples from the USA, the European Union, and Brazil. KW - Brazil KW - European Union KW - lobbying KW - trade KW - United States Y1 - 2007 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5991.2007.00010.x VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - 121 EP - 138 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Sanchez Salgado, Rosa ED - Palier, Bruno ED - Surel, Yves T1 - L'européanisation et les acteurs non étatiques T2 - L'Europe en action. L'européanisation dans une perspective comparée. Y1 - 2007 SN - 9782296024113 SP - 145 EP - 191 PB - L'Harmattan CY - Paris ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Hassel, Anke T1 - Wage Setting, Social Pacts and the Euro. A New Role for the State. N2 - Politicians, economists, and social theorists tend to agree that globalization and neo-liberal economic policy have contributed to the decline of the social compacts underlying traditional European welfare states. Recently, however, social pacts have demonstrated an impressive resurgence, as governments across Europe facing necessary economic policy adjustments have chosen to view trade unions as vital negotiating partners rather than adversaries. Wage Setting, Social Pacts, and the Euro offers a theoretical understanding of the forces that have led to this new understanding, and of the challenges that increasing monetary integration will continue to pose. Y1 - 2007 SN - 978-9053569191 N1 - Available as print in your Hertie Library. Als Druckversion in der Hertie Bibliothek verfügbar. Free online access: www.oapen.org/download?type=document&docid=340151 Freier online Zugriff: www.oapen.org/download?type=document&docid=340151 PB - Amsterdam Univ. Press CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia ED - Bevir, Mark T1 - Regulation T2 - Encyclopedia of Governance II Y1 - 2007 UR - https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/encyclopedia-of-governance/book226852#description SN - 978-1-4129-0579-4 SP - 813 EP - 816 PB - SAGE CY - Thousand Oaks ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hassel, Anke T1 - The Curse of Institutional Security: The Erosion of German Trade Unionism JF - Industrielle Beziehungen : Zeitschrift für Arbeit, Organisation und Management N2 - Among all EU member states, German unions have the widest gap between male and female trade union density rates and are least adjusted to the structural changes stemming from the rise of the service sector on the labour market. This development asks for a more subtle understanding of the role of industrial relations institutions for trade union membership. The paper addresses the phenomenon by locating the main problem areas of membership erosion, such as weak service sector membership and the ageing of membership in manufacturing trade unions. It argues that industrial relations institutions have a double effect. Industry unionism is on the one hand a key pillar for centralized bargaining and institutional stability. On the other hand, stable institutional structures might have contributed to the membership decline. KW - Trade union KW - Federal Republic of Germany KW - Development KW - Historical development KW - DGB KW - IG Metall KW - Theory of institutions KW - Service society KW - Corporatism KW - Degree of organization KW - Western Europe KW - Chemical and Energy Industrial Union KW - Structural change Y1 - 2007 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-343914 N1 - Free online access: http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/34391 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 176 EP - 191 PB - Hampp-Verl. CY - Mering ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hassel, Anke T1 - Gewerkschaften T2 - Interessenverbände in Deutschland Y1 - 2007 SN - 978-3-531-14589-1 SP - 173 EP - 196 PB - Springer VS CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hassel, Anke T1 - Mein Vater, der Lokomotivführer JF - Berliner Republik: das Debattenmagazin Y1 - 2007 SN - 1616-4903 N1 - Volltext / Fulltext: http://www.b-republik.de/archiv/mein-vater-der-lokomotivfuehrer VL - 2007 IS - 6 PB - Berliner Vorwärts-Verlagsges. CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hassel, Anke T1 - Aufwachen in der Kinderpolitik JF - Berliner Republik: Debattenmagazin Y1 - 2007 SN - 1616-4903 N1 - Volltext / Fulltext: http://www.b-republik.de/archiv/aufwachen-in-der-kinderpolitik VL - 2007 IS - 2 PB - Berliner Vorwärts-Verlagsges. CY - Berlin ET - Hart gelandet ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hassel, Anke T1 - Darwinismus in der Politik JF - Berliner Republik: das Debattenmagazin Y1 - 2007 SN - 1616-4903 N1 - Volltext / Fulltext: http://www.b-republik.de/archiv/darwinismus-in-der-politik VL - 2007 IS - 3 PB - Berliner Vorwärts-Verlagsges. CY - Berlin ET - Und jetzt wohin? ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hassel, Anke T1 - Schweigen ist Bronze JF - Berliner Republik: das debattenmagazin Y1 - 2007 SN - 1616-4903 N1 - Volltext / Fulltext: http://www.b-republik.de/archiv/schweigen-ist-bronze VL - 2007 IS - 4 PB - Berliner Vorwärts-Verlagsges CY - Berlin ET - Russen. Westen. Wir. ER -