TY - JOUR A1 - Krisch, Nico T1 - The pluralism of global administrative law JF - European Journal of International Law N2 - As public power is increasingly exercised in structures of global governance, principles of domestic law and politics are extended to the global level, with serious repercussions for the structure of international law. Yet, as this article seeks to show for the emerging global administrative law, this extension is often problematic. Using administrative law mechanisms to enhance the accountability of global regulation faces the problem of fundamental contestation over the question of to whom global governance should be accountable. National, international and cosmopolitan constituencies are competing for primacy, and this results in an often disorderly interplay of accountability mechanisms at different levels and in different regimes. This pluralist structure, based on pragmatic accommodation rather than clear decisions, strongly contrasts with the ideals of coherence and unity in modern constitutionalism and domestic administrative law. However, given the structure of global society, it is likely to endure and it is also normatively preferable to alternative, constitutionalist approaches. It helps avoid the friction that may result from a federal-type distribution of powers and the practical problems of a consociational order, and by denying all constituencies primacy it reflects the legitimacy deficits of each of them. Mirroring divergent views on the right scope of the political order, it also respects everybody’s equal right to political participation. A pluralist global administrative law thus presents an alternative to problematic domestic models for ensuring accountability in the circumstances of global governance. Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chi163 SN - 0938-5428 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 247 EP - 278 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wegrich, Kai A1 - Lodge, Martin T1 - Governance as contested logics of control: Europeanized meat inspection regimes in Denmark and Germany JF - Journal of European Public Policy N2 - The term governance has been used in many contexts and meanings. This paper assesses three logics of control widely associated with governance, namely multi-level governance, the regulatory state and performance management. It questions to what extent these logics are present, are reinforcing or are mutually self-destructive in their effects. This paper explores the field of meat inspection as a critical aspect of the Europeanized food safety regime and concentrates on the cases of Denmark and Germany. The paper concludes that the three logics of control's effects are interactive and that, far from being mutually reinforcing, the various logics are mutually self-destructive and destabilizing. KW - Control KW - Food safety KW - Governance KW - Multi-level governance KW - Performance management KW - Regulatory state Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2011.520880 SN - 1350-1763 N1 - Available as ejournal in your Hertie Library. Als elektronische Zeitschrift in der Hertie Bibliothek verfügbar. VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 90 EP - 105 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawson, Mark A1 - Muir, Elise T1 - Hungary and the Indirect Protection of EU Fundamental Rights and the Rule of Law JF - German Law Journal Y1 - 2013 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-2971 SN - 2071-8322 VL - 14 IS - 10 SP - 1959 EP - 1979 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Enderlein, Henrik A1 - Verdun, Amy T1 - EMU’s teenage challenge: what have we learned and can we predict from political science? JF - Journal of European Public Policy N2 - We review the initial predictions and claims regarding economic and monetary union (EMU) in Europe against the evidence of its first ten years of existence. We argue that pessimistic views on the creation of EMU have proved to be wrong. Yet EMU's success is rather puzzling, since it is based on a peculiar institutional structure not thought to lead to success. EMU has generated redistributive effects and may have increased business-cycle synchronization. Those effects have not translated into the expected decrease of legitimacy or a widespread democratic deficit of EMU. At the institutional level, EMU has coped well with an asymmetric framework, largely decoupling EMU from political union. There have been neither major spill-over effects pushing for further political integration nor conflict and disintegration. The main question for the future is whether this institutional structure will stay the same in the aftermath of the global financial crisis. KW - Economic and monetary integration KW - Economic and monetary union KW - Economic governance KW - EU politics KW - Fiscal policy KW - Monetary policy KW - Political integration Y1 - 2009 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760902872106 SN - 1466-4429 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 490 EP - 507 PB - Taylor & Francis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hallerberg, Mark A1 - Wolff, Guntram B. T1 - Fiscal institutions, fiscal policy and sovereign risk premia in EMU JF - Public Choice N2 - We investigate the effect of fiscal institutions such as the strength of the finance minister in the budget process and deficits on interest rate spreads of Eurozone countries. Deficits significantly increase risk premia measured by relative swap spreads. The effect of deficits is significantly lower under EMU. This effect partly results from neglecting the role of fiscal institutions. After controlling for institutional changes, fiscal policy remains a significant determinant of risk premia in EMU. Better institutions are connected with lower risk premia. Furthermore deficits matter less for risk premia in countries with better institutions. Markets acknowledge that better institutions reduce fiscal difficulties rendering the monitoring of annual developments less important. KW - Budget institutions KW - Fiscal rules KW - Sovereign risk premia KW - EMU KW - Fiscal policy Y1 - 2008 VL - 136 IS - 3-4 SP - 379 EP - 396 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hallerberg, Mark A1 - Yläoutinen, Sami T1 - Political Power, Fiscal Institutions and Budgetary Outcomes in Central and Eastern Europe JF - Journal of Public Policy N2 - This paper considers the effects of fiscal governance in Central and East European countries 1998-2008. The first part makes predictions about which form of fiscal governance fits which form of government. Under multi-party coalition governments, fiscal contracts where governments make political commitments to multi-annual fiscal plans work well. In countries where two political blocks face off against one another, delegation based around a strong finance ministry should be most effective. The second part examines electoral and party systems, which affect the form of government in place. The third part documents norms, rules, and institutions in place. The final section considers the joint effects of fiscal governance on fiscal outcomes. On balance, the underlying political climate is crucial for determining what types of fiscal norms, institutions, and rules function best. The more countries diverge from their expected form of fiscal governance, the greater the increase in a country’s debt burden. KW - Budgetary procedures KW - Fiscal rules KW - Public finances Y1 - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X09990213 SN - 0143-814X N1 - Available as ejournal in your Hertie Library. Als elektronische Zeitschrift in der Hertie Bibliothek verfügbar. VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 45 EP - 62 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - van de Walle, Steven T1 - The impact of the new public management: Challenges for coordination and cohesion in European public sectors JF - Halduskultuur - Administrative Culture N2 - New Public Management has been around for a quarter of a century in European public sectors, yet despite the movement’s emphasis on indicators and evidence, there have been surprisingly few encompassing evaluations. In this paper, we provide an overview of academic evaluation and impact studies of entire NPM-style reform programmes. We distinguish between two sets of NPM-style changes and reforms. One is that of specific managerial innovations within public organisations. The other consists of changes to the role of government and citizens as a result of NPM ideas. We conclude that a majority of academic research has focused on the first set of changes, while approaches to the second set has been mainly of a critical nature with relatively limited attention for empirical studies. KW - New Public Management KW - Fragmentation KW - Cohesion KW - Coordination Y1 - 2011 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228123933_The_Impact_of_the_New_Public_Management_Challenges_for_Coordination_and_Cohesion_in_European_Public_Sectors_Review_Essay VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - 190 EP - 209 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus A1 - Albert, Mathias A1 - Quenzel, Gudrun A1 - Schneekloth, Ulrich T1 - Jugend 2010: Die 16. Shell Jugendstudie JF - Diskurs Kindheits- und Jugendforschung KW - Adolescent KW - Youth research KW - Survey KW - Research results KW - Empirical social research KW - Future perspective KW - Value-orientation KW - Family KW - Social relations KW - Leisure time behavior KW - Media KW - Utilization KW - Political activity KW - Federal Republic of Germany Y1 - 2010 UR - http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/38592/ssoar-disk-2011-2-albert_et_al-Jugend_2010_die_16_Shell.pdf?sequence=1 SN - 1862-5002 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - 199 EP - 205 PB - Budrich CY - Leverkusen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jachtenfuchs, Markus A1 - Herschinger, Eva T1 - Informell oder institutionalisiert? Die Internationalisierung der inneren Sicherheit JF - Politische Vierteljahresschrift N2 - Although international police cooperation is not a new phenomenon and despite its relevance for the monopoly of force, studies applying a political science or international relations (IR) perspective are scarce. Through a ‘competition of claims’, this article reviews and organizes current literature on cooperation in internal security to highlight crucial points of entry for IR- and political science approaches. While both claims argue along the lines of functionalist regime theory, the ‘informality claim’ stresses state’s interest to uphold autonomy and their accordant preference for informal cooperation. In contrast, the ‘institutionalization claim’ underscores the willingness of states to create formal and strong institutions as they promise effi ciency gains in light of transborder problems. By focusing on central issues in police cooperation (terrorism, drugs, money laundering, organized crime) this review highlights that internal security can become a prospering fi eld for IR- and political science theorizing. KW - Internal security KW - International cooperation KW - International institutions KW - Informality KW - History of police cooperation Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/0032-3470-2012-3-493 SN - 0720-4809 N1 - Available as print and ebook in your Hertie Library. Als Druckversion und eBook in der Hertie Bibliothek verfügbar. VL - 53 IS - 3 SP - 493 EP - 514 PB - VS-Verl. CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jachtenfuchs, Markus T1 - Der Wandel des regulativen Mehrebenensystems in der EU JF - dms - der moderne staat N2 - Das europäische Mehrebenensystem wird weithin durch eine spezifische Arbeitsteilung charakterisiert, wonach die europäische Ebene stark im Bereich Pareto-optimierender und eher unpolitischer Marktregulierung sei, den Mitgliedstaaten dagegen die klassischen Staatsaufgaben wie Sicherheit, Besteuerung oder Bildung vorbehalten blieben, die tief in individuelle Belange eingreifen. Der Beitrag zeigt anhand der inneren Sicherheit und der Steuerpolitik, dass sich die EU im Gegensatz zu diesem Standardmodell nicht auf Marktregulierung beschränkt, sondern auch staatliche Kernaufgaben intensiv reguliert. Ursache hierfür sind externe Effekte der Schaffung des gemeinsamen Binnenmarktes und das Fehlen eigenständiger Handlungsmittel in diesen Bereichen, das durch Regulierung kompensiert wird. Durch den vorherrschenden Modus der Regulierung bleiben die Eingriffe der EU aber weithin unsichtbar. KW - Regulierung KW - Europäische Union KW - Mehrebenensystem KW - Steuerpolitik KW - Innere Sicherheit Y1 - 2010 SN - 1865-7192 N1 - Available as print in your Hertie Library. Als Druckversioin in der Hertie Bibliothek verfügbar. VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 109 EP - 124 PB - Budrich CY - Leverkusen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina A1 - Stefan, Laura T1 - Perpetual Transitions: Contentious Property and Europeanization in South-Eastern Europe JF - East European Politics and Societies N2 - This article studies comparatively the property restitution policies of Eastern and Western Balkan countries, focusing mostly on internal and external constraints to a permanent solution. The role of the European Court of Human Rights is analyzed in depth, as well as the subtle shift of policy of the EU institutions from the earlier Eastern Balkan accession to the Western Balkans one. While the situation of property restitution in South-Eastern Europe provides clear evidence that Europeanization helps transformation, particularly if the EU openly assumes the role of a transformation agent, it also highlights the limits of its power. KW - Transformation KW - Restitution policy KW - Property KW - Balkans KW - Europeanization KW - Transition Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325411423405 SN - 0888-3254 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 340 EP - 361 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Institutional Voids and the Role of Civil Society : the Case of Global Finance JF - Global Policy N2 - Globalizing policy fields can contain institutional voids in which effective regulatory frameworks and the corrective counterbalance of civil society are equally absent. With the inherently incomplete regulation of global finance on the one hand and the evident dearth of civil society institutions on the other, a central governance question emerges: under what conditions could civil society help to recapture the financial system by embedding it in a wider social and economic policy, and thereby reversing the erosion of confidence in market capitalism and liberal democracy? For this purpose, this article proposes the systematic development of a transnational civil society infrastructure in terms of organizational capacity and expertise for accountability enforcement, policy review, performance oversight and advocacy. The goal of this infrastructure is to fill the institutional void and form a counterveiling force against the unchecked might of global finance. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12061 SN - 1758-5899 N1 - Free online access on the article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1758-5899.12061/pdf Freier online Zugriff auf den Artikel: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1758-5899.12061/pdf VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 23 EP - 35 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Zivilgesellschaft und Krisen: Dahrendorf’sche Reflektionen JF - Leviathan. Berliner Zeitschrift für Sozialwissenschaft N2 - Aus dem Werk Dahrendorfs und der neueren Institutionentheorie schöpfend, soll hier am Beispiel der gegenwärtigen Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise eine These verfolgt werden, die in ihrer Gesamtheit eine recht kritische Diagnose impliziert, aber dennoch auf Optionen im Sinne kreativer Politikgestaltung hinweist: »Die organisierte Zivilgesellschaft wird die transnationalen Konflikte des beginnenden 21. Jahrhunderts moderieren müssen, um der Überforderung von Staat und Markt in einer globalisierten Welt entgegenzuwirken«. Hierbei wird das globale Governance-Problem zentral angesprochen und die entscheidende Frage gestellt: Unter welchen Bedingungen könnte die Zivilgesellschaft ein ordnungspolitisches Korrigendum »von unten« werden, um die bruchstückhafte Struktur uniformer und universaler Regeln sinnhafter, tragfähiger und handlungswirksamer zu machen? Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/0340-0425-2012-3-421 SN - 0340-0425 N1 - Available as print in your Hertie Library. Als Druckversion in der Hertie Bibliothek verfügbar. VL - 40 IS - 3 SP - 421 EP - 440 PB - Nomos Verl.-Ges. CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hassel, Anke A1 - Schelkle, Waltraud T1 - The Policy Consensus Ruling European Political Economy: The Political Attractions of Discredited Economics JF - Global Policy (gp) N2 - Since the Great Recession in 2008 academic economics has come under heavy criticism. But a straightforward alternative is not in sight either. We analyse in this article how the major flaws of applied economics are the mirror image of its attractions to policymakers, mainstream political parties and reform-minded administrations. We first assess what the consensus until recently has been and how it could have been implicated in the crisis. Secondly, we argue, following Hall, that the policy consensus continues to persist because it is politically attractive. The article ends with observations of how the management of the Euro area crisis still shows the attractiveness of the consensus. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12012 SN - 1758-5899 VL - 3 IS - s1 SP - 16 EP - 27 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken (NJ) [u.a.] ET - Special Issue ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hassel, Anke A1 - Lütz, Susanne T1 - Durch die Krise aus der Krise? Die neue Stärke des Staates JF - dms - der moderne staat N2 - In der Finanzkrise ergriffen die westlichen Staaten eine Reihe von Politikinstrumenten, die ein fester Bestandteil der gemischten Ökonomien der unmittelbaren Nachkriegsphase waren, jedoch mit dem liberalen Staatsverständnis der letzten Jahrzehnte kaum zu vereinbaren sind. Was bedeuten diese Entwicklungen für die aktuelle Staatsdiskussion? Erleben wir eine Wiederkehr des Interventionsstaates oder ist dies nur eine kurzfristige Maßnahme zur Rettung globalisierter und liberalisierter Marktwirtschaften? In dem Beitrag analysieren wir die drei wichtigsten Politikinstrumente Verstaatlichung, Konjunkturpolitik und Regulierung der Finanzmärkte. Wir beobachten eine neue Handlungsfähigkeit des Staates, die über die reine Rettung der Marktwirtschaft hinausgeht, jedoch im Vergleich zum Interventionsstaat wichtige Unterschiede aufweist. Unter den Bedingungen globaler Märkte folgen staatliche Eingriffe den Interessen des nationalen Standorts und sind durch die Notwendigkeit der Kooperation mit anderen Staaten beschränkt. Für die Zukunft erwarten wir, dass der Staat in diesem Sinne die neu gewonnen Eingriffsmöglichkeiten weiter erhalten wird, um den nationalen Standort im globalen Kapitalismus zu schützen. KW - Staatstheorie KW - politische Ökonomie KW - Finanzkrise KW - Regulierung KW - Verstaatlichung KW - Finanzpolitik KW - gemischte Wirtschaft Y1 - 2010 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-4484 SN - 1865-7192 N1 - Available as print in your Hertie Library. Als Druckversion in der Hertie Bibliothek verfügbar. VL - 2 SP - 251 EP - 271 PB - Budrich CY - Leverkusen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hassel, Anke A1 - Schiller, Christof T1 - Sozialpolitik im Finanzföderalismus : Hartz IV als Antwort auf die Krise der Kommunalfinanzen JF - Politische Vierteljahresschrift N2 - Gerade kontinentale Wohlfahrtsstaaten wie Deutschland galten lange Zeit als äußerst reformresistent, weshalb sich erst seit Kurzem die Literatur mit dem fundamentalen Wandel des deutschen Wohlfahrtsstaates beschäftigt. Insbesondere neue Reformkoalitionen und Policy-Lernen haben zu diesem Wandel beigetragen. Unser Beitrag zeigt, dass diese Ansätze, obgleich wertvoll, einer Ergänzung bedürfen. Eine wichtige Erklärung für die Transformation des deutschen Wohlfahrtsstaates liegt in der spezifischen Finanzierungsstruktur der Sozialleistungen. Am Beispiel der Arbeitsmarktreform Hartz IV demonstrieren wir, dass die fiskalische Krise des Verschiebebahnhofs zwischen Bundeshaushalt, Sozialversicherung und Gemeinden zu einer Problemlage für die rot-grüne Bundesregierung geführt hat, die nur durch eine Strukturreform der Finanzierung der Leistungen für Langzeitarbeitslose behoben werden konnte. KW - Kontinentale Wohlfahrtsstaaten KW - Reform KW - Wohlfahrtsstaatsfinanzierung KW - Föderalismus Y1 - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11615-010-0006-z SN - 0720-4809 N1 - Available as print and ebook in your Hertie Library. Als Druckversion und eBook in der Hertie Bibliothek verfügbar. VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 95 EP - 117 PB - VS-Verlag CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hassel, Anke T1 - Twenty Years after German Unification: The Restructuring of the German Welfare and Employment Regime JF - German Politics & Society N2 - German unification acted as a catalyst for the substantial transformation of the German welfare and employment regime which has taken place over the last two decades. The changes can be described as a process of a partial liberalization of the labor market within the boundaries of a coordinated industrial relations system and a conservative welfare state. This article depicts the transformation as a trend towards a more liberal welfare and employment regime by focusing on the shifting boundaries between status and income maintenance and poor relief systems. KW - Labor Market Policy KW - Social Policy KW - Labor Relations KW - German Unification Y1 - 2010 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228251763_Twenty_Years_after_German_Unification_The_Restructuring_of_the_German_Welfare_and_Employment_Regime U6 - https://doi.org/10.3167/gps.2010.280207 SN - 1045-0300 VL - 28 IS - 95 SP - 102 EP - 115 PB - Berghahn CY - New York [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hassel, Anke T1 - The Evolution of a Global Labour Governance Regime JF - Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration and Institutions. N2 - During the last decade, the approach by businesses and governments toward labor and social issues at the global level has fundamentally changed. Industrial relations are rapidly internationalizing by developing new actors and forms of governance to deal with the regulation of labor. This article looks at the evolution of self-regulatory standards in the global labor governance debate. Key is that notwithstanding problems with the lacking legal framework of global regulation and enforceability, patterns of local self-regulation, norm-setting, and international codes lead not only to higher expectations of the behavior of transnationally operating firms but also to an indirect pattern of regulation. The article argues that particularly the adoption of the core labor standards by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the setup of the Global Compact by the UN serve as points of convergence. A plethora of voluntarist initiatives that converge over time toward a shared understanding of labor standards is part of the transformation of global labor governance institutions. Y1 - 2008 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2008.00397.x SN - 1468-0491 N1 - Available as print and e-publication in your Hertie Library. Als Druckversion und elektronische Ausgabe in der Hertie Bibliothek verfügbar. VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 231 EP - 251 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hassel, Anke T1 - Policies and Politics in Social Pacts in Europe JF - European Journal of Industrial Relations N2 - This article develops our theoretical understanding of social partnership in Eastern and Western Europe, focusing on two aspects. First, it considers the reasons why both governments as well as social partners sustain social partnership even in the context of tight monetary policy, liberalization and globalization. Second, it explains the differing dynamics of negotiated policies in Eastern and Western Europe. It concludes that the interest constellations of the actors involved, rather than institutional or organizational issues, are the primary explanatory factor for differences in social partnership. Y1 - 2009 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680108100163 SN - 0959-6801 N1 - Available as e-publication in your Hertie Library. Als elektronische Ausgabe in der Hertie Bibliothek verfügbar. VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 7 EP - 26 PB - SAGE CY - Los Angeles [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hassel, Anke T1 - The Curse of Institutional Security: The Erosion of German Trade Unionism JF - Industrielle Beziehungen : Zeitschrift für Arbeit, Organisation und Management N2 - Among all EU member states, German unions have the widest gap between male and female trade union density rates and are least adjusted to the structural changes stemming from the rise of the service sector on the labour market. This development asks for a more subtle understanding of the role of industrial relations institutions for trade union membership. The paper addresses the phenomenon by locating the main problem areas of membership erosion, such as weak service sector membership and the ageing of membership in manufacturing trade unions. It argues that industrial relations institutions have a double effect. Industry unionism is on the one hand a key pillar for centralized bargaining and institutional stability. On the other hand, stable institutional structures might have contributed to the membership decline. KW - Trade union KW - Federal Republic of Germany KW - Development KW - Historical development KW - DGB KW - IG Metall KW - Theory of institutions KW - Service society KW - Corporatism KW - Degree of organization KW - Western Europe KW - Chemical and Energy Industrial Union KW - Structural change Y1 - 2007 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-343914 N1 - Free online access: http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/34391 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 176 EP - 191 PB - Hampp-Verl. CY - Mering ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jachtenfuchs, Markus T1 - Unity in Diversity : The European Union After the Fall of the Wall JF - IP - Global Edition Y1 - 2009 SN - 1439-8443 VL - 10 IS - 11/12 SP - 28 EP - 31 PB - BVA Bielefelder Verl. CY - Bielefeld ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jachtenfuchs, Markus T1 - The European Community and the Protection of the Zone Layer JF - Journal of Common Market Studies Y1 - 1990 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.1990.tb00367.x SN - 1468-5965 N1 - Available as e-publication in your Hertie Library. Als elektronische Ausgabe in der Hertie Bibliothek verfügbar. VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 261 EP - 277 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jachtenfuchs, Markus T1 - Die EG-Umweltpolitik nach dem vierten Aktionsprogramm JF - Ars Aequi Y1 - 1989 SN - 0004-2870 VL - 39 SP - 493 EP - 498 PB - Tjeenk Willink CY - Zwolle ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hassel, Anke T1 - Jenseits der Euro-Rettung - Für einen Perspektivwechsel in der Europadiskussion JF - dms - der moderne staat N2 - Die meisten Beobachter der Eurokrise äußern sich sehr skeptisch über die derzeitige Lage. Weder gibt es eine ökonomisch nachhaltige Strategie den Euroraum zu sanieren, noch eine politische Perspektive demokratischer Europäisierung. Wendet man den Blick weg von der Eurozone hin zu den politischen Defiziten der Finanzmarktregulierung und der Demokratie der Krisenländer, ändert sich das Bild. Ungezügelte Finanzmärkte finanzierten Entwicklungen in defizitären Demokratien, an denen sich mehr oder weniger korrupte Eliten bereicherten und sich in ihrer Machtposition bestätigt sahen. Ein Teufelskreis, der erst durch das Platzen der Finanzblase vorläufig beendet wurde. Die Rettung der Eurozone muss an der Erneuerung nationaler Demokratien ansetzen, die die zentrale Voraussetzung für eine weitere Europäisierung ist. KW - Eurozone KW - Finanzmarktkrise KW - Europäische Integration KW - Demokratie Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3224/dms.v7i1.16233 SN - 1865-7192 N1 - Free online access: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2426222 Freier online Zugriff: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2426222 VL - 1 SP - 7 EP - 15 PB - Budrich CY - Leverkusen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hassel, Anke T1 - The paradox of liberalization - Understanding dualism and the recovery of the German political economy JF - British Journal of Industrial Relations N2 - What do the recent trends in German economic development convey about the trajectory of change? Has liberalization prepared the German economy to deal with new challenges? What effects will liberalization have on the co-ordinating capacities of economic institutions? This article argues that co-ordination and liberalization are two sides of the same coin in the process of corporate restructuring in the face of economic shocks. Firms seek labour co-operation in the face of tighter competitive pressures and exploit institutional advantages of co-ordination. However, tighter co-operation with core workers sharpened insider–outsider divisions and were built upon service sector cost cutting through liberalization. The combination of plant-level restructuring and social policy change forms a trajectory of institutional adjustment of forming complementary economic segments which work under different rules. The process is driven by producer coalitions of export-oriented firms and core workers’ representatives, rather than by firms per se. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2012.00913.x SN - 1467-8543 N1 - Also published as / Ebenfalls erschienen als: LSE Europe in Question Discussion Paper Series (No. 42) Free online access: http://www.lse.ac.uk/europeanInstitute/LEQS/LEQSPaper42.pdf Freier online Zugriff: http://www.lse.ac.uk/europeanInstitute/LEQS/LEQSPaper42.pdf VL - 52 IS - 1 SP - 57 EP - 81 PB - Wiley CY - London [u.a] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hassel, Anke T1 - What are Unions for? The Changing Role of Trade Unions in Modern Economies JF - Laboratorio de Alternativas N2 - Even though the financial crisis has strong negative effects for the labour market, trade unions have not gained support. Globalization, the service economy and the new orientation of the centre-left have contributed to the marginalization of trade unions worldwide. Trade unions as forces for social justice in a highly insecure and unjust environment have to shift towards a more comprehensive approach including supply side policies and addressing the concerns of young people and labour market outsiders in order to stop their demise Y1 - 2012 UR - http://www.fundacionalternativas.org/laboratorio/documentos/politica-comparada/what-are-unions-for-the-changing-role-of-trade-unions-in-modern-economies VL - 6 PB - Fundacion Alternativas CY - Madrid ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawson, Mark A1 - Muir, Elise T1 - One for All and All for One? The Collective Enforcement of European Law JF - Legal Issues of Economic Integration N2 - The failure of individual and institutional remedies to ensure the effective enforcement of European Union (EU) law has increasingly focused attention on collective routes to ensuring adherance to EU policies and rights. How comprehensive, however, should collective remedies under EU law be? This introductory article - as well as the other articles of this volume - explores the feasibility of a horizontal approach to the collective enforcement of EU law. While the hope for such an approach has been bolstered by the engagement of the EU institutions, the Commission's most recent 2013 Recommendation fails to significantly advance the development of collective remedies at EU level. The article will conclude by exploring some further, non-legislative, alternatives to furthering the collective enforcement of EU law. Y1 - 2014 SN - 1566-6573 VL - 41 IS - 3 SP - 215 EP - 224 PB - Kluwer Law International CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawson, Mark A1 - De Witte, Floris T1 - Constitutional Balance in the European Union After the Euro Crisis JF - Modern Law Review N2 - This article analyses how the European Union's response to the euro-crisis has altered the constitutional balance upon which its stability is based. It argues that the stability and legitimacy of any political system requires the structural incorporation of individual and political self-determination. In the context of the EU, this requirement is met through the idea of constitutional balance, with ‘substantive’, ‘institutional’ and ‘spatial’ dimensions. Analysing reforms to EU law and institutional structure in the wake of the crisis – such as the establishment of the ESM, the growing influence of the European Council and the creation of a stand-alone Fiscal Compact – it is argued that recent reforms are likely to have a lasting impact on the ability of the EU to mediate conflicting interests in all three areas. By undermining its constitutional balance, the response to the crisis is likely to dampen the long-term stability and legitimacy of the EU project. KW - Euro-crisis KW - EU constitutionalism KW - Economic governance KW - Constitutional balance KW - EU institutions Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.12037 SN - 1468-2230 VL - 76 IS - 5 SP - 817 EP - 844 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawson, Mark T1 - Re-generating Europe through Human Rights? Proceduralism in European Human Rights Law JF - German Law Journal Y1 - 2013 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-5169 SN - 2071-8322 VL - 14 IS - 5 SP - 651 EP - 672 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawson, Mark T1 - Constitutional Dialogue between Courts and Legislatures in the European Union: Prospects and Limits JF - European Public Law N2 - The concept of 'constitutional dialogue' has become a focal point of US and Canadian public law scholarship. This concept sees judicial review not as a check on majority preferences but instead as part of a deliberation between the legislative and judicial branches over how constitutional commitments and general political objectives can be integrated. This article will explore the prospects and limits of developing the dialogue concept in the context of the present-day European Union (EU). The article will present a two-part argument: While the EU's political and legal diversity make the idea of a 'shared responsibility' for constitutional interpretation between judges and policy-makers normatively attractive, the existing institutional structure of the Union limits the incentives necessary for legal and political actors to constitutionally engage. Y1 - 2013 SN - 1354-3725 VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 369 EP - 396 PB - Kluwer Law International CY - Den Haag ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jachtenfuchs, Markus A1 - Genschel, Philipp T1 - Alles ganz normal! Eine institutionelle Analyse der Euro-Krise JF - Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen Y1 - 2013 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-4173 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/0946-7165-2013-1-75 SN - 0946-7165 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 75 EP - 88 PB - Nomos-Verl.-Ges. CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jachtenfuchs, Markus T1 - Die EU als Dauerreformprojekt : Politische Ordnungsmodelle und ihre Implikationen JF - Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/1430-6387-2013-3-437 SN - 1430-6387 N1 - Available as print in your Hertie Library. Als Druckversion in der Hertie Bibliothek verfügbar. VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - 437 EP - 444 PB - Nomos-Verl.-Ges. CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jachtenfuchs, Markus A1 - Herschinger, Eva A1 - Kasack, Christiane T1 - Scratching the Heart of the Artichoke? : How International Institutions and the European Union Constrain the State Monopoly of Force. JF - European Political Science Review N2 - In recent years, a growing literature has argued that European Union (EU) member states have undergone a profound transformation caused by international institutions and by the EU, in particular. However, the state core – the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force, embodied by the police – seemed to remain intact. The literature has argued that in this area, international institutions are weak, and cooperation has remained informal and intergovernmental. We take issue with these claims and evaluate the strength of international institutions in two core areas of policing (terrorism and drugs) over time. We find that in terms of decision-making, precision, and adjudication, international institutions have become considerably stronger over time. Even when international institutions remain intergovernmental they strongly regulate how EU member states exercise their monopoly of force. Member states are even further constrained because adjudication is delegated to the European Court of Justice. Thus, even the state core is undergoing a significant transformation. KW - Drugs KW - International institutions KW - Police KW - State transformation KW - Terrorism Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S175577391100004X SN - 1862-2860 N1 - Available as print and e-publication in your Hertie Library. Als Druckversion und elektronische Ausgabe in der Hertie Bibliothek verfügbar. VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - 445 EP - 468 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jachtenfuchs, Markus A1 - Genschel, Philipp T1 - How the European Union Constrains the State : Multilevel Governance of Taxation JF - European Journal of Political Research N2 - This article challenges the common assumption that the European Union (EU) has little power over taxation. Based on a comprehensive analysis of EU tax legislation and European Court of Justice (ECJ) tax jurisprudence from 1958 to 2007, the article shows that the EU exerts considerable regulatory control over the Member States' taxing power and imposes tighter constraints on Member State taxes than the American federal government imposes on American state taxation. These findings contradict the standard account of the EU as a regulatory polity that specialises in apolitical issues of market creation and leaves control of highly politicised core functions of government (defence, taxation, social security, education, etc.) to the Member States; despite strong treaty safeguards, national tax autonomy is undermined by EU regulation. Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2010.01939.x SN - 0304-4130 N1 - Available as print and e-publication in your Hertie Library. Als Druckversion und elektronische Ausgabe in der Hertie Bibliothek verfügbar. VL - 50 IS - 3 SP - 293 EP - 314 PB - Blackwell CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jachtenfuchs, Markus T1 - The Monopoly of Legitimate Force : Denationalization, or Business as Usual? JF - European Review N2 - As Max Weber and many others in his tradition have argued, the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force is the core of the modern state. What counts here is not the frequency of the actual use of force but the fact that only the state has the legitimate right to use such force. The military and the police are the most concrete expressions of this monopoly. In recent decades, the use of the military and the police has been subject to external challenges – ‘globalization’ – and new ideas about police and military intervention. Although at an operational level the state retains full control over the actions of the police and military, the conditions for their use are increasingly shaped by institutionalized legitimating ideas. Y1 - 2005 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1062798705000189 SN - 1062-7987 VL - 13 IS - Sonderheft 1 SP - 37 EP - 52 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jachtenfuchs, Markus T1 - Deepening and Widening Integration Theory JF - Journal of European Public Policy N2 - Theories of European integration have traditionally been inwardoriented and presented difficulties in coping with the issue of whether the EU constitutes only a single case. Theoretically oriented research on enlargement offers the possibility of helping us to arrive at generalizable knowledge. However, traditional dichotomies of scientific discourse tend to favour the mutual ignorance of empirical facts and prevent the establishment of better theories and cumulative knowledge. KW - Constructivism KW - Enlargement KW - Integration Theory KW - Rationalism Y1 - 2002 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760210152475 SN - 1466-4429 N1 - Available as e-publication in your Hertie Library. Als elektronische Ausgabe in der Hertie Bibliothek verfügbar. VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - 650 EP - 657 PB - Routledge CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jachtenfuchs, Markus T1 - The Governance Approach to European Integration JF - Journal of Common Market Studies N2 - This article argues that the study of European integration is divided into two distinct approaches: classical integration theory for which the shape of the Euro-polity is the dependent variable; and the governance approach for which it is the independent variable. An historical and conceptual overview of the approach focuses on the efficiency side of governance and excludes issues of democracy and legitimacy. From a sociology of knowledge perspective, the first part traces the roots of the present discussion back to three bodies of literature, namely studies on Europeanization, regulatory policy-making and network concepts. The second part presents the achievements of the approach: putting EU studies in a comparative perspective, directing attention towards democratic governance and bypassing old dichotomies on the future of the nation-state. The final section evaluates present shortcomings, most notably a bias toward problem-solving, the proliferation of case studies and the lack of a coherent theoretical perspective. Y1 - 2001 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00287 SN - 1468-5965 N1 - Available as e-publication in your Hertie Library. Als elektronische Ausgabe in der Hertie Bibliothek verfügbar. VL - 39 IS - 2 SP - 245 EP - 264 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jachtenfuchs, Markus A1 - Diez, Thomas A1 - Jung, Sabine T1 - Which Europe? : Conflicting Models of a Legitimate European Political Order JF - European Journal of International Relations N2 - Conflicts over the shape of the European Union are usually modelled as conflicts of interests. This article argues that the development of a polity depends not only on interests but also on normative ideas about a legitimate political order (`polity-ideas'). These polity-ideas are extremely stable over time and resistant to change because they are linked to the identity and basic normative orientations of the actors involved. The article has four parts: (1) a theoretical argument how to link ideas and polity development in the EU, (2) a methodological discussion containing four ideal-typical polity-ideas about the EU, (3) a comparative analysis of the development of these ideas in France, Germany and the United Kingdom from 1950 to 1995, and (4) a summary of the empirical findings and a discussion of areas of research for which the theoretical approach and the empirical results presented here might be useful. Y1 - 1998 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066198004004002 SN - 1354-0661 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 409 EP - 445 PB - Sage CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jachtenfuchs, Markus T1 - Theoretical Perspectives on European Governance JF - European Law Journal N2 - The paper reviews some theories of social science which could contribute to the development of a concept of European governance going beyond traditional notions, such as federal states' or ‘international organisation’. The theoretical argument is based on the culturalist version of neo-institutionalism, which stresses the role of ideas in the functioning and transformation of a political order. It is claimed that both globalisation and functional differentiation transform existing nation-states and shape the emerging European polity. European governance is characterised as poly-centric and non-hierarchical. Finally, different approaches to the legitimation of such a polity are discussed. The paper comes to the conclusion that the emergence of a European political order is part of a process which could require a rethinking of basic social scientific concepts. Y1 - 1995 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0386.1995.tb00010.x SN - 1468-0386 VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - 115 EP - 133 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jachtenfuchs, Markus T1 - Ideen und internationale Beziehungen JF - Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen Y1 - 1995 UR - https://www.jstor.org/stable/40843784 VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - 417 EP - 442 PB - Nomos Verl.-Ges. CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jachtenfuchs, Markus A1 - Gehring, Thomas T1 - Liability for Transboundary Environmental Damage : Towards a General Liability Regime? JF - European Journal of International Law N2 - Since 1980, the International Law Commission (ILQ has been engaged in drafting a comprehensive convention on liability for damage arising out of acts not prohibited by international law. During its work, the TLC has increasingly focused on transboundary environmental damage. Thus, the project may have considerable impact on the further development of this area of international law. This article analyzes the bask concepts of the project which have emerged so far. It assesses the political feasibility of the project in the light of the current state of international law concerning liability for environmental damage, given that a number of specific ultra-hazardous activities are already regulated by multilateral liability regimes. It concludes that the international community has increasingly accepted the obligation to regulate liability issues, which has improved the chances for victims to mount successful claims. However, this does not mean that states were prepared to compensate for transboundary environmental damage. Y1 - 1993 UR - http://www.ejil.org/article.php?article=1228&issue=67 SN - 0938-5428 N1 - Free online access: http://www.ejil.org/pdfs/4/1/1228.pdf Freier online Zugriff: http://www.ejil.org/pdfs/4/1/1228.pdf VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 92 EP - 106 PB - Oxford Univ.Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hassel, Anke T1 - The Great Realignment: The Politics of Liberalization in Germany JF - Journal of Zhejiang University (Humanities and Social Sciences) N2 - This paper looks at the politics of the liberalization of the German welfare and employment regime and the repercussions on underlying political coalitions in the last two decades. The German welfare and employment system has been confronted with moves towards liberalization without approaching a liberal market economy. This paper traces the shifts of preferences of key actors in two distinct arenas:the economic arena dominated by employers and unions and the public finance arena dominated by fiscal constraints on public budgets. This paper argues that the shifts of positions of key actors in both arenas were interrelated but that they responded to two different sets of problems. This suggests that a wider set of environmental factors are of crucial importance for the maintenance of political economy institutions. KW - Liberalization KW - Political economy KW - Social reform KW - German welfare state KW - Dualization Y1 - 2012 UR - http://www.journals.zju.edu.cn/soc/EN/Y2012/V42/I3/86 SN - 1008-942X VL - 42 IS - 3 SP - 86 EP - 110 PB - Zhejiang Univ. CY - Hangzhou ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Joerges, Christian T1 - Europe’s Economic Constitution in Crisis and the Emergence of a new Constitutional Constellation JF - German Law Journal N2 - The European Union rides through troubled waters. Its original reliance on law as the object and agent of the integration project and on the “economic constitution,” which the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)—as accomplished by the Treaty of Maastricht—expected to complete, have proven unsustainable. Following the financial and sovereign debt crises, individuals perceive the EMU, with its commitments to price stability and monetary politics, as a failed construction precisely because of its reliance on inflexible rules. The European crisis management seeks to compensate for these failures by means of regulatory machinery which disregards the European order of competences, takes power from national institutions, and burdens—in particular—Southern Europe with austerity measures; it establishes pan-European commitments to budgetary discipline and macroeconomic balancing. This abolishes the ideal of a legal ordering of the European economy, while the economic and social prospects of these efforts appear gloomy and the Union’s political legitimacy becomes precarious. A fictitious debate between Carl Schmitt and Jürgen Habermas addresses the present critical constellation, where a number of Schmittian notions seem alarmingly realistic. This essay pleads for a more modest Europe committing itself to “unity in diversity,” the motto of the ill-fated Constitutional Treaty of 2003. Y1 - 2014 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-5740 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2179595 SN - 1566-6573 VL - 15 IS - 5 SP - 985 EP - 1027 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawson, Mark A1 - Muir, Elise T1 - Enforcing Fundamental Values: EU Law and Governance in Hungary and Romania JF - Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X1201900401 SN - 1023-263X VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 469 EP - 476 PB - Intersentia CY - Cambridge [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawson, Mark A1 - Muir, Elise A1 - Claes, Monica T1 - Enforcing the EU's Rights Revolution: The Case of Equality JF - European human rights law review N2 - The last 10 years of EU integration has seen a “rights revolution”, at least in so far as fundamental rights are increasingly the register through which legal conflicts in the EU are articulated. But how are EU fundamental rights enforced in a legal order where enforcement relies upon the navigation of multiple institutions and levels of law? This article will seek to clarify this question, using the example of equality law to explore the various remedies available under EU law to enforce EU fundamental rights, and analysing their various strengths and weaknesses. The article will argue that while EU law has considerably enhanced the possibilities for individuals and groups to challenge breaches of fundamental rights to equality, the system of remedies provided by EU law has serious weaknesses. First, the autonomy provided by EU law for domestic orders to develop their own remedies and rules of access creates significant discrepancies in enforcing fundamental rights across the Member States. Secondly, the enforcement of EU equality law remains primarily based on individual litigation both leaving “gaps” in protection for vulnerable groups and making it difficult to address “systemic” problems of discrimination. The EU’s “rights revolution” both provides legal and political opportunities for social actors while also challenging the EU’s existing system of judicial remedies. KW - Discrimination KW - Enforcement KW - Equal treatment KW - EU law KW - Fundamental rights Y1 - 2012 SN - 1361-1526 VL - 2012 IS - 3 SP - 276 EP - 291 PB - Sweet and Maxwell CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawson, Mark T1 - Three waves of new governance in the European Union JF - European Law Review N2 - This article analyses the evolving relationship in the EU between “new governance” methods and law, arguing that this relationship can be seen in three distinct “waves” of activity. While the last few years have seen a relative decline in the level of academic and institutional interest in new governance processes, recent developments, such as the renewal of the Lisbon “2020” strategy, and accusations of “judicial activism” laid at the door of the European Courts, suggest a renewed role for new governance mechanisms. The article will argue for a “third wave” of governance research based on interaction between the policy elaborating function of new governance and the procedural role of the European Courts in providing due process and other rights. This emerging third wave — and its limits — suggest an emerging research agenda for EU lawyers and political scientists based not on the opposition, but the complementarity, of new governance and legal institutions. Y1 - 2011 SN - 0307-5400 VL - 36 IS - 2 SP - 208 EP - 226 PB - Sweet &​ Maxwell Ltd. CY - United Kingdom ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawson, Mark A1 - Muir, Elise T1 - Individual, institutional and collective vigilance in protecting fundamental rights in the EU: lessons from the Roma JF - Common Market Law Review N2 - In the summer of 2010, French authorities organized the systematic dismantling of illegal Roma settlements. This resulted in the departure of a large number of Roma-EU citizens from France, as well as a significant dispute between France and the European Commission. While the dispute raises a number of issues of substantive EU law, it also illustrates some important strengths and weaknesses in the system of fundamental rights protection in EU law. This article takes these events as a test case to illustrate that tackling complex problems of human rights protection in the EU requires a hybrid approach in which individual and institutional enforcement mechanisms are complemented by a third level of collective vigilance. While ever since Van Gend & Loos the EU has built a comprehensive system of individual and institutional remedies for the enforcement of EU law, social and political factors may limit their usefulness for vulnerable minorities. The vigilance of collective actors such as networks, NGOs, trade unions and agencies may offer a useful additional layer of protection where they are well-integrated within the classic system of remedies for fundamental rights protection in the EU. Y1 - 2011 UR - https://www.kluwerlawonline.com/abstract.php?area=Journals&id=COLA2011031 SN - 0165-0750 VL - 48 IS - 3 SP - 751 EP - 775 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawson, Mark T1 - Editorial: Learning from past Failures? Governance in the European Union from Lisbon 2000 to Lisbon 2020 JF - Maastricht Journal of European & Comparative Law Y1 - 2010 SN - 1023-263X VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 107 EP - 115 PB - Intersentia CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawson, Mark T1 - Transforming into what?: New Governance in the EU and the “Managerial Sensibility” in Modern Law JF - Wisconsin Law Review N2 - As part of his account of "fragmentation" in international law, Martti Koskenniemi has described the advance of a "managerial sensibility" in modern law. This sensibility incorporates two claims—first, the increasing differentiation of international rules; and second, a tendency to see law not as an end in itself, but as a managerial technique. It is not difficult to apply both tenets of managerialism to the practice of "new governance." On the one hand, methods like the Open Method of Coordination (OMC) attest to a feeling that law is too distanced a register to capture the kinds of detailed intervention that EU regulation requires, leading to differentiation between policy fields. On the other hand, this has been carried out in order to "specialize," allowing overall targets to be reached through narrow administrative elites. Managerialism is present in processes like the OMC both as a differentiation of legal procedures, and as a view of rules as "flexible" in service of the evolving goals and self-image of a particular policy community. While this managerial ethos would seem suitable for a particular vision of the EU polity—the depoliticized regulatory state—it is increasingly problematic. As the principle vehicle for the delivery of the Lisbon strategy, determining the indicators and objectives of the OMC is a far from technical task. What appears and has been marketed as a "micro-politics" of expert based benchmarking has the potential to invoke larger strategic questions for the EU while simultaneously placing them out of public view. In response, new avenues for politicizing new governance or for opening its principle procedures and indicators up to critical evaluation and scrutiny (including to a non-expert public) may be needed. While this is no easy task, this Article will explore two modest proposals—first, the scrutiny role of the European Parliament, and second, the development of the European Ombudsman as an avenue to provide non-judicial means for addressing problems of intransparency and accountability in EU governance. In both cases, while a full politicization of the method may be difficult, a partial strategy may be an important first step in reconciling new governance procedures with the democratic values upon which the Treaties of the EU claim to be based. Y1 - 2010 SN - 0043-650X VL - 2010 IS - 2 SP - 390 EP - 440 PB - University of Wisconsin Law School CY - Madison ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawson, Mark T1 - The Ambiguity of Social Europe in the Open Method of Coordination JF - European Law Review N2 - The development of the open method of co-ordination from the extraordinary Lisbon European Council in 2000 has been considered by many academic and institutional commentators as a break-through for Social Europe. Yet what kind of breakthrough is it? While many "OMC optimists" have seen its development as providing a new space for social policy outside a restrictive Treaty structure, others have pointed to the integration of the OMC within the Lisbon Strategy as evidencing a new set of economic constraints on the welfare state's development. This paper will argue that there is a deep ambiguity within the OMC's social role; while on the one hand, it can be seen as "colonising" - entering national social institutions ever further into an EU framework dominated by market actors - on the other hand, it can be posited as "reflexive", as encouraging both competing social and economic discourses, and inter-dependent national polities, to reflect upon the objectives of each other. KW - EC law KW - Open method of co-ordination KW - Single Market KW - Social policy Y1 - 2009 SN - 0307-5400 VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 55 EP - 79 PB - Sweet & Maxwell CY - Andover [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawson, Mark T1 - EU Law 'Transformed'? Evaluating Accountability and Subsidiarity in the 'Streamlined' OMC for Social Inclusion and Social Protection JF - European Integration Online Papers N2 - From initially defining new governance processes as external to “traditional” forms of EU law, a number of academic scholars have begun to argue that methods like the OMC can be seen as indicative of a broader “transformation” of European law-making. The transformation thesis relies on seeing the OM C as an evolving legal mechanism, in which features such as peer review, and the participation of 'new' constitutional actors, can take the place of traditional forms of legal accountability and participation. At the same time, the transformation thesis remains empirically under-developed. Taking the new streamlined OMC process in social inclusion and social protection as its starting point, this paper will seek to remedy that gap. The paper evaluates the transformation thesis using interview data gained from the recent Commission evaluation of the OMC SPSI (conducted from 2005-2006). While the OMC SPSI displays evidence for a number of its features – it also displays some of the limits of the ‘transformation’ idea. While the OMC as it stands indicates elements of a more ‘dynamic’ form of accountability and subsidiarity in the EU order, its lack of critic al review and transparency, and failure to include local or regional actors casts doubt on its suit ability as a replacement for traditional legal accountability mechanisms. As much as ‘transformation’ may offer an attractive future for EU law, its dynamic vision for open coordination remains largely unrealised KW - Accountability KW - European law KW - Governance KW - Legitimacy KW - Open coordination KW - Rule o f law KW - Social policy KW - Subsidiarity KW - Political science Y1 - 2009 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1695/2009008 SN - 1027-5193 VL - 13 IS - Special Issue 1 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - ECSA Austria CY - Wien ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jachtenfuchs, Markus A1 - Kohler-Koch, Beate T1 - The Transformation of Governance in the European Union JF - MZES Arbeitspapier AB III N2 - The transfer of political competencies to the European level proceeds in small steps in the daily practice of governance and of adjudication. In large intervals, the results of these processes are codified in treaty form by intergovernmental conferences. It therefore seems fruitful to have a closer look at "governance in a dynamic multi-level system". The first part of this paper recalls the political and legal controversy about the nature of the political order of the Union with the aim of justifying the use of the term "governance" with reference to the EU. More or less isolated from the discussion on the nature of the EU and its possible or desirable future development, scholars increasingly deal with the effects of the integration process on responsible and effective governance within the member states. This debate is linked to a broader concern about the problems and prospects of governance under the conditions of increasing internationalization which finds its expression in the transnational expansion of functional subsystems of society, increasing interdependence and the globalization of problems. Policy analysis has started to deal with the changes in institutional structures and political processes caused by the Europeanization of policies. These questions are discussed in the second part which draws on the contributions to a forthcoming book edited by the authors. The third part focuses on the meaning and the possibility of legitimate and efficient governance beyond the state flamework. The fourth part discusses different institutional models for dealing with the problems of governance in a dynamic multi-level system resulting from the integration process. In the light of the perspective developed in this paper, the final part puts forward some general empirical, theoretical and normative questions for further research. Y1 - 1995 UR - http://www.mzes.uni-mannheim.de/publications/wp/wp3-11.pdf SN - 0948-0099 VL - 11 PB - Univ. Mannheim CY - Mannheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jachtenfuchs, Markus T1 - Ideen und Interessen : Weltbilder als Kategorien der politischen Analyse JF - MZES Arbeitspapier AB III N2 - Eine weitverbreitete Meinung in der Politikwissenschaft besagt, daß politisches Handeln durch Interessen bestimmt wird. Dies gilt vor allem für den Bereich der internationalen Politik, wo Staaten als der Prototyp des rationalen, nutzenmaximierenden Akteurs betrachtet werden. Ideen, sofern sie überhaupt Gegenstand der Analyse sind, werden in dieser Perspektive zu Oberflächenphänomenen der grundlegenden Logik von Macht und Interesse. Im Gegensatz dazu wird hier die These vertreten, daß Ideen zentrale Kategorien der Analyse von Politik im allgemeinen und von internationaler Politik im besonderen sein können und nicht lediglich als Rationalisierungen von Machtverhältnissen betrachtet werden müssen. Die Vernachlässigung von Ideen, so die erste These, liegt im Handlungsbegriff rationalistischer Ansätze begründet, denen ein konstruktivistischer Ansatz gegenübergestellt wird. Der zweite Abschnitt führt aus, wie sich Ideen mit Hilfe des Konzepts der Weltbilder systematisch analysieren lassen. Danach wird gezeigt, wie sich mit Hilfe dieses Konzepts Lernprozesse theoretisch und empirisch gehaltvoll konzeptualisieren lassen. Y1 - 1993 UR - http://www.mzes.uni-mannheim.de/d7/de/publications/report/ideen-und-interessen-weltbilder-als-kategorien-der-politischen-analyse SN - 0948-0099 VL - 2 PB - Univ.Mannheim CY - Mannheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jachtenfuchs, Markus T1 - Die EG nach Maastricht. Das Subsidiaritätsprinzip und die Zukunft der Integration JF - Europa-Archiv : Zeitschrift für Internationale Politik N2 - Der Beitrag untersucht die Frage, ob die zunehmende wirtschaftliche und politische Internationalisierung mit einer zunehmenden Verlagerung staatlicher Handlungskompetenzen auf höheren Ebenen beantwortet werden kann. Der Artikel stützt sich bei seiner Analyse auf die Ergebnisse von Maastricht und vergleicht die britische und deutsche Verhandlungsposition sowie Form und Inhalt des Subsidiaritätsprinzips Y1 - 1992 SN - 1430-175X VL - 47 IS - 10 SP - 279 EP - 287 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawson, Mark A1 - Paterson, J. T1 - Public Information and Involvement in the Decision-making Process in the Nuclear Sector JF - Trust-net: Final Report (European Commission, DG TREN, 2007) Y1 - 2007 PB - Europäische Kommission CY - Brüssel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawson, Mark A1 - Thielbörger, Pierre T1 - Should there be a 5% entry threshold for elections to the European Parliament? : The view of the German Constitutional Court JF - MJ - Maastricht Journal of European & Comparative Law Y1 - 2011 SN - 1023-263X VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - 603 EP - 604 PB - Intersentia CY - Cambridge [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawson, Mark T1 - Reforming EU Economic Governance: The Legislative Response to the Euro-crisis JF - MJ - Maastricht Journal of European & Comparative Law Y1 - 2011 SN - 1023-263X VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - 588 EP - 590 PB - Intersentia CY - Cambridge [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawson, Mark T1 - The Political Face of Judicial Activism: Europe’s Law-Politics Imbalance JF - Maastricht Faculty of Law Working Paper No. 1/2012 N2 - While much of the debate on judicial activism in the EU has focused on the degree of scrutiny that the European Courts should place on the political autonomy of the Member States, this paper will argue that the judicial activism debate carries deeply political origins. The limited mechanisms of political response on the part of the Union’s institutions to judicial decisions may drive forward controversy over the Court’s political role. In simple terms, the institutional structure of the Union creates a constitutional framework in which the possibility for institutional dialogue between the Court and legislature is inhibited. The essay will develop this argument in 3 steps. The first part (s II) will examine the imbalance in the Union between (legislative) competence and jurisdiction: a long-held observation that may limit the ability of the EU institutions to re-regulate at the EU level fields of policy-making which have been effectively de-stabilised by Court decisions. A second part (s III) will examine how the failure of the Court to properly explain its decisions inhibits the ability of legislatures and Courts to politically engage. Finally (in s IV) the paper will examine the relationship between the EU’s ‘law-politics’ imbalance and another asymmetry of integration – the relation in the Union between social and economic values. In all three cases, the institutional structure established by the EU Treaties themselves may make imbalanced political responses to legal decisions – and hence republican claims of judicial activism on the part of the European judiciary – more likely. KW - European Court of Justice KW - Judicial Activism KW - EU Competence KW - Constitutional Dialogue Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1984636 VL - 1 PB - Maastricht Univ. CY - Maastricht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jachtenfuchs, Markus A1 - Kohler-Koch, Beate T1 - Regieren in der Europäischen Union. Fragestellungen für eine interdisziplinäre Europaforschung JF - Politische Vierteljahresschrift N2 - Der Prozeß der europäischen Integration wurde in den letzten Jahren wieder verstärkt zum Gegenstand sozialwissenschaftlicher Forschung. Theoretische Entwürfe waren mit diesem erneuten Interesse jedoch nur selten verbunden oder sie waren disziplinär begrenzt, so daß der Gesamtzusammenhang des Integrationsprozesses aus dem Blick geriet. Gleichzeitig bedeutet die zunehmende Wirkungstiefe des Integrationsprozesses für eine Reihe von gemeinhin nicht zur Integrationsforschung zählenden Bereichen (vor allem im Bereich der international vergleichenden Forschung), daß diese in zunehmendem Maße empirisch und konzeptionell mit den Auswirkungen des Integrationsprozesses konfrontiert werden. Es bedarf deshalb einer Zugangsweise auf den Integrationsprozeß, die eine Kommunikation sowohl innerhalb der Politikwissenschaft als auch mit benachbarten Disziplinen überhaupt ermöglicht, ohne durch theoretische Vorentscheidungen die Erforschung einer gemeinsamen Problematik schon im Keim zu ersticken. Es geht also nicht um eine Theorie, sondern um eine Fragestellung mit allerdings weitreichenden theoretischen Implikationen. Eine solche Fragestellung könnte sein, wie, durch wen und mit welchen Auswirkungen Regieren in der Europäischen Union erfolgt. Wir glauben, daß sich hierdurch ein theoretischer und empirischer Beitrag zum Verständnis der Möglichkeiten und Grenzen handlungsfähiger und demokratischer Politik unter den Bedingungen von Verflechtung und Interdependenz leisten läßt, der über die eigentliche Europaforschung weit hinausgeht. Y1 - 1996 SN - 1862-2860 VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - 537 EP - 556 PB - Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard T1 - Zusammenarbeit und Koordination als neues Leitbild der Verwaltungsmodernisierung JF - Public Governance: Zeitschrift für öffentliches Management N2 - Stetig neue Anforderungen an die Leistungsfähigkeit und gleichzeitig steigender Kostendruck sind bereits seit Jahrzehnten die zentralen Herausforderungen öffentlicher Verwaltungen und Auslöser von Veränderungen. Im Hinblick auf Erfolg versprechende Lösungen und Maßnahmen zeichnet sich dabei in den letzten Jahren allerdings eine interessante Schwerpunktverschiebung ab: bei den derzeitigen Reformdiskussionen in Europa stehen vor allem die Verbesserung sowie neue Formen der Zusammenarbeit und Koordination im Vordergrund. Zwei aktuelle Studien bestätigen hierbei einen klaren Handlungsbedarf in Deutschland. Y1 - 2013 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-6591 UR - https://publicgovernance.de/docs/PG_Herbst2013_web.pdf SN - 1866-4431 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - 19 EP - 20 PB - Institut für den öffentlichen Sektor CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Van de Walle, Steven A1 - Štimac, Vid A1 - Oprisor, Anca ED - ESADE's Institute of Public Management (IDGP), T1 - How do top public sector executives rate reforms? JF - Public N2 - Recent decades have seen a range of public sector reforms, focusing on diverse aspects. Some of these reforms have had a structural dimension and include privatisation, downsizing and outsourcing, while others have focused on aspects such as improving access and transparency, collaboration, and innovation. This contribution explores how public sector executives rate administrative reforms in their country on a number of dimensions. It presents preliminary findings from an academic survey among 3,173 top public sector executives in 10 European countries. Y1 - 2013 UR - http://www.esade.edu/public/modules.php?name=news&idnew=985&newlang=english VL - 29 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard T1 - Leistungsorientierte Steuerung von Vollzugsbehörden JF - Public Governance: Zeitschrift für öffentliches Management N2 - Mit der Stärkung der Autonomie und Verselbstständigung von Verwaltungseinheiten sowie der Einführung einer leistungsorientierten Steuerung dieser Einheiten verfolgen viele europäische Staaten das Ziel eines verbesserten Vollzugs staatlicher Aufgaben. Aufbauend auf den Ergebnissen eines internationalen Forschungsprojekts werden in diesem Beitrag die Relevanz und Erfolge dieser Reformen näher beleuchtet und erste Schlussfolgerungen für die deutsche Verwaltungspraxis abgeleitet. Y1 - 2012 UR - http://www.publicgovernance.de/docs/PG_Winter_2012.pdf SN - 1866-4431 VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - 15 EP - 18 PB - Institut für den öffentlichen Sektor CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Schuster, Ferdinand T1 - Rating-Agenturen uneins - also alles in Ordnung? JF - Public Governance: Zeitschrift für öffentliches Management N2 - Der Blätterwald hat gerauscht, als am späten Abend des 23.7.2012 die Rating-Agentur Moody’s bekannt gab, den Ausblick für die Bonität der Bundesrepublik Deutschland gemeinsam mit den Niederlanden und Luxemburg von „stabil“ auf „negativ“ zu setzen. Zwar verfügt Deutschland immer noch über die Bestnote „aaa“, aber der Schock saß tief. Sollte auch Deutschland, wie schon zuvor die USA und Frankreich, bald nicht mehr zur – schrumpfenden – Zahl der staatlichen Top-Schuldner gerechnet werden können? Y1 - 2012 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-6654 UR - http://www.publicgovernance.de/docs/PG_Herbst_2012.pdf SN - 1866-4431 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 19 EP - 20 PB - Institut für den öffentlichen Sektor CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard T1 - 'Responsive Government' als neues Leitbild der Verwaltungsmodernisierung? JF - Public Governance: Zeitschrift für öffentliches Management N2 - Gerade in Zeiten, die primär von Einsparungen geprägt sind, ist es wichtig, auch über zukünftige Entwicklungslinien des öffentlichen Dienstes jenseits tagesaktueller Dringlichkeiten nachzudenken. Und wenn man hier einen Blick über die deutschen Grenzen hinaus auf internationale Entwicklungen und Diskussionen wirft, scheint eine Idee besonders stark im Vordergrund zu stehen: die einer verstärkten Außenorientierung und Öffnung der öffentlichen Verwaltungen gegenüber dem Bürger und der Gesellschaft. Y1 - 2011 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-6664 UR - http://www.publicgovernance.de/docs/PG_Herbst_2011.pdf SN - 1866-4431 VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - 19 EP - 20 PB - Institut für den öffentlichen Sektor CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Röber, Manfred A1 - Proeller, Isabella A1 - Reichard, Christoph T1 - Verwaltungsführung heute: Ergebnisse einer Führungskräftebefragung in Bund und Ländern JF - Public Governance: Zeitschrift für öffentliches Management N2 - Der Bedarf einer Modernisierung der öffentlichen Verwaltungen ist angesichts der aktuellen Finanzsituation der öffentlichen Hand aktueller denn je und stellt insbesondere an die Führungskräfte des öffentlichen Dienstes neue Anforderungen. Auf Basis einer deutschlandweiten Erhebung auf Bundes- und Länderebene wurden im Zeitraum von Februar bis Juni 2009 erstmalig die Erfahrungen der Führungskräfte mit Fragen der Verwaltungsführung und -modernisierung systematisch untersucht. Die Studie ist ein Gemeinschaftsprojekt der Professoren Gerhard Hammerschmid (Hertie School of Governance), Manfred Röber (Universität Leipzig) sowie Isabella Proeller und Christoph Reichard (beide Universität Potsdam) mit Unterstützung des Instituts für den öffentlichen Sektor. Y1 - 2010 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-6679 UR - http://www.publicgovernance.de/docs/PG_2010_II.pdf SN - 1866-4431 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - 6 EP - 11 PB - Institut für den öffentlichen Sektor CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard T1 - Vom linearen zum intelligenten Sparen JF - Public Governance: Zeitschrift für öffentliches Management N2 - Sowohl in Deutschland als auch im europäischen Ausland setzt sich zunehmend die Einsicht durch, dass für öffentliche Verwaltungen Einsparungen und Budgetkonsolidierung die zentralen Herausforderungen der nächsten Jahre sind. Die aktuelle Finanzkrise hat den budgetären Druck auf die öffentliche Hand nochmals deutlich verschärft. Veränderte Aufgaben, wegbrechende Einnahmen und die neue Schuldenregel zwingen die öffentliche Hand zu Sparmaßnahmen. Allein auf Bundesebene müssen bis 2016 jährlich 10 Milliarden Euro eingespart werden. Die Führungskräfte der Verwaltung sind sich dieser schwierigen Aufgabe bewusst: Eine kürzlich durchgeführte Führungskräftebefragung in der staatlichen Verwaltung in Deutschland hat klar gezeigt, dass budgetärer Druck als die wichtigste Herausforderung der nächsten Dekade gesehen wird. Y1 - 2010 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-6687 UR - http://www.publicgovernance.de/docs/PG_2010_I.pdf SN - 1866-4431 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 21 EP - 22 PB - Institut für den öffentlichen Sektor CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard T1 - Verwaltungsmodernisierung auf Bundesebene: Quo vadis? JF - Public Governance: Zeitschrift für öffentliches Management N2 - Wahlen und Regierungswechsel sind ein guter Zeitpunkt, um Resümee zu ziehen und sich neuer Herausforderungen bewusst zu werden. Im Hinblick auf die in den letzten Jahren etwas ins Hintertreffen geratene Verwaltungsmodernisierung fällt die Beurteilung der letzten Monate jedoch eher ernüchternd aus. Y1 - 2010 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-6694 UR - http://www.publicgovernance.de/docs/PG_2009_I.pdf SN - 1866-4431 VL - 7 IS - 3 SP - 20 EP - 21 PB - Institut für den öffentlichen Sektor CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard T1 - Schnittstellen stärken: Kooperation zwischen Staat und Wirtschaft als Chance JF - MBA Magazin Y1 - 2009 IS - 3 SP - 16 EP - 17 PB - SWOP CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard T1 - Mangementkonzepte in der öffentlichen Verwaltung: mehr als eine Modeerscheinung JF - Public Governance: Zeitschrift für öffentliches Management N2 - In regelmäßigen Abständen wird die öffentliche Verwaltung mit „neuen“, vermeintlich Erfolg versprechenden Managementkonzepten konfrontiert: Benchmarking, strategisches Management, Balanced Scorecard oder das Common Assessment Framework heute, Neues Steuerungsmodell, Produkte, Kosten- und Leistungsrechnung, Controlling oder Leistungskennzahlen Mitte der 90er-Jahre. Die Namen wechseln, das Phänomen bleibt: Die Konzepte entstammen zumeist der Privatwirtschaft und werden mit einem stark einfordern den Modernisierungsanspruch präsentiert, dem man sich nur schwer entziehen kann. Y1 - 2008 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-6722 UR - http://www.publicgovernance.de/docs/PG_III_2008.pdf SN - 1866-4431 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 4 EP - 5 PB - Institut für den öffentlichen Sektor CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Krlev, Gorgi T1 - Welfare Regimes, Policy Reforms, and Hybridity JF - American Behavioral Scientist (ABS) KW - Hybridity KW - Welfare regimes KW - Policy reforms Y1 - 2014 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-7164 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764214534669 SN - 0002-7642 VL - 58 IS - 11 SP - 1395 EP - 1411 PB - SAGE CY - Los Angeles [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Leat, Diana T1 - Philanthropic Foundations: What Rationales? JF - Social Research: An International Quarterly N2 - Foundations are among the oldest existing institutions. They have existed, in various forms, across many cultures throughout history, and have been experiencing a veritable renaissance over the last two decades, both in the United States and elsewhere. What are the rationales for foundations in modern societies, and what propels their growth in scale and scope in the early 21st century? Posing fundamental questions, the present essay, written in the form of theses and counter-theses, assesses various reasons for the continued existence and relevance of foundations by pulling in perspectives from the US, Britain and Germany. The questions posed assume policy relevance as the present foundation boom takes place in an era of reduced state capacity to respond to public problems, and changes in the democratic fabric of society. Y1 - 2013 SN - 0037-783X VL - 80 IS - 2 SP - 449 EP - 472 PB - Johns Hopkins University Press CY - Baltimore ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Brincker, Gesa-Stefanie T1 - Setting the Stage: Lord Ralf Dahrendorf and the European Project JF - Global Policy (gp) N2 - Helmut Anheier and Gesa-Stefanie Brincker set the stage for this special issue: ‘Looking back and looking forth, it is remarkable how valid Lord Dahrendorf’s criticism, and how relevant his suggestions for Europe’s future remain. His reflections about the EU capture some of the fundamental challenges concerning its architecture, performance and communication. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12010 SN - 1758-5880 N1 - Available as print in your Hertie Library. Als Druckversion in der Hertie Bibliothek verfügbar. VL - 3 IS - s1 SP - 6 EP - 8 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken (NJ) [u.a.] ET - Special Issue ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Europe’s Stratified Social Space: Diagnosis and Remedies JF - Global Policy (gp) N2 - For some 60 years now, various measures have been introduced to bring Europeans together as citizens, based on the idea that increased cross-border encounters would create familiarity, generate a sense of community, facilitate economic activities and ultimately bring about a shared identity, however fragile at first. Town twinning and numerous exchange and mobility programmes of many kinds are cases in point. These programmes typically were anchored in the municipal, educational and vocational realms. While these mechanisms functioned well, some seem to be losing their innovative capacity; yet all reveal a structural middle-class bias. On the whole they systematically exclude those groups among which the rise of Euro-scepticism and support for anti-European political parties is the strongest, particularly the less well-educated and the new precariat. With the fiscal crises reducing the capacity of many EU member states to support the European Project financially, what mechanisms or policy instruments could, in the sense of social engineering, strengthen social bonds across borders and re-energise Europe’s social space? Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12017 SN - 1758-5880 N1 - Available as print in your Hertie Library. Als Druckversion in der Hertie Bibliothek verfügbar. VL - 3 IS - s1 SP - 52 EP - 61 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken (NJ) [u.a.] ET - Special Issue ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Beller, Annelie A1 - Haß, Rabea T1 - Accountability und Transparenz des Dritten Sektors in Deutschland: Ein Paradox? JF - Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen N2 - A current study on accountability and transparency in the third sector comes to the provisional conclusion that the attention which German nonprofit organisations currently enjoy reflects neither their social nor their economic significance: the requirements which they face in the areas of accountability and transparency are far lesser than those faced by private and state organisations, but also far lesser than those faced by nonprofit organisations in other countries. They are not as based on a questioning civil society public as on a relatively stable state and taxes oriented system which also entails field-specific accountability and reporting requirements. However, the current state of research does not permit to assert a transparency and accountability problem of the third sector in Germany. It remains to be seen whether this system will be able to accommodate future changes as a result of the increasing delegation of state tasks to nonprofit organisations ('new subsidiarity') and the stated shift of a state-focused accountability regime towards expanded inter and intrasectional partnerships ('governance hypothesis'). N2 - Eine aktuelle Studie zu Accounbtability und Transparenz im Dritten Sektor in Deutschland kommt zu dem vorläufigen Schluss, dass sich in der Aufmerksamkeit, die deutschen NPO entgegengebracht wird, weder deren sozialpolitische noch ihre wirtschaftliche Bedeutung widerspiegeln: Die Anforderungen an sie in Bezug auf Accountability und Transparenz bleiben weit hinter denen an private und staatliche Organisationen, aber auch hinter denen an NPO in anderen Ländern zurück. Sie begründen sich weniger auf eine fragende zivilgesellschaftliche Öffentlichkeit als auf ein relativ stabiles staats- und steuerzentriertes System, dem branchenspezifische Accountability- und Berichtspflichten nachgeschaltet sind. Gleichwohl kann zum gegenwärtigen Forschungsstand kein Transparenz- und Accountability-Problem des Dritten Sektors in Deutschland nachgewiesen werden. Abzuwarten bleibt jedoch, inwieweit dieses System auch zukünftig Veränderungen infolge der zunehmenden Delegation staatlicher Aufgaben an NPO ('Neue Subsidiarität') und des postulierten Wandels eines staatszentrierten Accountability-Regimes hin zu ausgeweiteten inter- und intrasektoralen Partnerschaften ('Governance-Hypothese') genügen wird. KW - Non-Profit-Organisation KW - Bundesrepublik Deutschland KW - Rechnungslegung KW - Transparenz KW - internationaler Vergleich Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/fjsb-2011-0311 SN - 2192-4848 VL - 24 IS - 3 SP - 96 EP - 105 PB - Lucius und Lucius CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - What Kind of Nonprofit Sector, What Kind of Society? : Comparative Policy Reflections JF - ABS : American Behavioral Scientist N2 - Nonprofit organizations and the nonprofit sector more generally are part of a complex dual transition from industrial to postindustrial society and from national state to transnational policy regimes. This transition shows the beginnings of a new policy dialogue in addressing the future role of nonprofit organizations and involves three broad perspectives that have become prominent in recent years: First, nonprofits are increasingly part of new public management and a mixed economy of welfare; second, they are seen as central to “civil society—social capital” approaches, specifically the Neo-Tocquevillian emphasis on the nexus between social capital and participation in voluntary associations; and third, they are part of a wider social accountability perspective that sees them as instruments of greater transparency, heightened accountability, and improved governance of public institutions KW - Nonprofit organization KW - Civil society KW - Social capital KW - Accountability Y1 - 2009 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764208327676 SN - 0002-7642 VL - 52 IS - 7 SP - 1082 EP - 1094 PB - SAGE CY - Los Angeles [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Ashworth, Rachel A1 - Ferlie, Ewan A1 - Moon, M. Jae A1 - Reay, Trish T1 - Theorizing Contemporary Public Management: International and Comparative Perspectives JF - BJM - British Journal of Management (Special Issue) N2 - Ten years ago, the British Journal of Management devoted a special issue to public sector management. The issue identified a series of characteristics associated with public management research, most notably a strong organizational behaviour orientation, a qualitative bent and a predominant healthcare and UK focus. That special issue voiced a ‘call to arms’ for public management researchers to speak more directly to management research, elucidate a more nuanced account of public management reform, adopt a more explicit theoretical basis and become more internationally comparative. This paper provides a comment on progress against these objectives. We find that public management research has become more diverse, often characterized by an international focus and a wide range of methodological approaches. The paper echoes concerns regarding an increasingly one-way relationship with general management studies but highlights a more reciprocal connection with organization studies. In doing so, we emphasize three sections of organization scholarship in particular − sociological institutionalism, Foucauldianism and theories of identity. We demonstrate that engagement with these perspectives has improved our understanding of public service reforms and provided opportunities for theoretical contributions beyond the field of public management. The paper concludes with reflections on future public management research. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12035 SN - 1467-8551 VL - 24 IS - S1 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - van de Walle, Steven A1 - Stimac, Vid T1 - Internal and external use of performance information in public organizations: results from an international survey JF - Public Money & Management N2 - This paper analyses how public managers use performance information. A sample of over 3,100 high-level public sector executives from six European countries, provided evidence of significant country variations. Considerable variations were also found in patterns of use in different policy fields; and performance indicators were not used as often in central government as in local and regional government. Implementation of performance management instruments in an organization had a strong effect on the actual use of performance information. KW - Accountability KW - Comparative public administration KW - Executives KW - Performance indicators KW - Performance management Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2013.799803 VL - 33 IS - 4 SP - 261 EP - 268 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Meyer, Renate A1 - Egger-Peitler, Isabella A1 - Höllerer, Markus T1 - Of Bureaucrats and Passionate Public Managers: Institutional Logics, Executive Identities, and Public Service Motivation JF - Public Administration N2 - Over recent decades, a number of managerial reform initiatives in continental Europe have aimed at moving away from the traditional Weberian model of public administration. Such shifting bases of legitimacy are brought about by changes in the institutional logics in place, which not only provide frames of reference but also social identities and vocabularies of motive for the actors in the field. In this article, we approach the expanding research on public service motivation (PSM) by employing an institutional prism. Based on an executive survey in a continental European context, we examine the assumption that high PSM is associated with the traditional ethos and social identity in the public sector. What we find is that a Weberian legalistic-bureaucratic logic supports neither a high attraction to policy-making nor a high level of compassion. A managerial orientation, on the other hand, entails significantly higher scores on these two dimensions, as well as on overall PSM. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2012.02105.x VL - 92 IS - 4 SP - 861 EP - 885 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Proeller, Isabella A1 - Reichard, Christoph A1 - Röber, Manfred T1 - Verwaltungsführung in der deutschen Bundes- und Landesverwaltung: Ergebnisse einer Führungskräftebefragung JF - Verwaltung & Management : VM N2 - Moderne Verwaltungsführung befindet sich im Umbruch. Angesichts der aktuellen Finanzsituation der öffentlichen Hand lastet ein starker Konsolidierungsdruck auf den Verantwortlichen. Daher spielen Reformen in der öffentlichen Verwaltung nach wie vor eine wichtige Rolle. Doch wo sehen Führungskräfte selbst Ansatzpunkte für Reformen und wie beurteilen sie die bisherigen Ergebnisse? Wo liegen ihrer Ansicht nach gegenwärtige Stärken und Schwächen der öffentlichen Verwaltung? Was sind für sie die größten Herausforderungen in naher Zukunft? – Eine Führungskräftebefragung in deutschen Bundes- und Landesministerien ging diesen Fragen nach. Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9856-2011-2-67 SN - 0947-9856 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 67 EP - 72 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Meyer, Renate E. T1 - The degree of decentralization and individual decision making in central government human resource management: A European comparative perspective JF - Public Administration : an international journal N2 - This article reports a comparative study of human resource management (HRM) practices in Europe. We focus on the extent to which decision-making authority is decentralized, that is, passed down to management, and individualized in the sense of being in the discretion of a single decision maker. Using these two dimensions, this paper gives a picture of the distinct way HR decision-making practices are organized in Europe: although decentralization has been a common goal of modernization initiatives, we still find a rather high degree of centralization. Moreover, we find that decentralized decision making frequently goes hand in hand with a higher degree of shared decision making. In addition, we examine the influence of several cultural and institutional factors to address the question of embeddedness in more detail. Our results show that national culture, administrative traditions and institutional arrangements play an important role as explanatory factors for the organization of HR decision-making in Europe. Y1 - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2009.01798.x SN - 0033-3298 N1 - Available as e-publication in your Hertie Library. Als elektronische Ausgabe in der Hertie Bibliothek verfügbar. VL - 88 IS - 2 SP - 455 EP - 478 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Stemmler, Robert T1 - Programmsteuerung in Mehrebenensystem Deutschlands JF - Verwaltung & Management : VM N2 - In der internationalen Public-Management-Literatur zum Programmmanagement dominiert eine angelsächsische Perspektive auf zielorientierte Steuerung. Der vorliegende Beitrag analysiert die Steuerung des Konjunkturpakets II vor dem Hintergrund der Übertragbarkeit zielorientierter Programmsteuerung auf eine stark unterschiedliche Verwaltungskultur und Staats organisation – das legalistische deutsche Mehr ebenen system. Die Untersuchung beleuchtet dabei das Zielsystem des Programms, die Umsetzungs organisation in den Bundesländern sowie das interne und externe Berichtswesen zur Zielnachhaltung. Zunächst wird ein Zielsystem aus gesetzlichen und politischen Ziel vorgaben in Bund und Ländern konzeptionalisiert. Danach entwickelt der Beitrag eine Typologie von Umsetzungsmodellen anhand der Verwaltungspraxis des Zukunftsinvestitionsgesetzes in drei typischen Bundesländern. Abschließend illustriert er gute Praktiken der Programmsteuerung zur Verbesserung von Effektivität und Effizienz großer politischer Programme im legalistischen deutschen Mehrebenensystem. Der Zielsteuerung wird dabei ein besonderes Potenzial beigemessen. Y1 - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9856-2010-3-121 SN - 0947-9856 VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - 121 EP - 127 PB - Nomos Verl.-Ges. CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Meyer, Renate E. A1 - Egger-Peitler, Isabell T1 - Das Konzept der Public Service Motivation : Status Quo der internationalen Diskussion und erste empirische Evidenzen für den deutschsprachigen Raum JF - dms : Der moderne Staat N2 - Das Konzept der Public Service Motivation (PSM) fokussiert auf die spezifischen Beweggründe und Motivationen, die für öffentlich Bedienstete charakteristisch sind und untersucht, welche Implikationen dies für zentrale Fragestellungen des Public Management wie etwa Arbeitszufriedenheit, Organizational Commitment, Anreizsysteme oder generell die Performance öffentlicher Verwaltungen, hat. Ursprüng¬lich für den angelsächsischen Raum entwickelt, gewinnen diese Fragestellungen zunehmend auch in Europa an Relevanz. Für den deutschsprachigen Raum liegen derzeit noch keine international anschlussfähigen Ergebnisse vor. Der vorliegende Beitrag präsentiert erste empirische Evidenzen aus Österreich und verortet diese in der internationalen PSM-Forschung. Die grundsätzliche Eignung des Konzeptes und mögliche Anwendungen in der deutschsprachigen Public Management-Forschung stehen dabei im Vordergrund. KW - Motivation KW - Personalmanagement KW - öffentlicher Dienst KW - Anreizsysteme KW - Public Management Y1 - 2009 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277073962_Das_Konzept_der_Public_Service_Motivation_-_Status_Quo_der_internationalen_Diskussion_und_erste_empirische_Evidenzen_fur_den_deutschsprachigen_Raum SN - 1865-7192 N1 - Available as print in your Hertie Library. Als Druckversion in der Hertie Bibliothek verfügbar. VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 73 EP - 92 PB - Budrich CY - Leverkusen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Meyer, Renate E. T1 - Changing Institutional Logics and Executive Identities A Managerial Challenge to Public Administration in Austria JF - American Behavioral Scientiest N2 - In this article, the authors analyze whether and to what extent an 'old' administrative orientation is being replaced by a new managerial logic in the Austrian public sector. They illustrate that shifts in institutional logics can be analyzed by the extent to which actors draw on the social identities derived from the competing logics and show that the vocabularies and accounts the actors employ to communicate their identity claims reflect the local translation of global logics. KW - Public administration KW - Austria KW - Managerial logic KW - Global logic KW - Public management KW - Social identity Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764205285182 SN - 0002-7642 VL - 49 IS - 7 SP - 1000 EP - 1014 PB - Sage Publications CY - Thousand Oaks, CA ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Meyer, Renate E. T1 - Public Management Reform: An Identity Project JF - Public Policy and Administration N2 - Based on an executive survey this article analyses the extent to which a newmanagerial logic has replaced traditional administrative values and identity in Austria. We do not find any strong evidence of a new managerial logic but rather modifications, local translations and the emergence of a hybrid identity. Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/095207670602100107 VL - 21 IS - 1 SP - 99 EP - 115 PB - Sage Publications CY - Thousand Oaks (u.a.) ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Lueger, Manfred A1 - Meyer, Renate E. A1 - Sandner, Karl T1 - Contextualizing influence activities: An objective hermeneutical approach JF - Organization Studies N2 - Influence activity is a central aspect of organizations and has attracted a wide range of theoretical and empirical research. Most studies in this field rely on categorization schemes to classify either actors or acts. This article draws on the notion of organizations and actors as socially constructed phenomena and understands influence activities as social practices whose shape and meaning is derived from the social contexts they are embedded in. In this paper, we argue that it is necessary to gain an understanding of the activities’ diverging meanings in their organizational contexts before generalized typologies of tactics and strategies can be fruitfully applied. By drawing on ‘objective hermeneutics’ as methodology, our analyses focus on influence activities within three organizational contexts. Y1 - 2005 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840605055265 SN - 0170-8406 VL - 26 IS - 8 SP - 1145 EP - 1168 PB - Sage Publications CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Meyer, Renate E. T1 - New public management in Austria: Local Variation on a Global Theme? JF - Public Administration N2 - This article tracks public sector reform in Austria with a focus on the influence of New Public Management (NPM) both as label and as specific set of reform ideas. We analyse to what degree current reforms have been influenced and shaped by this widely acclaimed international trend. In this empirical study we combine the different data sources of media coverage, reform documents and public sector executive survey to cover different levels of analysis. Although the reforms include NPM-features, we see no evidence so far for an archetype change in the Austrian public sector. Y1 - 2005 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-3298.2005.00471.x SN - 0033-3298 VL - 83 IS - 3 SP - 709 EP - 733 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Meyer, Renate E. T1 - Public Management Dynamics in a Federal legalistic Rechtsstaat System: Results from an executive survey in Austria JF - International Journal of Public Sector Management N2 - Purpose - Sets out to resent current dynamics of public management reform in Austria, a country that is characterized by institutional governance features (federal structure, legalistic Rechtsstaat tradition) often described as an obstacle to management-oriented reforms. The paper's focus lies in the reception of management ideas and concepts by public sector executives within this special national context and differences between federal and state administration. Design/methodology/approach - Presents results of a recent questionnaire-based executive survey (sample size: 385). Apart from non-parametric correlation analyses, investigates level differences (federal vs state) by using an independent samples Mann-Whitney U rank sum test. Findings - Highlights the importance of the national institutional background for understanding public management changes. Finds considerable support for reform initiatives despite some scepticism and resistance towards management knowledge and instruments. Results confirm that executives in a legalistic Rechtsstaat system are not per se opposed to management-driven reforms. Regarding the reception of public management reforms, at various government levels, differences between federal and state level are less pronounced than expected. Originality/value - Addresses the lack of empirical research regarding the reception of management ideas in legalistic Rechtsstaat systems by presenting data from a country which has hardly been covered by international public management literature so far. This study also compares the reception at federal and state administration to look for level variations of management reform dynamics. KW - Austria KW - Public administration KW - Public sector reform Y1 - 2005 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1108/09513550510624086 SN - 09513558 VL - 18 IS - 6/7 SP - 629 EP - 640 PB - Emerald Group Publishing Limited CY - Bradford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Joerges, Christian T1 - Law and Politics i n Europe’s Crisis: On the History of the Impact of a n Unfortunate Configuration JF - Constellations Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8675.12085 N1 - Free online Access / Freier online Zugriff: http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/27560/LAW_2013_09_Joerges.pdf?sequence=1 Full Text / copyright restrictions are mentioned within the PDF VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 249 EP - 261 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken (N.J.) ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Joerges, Christian T1 - De la integrarea prin drept la criza financiară: Ce a mai rămas din constituţia economică europeană? JF - Revista Română de Drept European (Romanian Review of European Law) N2 - This paper will defend the 'conflicts-law approach' and develop a step further an approach to European law which I call "conflicts-law constitutionalism". The argument will proceed in three distinct steps. I will first recall very briefly the legacy of the 'integration through law' project and submit that the conflicts-law approach can be understood as an effort to rewrite and to re-conceptualise the project of Europe's 'integration trough law' (II). The main section of the paper will confront the legacy of 'integration through law' with Karl Polanyi's economic sociology and its warnings against the commod if ication of land, labour and money (III). On that basis the potential of the conflicts-law approach will be explored in three scenarios which the commod if ication of these goods have provoked (IV). The concluding part will contrast the approach with Jürgen Habermas' renewed plea for a demoaatisation of the European project on the one hand and the Großraum theory of Habermas' favourite enemy on the other (V). KW - Conflicts- law KW - Integration trough law KW - Karl Polanyi KW - Jürgen Habermas KW - Carl Schmitt Y1 - 2013 UR - https://search.proquest.com/docview/1348897657?accountid=11379 SN - 2068-8083 N1 - In romanian language. In rumänischer Sprache. VL - 2013 IS - 1 SP - 23 EP - 43 PB - Wolters Kluwer Romania CY - Bukarest ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Joerges, Christian T1 - European Democracy and Conflicts-Law Constitutionalism: Affinities, Differences, Concerns Y1 - 2013 PB - NYU School of Law CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard T1 - Aktuelle Trends des Personalmanagements in den öffentlichen Verwaltungen Europas JF - Personal-Manager: Zeitschrift für Human Resources Y1 - 2007 SN - 1612-2836 VL - 4 SP - 51 EP - 53 PB - HRM Research Inst. CY - Mannheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard T1 - Le pénible parcours des partenariats public-privé en Autriche JF - Téléscope : l'Observatoire de l'administration publique N2 - Le présent article analyse les problèmes courants liés à la mise en œuvre de partenariats publicprivé (PPP) en tant que mode de gouvernance de plus en plus « en vogue » dans de nombreux programmes politiques partout dans le monde. Comme la documentation actuelle sur les PPP renferme souvent le point de vue anglo-saxon, nous présentons les expériences récentes de l’Autriche caractérisée par une tradition juridique continentale européenne d’État de droit (Rechtsstaat). D’après une analyse d’un récent échec de projet de PPP, la dynamique de ce genre de partenariats serait façonnée par les facteurs inspirés des méthodes du choix rationnel, mais aussi par des facteurs normatifs, culturels et cognitifs tel que le théorisent les méthodes néoinstitutionnelles. Y1 - 2005 SN - 1203-3294 N1 - Volltext / Fulltext: http://www.telescope.enap.ca/Telescope/docs/Index/Vol_12_no_1/Telv12n1_hammerschmid.pdf VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 65 EP - 79 PB - ENAP: École Nationale d'Administration publique CY - Frankreich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Wutscher, Werner T1 - Status der Verwaltungsreform in Österreich JF - Verwaltung und Management N2 - Die österreichische Verwaltungsreform hat in den letzten Jahren eine deutliche Beschleunigung erfahren. Der Beitrag gibt einen kurzen Überblick über aktuelle Entwicklungen in der österreichischen Bundesverwaltung und versucht eine erste kritische Würdigung. Im Juni 2003 erfolgte die Gründung eines "Österreich-Konvents", der sich mit grundlegenden Fragen der Verwaltungsreform im föderalen und rechtsstaatlichen Konnex beschäftigt. Erste Ergebnisse liegen bereits vor. Y1 - 2005 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9856-2005-3-116 SN - 0947-9856 VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - 116 EP - 122 PB - Nomos-Verl.-Ges. CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Wutscher, Werner T1 - Verwaltungsreform und Verfassungskonvent: Aktuelle Trends in der österreichischen Verwaltung JF - Innovative Verwaltung Y1 - 2004 SN - 1618-9876 IS - 11 SP - 14 EP - 17 PB - Springer Gabler CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard T1 - Verwaltungsreform in Österreich: Stand und Perspektiven vor dem Hintergrund internationaler Erfahrungen JF - Forum Parlament KW - Good Governance KW - New Public Management KW - Verwaltungsreform Y1 - 2004 SN - 0943-4011 SN - 1619-862X N1 - Volltext / Fulltext: http://www.parlament.gv.at/ZUSD/PDF/forumParl2-2004.pdf VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - 71 EP - 76 PB - Springer CY - Wien [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Wutscher, Werner T1 - In Österreich gehört die Reform zum Regierungsprogramm JF - Innovative Verwaltung Y1 - 2002 SN - 0948-3616 SN - 1618-9876 IS - 7-8 SP - 10 EP - 13 PB - Springer Gabler CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Wutscher, Werner T1 - Was bringen Public Private Partnerships? JF - Österreichische Monatshefte Y1 - 2002 SN - 0029-9308 IS - 3 SP - 22 EP - 28 PB - ALPHA-Medien-Service-GmbH CY - Wien ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Meyer, Renate E. T1 - Leitbilder in der öffentlichen Verwaltung Österreichs JF - Verwaltung und Management Y1 - 2001 SN - 0947-9856 VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - 207 EP - 211 PB - Nomos-Verl.-Ges. CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Hornung, Anne A1 - Kubisch, Karolin T1 - The German Generations and Gender Survey: Some Critical Reflections on the Validity of Fertility Histories JF - Comparative Population Studies N2 - This paper validates the fertility histories of the German Generations and Gender Survey (GGS). Focusing on the cohorts 1930-69 of West German women, the total number of children, the parity distribution and the parity progression ratios are compared to external sources. One major result from this validation is that the German GGS understates the fertility for the older cohorts and overstates it for the younger ones. We presume that two mechanisms are responsible for this pattern in the German GGS: On the one hand, children who have left parental home are underreported in the retrospective fertility histories. On the other hand, women with small children are easier to reach by the interviewer. These two mechanisms taken together produce too low numbers of children for the older and too high ones for the younger cohorts. Extending the validation to marital histories has revealed a similar bias. Our general conclusion from this investigation is that the German GGS may not be used for statistical analyses of cohort fertility and marriage trends. For subsequent surveys, we suggest integrating simple control questions in questionnaires with complex retrospective fertility and union histories. T2 - Der deutsche Generations and Gender Survey: Einige kritische Betrachtungen zur Validität der Fertilitätsverläufe KW - Fertility KW - Fertility history KW - Union history KW - Marriage KW - Data validation KW - West Germany KW - Generations and Gender Survey KW - GGS Y1 - 2013 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-8508 SN - 1869-8999 VL - 38 IS - 1 SP - 3 EP - 28 PB - Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Goldstein, Joshua A1 - Jasilioniene, Aiva A1 - Karaman Örsal, Deniz Dilan T1 - Fertility reactions to the "Great Recession" in Europe : Recent evidence from oder-specific data JF - Demographic Research N2 - Objective: This paper provides recent cross-national evidence of the impact of the great recession on fertility in Europe in the context of the recent decade. Methods: Using data from the Human Fertility Database (HFD), from Eurostat, and from the OECD database, we employ fixed-effects modeling to study how changes in unemployment rates have affected birth rates across Europe. Results: We find that countries that were hit hard by the recession show reduced fertility when compared with a continuation of recent trends, especially at younger ages. Conclusions: Our results indicate a strong relationship between economic conditions and fertility. However, there is variation by region, age, and parity suggesting the importance of life course and institutional factors. Y1 - 2013 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-8511 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2013.29.4 SN - 1435-9871 VL - 29 SP - 85 EP - 104 PB - Max-Planck Institut für demografische Forschung CY - Rostock ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Andersson, Gunnar T1 - Socioeconomic differences in the unemployment and fertility nexus: Evidence from Denmark and Germany JF - Advances in Life Course Research N2 - Studies that have investigated the role of unemployment in childbearing decisions have often shown no or only barely significant results. We argue that many of these “non-findings” may be attributed to a neglect of group-specific differences in behavior. In this study, we examine how the association of unemployment and fertility varies by socio-demographic subgroups using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) and from Danish population registers. We find that male unemployment is related to a postponement of first and second childbearing in both countries. The role of female unemployment is less clear at these two parities. Both male and female unemployment is positively correlated with third birth risks. More importantly, our results show that there are strong educational gradients in the unemployment and fertility nexus, and that the relationship between unemployment and fertility varies by socioeconomic group. Fertility tends to be lower during periods of unemployment among highly educated women and men, but not among their less educated counterparts. Y1 - 2014 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-8148 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2014.01.007 SN - 1040-2608 VL - 21 SP - 59 EP - 73 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Klüsener, Sebastian A1 - Neels, Karel T1 - Family Policies and the Western European Fertility Divide: Insights from a Natural Experiment in Belgium JF - Population and Development Review N2 - Countries in Northwestern Europe, including Belgium, report cohort fertility levels of close to two children per woman; whereas Central European countries, such as Germany, have levels of around 1.6 children. In seeking to explain these differences, some scholars have stressed the role of the social policy context, while others have pointed to variation in fertility-related social norms. But because these influences are interdependent, it is difficult to isolate their effects on fertility trends. This study attempts to disentangle these two factors by drawing on a quasi-natural experiment. After World War I Germany was compelled to cede the Eupen–Malmedy territory to Belgium. The population of this region has retained its German linguistic identity, but has been subject to Belgian social policies. We examine whether the fertility trends in this German-speaking region of Belgium follow the Belgian or the German pattern. Our findings indicate that they generally resemble the Belgian pattern. This suggests that institutional factors are important for understanding the current fertility differences in Western Europe. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00629.x SN - 1728-4457 VL - 39 IS - 4 SP - 587 EP - 610 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Perelli-Harris, Brienna A1 - Sigle-Rushton, Wendy A1 - Keizer, Renske A1 - Lappegard, Trude A1 - Jasilioniene, Aiva A1 - Berghammer, Caroline A1 - Di Giulio, Paola T1 - Changes in union status during the transition to parenthood in eleven European countries, 1970s to early 2000s JF - Population Studies: A Journal of Demography N2 - Couples who have children are increasingly likely to have lived together without being married at some point in their relationship. Some couples begin their unions with cohabitation and marry before first conception, some marry during pregnancy or directly after the first birth, while others remain unmarried 3 years after the first birth. Using union and fertility histories since the 1970s for eleven countries, we examine whether women who have children in unions marry, and if so, at what stage in family formation. We also examine whether women who conceive when cohabiting are more likely to marry or separate. We find that patterns of union formation and childbearing develop along different trajectories across countries. In all countries, however, less than 40 per cent of women remained in cohabitation up to 3 years after the first birth, suggesting that marriage remains the predominant institution for raising children. KW - Cohabitation KW - Marriage KW - Union dynamics KW - Childbearing KW - Europe KW - Life-course research Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2012.673004 SN - 1477-4747 VL - 66 IS - 2 SP - 167 EP - 182 PB - Routledge CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Zeman, Krystof A1 - Burkimsher, Marion A1 - Jaschinski, Ina T1 - Fertility Data for German speaking countries: What is the potential? Where are the pitfalls? JF - Comparative Population Studies N2 - This paper provides an overview of fertility data for Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Particular attention is given to the availability of order-specific fertility data. The authors discuss the quality of data provided by the Statistical Offices, both birth registration data and censuses or microcensuses. In addition, they explore how social science surveys can be used to generate order-specific fertility indicators, and compare survey fertility estimates with estimates from vital statistics. Prior studies have shown that there is a 'family bias' in most surveys, with the fertility of younger cohorts being overstated, because respondents with young children are easier to reach by interviewers. The authors' assessment of various types of surveys from the three countries mostly supports this notion. The 'family bias' is most pronounced in family surveys in contrast to all-purpose surveys. Weighting data does not fully cure the 'family bias', which the authors attribute to the fact that the number of children is usually not considered a factor in calculating sample weights, as provided by the survey agencies and Statistical Offices. The confounding role of migration in the production of reliable and comparable fertility statistics is also discussed. KW - Fertility KW - Germany KW - Austria KW - Switzerland Y1 - 2011 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-8807 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4232/10.CPoS-2011-06en SN - 1869-8980 VL - 36 IS - 2-3 SP - 349 EP - 380 PB - Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Goldstein, Joshua R. T1 - Has East Germany overtaken West Germany? : Recent trends in order-specific fertility JF - Population and Development Review N2 - Some 20 years after reunification, the contrast between East and West Germany offers a natural experiment for studying the degree of persistence of Communist-era family patterns, the effects of economic change, and fertility postponement. After reunification, period fertility rates plummeted in the former East Germany to record low levels. Since the mid-1990s, however, period fertility rates have been rising in East Germany, in contrast to the nearly constant rates seen in the West. By 2008, the TFR of East Germany had overtaken that of the West. We explore why fertility in East Germany is higher than in West Germany, despite unfavorable economic circumstances in the East. We address this and related questions by (a) presenting an account of the persisting East/West differences in attitudes toward and constraints on childbearing, (b) conducting an order-specific fertility analysis of recent fertility trends, and (c) projecting completed fertility for the recent East and west German cohorts. In addition to using the Human Fertility Database, perinatal statistics allow us to calculate a tempo-corrected TFR for East and West Germany. Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2011.00430.x SN - 1728-4457 VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - 453 EP - 472 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Andersson, Gunnar A1 - Pailhé, Ariane T1 - Economic uncertainty and family dynamics in Europe: Introduction JF - Demographic Research N2 - Background: Economic uncertainty has become an increasingly important factor in explanations of declining fertility and postponed family formation across Europe. Yet the micro-level evidence on this topic is still limited. Objective: This special collection of Demographic Research focuses on the issue of how economic and employment uncertainties relate to fertility and family dynamics in Europe. Methods: The collection is comprised of studies that explore how various dimensions of employment uncertainty, such as temporary working contracts and individual and aggregate unemployment, are related to the fertility and family formation of women and men across Europe. The studies cover Germany, the UK, France, Russia, Estonia, Sweden, Italy, Spain, and Israel. Results: The various micro-level studies that are assembled in this special collection do not provide a simple answer to the question of whether and how economic uncertainty suppresses (or stimulates) fertility. However, some systematic variation by welfare state regime is discernable. Conclusions: Given the recent economic volatility in Europe, we expect that labor market uncertainties will remain an important component of explanations of fertility developments in the 21st century. KW - Economic uncertainties KW - Employment KW - Europe KW - Family dynamics KW - Fertility KW - Uncertainty KW - Unemployment Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2012.27.28 VL - 27 SP - 835 EP - 852 PB - Max-Planck Institut für demografische Forschung CY - Rostock ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Huinink, Johannes A1 - Trappe, Heike A1 - Walke, Rainer T1 - DemoDiff: A dataset for the study of family change in Easter (and Western) Germany JF - Schmollers Jahrbuch : Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften KW - Familie KW - Fruchtbarkeit KW - Ehe KW - Generation KW - Geburtenentwicklung KW - Kinderlosigkeit KW - Bevölkerungsentwicklung KW - alte Bundesländer KW - neue Bundesländer KW - Bundesrepublik Deutschland KW - Panel KW - Datengewinnung KW - Datenzugang Y1 - 2012 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-409117 VL - 132 IS - 4 SP - 653 EP - 660 PB - Duncker und Humblot CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus T1 - Jugendliche als produktive Realitätsverarbeiter: zur Neuausgabe des Buches "Lebensphase Jugend" JF - Diskurs Kindheits- und Jugendforschung N2 - Eine Stärke der Jugendforschung in Deutschland ist ihre theoretische und methodische Vielfalt. Unter den verschiedenen Ansätzen, die vertreten werden, hat auch der sozialisationstheoretische seit den 1980er Jahren seinen festen Platz. Nach 25 Jahren erscheint das Lehrbuch 'Lebensphase Jugend', das sich ausdrücklich dieser Konzeption verpflichtet fühlt, im Sommer 2012 in 11., vollständig überarbeiteter Auflage (vgl. Hurrelmann/ Quenzel 2012). Da gleichzeitig das Buch 'Einführung in die Sozialisationstheorie' in Neuausgabe publiziert wird (vgl. Hurrelmann 2012), konnte eine enge Abstimmung der beiden Veröffentlichungen vorgenommen werden. In diesem Beitrag soll die Neuausrichtung des Buches 'Lebensphase Jugend' vorgestellt, theoretisch eingeordnet und inhaltlich erläutert werden. KW - Adolescent KW - Youth research KW - Federal Republic of Germany KW - Socialization KW - Socialization research KW - Reality orientation KW - Theory KW - Coping KW - Biography KW - Lebenswelt Y1 - 2012 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-389434 SN - 1862-5002 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 89 EP - 100 PB - Budrich CY - Leverkusen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus T1 - Konservative Wohlfahrtstraditionen und Kleinstaaterei: Strukturelle Hindernisse auf dem Weg zur Bildungsrepublik Deutschland JF - Archiv für Wissenschaft und Praxis der sozialen Arbeit Y1 - 2012 SN - 0340-3564 VL - 2012 IS - 2 SP - 4 EP - 18 PB - DV: Deutschen Vereins für öffentliche und private Fürsorge e.V. CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus T1 - Jugend, Gesundheit, Lebensstil: Entstehung und Konzeption des HBSC-Projekts JF - Das Gesundheitswesen Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1316339 VL - 74 IS - S01 SP - 1 EP - 2 PB - Thieme CY - Stuttgart [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus T1 - Das Modell der produktiven Realitätsverarbeitung in der Sozialisationsforschung JF - ZSE: Zeitschrift für Soziologie der Erziehung und Sozialisation N2 - Vor genau dreißig Jahren erschien in dieser Zeitschrift der Aufsatz "Das Modell des produktiv realitätsverarbeitenden Subjekts in der Sozialisationsforschung". Der Aufsatz plädierte für eine konsequente interdisziplinäre Ausrichtung, die soziologische und psychologische Theorien gleichberechtigt unter dem Dach einer metatheoretischen Orientierung verknüpft. In diesem Beitrag wird die Entstehung des Modells der produktiven Realitätsverarbeitung (MpR) nachgezeichnet. Die in den letzten dreißig Jahren auf dem Modell aufbauenden theoretischen Ausarbeitungen werden zusammengefasst. Anschließend wird demonstriert, wie das Modell in Bereichen Kindheits-, Jugend-, Gesundheits-/Krankheits-, Familien- und Schulforschung theoretisch und empirisch umgesetzt worden ist. Zum Schluss wird die Rezeption des Modells in Theorie und Praxis erörtert und sein Verhältnis zu anderen Strömungen der Sozialisationsforschung erörtert. KW - Sozialisation KW - Sozialisationstheorie KW - Persönlichkeitsentwicklung KW - Modell der produktiven Realitätsverarbeitung KW - Kindheits- und Jugendforschung KW - Gesundheits- und Krankheitsforschung KW - Familien- und Schulforschung Y1 - 2012 SN - 1436-1957 VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 82 EP - 98 PB - Beltz Juventa CY - Weinheim [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus T1 - Das Schulsystem in Deutschland: Das Zwei-Wege-Modell setzt sich durch JF - Zeitschrift für Pädagogik N2 - Im Zusammenhang mit der Diskussion über das Für und Wider des dreigliedrigen Schulsystems in der Bundesrepublik machte der Autor dieses Artikels in den 1970er Jahren den Vorschlag, Haupt-, Real- und Gesamtschulen zu inte­grierten Sekundarschulen zusammenzufassen, mit eigenen Oberstufen auszustatten und dem Gymnasium gleichzustellen. Dieser Artikel zeichnet die wissenschaftliche und politische Diskussion zu diesem "Zwei-Wege-Modell". Die Analyse zeigt, dass nach anfänglicher vehementer Ablehnung im Zuge der Vereinigung der beiden deutschen Staaten eine schrittweise Annäherung an das Modell erfolgte. Die Gründe werden unter anderem in der Stärkung der international ausgerichteten empirischen Bildungsforschung und dem dadurch entstandenen Druck gesehen, Bildungsgerechtigkeit herzustellen. Hinzu kommen gestiegene Qualifikationsanforderungen sowie demografische Faktoren. Es wird die These vertreten, dass es sich hierbei um unumkehrbare Entwicklungstrends handelt und sich das Zwei-Wege-Modell mittelfristig in allen 16 Ländern durchsetzen wird. KW - Zwei-Wege-Modell KW - dreigliedriges Schulsystem KW - Gesamtschule KW - integrierte Sekundarschule KW - Bildungsforschung Y1 - 2013 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-119722 SN - 0044-3247 VL - 59 IS - 4 SP - 455 EP - 468 PB - Beltz Juventa CY - Weinheim [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus T1 - Thesen zur Entwicklung des Bildungssystems in den nächsten 20 Jahren: Überprüfung und Fortschreibung der Thesen in „Die Deutsche Schule“ von 1988 JF - Die Deutsche Schule N2 - In einem Aufsatz in der Zeitschrift „Die Deutsche Schule“ habe ich in Heft 4 des Jahrgangs 1988, also vor 25 Jahren, „Thesen zur strukturellen Entwicklung des Bildungs- systems in den nächsten fünf bis zehn Jahren“ zur Diskussion gestellt. In diesem Beitrag fasse ich im ersten Teil die Thesen in ihrer Essenz zusammen, sodass die Kernaussagen zu Strukturentwicklungen deutlich werden. Es handelte sich nicht nur um feststellende Thesen, die eine Einschätzung bestehender Trends und eine Prognose künftiger Entwicklungen beabsichtigten, sondern auch um normative Aussagen mit dem Charakter von Handlungsempfehlungen an die Bildungspolitik, die eine Reaktion auf die zu erwartenden Trends vorschlugen. Im Zentrum stand das Postulat, ein „Zwei-Wege-Modell“ für das Schulsystem zu etablieren, indem neben dem Gymnasium eine Integrierte Sekundarschule aufgebaut wird. Im zweiten Teil konfrontiere ich die Thesen mit der heutigen Realität und stelle die Frage, ob die vor einem Vierteljahrhundert formulierten Trendfortschreibungen und Entwicklungsprognosen richtig waren. Im dritten Teil schreibe ich die Thesen zur strukturellen Entwicklung des Bildungssystems auf der Basis des Jahres 2013 fort. KW - Bildungspolitik KW - Schulsystem KW - Zwei-Wege-Modell KW - Gymnasium KW - Integrierte Sekundarschule Y1 - 2013 SN - 0012-0731 VL - 105 IS - 3 SP - 305 EP - 321 PB - Waxmann CY - Münster ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus A1 - Albert, Mathias A1 - Quenzel, Gudrun T1 - Youth protest in Germany? An analysis based on the results of the Shell Youth Studies JF - Diskurs Kindheits- und Jugendforschung N2 - Youth protest, sometimes accompanied by riots, in a number of European countries over the last few years repeatedly trigger the question whether similar forms of protest can be expected in the near future from young people in Germany as well. While any, often spontaneous eruption of (violent) protest, can never be predicted with certainty, we argue, based on an analysis of the last Shell Youth Studies (cf. Shell Deutschland 2002, 2006, 2010), that it is rather unlikely to happen in Germany, indeed that if anything this likelihood has decreased over recent years. We identify three explanations for the – compared to a range of other European countries – striking acquiescence of the current young generation in Germany: 1. A range of institutions that keep young Germans in the education system until they finally find employment, 2. a strong culture of pragmatic individualism, and 3. a strong distrust of political parties. KW - Adolescent KW - Protest KW - Federal Republic of Germany KW - Research results KW - Youth research KW - Political attitude KW - Living conditions KW - Value-orientation KW - Education KW - Social background KW - Individualism KW - Pragmatics Y1 - 2013 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-391393 SN - 1862-5002 VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - 341 EP - 345 PB - Budrich CY - Leverkusen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus A1 - Schneekloth, Ulrich A1 - Andresen, Sabine T1 - Die World Vision Kinderstudien 2007 und 2010: Zentrale Ergebnisse JF - Diskurs Kindheits- und Jugendforschung N2 - Wie gut geht es den Kindern in Deutschland? Unter welchen Bedingungen gestaltet sich ihr Leben? Wo und von wem wird ihre Meinung anerkannt? Für wie glücklich halten sie sich, wie zufrieden sind sie? Das sind die Leitfragen der beiden großen Kinderstudien, die 2007 und 2010 im Auftrage des Kinderhilfswerkes World Vision Deutschland von Wissenschaftler/innen der Universität Bielefeld und Fachleuten von TNS Infratest Sozialforschung durchgeführt wurden. Y1 - 2011 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-386498 SN - 1862-5002 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - 321 EP - 332 PB - Budrich CY - Leverkusen [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Leat, Diana T1 - La gestione delle fondazioni filantropiche: la sfida della creatività JF - Politiche Sociali E Servizi Y1 - 2007 VL - 2007 IS - 1 SP - 43 EP - 62 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Themudo, Nuno T1 - Governance and Management of International Membership Organizations JF - The Brown Journal of World Affairs N2 - The last few decades have witnessed the unprecedented expansion of nonprofit or non-governmental organizations (NGOs), to the extent that they now account for about seven percent of total employment in the United States and six percent in OECD countries. While most NGOs remain domestic organizations, some have become increasingly international in their scope and have grown into global actors. Oxfam, Save the Children, Amnesty International, Friends of the Earth, the Red Cross and GreenPeace have become the"brand-names" among international NGOs (INGOs), with significant budgets, political influence, and responsibility. Indeed, NGOs dedicated to international relief and development have combined expenditures totaling over US$ 13 billion, a figure approximately equal to the official U.S. aid budget. Membership-based INGOs, a subset of this emerging global third sector, have grown dramatically in recent years. In just over four decades, global membership in Amnesty International has exceeded 1.8 million. Similarly, GreenPeace membership reached 2.8 million in just over three decades, while revenues topped US$ 120 million. Y1 - 2005 UR - https://www.brown.edu/initiatives/journal-world-affairs/sites/brown.edu.initiatives.journal-world-affairs/files/private/articles/11.2_Anheier.pdf SN - 1080-0786 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 185 EP - 198 PB - Brown Univ. CY - Providence ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus A1 - Quenzel, Gudrun T1 - Lost in transition: status insecurity and inconsistency as hallmarks of modern adolescence JF - International Journal of Adolescence and Youth N2 - In highly developed countries, the adolescent phase of life is expanding more and more. The consequences are status insecurity and inconsistency. A side effect is that adolescence is no longer clearly separable as demarcated biographical stage from adulthood. In this paper, we argue that the developmental tasks of a typical adolescent and a typical adult can only be partially differentiated, and the exact point in time when adolescents become adults can no longer be clearly identified. We find evidence that adolescence is becoming more ‘adult’ and adulthood is correspondingly becoming more ‘juvenile’. In almost all important social areas of life, the behavioral patterns of adults and of adolescents are coalescing. Living with insecurity in the working life and in social relations, experiencing limitations of personal autonomy, and the continuous need to work on social status inconsistencies today are characteristic features of the life of adolescents and adults. As many adolescents meet these demands skillfully and flexibly, they have in many respects become ‘social models’ for the adult life phase. KW - Developmental tasks KW - Status insecurity KW - Status inconsistency KW - Socialization KW - Life course Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2013.785440 SN - 0267-3843 VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 261 EP - 270 PB - Taylor and Francis CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus A1 - Quenzel, Gudrun A1 - Rathmann, Katharina T1 - Bildungspolitik als Bestandteil moderner Wohlfahrtspolitik JF - Zeitschrift für Soziologie der Erziehung und Sozialisation N2 - Das Bildungsniveau der Bevölkerung eines Landes wird in Wissenschaft und Politik zunehmend als Indikator für Kreativität und Produktivität wahrgenommen. Wie internationale Schulleistungsvergleiche (etwa PISA) demonstrieren, sind die Bildungserfolge eines Landes auf das gesamte, historisch gewachsene Arrangement der Wohlfahrtspolitik zurückzuführen. In diesem Beitrag wird die Typologie von Wohlfahrtspolitiken nach Esping-Andersen um Elemente der Bildungspolitik ergänzt und exemplarisch auf Deutschland als konservativem, die USA als liberalem und Schweden als sozialdemokratischem Wohlfahrtsregime angewandt. Im Vergleich zu den USA erreicht Deutschland zwar ein höheres Bildungsniveau, schneidet aber bei der Bildungsgleichheit schlechter ab. Im Vergleich zum "sozialdemokratischen" Schweden liegen in Deutschland sowohl die Bildungserträge als auch die Bildungsgleichheit niedriger. Diese Unterschiede werden auf die unterschiedliche Akzentuierung von sozialer Sicherungs- und Bildungspolitik und die damit verbundene Organisation des Bildungssystems zurückgeführt. Der Beitrag kommt zu dem Fazit, dass nur eine enge Verzahnung von sozialer Sicherungs- und Bildungspolitik den Bildungserfolg und damit die langfristige Wohlfahrt eines Landes sichert. KW - Bildungsniveau KW - Bildungsungleichheit KW - Wohlfahrtsregimes KW - internationale Schulleistungsvergleiche KW - PISA KW - Kombination von Bildungs- und Sozialpolitik Y1 - 2011 SN - 1436-1957 VL - 3 SP - 313 EP - 326 PB - Beltz Juventa CY - Weinheim [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus A1 - Rathmann, Katharina A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Health inequalities and welfare state regimes: a research note JF - Journal of Public Health N2 - Aim Comparative research on health and health inequalities has recently begun implementing a welfare regime perspective. The aim of the study was to review the existing evidence for identifying the determinants of health and health inequalities in highly developed welfare states and to develop a theoretical model for future research approaches. Subject A welfare state regime typology is applied to comparatively analyse (1) the relationship between the level of economic prosperity in a society and its respective level of overall population health and (2) the nature of the corresponding relationship between economic inequalities and health inequalities in different groups of countries. Results Although the Social Democratic welfare states have a relatively equal distribution of material wealth as well as the highest levels of population health, they are not characterised by the smallest levels of health inequality. Rather, with respect to health equality, conservative countries seem to perform better than social democracies. We propose a comprehensive theoretical model that takes into account different factors on the structural (macro), organisational (meso) and individual (micro) level in order to contribute to a better understanding of this important challenge for public health policy and practice. Conclusion Future research will require an appropriate theoretical model with the potential to explain health and health inequalities in different types of welfare states. On the basis of this model, future research should test the hypothesis that in highly developed countries not only economic, but also social, cultural and lifestyle factors are important in determining health outcomes in different segments of the population. KW - Welfare state KW - Health inequalities KW - Economic inequalities KW - Social determinants of health KW - Scandinavian paradox KW - Health-sensitive public policy Y1 - 2011 UR - urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-216295 U6 - https://doi.org/http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-216295 SN - 1613-2238 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - 3 EP - 13 PB - Springer CY - Berlin [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus A1 - Hartung, S. A1 - Kluwe, S. A1 - Sahrai, D. T1 - Gesundheitsförderung durch Elternbildung in „Settings“: Strategien zur Erreichbarkeit sozial benachteiliger Mütter und Väter JF - Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung N2 - Hintergrund Je niedriger der soziale Status von Müttern und Vätern, desto höher ist die Verbreitung von Gesundheitsstörungen und Krankheiten bei ihnen selbst und auch bei ihren Kindern. Für Strategien der Gesundheitsförderung ist es entsprechend wichtig, Eltern mit niedrigem Sozialstatus stärker als bisher einzubeziehen. Ziel Da Eltern mit den bisherigen freien Angeboten nur sehr schwer erreicht werden können, wird in diesem Beitrag analysiert, auf welchen Wegen Elternbildungsprogramme über die Settings Kindergarten, Schule und Jugend- und Familienhilfe in die Lebenswelt aller Familien verbindlich eingebunden werden können. Ergebnis Am Beispiel von drei unterschiedlichen Elternbildungsprogrammen („Lions-Quest“, „STEP“ und „U-Boot“) wird im Rahmen einer formativen Evaluation analysiert, auf welche Weise diese Einbindung gelingen kann. Am Beispiel des STEP-Elterntrainings wird nachgewiesen, dass durch ein in die Settings eingebettetes Angebot mehr Mütter und Väter aus sozial benachteiligten Familien erreicht werden können als mit einem nicht institutionell verankerten Angebot. KW - Elternbildung KW - Gesundheitsbildung KW - Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung KW - Gebundene Gesundheitsförderung KW - Gesundheitliche Ungleichheit Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11553-013-0402-5 SN - 1861-6755 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - 267 EP - 275 PB - Springer CY - Berlin [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Perelli-Harris, Brienna A1 - Sigle-Rushton, Wendy A1 - Lappegard, Trude A1 - Berghammer, Caroline A1 - Keizer, Renske T1 - The educational gradient of nonmarital childbearing in Europe JF - Population and Development Review N2 - Nearly every European Country has experienced some increase in nonmarital childbearing, largely due to increasing births within cohabitation. Relatively few studies in Europe, however, investigate the educational gradient of childbearing within cohabitation or how it changed over time. Using retrospective union and fertility histories, we employ competing risk hazard models to examine the educational gradient of childbearing in cohabitation in eight countries across europe. In all countries studied, birth risks within cohabitation demonstrated a negative educational gradient. When directly comparing cohabiting fertility with marital fertility, the negative educational gradient persists in all countries except Italy, although differences were not significant in Austria, France, and West Germany. To explain these findings, we present an alternative explanation for the increase in childbearing within cohabitation that goes beyond the explanation of the Second Demographic Transition and provides a new interpretation of the underlying mechanisms that may influence childbearing within cohabitation. Y1 - 2010 UR - http://www.demogr.mpg.de/papers/working/wp-2010-004.pdf SN - 0098-7921 N1 - Available as Working Paper from the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research: http://www.demogr.mpg.de/papers/working/wp-2010-004.pdf VL - 36 IS - 4 SP - 775 EP - 801 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken (NJ) [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - Uncertainties in female employment careers and the postponement of parenthood in Germany JF - European Sociological Review N2 - This paper investigates whether uncertainties in female employment careers result in a postponement of family formation. Data for this analysis comes from the German Socio-Economic Panel, which provides longitudinal information on economic uncertainty and fertility for the period 1984 to 2006. We employ objective measures of uncertainty (unemployment) as well as subjective measures (whether the respondent is worried about her economic situation, whether she is worried about the security of her job). We find little evidence that uncertainties in female employment careers generally lead to a postponement of parenthood. Hence, the relationship between economic uncertainty and first birth varies by level of education. While more highly educated postpone parenthood when subject to employment uncertainties, women with low levels of education often respond to these situations by becoming mothers. KW - Germany KW - Fertility Y1 - 2010 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9661 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcp026 SN - 0266-7215 N1 - This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in European Sociological Review. The final authenticated version is available online at: DOI:10.1093/esr/jcp026 VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - 351 EP - 366 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Konietzka, Dirk T1 - The growing educational divide in mother's employment: An investigation based on the German micro-censuses 1976-2004 JF - Work, Employment and Society N2 - This article investigates whether the increase in the labour force participation of mothers in western Germany has been accompanied by growing social inequalities in maternal employment. The focus is on education-related differences in full-time, part-time and marginal employment, and, in particular, changes therein over time. It is assumed that worsening labour market opportunities for the less educated and a ‘familialistic’ social policy context have resulted in growing differentials in mothers’ employment by education. Data from the scientific use files of the German micro-censuses for the years 1976 to 2004 show that the part-time and marginal employment rates of mothers have increased, while full-time employment rates have declined. Reductions in full-time employment are most pronounced among less educated mothers, resulting in growing educational differences in the employment of mothers. KW - Education KW - Female labour force participation KW - Male breadwinner model KW - Microcensus KW - Western Germany Y1 - 2010 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9678 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017010362140 SN - 0950-0170 VL - 24 IS - 2 SP - 260 EP - 278 PB - Sage CY - Los Angeles [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Schmidtke, Kerstin A1 - Zühlke, Sylvia T1 - Eignet sich das Mikrozensus-Panel für familiensoziologische Fragestellungen?: Untersuchung am Beispiel der Frage nach den ökonomischen Determinanten der Familiengründung JF - Zeitschrift für Familienforschung N2 - Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, das Analysepotential des Mikrozensus-Panels für familiensoziologische Fragestellungen darzustellen. Dazu wird zum einen aufgezeigt, wie die Daten in Episodenformat aufgearbeitet werden können, um ereignisanalytische Modelle des Geburtenverhaltens zu schätzen. Des Weiteren wird ein Modell zu den ökonomischen Determinanten des Übergangs zur Erstelternschaft vorgestellt. In einer Sensitivitätsanalyse wird geprüft, inwiefern der Ausfall der räumlich mobilen Personen die Ergebnisse verzerrt. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer kritischen Reflektion über die Grenzen und Möglichkeiten des Mikrozensus-Panels für Fertilitätsanalysen. KW - Fertilität KW - Familie KW - Mikrozensus KW - Erwerbstätigkeit KW - Datenqualität Y1 - 2009 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-335350 SN - 1437-2940 VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 264 EP - 285 PB - Budrich CY - Leverkusen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Konietzka, Dirk A1 - Böhm, Sebastian T1 - Die Bildungsungleichheit des Erwerbsverhaltens von Frauen mit Kindern: Westdeutschland im Vergleich zwischen 1976 und 2004 JF - Zeitschrift für Soziologie N2 - Der kontinuierliche Anstieg der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen in Westdeutschland seit den 1960er Jahren verdeckt eine erhebliche Vielfalt des Wandels der Erwerbmuster in verschiedenen Teilgruppen der Frauen. Wir untersuchen die Ungleichheit der Vollzeit- und Teilzeiterwerbstätigkeit zwischen hoch und gering qualifizierten Müttern. Die empirischen Analysen auf der Basis der Scientific-Use-Files der Mikrozensen der Jahre 1976 bis 2004 zeigen einen Anstieg der Anteile Teilzeit und marginal beschäftigter Frauen und zugleich einen Rückgang der Anteile Vollzeit erwerbstätiger Frauen mit Kindern. Gering qualifizierte Mütter weisen einen überproportional starken Rückgang der Vollzeiterwerbsbeteiligung auf, weshalb die Ungleichheit des Erwerbsverhaltens von Müttern nach dem Ausbildungsniveau zugenommen hat. Das „Dual-Earner-Modell“ der Familie hat sich in Westdeutschland zunehmend selektiv unter hoch qualifizierten Frauen sowie doppelt hoch qualifizierten Paaren etabliert. Die wahrscheinlichen Folgen sind eine Konzentration von ökonomischen Ressourcen und eine vergrößerte soziale Ungleichheit zwischen Haushalten und Familien. Y1 - 2007 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9693 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/zfsoz-2007-0603 SN - 0340-1804 VL - 36 IS - 6 SP - 434 EP - 452 PB - Lucius und Lucius CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Geisler, Esther T1 - Müttererwerbstätigkeit in Ost- und Westdeutschland: Eine Analyse mit den Mikrozensen 1991-2002 JF - Zeitschrift für Familienforschung N2 - Auf Basis der Daten des Mikrozensus aus den Jahren 1991, 1996 und 2002 gibt dieser Artikel einen Überblick über das Erwerbsverhalten von Frauen mit Kindern in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Neben der Frage der Ost-West-Angleichung stehen bildungsspezifische Unterschiede im Erwerbsverhalten im Vordergrund der Analyse. KW - Frauenerwerbstätigkeit KW - Mikrozensus KW - ILO-Erwerbskonzept Y1 - 2006 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-58022 SN - 1437-2940 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 333 EP - 360 PB - Budrich CY - Leverkusen [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Hoem, Jan M. T1 - Anticipatory analysis and its alternativies in life-course research. Part 1: Education and first childbearing JF - Demographic Research N2 - Procedures that seek to explain current behavior by future outcomes (anticipatory analysis) constitute a widespread but problematic approach in life-course analysis because they disturb the role of time and the temporal order of events. Nevertheless the practice is often used, not least because it easily produces useful summary measures like the median age at first childbearing and the per cent permanently childless in various educational groups, defined by ultimate attainment. We use an empirical example to demonstrate the issues involved and to propose an alternative "non-anticipatory" research strategy, which, however, does not equally easily provide summary measures. KW - Anticipatory analysis KW - Fertility by educational attainment Y1 - 2006 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9715 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2006.15.16 VL - 15 SP - 461 EP - 484 PB - Max-Planck Institut für demografische Forschung CY - Rostock ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Konietzka, Dirk T1 - Nichteheliche Mutterschaft und soziale Ungleichheit: zur sozioökonomischen Differenzierung der Familienformen in Ost- und Westdeutschland JF - Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie N2 - Nichteheliche Geburten haben in den 1990er Jahren in Westdeutschland, vor allem aber in Ostdeutschland, stark an Bedeutung gewonnen. Der deutsche familialistische Wohlfahrtsstaat fördert steuerlich und sozialpolitisch vorrangig verheiratete Paare. Zugleich unterscheidet er zwischen Alleinerziehenden und nichtehelichen Lebensgemeinschaften. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist zu erwarten, dass verheiratete, kohabitierende und alleinerziehende Mütter sich in ihren sozialstrukturellen Hintergründen und hauptsächlichen Unterhaltsquellen (Einkommen des Partners, staatliche Transferzahlungen und eigenes Einkommen) unterscheiden. Analysen der Mikrozensen der Jahre 1991–2000 unterstützen diese These teilweise. Alleinerziehende Frauen haben häufiger einen geringen Bildungsabschluss und sind stärker von sozialstaatlichen Transferzahlungen abhängig als Frauen in anderen Familienformen. In Westdeutschland leben gut ausgebildete Mütter häufiger in einer nichtehelichen Lebensgemeinschaft als einer Ehe. Kohabitierende Mütter sind zudem häufiger Vollzeit erwerbstätig als andere Mütter. In Ostdeutschland bestehen nur geringe Unterschiede zwischen verheirateten und in einer nichtehelichen Lebensgemeinschaft lebenden Müttern im Hinblick auf den Bildungsabschluss und das Ausmaβ der Erwerbsbeteiligung. Auch verheiratete Mütter sind selten vom Einkommen des Partners abhängig. Die ökonomische Unabhängigkeit verheirateter Mütter ist ein zentrales Merkmal des Wandels der Familie in Ostdeutschland und begründet anhaltende Ost-West-Unterschiede in den ökonomischen Grundlagen von Familien. KW - nichteheliche Geburten KW - neue Familienformen KW - Sozialpolitik KW - Erwerbsorientierung von Frauen KW - Ostdeutschland KW - Westdeutschland KW - Mikrozensus Y1 - 2005 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9722 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-005-0110-z SN - 1861-891X VL - 57 IS - 1 SP - 32 EP - 61 PB - VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Zabel, Cordula T1 - Female education and the second child: Great Britain and Western Germany compared JF - Schmollers Jahrbuch: Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften N2 - This paper compares the determinants of the transition to the second child in Western Germany and Great Britain, using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) and the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS). We test a number of explanations for the positive effect of educational attainment on second birth risks; this effect has been reported for both countries. Owing to differences in the welfare state context, we expect that the factors responsible for the positive education effect differ between the two countries. Our findings, however, provide only partial support for this expectation. KW - United Kingdom KW - Fertility Y1 - 2005 SN - 0342-1783 VL - 125 IS - 1 SP - 145 EP - 156 PB - Duncker und Humblot CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - Fertility decisions in the FRG and GDR: An Analysis with Data from the German Fertility and Family Survey JF - Demographic Research (Special Collection) N2 - The aim of this paper is to compare family policies and fertility patterns in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the German Federal Republic (FRG). Among other aspects, both societies particularly differed in the integration of women into the labor market. By contrasting the fertility development in these two societies, this paper aims to illuminate how women’s education and employment relates to fertility decisions in societal contexts that support (in the case of the GDR) and hamper (in the case of the FRG) the compatibility between work and family life. Data for this analysis comes from the German Fertility and Family Survey (of the year 1992). We provide descriptive statistics for all birth parities, but we limit the multivariate event history analysis to first births only KW - Event history KW - Event history analysis KW - First birth KW - Former GDR KW - Germany KW - Life course analysis Y1 - 2004 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9743 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2004.S3.11 VL - 3 SP - 275 EP - 318 PB - Max-Planck Institut für demografische Forschung CY - Rostock ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Konietzka, Dirk A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - Angleichung oder Verfestigung von Differenzen?: Geburtenentwicklung und Familienformen in Ost- und Westdeutschland JF - Berliner Debatte Initial N2 - Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit der Geburten- und Familienentwicklung in Ost- und Westdeutschland und der Frage, ob sich die in den alten Ländern vorherrschenden Strukturen in den neuen Ländern durchgesetzt haben. Die Entwicklung der zusammengefasste Geburtenziffer, auf die in der öffentlichen Diskussion überwiegend rekurriert wird, suggeriert, dass nach einem dramatischen Geburtenrückgang in den Jahren nach der Wende eine sukzessive Ost-West Angleichung des Geburtenverhaltens Ende der 1990er Jahre stattgefunden hat. Eine lebensverlaufsbezogene Betrachtung der Familiengründungsprozesse kommt zu einer anderen Einschätzung. Ostdeutsche Frauen haben unmittelbar mit der Wiedervereinigung die Familiengründung auf ein höheres Alter verschoben, ohne aber bisher das relativ hohe westdeutsche Erstgeburtsalter erreicht zu haben. Auch ist die Kinderlosigkeit in den neuen Bundesländern weiterhin niedriger als in Westdeutschland. Ost-West-Unterschiede bestehen ebenfalls in Bezug auf das Heiratsverhalten, die Kopplung von Eheschließung und Familiengründung und in der Bedeutung neuer Familienformen. Unterschiede im Erwerbsverhalten von Müttern und den Rahmenbedingungen der Vereinbarkeit von Kind und Beruf tragen entscheidend zu den Ost-West-Unterschieden in den Familienstrukturen bei. KW - Familie KW - Familienformen KW - Geburtenentwicklung KW - Heirat KW - Ostdeutschland Y1 - 2004 SN - 0863-4564 N1 - Auch als Working Paper beim Max-Planck-Institut für demografische Forschung erschienen: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6385698.pdf VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - 26 EP - 41 PB - WeltTrends CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Hank, Karsten A1 - Spieß, C. Katharina T1 - Kinderbetreuung und Fertilität in Deutschland JF - Zeitschrift für Soziologie N2 - Eine zentrale Rolle in der Diskussion um eine bessere Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf spielt die Versorgung mit bedarfsgerechter Kinderbetreuung. Eine umfassendes Angebot an Betreuungsplätzen fördert jedoch nicht nur die Müttererwerbstätigkeit, sondern könnte sich auch positiv auf Fertilitätsentscheidungen auswirken. Im vorliegenden Beitrag untersuchen wir auf Basis von Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) und der amtlichen Kinder- und Jugendhilfestatistik den Einfluss der regionalen Verfügbarkeit von Kinderbetreuung auf das Geburtenverhalten west- und ostdeutscher Frauen in den Jahren 1996 bis 2000. Zentrales Ergebnis unserer Analyse ist, dass in den östlichen Bundesländern die Verfügbarkeit institutioneller Kinderbetreuung den Übergang zum ersten Kind positiv beeinflusst, während sich in den westlichen Bundesländern allein die Verfügbarkeit informeller Betreuung durch Großmütter als statistisch signifikant erweist. Verantwortlich hierfür dürfte in erster Linie das unterschiedliche Niveau der öffentlichen Betreuungsinfrastruktur in Ost und West sein, was sich insbesondere bei der Versorgung im Krippen- und Hortbereich sowie bei der Verfügbarkeit von Ganztagsplätzen zeigt. Y1 - 2004 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9769 UR - https://www.demogr.mpg.de/publications/files/1584_1386246629_1_PDF.pdf U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/zfsoz-2004-0303 SN - 0340-1804 VL - 34 IS - 3 SP - 228 EP - 244 PB - Lucius und Lucius CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - Crisis or adaptation – reconsidered: a comparison of East and West German fertility patterns in the first six years after the ‘Wende’ JF - European Journal of Population N2 - Like other Eastern Europeancountries, East Germany experienced a rapiddecline in period fertility rates after thefall of communism. This decline has beendiscussed along the lines of a ‘crisis’ andan ‘adaptation’ to western demographic patterns. The aim of this paper istwofold. Firstly, we discuss the factors whichfoster and hamper a convergence of fertilitybehaviour in East and West Germany. Secondly,we use data from the German micro-census toanalyse the fertility patterns of the cohortsborn 1961–1970. The main result of ourempirical analysis is that East Germans whowere still childless at the time of unificationare quicker to have their first child in thesubsequent years than comparable West Germans. However, regarding second parity births, thepattern reverses. Here, East Germans display alower transition rate than their counterpartsin the West. KW - Fertility KW - East Germany Y1 - 2003 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9775 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024992712815 SN - 0168-6577 N1 - Also published as Working Paper at the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research: http://www.demogr.mpg.de/papers/working/wp-2002-032.pdf VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 303 EP - 329 PB - Kluwer Academic Publishers CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Hank, Karsten T1 - A multilevel analysis of child care and women's fertility decisions in Western Germany JF - Journal of Marriage and Family N2 - The availability of public day care is often assumed to be crucial to the compatibility of childrearing and women's employment. This article takes a multilevel perspective in investigating the role of child care in childbearing decisions in western Germany. Using information on the local supply of public day care and data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we estimated first and second birth risks from the 1980s and 1990s. We found that access to informal care arrangements increases the probability of entering parenthood, but we did not find any statistically significant effect of the public day care provision on fertility. This result points to shortcomings in the institutional setup of the German day care (and welfare) regime and to potentially relevant unobserved dimensions of child care. Y1 - 2003 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9784 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00584.x SN - 1741-3737 VL - 65 IS - 3 SP - 584 EP - 596 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Spieß, Katharina A1 - Wagner, Gert T1 - Distributional analysis of child care subsidies in Germany JF - European Early Childhood Education Research Journal N2 - In general, day care subsidies are accepted as a means of creating equal chances for both children and mothers in the labour market. Although there is a broad consensus that the use of children’s day care should be publicly supported, there is no consensus on how this should be done. Moreover, there is little knowledge on the distributional effects of day care subsidies. In order to assess whether public expenditures are targeted efficiently, however, it is vital to know which social groups profit most from public expenditures on children’s day care and whether tax-payers’ money is spent effectively. In Germany, as in other European countries, day care subsidies are mainly provided ‘in-kind’. Municipalities and NPOs provide day care for children, which is –apart from a small fee – free of charge. In this study we estimate the distributional effects of state-funded day care in Germany using microdata on households and data on the expenditure of public-funded day care. Major results are that day care subsidies have only modest redistributional effects. Primarily it is the middle-income range that profits from the public provision of children’s day care. This contradicts common public-policy recommendations, which state that low-income families should be the first target of day care subsidies. KW - Germany KW - Child care Y1 - 2003 SN - 1350-293X VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 159 EP - 175 PB - Taylor and Francis CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - Time-squeeze, partner effect or self-selection?: An investigation into the positive effect of women's education on second birth risks in West Germany JF - Demographic Research N2 - This paper investigates the role of women’s education in the transition to the second child using data from the 1997 German micro-census. We begin our analysis with a simple model, which shows a positive effect of woman’s education on the transition rate to the second child for West German women. We argue that this effect is most likely confounded by various factors. Firstly, we assume that there is a time-squeeze effect, which increases the transition rate to the second child for more highly educated women. Secondly, titled as the partner hypothesis, we argue that more highly educated women often live with more highly educated partners who have the earning potential to afford a large family. Thirdly, titled as the selection hypothesis, we argue that the positive effect of women’s education can be attributed to a selection effect, i.e. familyoriented college graduates are more likely to select themselves into the group of women at risk of second birth. The empirical investigations particularly support the second and third hypotheses. After controlling for the partner’s characteristics and including unobserved heterogeneity factors, the positive effect of female education becomes strongly negative. KW - Education KW - Female employment KW - Fertility KW - Germany KW - Second births Y1 - 2002 UR - http://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol7/2/7-2.pdf U6 - https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2002.7.2 VL - 7 SP - 15 EP - 48 PB - Max-Planck Institut für demografische Forschung CY - Rostock ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Konietzka, Dirk T1 - Women's employment and non-marital child-bearing: A comparison between East and West Germany in the 1990s JF - Population N2 - In contrast to West Germany, where marriage and childbirth have been strongly coupled, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) displayed high rates of non-marital childbearing. Researchers attributed this pattern to “misguided” GDR family policies that encouraged women to remain unmarried after childbirth. With German unification, East Germany’s legal and political institutions — including family policies — were replaced by those of West Germany. Against this background, it was widely expected that east German non-marital birth rates would soon fall to west German levels. After unification, however, they increased even further. This article argues that the enormous east-west differences in non-marital childbearing in the 1990s can be attributed to differences in women’s work orientation. Despite unfavourable labour market constraints and social policies that encourage women’s withdrawal from the labour force after childbirth, east German women, compared with their west German counterparts, are still more likely to be in full-time employment, and to re-enter the labour force sooner after childbirth. Our empirical investigation, drawing on data from the German 1997 micro-census, reveals a strong effect of women’s education and employment on marriage in west Germany, whereas in east Germany the probability of living in a marital union is hardly correlated at all with women’s employment characteristics. We conclude that a generally strong female work orientation and the wide availability of public day care facilities are the most important factors weakening the economic incentives for east German women to get married at childbirth. Y1 - 2002 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9812 UR - http://www.persee.fr/doc/pop_1634-2941_2002_num_57_2_18395 SN - 0032-4663 VL - 57 IS - 2 SP - 331 EP - 357 PB - Institut national d'études démographiques (I.N.E.D.) CY - Paris ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Konietzka, Dirk T1 - The performance of migrants in occupational labour markets: evidence from 'Aussiedler' in Germany JF - European Societies N2 - Since the breakdown of communism, Germany has experienced a major influx of Aussiedler who are basically migrants originating from Eastern European countries. In this article, we use data from the German Socio-Economic Panel of the year 1998 to analyse the labour market performance of this group of migrants. Our key hypothesis guiding the empirical investigations is that in occupational labour markets, such as the German one, migrants are faced with specific problems when transferring their educational and vocational skills acquired in other countries. Only if they gain access to their trained occupations are they able to perform well in the labour market. Otherwise, occupational closure hinders them from receiving returns to their educational and vocational qualifications. KW - Communism KW - Migrant labor KW - Labor market KW - Vocational education KW - Training KW - Immigration Y1 - 2002 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/14616690220130991 SN - 1461-6696 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 53 EP - 78 PB - Taylor and Francis CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - Parity Specific Birth Rates for West Germany: An Attempt to Combine Survey Data and Vital Statistics JF - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaften N2 - In this paper, we combine vital statistics and survey data to obtain parity specific birth rates for West Germany. Since vital statistics do not provide birth parity information, one is confined to using estimates. The robustness of these estimates is an issue, which is unfortunately only rarely addressed when fertility indicators for (West) Germany are reported. In order to check how reliable our results are, we estimate confidence intervals and compare them to results from survey data and estimations conducted by the German Statistical Office. Although our estimations show a similar trend, the magnitude of some fertility indicators differs substantially from the ones reported in other studies. However, estimations from other studies do not give a consistent picture of German fertility, either. KW - Germany KW - Fertility Y1 - 2002 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9838 SN - 0340-2398 VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - 327 EP - 357 PB - Leske + Budrich CY - Opladen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Spieß, Katharina A1 - Wagner, Gert T1 - Kinderbetreuungspolitik in Deutschland: Möglichkeiten nachfrageorientierter Steuerungs- und Finanzierungsinstrumente JF - Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft N2 - Die institutionelle Kinderbetreuung in Deutschland ist ein Beispiel der Steuerung sozialer Dienste zwischen „Markt und Staat“. Kinderbetreuung wird nicht nur primär aus kommunalen Mitteln finanziert, sondern auf kommunaler Ebene durch Vertreter freier und öffentlicher Träger geplant und reguliert. Diese Strukturelemente sind rechtlich in Form des Subsidiaritätsprinzips und der kommunalen Finanzierung verankert. In diesem Beitrag argumentieren wir, dass die finanzielle Abhängigkeit vom kommunalen Budget und eine undurchsichtige Bedarfsplanung wesentliche Hemmnisse für eine bedarfsgerechte Versorgung mit Kinderbetreuungsplätzen darstellen. Dem derzeitigen „Mix“ aus öffentlichen und öffentlich finanzierten Kindertageseinrichtungen stellen wir das System einer nachfrageorientierten Steuerung des Angebots gegenüber. Am Beispiel von einem „Gutscheinmodell“ stellen wir konkrete Überlegungen und Umsetzungsbeispiele eines derartigen Systems für Deutschland vor. Y1 - 2002 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11618-002-0016-8 SN - 1434-663X VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - 201 EP - 221 PB - Springer VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften CY - Berlin [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eaton, Sarah A1 - Kostka, Genia T1 - Authoritarian environmentalism undermined? Local leaders' time horizons and environmental policy implementation in China JF - The China Quarterly N2 - China's national leaders see restructuring and diversification away from resource-based, energy intensive industries as central goals in the coming years. On the basis of extensive fieldwork in China between 2010 and 2012, we suggest that the high turnover of leading cadres at the local level may hinder state-led greening growth initiatives. Frequent cadre turnover is intended primarily to keep local Party secretaries and mayors on the move in order to promote the implementation of central directives. While rotation does seem to aid implementation by reducing coordination problems, there are also significant downsides to local leaders changing office every three to four years. Officials with short time horizons are likely to choose the path of least resistance in selecting quick, low-quality approaches to the implementation of environmental policies. We conclude that the perverse effects of local officials’ short time horizons give reason to doubt the more optimistic claims about the advantages of China's model of environmental authoritarianism. KW - Authoritarian environmentalism KW - Cadre rotation KW - Environmental policy implementation KW - China KW - Leadership KW - Time horizons Y1 - 2014 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-10423 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741014000356 SN - 0305-7410 VL - 218 SP - 359 EP - 380 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Harrison, Tom A1 - Kostka, Genia T1 - Balancing priorities, aligning interests: Developing mitigation capacity in China and India JF - Comparative Political Studies N2 - Debates about how to respond to climate change have largely focused on the difficulties in agreeing on national targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. By assuming that the main obstacle to emissions reduction lies in the inability to reach agreement internationally, the current debate underplays the challenges of building the state capacity that will be needed to ensure mitigation takes place. The implementation of mitigation strategies is far from straightforward. It requires careful balancing of competing priorities and deliberate strategies to bring different interest groups on board. We analyze the way this balancing act has been carried out in promoting energy efficiency measures in China and India. The balancing act has been done differently as each country has tailored its approach to the specific context of competing priorities and differing state capacity. We encapsulate these differences by referring to China’s approach as “state-signaling” and India’s approach as a “market-plus” approach. China’s approach is more explicitly statist than India’s, but in both countries, the state plays a central role in building the support base for its policies through processes that we describe as the bundling of policies and interests. These bundling strategies are used to help build informal coalitions in favor of energy efficiency measures. KW - Climate change KW - Domestic politics KW - Energy KW - Coalitions KW - Informal institutions KW - China KW - India Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414013509577 VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - 450 EP - 480 PB - Sage CY - Los Angeles [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kostka, Genia A1 - Zhou, Jianghua T1 - Government-business alliances in state capitalist economies: evidence from low-income markets in China JF - Business and Politics N2 - Based on three in-depth case studies, the study analyzes how and why Chinese enterprises partner with governments in cooperative ventures which aim to simultaneously achieve poverty alleviation objectives and establish profitable business ventures in rural areas. The analysis draws out specific characteristics of three government-business partnerships in China, which vary in terms of governance structure, resource complementarity and incentives. The findings show that in this state capitalist system, outcomes of government-business partnerships depend on firms having unique resources and capabilities that serve particular policy objectives of the government. By the same token, in order to make partnerships attractive to firms, national and local governments must hold the keys to unique resources needed by enterprises looking to do business in low-income markets. The cases further illustrate that, in order to build and maintain successful government-business partnerships over time, the alignment of incentives plays an important role. In sum, complementary resources and well-aligned interests between firms and governments help to explain why some government-enterprise partnerships are more successful than others. Y1 - 2013 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-10440 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/bap-2012-0043 SN - 1469-3569 VL - 15 IS - 2 SP - 245 EP - 274 PB - de Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wegrich, Kai A1 - Döhler, Marian T1 - Regulierung als Konzept und Instrument moderner Staatstätigkeit JF - dms: Der moderne Staat N2 - Unter „Regulierung“ versteht man primär staatliche Eingriffe, die im öffentlichen Interesse sowohl Marktversagen korrigieren wie auch zivilisatorische Risiken mindern sollen. Der Begriff ist ein Import aus dem angelsächsischen Sprachraum und hat sich vor allem durch die EU auch in der bundesdeutschen Politik ausgebreitet. Gleichwohl gibt es hierzulande noch kein einheitliches Begriffsverständnis. Regulierung wird nicht nur in verschiedenen Wissenschaftsdisziplinen mit unterschiedlichem Bedeutungsgehalt gefüllt, sondern ist auch in der politischen Praxis ein ausdeutungsfähiges Konzept. Der Aufsatz nimmt die so entstandenen Unklarheiten zum Anlass, um die verschiedenen Teildiskurse über Regulierung sowie die spezifisch deutsche Rezeption des Begriffes nachzuzeichnen. Die zentrale These lautet, dass Unterschiede nicht einfach „wegdefiniert“ werden können, sondern eine verwirrungsfreie Verwendung des Regulierungsbegriffs nur dann möglich ist, wenn der jeweilige analytische oder auch praktische Verwendungskontext reflektiert und transparent gemacht wird. KW - Regulierungskonzepte KW - Regulierungsdiskurse KW - bessere Rechtsetzung KW - praktische und analytische Verwendung KW - deutsche Begriffsrezeption Y1 - 2010 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-413677 SN - 1865-7192 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 31 EP - 52 PB - Budrich CY - Leverkusen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wegrich, Kai A1 - Lodge, Martin A1 - McElroy, Gail T1 - Dodgy kebabs everywhere? : Variety of Worldviews and Regulatory Change JF - Public Administration N2 - In the study of risk regulation, grid-group cultural theory has attracted considerable interest. There has, however, been a lack of a systematic interest in its claims and in methodological issues. In this article, we present five claims that are drawn from cultural theory and assess them in the light of failure in meat inspections in Germany. These claims are assessed through the analysis of argumentation as recorded in newspapers. In the light of its empirical findings, this article argues that the claims and methodology employed offer a promising avenue for further work to investigate the usefulness of this particular theoretical approach. Y1 - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2010.01811.x SN - 1467-9299 VL - 88 IS - 1 SP - 247 EP - 266 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Marinova, Dani M. T1 - When government fails us: trust in post-socialist civil organizations JF - Democratization N2 - The research for this article was motivated by a noticeable discrepancy between levels of participation and trust in post-socialist civil organizations. While civic participation in Central and Eastern Europe is almost nonexistent, levels of trust in post-socialist civil organizations compare favourably to those in Western Europe. The first aim of this article is to understand why citizens place relatively high trust in post-socialist civil organizations. The political context, within which civil organizations operate, reveals one explanation for the high levels of trust in civil organizations: government corruption dissuades citizens from relying on state institutions and creates a void that is filled by informal networks of association and civil organizations. Empirical evidence demonstrates that trust in civil organizations focused on socioeconomic and political development is higher among citizens who express concern about corruption in their country. The second aim of this article is to understand the discrepancy between levels of trust and civic participation. A novel interpretation of past findings suggests that civil organizations' effectiveness, professionalization, transactional capacity and orientation toward service provision may garner citizens' trust while parallel neglect of grassroots mobilization leaves civil organizations short of capitalizing on that trust. Civil organizations' limited focus on interest aggregation, mobilization and representation raises doubts as to whether observers of civil society in the region should look to these organizations as its core component. KW - Civil society KW - Nongovernmental organizations KW - Trust KW - Organizational membership KW - Post-socialist Europe Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2011.532623 SN - 1351-0347 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 160 EP - 183 PB - Routledge CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Angerer, Dieter J. T1 - Public Private Partnership Between Euphoria and Disillusionment: Recent Experiences from Austria and Implications for Countries in Transformation JF - Romanian Journal of Political Science N2 - This paper analyses the arduous path towards implementing Public Private Partnership (PPP) as a governance mode increasingly ‘en vogue’ in many political programs worldwide. As current literature on PPP strongly features an Anglo-Saxon bias recent experiences from Austria with a continental-European legalistic Rechtsstaat tradition are presented. Based on our analysis of a recently failed PPP project we outline that beside factors put forward by rational-choice approaches the dynamics of such partnerships are also shaped by normative and cultural-cognitive factors as theorized by neoinstitutional approaches. We thereby understand PPPs not only as a distinct, innovative organizational arrangement but also as a policy tool with symbolic meanings and underlying premises. In the final part general implications regarding the relevance of these experiences for transformational countries are outlined. KW - Neoinstitutionalism KW - Procurement KW - Public goods theory KW - Public management KW - Public-Private Partnership Y1 - 2005 SN - 1582-456X VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 129 EP - 159 PB - Orion Press Impex 2000 SRL CY - Bucharest ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus A1 - Quenzel, Gudrun A1 - Schneekloth, Ulrich T1 - Lebenslagen, Einstellungen und Perspektiven der Jugendlichen in Deutschland: Ergebnisse der 16. Shell Jugendstudie JF - Zeitschrift für Jugendkriminalrecht und Jugendhilfe (ZJJ) N2 - Die 16. Shell Jugendstudie zeichnet das Bild einer zuversichtlichen jungen Generation in Deutschland. Diese Generation lässt sich weder durch die Wirtschaftskrise noch durch die unsicher gewordenen Berufsverläufe und Perspektiven von ihrer optimistischen Grundhaltung abbringen. Mit den Herausforderungen in Alltag, Beruf und Gesellschaft gehen Jugendliche auch weiterhin pragmatisch um. Prägend für diese Generation sind insbesondere eine starke Leistungsorientierung und ein ausgeprägter Sinn für soziale Beziehungen. Daneben lassen sich erste Anzeichen einer Repolitisierung erkennen. Y1 - 2011 SN - 1612-1864 VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 28 EP - 33 PB - DVJJ CY - Hannover ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus A1 - Andresen, Sabine A1 - Schneekloth, Ulrich T1 - Care and freedom: Theoretical and empirical aspects of children’s wellbeing JF - Child Indicators Research N2 - In 2007, we published the first survey on children in Germany. In that “1st World Vision Children Study,” we decided to perform more than just a representative and standardized questionnaire survey of 1,600 children aged 8–11 years. We also chose to carry out qualitative interviews linked together with a game, and to extend these interviews to include children from the age of 6 years onward. One important finding of the 2007 survey was the devastating impact of social inequality on children’s lives and the growing numbers of children who experience poverty. In 2010, we published a new survey of children, the “2nd World Vision Study.” This covered a sample of 2,500 children aged 6 to 11 years. We added some questions on the feelings and everyday life experiences children have when they are poor. We also included questions on respect, and self-efficacy. Both studies are based on a concept of child well-being. We consider that the World Vision Study of 2010 delivers one major finding: What contributes to the well-being of children in Germany is the granting of freedoms and the experiences of autonomy embedded among experiences of parental care within committed relationships. Hence, it is precisely a combination of freedom and parental care, of co-determination and protection that leads to a high life satisfaction in 6- to 11-year-olds.(Publishers Information) KW - Child well-being KW - Freedom KW - Care KW - Time-use KW - Respect KW - Child well-being in Germany Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-012-9154-6 SN - 1874-897X VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - 437 EP - 448 PB - Springer Netherlands ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus A1 - Bollert, G. A1 - Borgelter, B. A1 - Geuter, G. A1 - Höppner, H. A1 - Probst, A. T1 - Bezugswissenschaften der Physiotherapie: Soziologie und Gesundheitswissenschaften / Public Health JF - physioscience N2 - Background: Since in three preceeding articles already five possible reference sciences of physiotherapy (philosophy, medicine, sports sciences, pedagogics and psychology) were portrayed this last one outlines sociology and health sciences/public health. While philosophy made the start due to its fundamental importance for all sciences the second article illustrated medicine and sports sciences which both are characterised by a historical and content closeness to physiotherapy. The third article investigated the relevance of pedagogics and psychology for physiotherapy, two disciplines which tend to focus on individual processes and structures. The two disciplines to be outlined in this article sociology and health sciences/public health, however, are characterised by their social perspective. Objective/method: Like in the preceeding articles the disciplines are first outlined by an expert in view of their historical development as a discipline and their over the years emerging subsets, their central purpose and last but not least their current challenges. Following on from this two further experts substantiate exemplary the possible transfer potential for physiotherapy. Results: Not only with the background of limited resources, growing competition and rising health products plurality in the health sector, it is becoming increasingly important for physiotherapy to professionalise and develop not only in its occupational group. It is rather called upon to position itself in society and its health-care system as well as to actively involve its physiotherapeutic competence in view of new challenges. Both sociology and health sciences offer physiotherapy useful perspectives, theories, methods and techniques. Conclusions: A prospective physiotherapy science can use valuable impulses out of all seven disciplines portrayed in this article series for its further development and constitution. Apart from dealing with highlighted disciplines it is necessary to develop supplemental reference sciences and to critically investigate their potential for physiotherapy. In this process it is important for all loans from other disciplines to perform an appropriate objective and content transfer into physiotherapeutic questions and not attach great importance to the physiotherapeutic context per se without evaluation. KW - Physiotherapie KW - Bezugswissenschaften KW - Gesundheitswissenschaften KW - Soziologie KW - Physiotherapy KW - Reference sciences KW - Sociology KW - Health sciences Y1 - 2009 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1109890 SN - 1860-3092 VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - 174 EP - 183 PB - Thieme CY - Stuttgart [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Geißler, René T1 - Public Management und Leadership aus der Sicht der deutschen Ministerialverwaltung JF - Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Verwaltungswissenschaften 2010 Y1 - 2010 UR - http://www.sgvw.ch/fr/2010/06/14/public-management-und-leadership-aus-sicht-der-deutschen-ministerialverwaltung/ SN - 2296-8717 SP - 93 EP - 107 PB - SGVW Verl. CY - Bern ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard ED - Bundesverband Öffentliche Dienstleistungen, T1 - Public Corporate Governance: Modewelle oder tatsächlicher Bedarf? JF - Zukunft der öffentlichen Wirtschaft: Referate einer vom Wissenschaftlichen Beirat des Bundesverbandes Öffentliche Dienstleistungen am 25./26. Februar 2009 in Eppstein (Taunus) veranstalteten Tagung Y1 - 2009 UR - http://www.bvoed.de/assets/files/downloads/Beitraege/Heft_31.pdf SN - 3-928615-26-2 IS - 31 SP - 5 EP - 16 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Konietzka, Dirk T1 - Verwertbarkeit ausländischer Ausbildungsabschlüsse: Das Beispiel der Aussiedler auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt JF - Zeitschrift für Soziologie N2 - Seit dem Zusammenbruch der kommunistischen Regime in Osteuropa ist der Zuzug von Aussiedlern nach Deutschland sprunghaft angestiegen. In diesem Aufsatz analysieren wir die Arbeitsmarktintegration der Aussiedler auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt anhand von Daten des Sozio-Ökonomischen Panels aus dem Jahr 1998. Unter theoretischen Gesichtspunkten steht die Frage der Verwertbarkeit ausländischer Bildungszertifikate im Mittelpunkt unseres Interesses. Obwohl Aussiedler ihre im Ausland erworbenen Ausbildungsabschlüsse formell anerkennen lassen können, gelingt der Mehrheit von ihnen nicht der Zugang zum erlernten Beruf. Die Beschäftigung im erlernten Beruf hat jedoch einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf eine erfolgreiche Arbeitsmarktintegration. Die Probleme, denen sich Aussiedler bei der Verwertung ihrer Ausbildungsabschlüsse ausgesetzt sehen, erlauben Rückschlüsse auf die den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt dominierenden Allokationsmechanismen und die Arbeitsmarktchancen zukünftiger Ost-West-Migranten. Y1 - 2001 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9857 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/zfsoz-2001-0402 SN - 0340-1804 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - 267 EP - 282 PB - Lucius und Lucius CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Hank, Karsten T1 - Does the availability of child care influence the employment of mothers? Findings from Western Germany JF - Population Research and Policy Review N2 - There is a vast empirical literature investigating the effects of child care costson female employment. Day-care costs are usually treated as a reduction infemale wages and are supposed to reduce a woman's propensity to participatein the labor market. In this paper we argue that an analysis of the effects ofchild care on the employment of mothers in Germany should focus on theavailability rather than the affordability of care, due to peculiarities of theGerman day-care regime. Our empirical findings cast doubt on the effectivenessof the current German day-care regime. Specifically, we question the extent towhich it enables mothers to participate in the labor market. KW - Child care KW - Female labor force participation KW - Germany KW - Public policy Y1 - 2000 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026556309080 SN - 0167-5923 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 317 EP - 337 PB - Kluwer Academic Publishers CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - Changes in the timing of first birth in East Germany after Reunification JF - Schmollers Jahrbuch: Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften N2 - When German re-unificatioin was accompanied by a rapid decline in aggregate fertility rates, researchers particularly assigned high umemployment rates a dominant role in the changes in fertility behavior. The aim of this paper is twofold. First, we investigate changes in the timing of first births in East Germany after re-unification. Using data from the SOEP, we show that even after re-unification East Germans are younger at first birth than their West German counterparts. Second, we investigate the relationship between male and female unemployment and first birth risks. A major result is that female unemployment encourages the transition into parenthood in East Germany. Y1 - 2000 SN - 0342-1783 VL - 120 IS - 2 SP - 169 EP - 186 PB - Duncker und Humblot CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Citlak, Banu T1 - Wahrnehmung von Umweltrisiken: Empirische Ergebnisse für Deutschland JF - Zeitschrift für angewandte Umweltforschung Y1 - 1999 UR - http://www.demogr.mpg.de/publications%5Cfiles%5C947_1386247886_1_PDF.pdf SN - 0933-9027 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 112 EP - 119 PB - Analytica Verl.-Ges. CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Wagner, Gert T1 - Der gescheiterte "Gutscheinversuch" für Kinderbetreuuung in Großbritannien JF - Theorie und Praxis der Sozialen Arbeit N2 - Mit der wachsenden Finanzknappheit der kommunalen Haushalte wird unter dem Schlagwort "neue Steuerungsmodelle" die Forderung laut, marktnahe Steuerungsmechanismen auch bei der Produktion sozialer Dienste anzuwenden. Der weitgehendste Vorschlag in diesem Zusammenhang ist, das derzeitige Finanzierungssystem zugunsten von Subjektsubventionen abzuschaffen. Anstelle oeffentlicher Produktion oder Subventionierung frei-gemeinnuetziger Traeger sollen nun die Nachfrager subventioniert werden, die eigenverantwortlich waehlen koennen, ob sie ihren Bedarf an sozialen Diensten durch frei-gemeinnuetzige, kommunale oder private Anbieter decken wollen. Eine vieldiskutierte Variante der Subjektsubventionierung ist die Ausgabe von Gutscheinen (vouchers). Fuer Deutschland liegen derartige Vorschlaege bspw. fuer das Bildungswesen und die Kinderbetreuung vor. Grossbritannien bietet nun die Chance, die Konsequenzen der Einfuehrung eines Gutscheinsystems zu analysieren, da dort erstmals ein Vouchersystem fuer die Kinderbetreuung eingefuehrt wurde.(DJI/Abstract übernommen). Y1 - 1998 SN - 0342-2275 VL - 49 IS - 9 SP - 347 EP - 350 PB - Beltz Juventa CY - Weinheim [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bach, Tobias A1 - Ruffing, Eva T1 - Networking for autonomy? National agencies in European networks JF - Public Administration N2 - The environment of national agencies has changed considerably in recent years as they increasingly become engaged in European Union networks. This article contributes to a growing body of literature on those networks and their effect on executive politics at the national level by asking whether and how the EU involvement of national agencies affects the agencies' autonomy in policy formulation. We develop an analytical model for explaining the effect of EU involvement on agency autonomy. Analyzing data from a comprehensive survey of federal agencies in Germany, we find that EU involvement has a positive effect on national agencies' policy autonomy. Moreover, we find a somewhat stronger effect of agency involvement in sectoral networks on autonomy than in intergovernmental networks, which is attributed to information asymmetries between ministries and agencies. Yet this effect is weaker than initially expected, which can be explained by a considerable degree of overlap between different types of EU involvement. KW - Administrative Networks KW - Agency Autonomy KW - European Integration Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2012.02093.x SN - 1467-9299 VL - 91 IS - 3 SP - 712 EP - 726 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken (NJ) [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreilinger, Valentin T1 - Possibilities for upgrading inter-parliamentary cooperation after the 2014 European elections JF - Polish Quarterly of International Affairs N2 - The parliaments in the EU are facing a choice. They may exploit the existing possibilities, continue business as usual (possibly with declining participation in inter-parliamentary cooperation, so no change), or bypass existing interparliamentary structures. The last and most extreme scenario would mean that some national parliaments, for example the six founding members or the Member States that have adopted the euro, create their own conference, with serious repercussions to “pre-in” countries, to the EU institutions, and to the inclusiveness of economic and financial governance. The second option (business as usual) does not help building a genuine Economic and Monetary Union either. Only the first scenario would help reduce the existing weakness in democratic accountability and legitimacy, both in general, and especially in connection with the genuine EMU in the making. An inter-parliamentary conference as a place to discuss these policies could have the positive effect of gradually becoming an arena in which the future direction of the Union’s economic policy is shaped. KW - Studies KW - Parliamentary elections-UK KW - Cooperation KW - Accountability KW - Economic policy Y1 - 2014 UR - https://search.proquest.com/docview/1535024225?accountid=11379 SN - 1230-4999 VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 57 EP - 68 PB - Polish Institute of International Affairs CY - Warschau ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bach, Tobias A1 - Ruffing, Eva A1 - Yesilkagit, Kutsal T1 - The Differential Empowering Effects of Europeanization on the Autonomy of National Agencies JF - Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institution N2 - This article examines the influence of Europeanization on the relationship between ministries and agencies at the national level. The core argument is that the differentiated nature of the international environment (with policy development often transferred to the international level and policy implementation left at the national level) transforms national agencies into policy-developing actors that shape policies without being directly influenced by their national political principals. The increasingly common involvement of national agencies in European policymaking processes thereby increases these agencies' policy-development autonomy but does not change their role in policy implementation. We examine this argument by testing an innovative hypothesis—the differentiation hypothesis—on a combined data set of German and Dutch national agencies. Our empirical findings support the hypothesis in both countries, suggesting that similar effects can be expected in other contexts in which semiautonomous agencies are involved in transnational policymaking. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12087 SN - 1468-0491 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 285 EP - 304 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken (NJ) [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreilinger, Valentin T1 - Prognosen zur Zusammensetzung und Arbeit des Europäischen Parliaments nach der Wahl 2014 JF - integration N2 - Vom 22. bis 25. Mai 2014 wird ein neues Europäisches Parlament gewählt. Trotz vieler Unwägbarkeiten lassen sich bereits mögliche Veränderungen durch diese Europawahl skizzieren. Zwei große Trends sind auf der Basis aktueller Prognosen wahrscheinlich: Stimmengewinne für die Fraktion der Progressiven Allianz der Sozialisten und Demokraten (S&D) bei Verlusten für die Fraktion der Europäischen Volkspartei (EVP) und Zugewinne für populistische und europakritische Parteien zulasten der etablierten Parteien. Sie würden das Europäische Parlament nicht paralysieren, aber eine (noch) stärkere Zusammenarbeit der etablierten Parteien forcieren, die auch durch den Prozess und den Zeitplan bis zum Amtsantritt der neuen Europäischen Kommission begünstigt wird. Eine Analyse des Abstimmungsverhaltens der Abgeordneten in der Legislaturperiode 2009-2014 hilft, diese möglichen Veränderungen im europäischen Machtgefüge besser einzuordnen. Da die beiden großen Fraktionen und politischen Lager gleichauf zu liegen scheinen, ist das Rennen jedoch noch völlig offen. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/0720-5120-2014-1-3 SN - 0720-5120 VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 3 EP - 20 PB - Nomos Verl.-Ges. CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bach, Tobias T1 - The autonomy of government agencies in Germany and Norway: explaining variation in management autonomy across countries and agencies JF - International Review of Administrative Sciences N2 - This article reports the results of a comparative analysis of the human resources management (HRM) autonomy of government agencies in Germany and Norway. Whereas the academic literature largely focuses on ministry–agency relations in countries where agencies have been only recently established, these two countries have a long tradition of delegation to agencies outside ministerial departments. However, although sharing a broadly similar administrative tradition, each country differs with regard to the management reform trajectory. This allows an empirical test to be carried out of the effects of management reforms on HRM autonomy, drawing on survey data. The article also discusses the literature on how task characteristics and formal agency structure supposedly affect agency autonomy and puts these claims to an empirical test. The empirical analysis reveals cross-country differences, a somewhat limited effect of task characteristics, and a clear effect of formal structure on de facto HRM autonomy, especially in the German context. KW - Administrative tradition KW - Agency autonomy KW - Delegation KW - Formal structure KW - Political control KW - Task characteristics Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852313514527 SN - 0020-8523 VL - 80 IS - 2 SP - 341 EP - 361 PB - Sage CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bach, Tobias A1 - Ruffing, Eva T1 - Bürokratische Koordination im europäischen Mehrebenensystem: Die Einbindung nationaler Regulierungsbehörden in europäische Verwaltungsnetzwerke JF - dms: der moderne staat N2 - Transnationale Netzwerke nationaler Behörden haben vor allem innerhalb der Europäischen Union (EU) in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten erheblich an Bedeutung gewonnen. Die Forschung dazu konzentriert sich jedoch überwiegend darauf, Arbeitsweise und Einfluss dieser Netzwerke auf europäischer Ebene zu untersuchen. Der Artikel untersucht administrative Netzwerke aus der bisher vernachlässigten Perspektive nationalstaatlicher Behörden. Er leistet dabei einen Beitrag zu zwei zentralen Forschungsfragen: Zum einen wird die Behauptung zunehmender europäischer Einbindung empirisch untermauert. Zum anderen wird für vier wichtige deutsche Regulierungsbehörden ein Mapping der Einbindung und institutionellen Verfestigung europäischer Verwaltungsnetzwerke durchgeführt. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass es typische Muster der Netzwerkbildung gibt und dass unterschiedliche Formen von Netzwerken oftmals nebeneinander bestehen bleiben. KW - Europäisierung KW - Verwaltungsnetzwerke KW - Regulierungsbehörden KW - Netzwerkbildung Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3224/dms.v7i1.16237 SN - 1865-7192 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 75 EP - 94 PB - Budrich CY - Leverkusen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wegrich, Kai A1 - Lodge, Martin T1 - Crowdsourcing and Regulatory Reviews: A New Way of Challenging Red Tape in British Government? JF - Regulation and Governance N2 - Much has been said about the appeal of digital government devices to enhance consultation on rulemaking. This paper explores the most ambitious attempt by the UK central government so far to draw on “crowdsourcing” to consult and act on regulatory reform, the “Red Tape Challenge.” We find that the results of this exercise do not represent any major change to traditional challenges to consultation processes. Instead, we suggest that the extensive institutional arrangements for crowdsourcing were hardly significant in informing actual policy responses: neither the tone of the crowdsourced comments, the direction of the majority views, nor specific comments were seen to matter. Instead, it was processes within the executive that shaped the overall governmental responses to this initiative. The findings, therefore, provoke wider debates about the use of social media in rulemaking and consultation exercises. KW - Consultation KW - Crowdsourcing KW - Regulatory review KW - UK government Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12048 SN - 1748-5983 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 46 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wegrich, Kai A1 - Lodge, Martin T1 - Public administration and executive politics: perennial questions in changing contexts JF - Public Policy and Administration N2 - The fields of political science and public administration are said to be drifting apart. This article argues that a focus on executive politics – the politics of the executive and of the execution of policies – offers a key avenue to maintain a useful conversation that focuses on perennial questions that are shared across research traditions. This conversation should concentrate on the ‘administrative factor’ in political life and the ‘political factor’ in administrative life. This article develops this argument in three steps. First, it defines the field of executive politics. Second, it considers the rationale why a focus on executive politics is pertinent at this particular time. Third, it discusses the challenges that a turn towards executive politics faces. This article concludes by considering the position of British public administration in the field of executive politics. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0952076712438724 SN - 0952-0767 VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - 212 EP - 229 PB - Sage CY - Los Angeles [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kostka, Genia A1 - Xiaofan, Yu T1 - Career backgrounds of municipal Party secretaries in China: Why do so few municipal Party secretaries rise from the county level? JF - Modern China N2 - This article examines the career backgrounds of municipal Chinese Communist Party secretaries between 1990 and 2011. Based on an analysis of 898 cadre biographies and 32 interviews with local government officials during 2011 and 2013, this article shows that the majority of municipal party secretaries had spent their careers working at the provincial and municipal levels, while only few advanced up from the county. Our analysis finds that obstacles hindering leading county cadres from rising to the upper ranks of the municipal apparatus include age and education restrictions; limited positions at the municipal level; the lack of networks linking to provincial leaders; and provincial leaders’ appointment preferences. Limited career advancement opportunities for county cadres have important implications for understanding the incentive foundations of China’s bureaucracy. With only slim prospects for leading county cadres to rise to top municipal positions, the political incentives outlined in the cadre evaluation system might not be as effective in steering cadre behavior as currently claimed in the literature. KW - Cadre management system KW - Career advancement KW - County cadres KW - Incentives KW - China Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0097700414539628 SN - 15526836 VL - 41 IS - 5 SP - 467 EP - 505 PB - Sage CY - Los Angeles [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stechow, Christoph von A1 - McCollum, David A1 - Riahi, Keywan A1 - Minx, Jan C. T1 - Integrating global climate change mitigation goals with other sustainability objectives : a synthesis JF - Annual Review of Environment and Resources Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-021113-095626 VL - 40 SP - 363 EP - 394 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von Stechow, C. A1 - Minx, Jan C. A1 - Riahi, K. T1 - 2°C and the Sustainable Development Goals: United they stand, divided they fall? JF - Environmental Research Letters Y1 - 2015 N1 - forthcoming im Erscheinen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hallegatte, S. A1 - Rogelj, J. A1 - Allen, Myles R. A1 - Minx, Jan C. T1 - Mapping the climate change challenge JF - Nature Climate Change Y1 - 2016 N1 - forthcoming im Erscheinen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Creutzig, Felix A1 - Jochem, Patrick A1 - Edelenbosch, Oreane Y. A1 - Minx, Jan C. T1 - Transport: A roadblock to climate change mitigation? JF - Science (Policy Forum) Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac8033 SN - 0036-8075 VL - 350 IS - 6263 SP - 912 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hubacek, Klaus A1 - Feng, Kuishuang A1 - Minx, Jan C. A1 - Zhou, Naijun T1 - Teleconnecting consumption to environmental impacts at multiple spatial scales JF - Journal of Industrial Ecology Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12082 SN - 1088-1980 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 7 EP - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Minx, Jan C. A1 - Baiocchi, Giovanni A1 - Wiedmann, Thomas T1 - Carbon footprints of cities and other human settlements in the UK JF - Environmental Research Letters Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/035039 IS - 8 SP - 1 EP - 10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bearce, David A1 - Hallerberg, Mark T1 - Democracy and De Facto Exchange Rate Regimes JF - Economics and Politics Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2011.00381.x SN - 0954-1985 VL - 23 IS - 2 SP - 172 EP - 194 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hallerberg, Mark T1 - Fiscal federalism reforms in the European Union and the Greek crisis JF - European Union Politics Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116510387652 SN - 1465-1165 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 127 EP - 142 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Creutzig, Felix A1 - Popp, Alexander A1 - Plevin, Richard A1 - Minx, Jan C. T1 - Reconciling top-down and bottom-up modelling on future bioenergy deployment JF - Nature Climate Change Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1416 N1 - Free online Access / Freier online Zugriff: https://www.pik-potsdam.de/members/edenh/publications-1/nclimate_Reconcilingtopdownandbottomupmodellingonfuturebioenergydeployment.pdf VL - 2 IS - 4 SP - 320 EP - 327 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Minx, Jan C. A1 - Baiocchi, Giovanni A1 - Peters, Glen P. T1 - A 'carbonizing dragon': China’s fast growing CO2 emissions revisited. JF - Environmental science & technology Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/es201497m VL - 45 IS - 21 SP - 9144 EP - 9153 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sinden, Graham E. A1 - Peters, Glen P. A1 - Minx, Jan C. A1 - Weber, Christopher L. T1 - International flows of embodied CO2 with an application to aluminium and the EU ETS JF - Climate Policy Special Issue: Consuming and producing carbon: what is the role for border measures? Y1 - 2011 SN - 1469-3062 N1 - Available as e-publication in your Hertie Library. Als elektronische Ausgabe in der Hertie Bibliothek verfügbar. VL - 11 IS - 5 SP - 1226 EP - 1245 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gandrud, Christopher A1 - Hallerberg, Mark T1 - Statistical Agencies and Responses to Financial Crises : Eurostat, Bad Banks and the ESM JF - West European Politics Y1 - 2016 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawson, Mark T1 - The Legal and Political Accountability Structure of ‘Post‐Crisis’ EU Economic Governance JF - JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies N2 - How should decision-making under EU economic governance be understood following the euro-crisis? This article argues, contra existing depictions, that the post-crisis EU has increasingly adopted methods of decision-making in the economic field which marry the decision-making structure of inter-governmentalism with the supervisory and implementation framework of the Community Method. While this ‘post-crisis’ method has arisen for clear reasons – to achieve economic convergence between eurozone states in an environment where previous models of decision-making were unsuitable or unwanted – it also carries important normative implications. Post-crisis governance departs from the mechanisms of legal and political accountability present in previous forms of EU decision-making without substituting new models of accountability in their place. Providing appropriate channels of political and legal control in the EU's ‘new’ economic governance should be seen as a crucial task for the coming decade. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12248 SN - 0021-9886 VL - 53 IS - 5 SP - 976 EP - 993 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawson, Mark A1 - de Witte, Floris T1 - From balance to conflict: a new constitution for the EU JF - European Law Journal Y1 - 2015 SN - 1468-0386 VL - 21 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stolfi, Francesco A1 - Hallerberg, Mark T1 - Clientelistic budget cycles: evidence from health policy in the Italian regions JF - Journal of European Public Policy Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2015.1075577 SP - 1 EP - 18 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Clark, William R. A1 - Hallerberg, Mark A1 - Keil, Manfred A1 - Willett, Thomas D. T1 - Measures of financial openness and interdependence JF - Journal of Financial Economic Policy Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1108/17576381211206497 SN - 1757-6385 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 58 EP - 75 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Burdekin, Richard C.K. A1 - Banaian, King A1 - Hallerberg, Mark A1 - Siklos, Pierre L. T1 - Fiscal and monetary institutions and policies: onward and upward? JF - Journal of Financial Economic Policy Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1108/17576381111182918 SN - 1757-6385 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 340 EP - 354 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peters, Glen P. A1 - Minx, Jan C. A1 - Weber, Christopher L. T1 - Growth in emission transfers via international trade from 1990 to 2008 JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1006388108 SN - 1091-6490 N1 - Free online Access / Freier online Zugriff: http://www.pnas.org/content/108/21/8903.full VL - 108 IS - 21 SP - 8903 EP - 8908 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kagawa, Shigemi A1 - Nansai, Keisuke A1 - Kondo, Yasushi A1 - Minx, Jan C. T1 - Role of motor vehicle lifetime extension in climate change policy JF - Environmental science & technology Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/es1034552 SN - 1520-5851 VL - 45 IS - 4 SP - 1184 EP - 1191 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Creutzig, Felix A1 - McGlynn, Emily A1 - Minx, Jan C. T1 - Climate policies for road transport revisited (I): Evaluation of the current framework. JF - Energy Policy Y1 - 2011 VL - 39 IS - 5 SP - 2396 EP - 2406 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Feng, Kuishuang A1 - Hubacek, Klaus A1 - Minx, Jan C. T1 - Spatially explicit analysis of water footprints in the UK JF - Water Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/w3010047 SN - 2073-4441 N1 - Free online Access / Freier online Zugriff: http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/3/1/47/pdf VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 47 EP - 63 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baiocchi, Giovanni A1 - Minx, Jan C. T1 - Understanding changes in the UK’s CO2 emissions: A global perspective JF - Environmental Science & Technology Y1 - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/es902662h SN - 0013-936X VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - 1177 EP - 1184 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wiedmann, Thomas A1 - Wood, Richard A1 - Minx, Jan C. T1 - A carbon footprint time series of the UK–results from a multi-region input–output model JF - Economic Systems Research Y1 - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/09535311003612591 SN - 0953-5314 VL - 1 IS - 22 SP - 19 EP - 42 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baiocchi, Giovanni A1 - Minx, Jan C. A1 - Hubacek, Klaus T1 - The impact of social factors and consumer behavior on CO2 emissions in the UK: A panel regression based on input-output and geo-demographic consumer segmentation data JF - Journal of Industrial Ecology Y1 - 2010 N1 - Free online Access / Freier online Zugriff: http://re.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/The%20Impact%20of%20Social%20Factors.pdf VL - 14 SP - 50 EP - 72 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Feng, Kuishuang A1 - Hubacek, Klaus A1 - Guan, Dabo A1 - Minx, Jan C. T1 - Distributional effects of climate change taxation: the case of the UK JF - Environmental science & technology Y1 - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/es902974g N1 - Free online Access / Freier online Zugriff: https://geog.umd.edu/sites/geog.umd.edu/files/pubs/Feng%20et%20al%202010%20Carbon%20tax%20UK.pdf VL - 44 IS - 10 SP - 3670 EP - 3676 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peters, G. P. A1 - Guan, Dabo A1 - Hubacek, K. A1 - Minx, Jan C. T1 - Effects of China's economic growth JF - Science Y1 - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1126/science.328.5980.824-b VL - 328 IS - 5980 SP - 824 EP - 825 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Minx, Jan C. A1 - Wiedmann, Thomas A1 - Wood, R. T1 - Input–output analysis and carbon footprinting: an overview of applications. JF - Economic Systems Research Y1 - 2009 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/09535310903541298 VL - 3 IS - 21 SP - 187 EP - 216 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hall, Nina T1 - Money or Mandate? Why International Organizations Engage with the Climate Change Regime JF - Global Environmental Politics Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00299 SN - 1526-3800 VL - 15 IS - 2 SP - 79 EP - 97 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wiedemann, Thomas A1 - Minx, Jan C. A1 - Barrett, John T1 - Allocating ecological footprints to final consumption categories with input-output analysis JF - Ecological Economics Y1 - 2006 VL - 56 IS - 1 SP - 28 EP - 48 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar A1 - Flachsland, Christian T1 - Ein Global Deal für den Klimaschutz JF - Amos international Y1 - 2008 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 24 EP - 33 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Luderer, Gunnar T1 - Eckpunkte einer globalen Klimaschutzpolitik JF - Kirche und Gesellschaft Y1 - 2008 IS - 355 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Bruckner, Thomas T1 - Deutschlands Beitrag zur Lösung des Weltklimaproblems – Was lässt sich erreichen ? JF - Ifo Schnelldienst Y1 - 2007 IS - 60. Jahrgang SP - 22 EP - 26 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kagawa, S. A1 - Suh, Sangwon A1 - Hubacek, K. A1 - Minx, Jan C. T1 - CO 2 emission clusters within global supply chain networks: Implications for climate change mitigation JF - Global Environmental Change Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.04.003 SN - 0959-3780 VL - 35 SP - 486 EP - 496 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baiocchi, Giovanni A1 - Creutzig, Felix A1 - Minx, Jan C. T1 - A spatial typology of human settlements and their CO2 emissions in England JF - Global Environmental Change Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.06.001 N1 - Available as e-publication in your Hertie Library. Als elektronische Ausgabe in der Hertie Bibliothek verfügbar. VL - 34 SP - 13 EP - 21 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar A1 - Minx, Jan C. T1 - Mapmakers and navigators, facts and values JF - Science Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1255998 VL - 345 IS - 6192 SP - 37 EP - 38 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar A1 - Flachsland, Christian T1 - Die Nutzung globaler Gemeinschaftsgüter: Politökonomische Heraus forderungen an die Klimapolitik JF - ifo Schnelldienst Y1 - 2012 VL - 12 IS - 65 SP - 29 EP - 35 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar A1 - Flachsland, Christian ED - Bayer. Akademie der Wissenschaften, T1 - Die Nutzung globaler Gemeinschaftsgüter: Politökonomische Herausforderungen an die Klimapolitik. JF - Die Zukunft der Energieversorgung: Atomausstieg, Versorgungssicherhei t und Klimawandel. 2012. Rundgespräche der Kommission für Ökologie Y1 - 2012 IS - 41 SP - 137 EP - 151 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar A1 - Flachsland, Christian T1 - Wem gehört die Atmosphäre? Nach dem Klimagipfel in Cancún JF - Stimmen der Zeit Y1 - 2011 IS - 2 SP - 75 EP - 88 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar A1 - Flachsland, Christian T1 - Der Friedensnobelpreis für den Weltklimarat JF - Stimmen der Zeit Y1 - 2008 IS - 2 SP - 75 EP - 86 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kurban, Dilek T1 - In dealing with Turkey’s Erdogan, the EU betrays its core values JF - Hertie School Research Blog N2 - Turkey's president Erdogan allows Kurdish villages to be razed and ousts opposition members of Parliament, while the EU turns a blind eye, compromising its core values. KW - EU-Turkey refugee deal KW - Turkey-EU relations KW - Kurdish question Y1 - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-20535 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rathmann, Katharina A1 - Ottová-Jordan, Veronika A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Makro-strukturelle Determinanten der Gesundheit und gesundheitlichen Ungleichheit von Jugendlichen in 27 Wohlfahrtsstaaten: Eine Mehrebenenanalyse JF - Zeitschrift für Soziologie der Erziehung und Sozialisation N2 - Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Relevanz makro-struktureller Merkmale für die Gesundheit und sozioökonomische Ungleichheit in der Gesundheit von Jugendlichen in hochentwickelten Wohlfahrtsstaaten. Datenbasis ist die internationale "Health Behaviour in School-aged Child-ren (HBSC)"-Studie 2005/06. Sie umfasst 11- bis 15-jährige Jugendliche in 27 europäischen und nordamerikanischen Länder (n=134.632), die in fünf Wohlfahrtsstaatsregimes (sozialde-mokratisch, konservativ, liberal, süd- und osteuropäisch) zusammengefasst wurden. In hierar-chischen Regressionsmodellen wurden für die psychosomatische Beschwerdelast als gesund-heitliche Zielgrößee individuelle (familiärer Wohlstand) und makro-strukturelle Determinanten (Einkommensungleichheit, Ausgaben für das Gesundheitssystem, Regime-Dummies) unter Kontrolle des nationalen Wohlstands analysiert. Im liberalen Regime und damit in Ländern mit hoher Einkommensungleichheit fallen die Beschwerderate und sozioökonomische Un-gleichheiten in der Beschwerdelast am höchsten aus. Der gesellschaftliche Wohlstand und die Ausgaben für das Gesundheitssystem sind dagegen nicht mit den Beschwerden assoziiert KW - Subjektive Gesundheit KW - multiple Beschwerden KW - Jugendliche KW - sozioökonomischer Status KW - Wohlfahrtsstaatregime KW - makro-strukturelle Determinanten KW - HBSC Y1 - 2016 SN - 1436-1957 VL - 36 IS - 4 SP - 356 EP - 381 PB - Beltz Juventa ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus T1 - Life course influences on health and health inequalities: A socialisation perspective JF - Zeitschrift für Soziologie der Erziehung und Sozialisation N2 - This paper reviews life course approaches applied in epidemiology, sociology and psychology and proposes a theoretical framework that integrates the concept of socialisation. We argue that the paradigmatic principles of interdisciplinary life course research (human agency, timing in lives, linked lives and historical context) provide a strong basis for a more holistic and theory-driven view of the life course and its interdependent pathways. The ´agency within structure´ paradigm on which these principles are based is an essential part of socialisation theory. We emphasize that socialisation theory has the potential to act as a theoretical link between social science and epidemiology, because it offers a multi-causal framework to illuminate the association between social structure and health across the life course. In order to better understand the development of health and health inequalities in a life course perspective, an interdisciplinary approach is required. The increased attention to socialisation principles might open new dialogue and empirical research perspectives for health sociology and epidemiology. Keywords: ageing, health, life course, social inequalities, socialisation theory Y1 - 2016 SN - 1436-1957 VL - 3 SP - 264 EP - 280 PB - Beltz Juventa ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rathmann, Katharina A1 - Pförtner, Timo-Kolja A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus A1 - Osorio, Ana M. A1 - Bosakova, Lucia A1 - Elgar, Frank J. A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - The great recession, youth unemployment and inequalities in psychological health complaints in adolescents: a multilevel study in 31 countries JF - International Journal of Public Health N2 - Objectives Little is known about the impact of recessions on young people’s socioeconomic inequalities in health. This study investigates the impact of the economic recession in terms of youth unemployment on socioeconomic inequalities in psychological health complaints among adolescents across Europe and North America. Methods Data from the WHO collaborative ‘Health Behaviour in School-aged Children’ (HBSC) study were collected in 2005/06 (N = 160,830) and 2009/10 (N = 166,590) in 31 European and North American countries. Logistic multilevel models were used to assess the contribution of youth unemployment in 2009/10 (enduring recession) and the change in youth unemployment (2005–2010) to adolescent psychological health complaints and socioeconomic inequalities in complaints in 2009/10. Results Youth unemployment during the recession is positively related to psychological health complaints, but not to inequalities in complaints. Changes in youth unemployment (2005–2010) were not associated with adolescents’ psychological health complaints, whereas greater inequalities in complaints were found in countries with greater increases in youth unemployment. Conclusions This study highlights the need to tackle the impact of increasing unemployment on adolescent health and health inequalities during economic recessions. KW - Subjective health KW - Health inequalities KW - Recession KW - Youth unemployment KW - Adolescence KW - Multilevel analysis Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-016-0866-0 SN - 1661-8556 VL - 61 IS - 7 SP - 809 EP - 819 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus A1 - Matthias, Albert A1 - Quenzel, Gudrun A1 - Schneekloth, Ullrich T1 - Die 17. Shell Jugendstudie – Eine pragmatische Generation im Aufbruch JF - Diskurs Kindheits- und Jugendforschung Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3224/diskurs.v11i2.23658 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 241 EP - 246 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Minx, Jan C. A1 - Creutzig, Felix A1 - Agoston, Peter A1 - al., et. T1 - Urban infrastructure choices structure climate solutions JF - Nature Climate Change N2 - Cities are becoming increasingly important in combatting climate change, but their overall role in global solution pathways remains unclear. Here we suggest structuring urban climate solutions along the use of existing and newly built infrastructures, providing estimates of the mitigation potential. KW - Climate-change mitigation KW - Economics KW - Engineering Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3169 SN - 1758-678X VL - 6 SP - 1054 EP - 1056 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Krapf, Sandra A1 - Wolf, Katharina T1 - Gendered Authorship and Demographic Research – An Analysis of 50 Years of Demography JF - Demography N2 - Demography, the official journal of the Population Association of America, has been given the highest rating among demographic journals by the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI). Our aim here is to investigate the development of research subfields and female authorship in Demography over the last 50 years. We find that female authorship in Demography has risen considerably since the 1980s and that currently a woman is about as likely as a man to be the sole or the first author of a paper published in the journal. However, we find some differences by subfield. Women seem to be overrepresented in the “family and household” research subfield but underrepresented in the “mortality and health” and “data and methods” categories. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-016-0482-x VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - 1169 EP - 1184 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Leipprand, Anna A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Michael, Pahle T1 - Energy transition on the rise : discourses on energy future in the German parliament JF - Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research N2 - In this paper we describe energy policy discourses and their story-lines in German parliamentary debates, and trace their evolution over the past decades. Through content analysis and coding with MAXQDA, changes in the discourses and in the use of story-lines by different political parties are analyzed. Our study shows that while the concept of a transition towards a nuclear-free, renewables-based energy system became hegemonic within three decades, the discourse itself underwent major changes. Energy Transition was de-radicalized and became part of a discourse of Ecological Modernization, thus aligning with mainstream economic logic. There are still considerable differences in the story-lines narrated by parliamentarians about pathways to Energy Transition and its effects. Discursive struggles into the meaning and the means of the transition project continue, suggesting that discourse structuration is far from complete. KW - discourse analysis KW - story-lines KW - energy transition KW - renewable energy KW - energy policy KW - Germany Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2016.1215241 IS - 3 SP - 283 EP - 305 PB - 30 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steckel, Jan Christoph A1 - Jakob, Michael A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Kornek, Ulrike A1 - Lessmann, Kai A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar T1 - From climate finance towards sustainable development finance JF - WIREs Climate Change N2 - Decarbonizing the global energy system requires large-scale investment flows, with a central role for international climate finance to mobilize private funds. The willingness to provide international finance in accordance with common but differentiated responsibilities was acknowledged by the broad endorsement of the Paris Agreement, and the Green Climate Funds in particular. The international community aims to mobilize at least USD 100 billion per year for mitigation and adaption in developing countries. In this article, we argue that too little attention has been paid on the spending side of climate finance, both in the political as well as the academic debate. To this end, we review the challenges encountered in project-based approaches of allocating climate finance in the past. In contrast to project-based finance, we find many advantages to spending climate finance in support of price-based national policies. First, the support for international climate cooperation is improved when efforts of successively rising domestic carbon pricing levels are compensated. Second, carbon pricing sets incentives for least-cost mitigation. Third, investing domestic revenues from emission pricing schemes could advance a country's individual development goals and ensure the recipient's ‘ownership’ of climate policies. We conclude that by reconciling the global goal of cost-efficient mitigation with national policy priorities, climate finance for carbon pricing could become a central pillar of sustainable development and promote international cooperation to achieve the climate targets laid down in the Paris Agreement. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.437 VL - 8 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krapf, Sandra A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Wolf, Katharina T1 - Gendered Authorship and Demographic Research – An Analysis of 50 Years of Demography JF - Demography N2 - Demography, the official journal of the Population Association of America, has been given the highest rating among demographic journals by the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI). Our aim here is to investigate the development of research subfields and female authorship in Demography over the last 50 years. We find that female authorship in Demography has risen considerably since the 1980s and that currently a woman is about as likely as a man to be the sole or the first author of a paper published in the journal. However, we find some differences by subfield. Women seem to be overrepresented in the “family and household” research subfield but underrepresented in the “mortality and health” and “data and methods” categories. KW - Demography KW - Publication practices KW - Female authorship KW - Gender KW - Bibliometrics Y1 - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-20875 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-016-0482-x SN - 1533-7790 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - 1169 EP - 1184 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Bastin, Sonja T1 - Reliability of union histories in social science surveys: Blurred memory, deliberate misreporting, or true tales? JF - Advances in Life Course Research N2 - This paper examines the reliability of biographical information gathered retrospectively. It draws on data from the German Family Panel (pairfam), which collected information on the partnership status at first birth using two different strategies. The first strategy was to collect partnership and fertility histories separately in an event history calendar. The second strategy was to ask the respondents directly about their partnership status at first childbirth. We find that in almost 20 percent of the cases, the information collected using the two different strategies did not correspond. The dissolution of a partnership and having a complex partnership biography are strong predictors for discrepancies in the information gathered through the two different strategies. We conclude by discussing the factors that lead to the different outcomes produced by each of the two methods, and the implications of these discrepancies for the study of partnership and fertility behavior in general. Y1 - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-20899 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2015.11.001 SN - 1040-2608 N1 - This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Advances in Life Course Research. VL - 27 IS - March 2016 SP - 30 EP - 42 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Novak, Stephanie T1 - Single Representative, Single Voice: Magical Thinking and the Representation of the EU on the World Stage JF - Global Policy Y1 - 2014 N1 - DOI: 10.1111/1758-5899.12147 VL - 5 IS - s1 (October) SP - 68 EP - 75 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Joerges, Christian A1 - Rödl, Florian T1 - À propos de l’évolution fonctionnelle du droit des conflits de lois II : une constitution légitime pour la constellation post-nationale JF - Revue Internationale de Droit Économique T2 - On the Functional Revolution of Rules of Conflict of Laws II: A Legitimate Constitution for the Post-National Constellation Y1 - 2013 VL - 27 IS - 1-2 SP - 79 EP - 93 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Novak, Stephanie T1 - The Silence of Ministers: Consensus and Blame Avoidance in the Council of the European Union JF - Journal of Common Market Studies Y1 - 2013 VL - 51 IS - 6 SP - 1091 EP - 1107 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krisch, Nico T1 - Global Governance as Public Authority: An introduction JF - International Journal of Constitutional Law Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mos040 VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - 976 EP - 987 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus A1 - Rathmann, Katharina A1 - Moor, Irene A1 - Kunst, Anton E. A1 - Dragano, Nico A1 - Pförtner, Timo-Kolja A1 - Elgar, Frank J. A1 - Kannas, Lasse A1 - Baška, Tibor A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Is educational differentiation associated with smoking and smoking inequalities in adolescence? A multilevel analysis across 27 European and North American countries JF - Sociology of Health & Illness N2 - This study aims to determine whether educational differentiation (i.e. early and long tracking to different school types) relate to socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent smoking. Data were collected from the WHO-Collaborative 'Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC)' study 2005/2006, which included 48,025 15-year-old students (Nboys = 23,008, Ngirls = 25,017) from 27 European and North American countries. Socioeconomic position was measured using the HBSC family affluence scale. Educational differentiation was determined by the number of different school types, age of selection, and length of differentiated curriculum at the country-level. We used multilevel logistic regression to assess the association of daily smoking and early smoking initiation predicted by family affluence, educational differentiation, and their interactions. Socioeconomic inequalities in both smoking outcomes were larger in countries that are characterised by a lower degree of educational differentiation (e.g. Canada, Scandinavia and the United Kingdom) than in countries with higher levels of educational differentiation (e.g. Austria, Belgium, Hungary and The Netherlands). This study found that high educational differentiation does not relate to greater relative inequalities in smoking. Features of educational systems are important to consider as they are related to overall prevalence in smoking and smoking inequalities in adolescence. KW - HBSC KW - Adolescence KW - Educational differentiation KW - Multilevel analysis KW - Socioeconomic inequality KW - Socioeconomic status KW - Tobacco smoking Y1 - 2016 VL - 38 IS - 7 SP - 1005 EP - 1025 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawson, Mark A1 - de Witte, Floris T1 - Self-Determination in the Constitutional Future of the EU JF - European Law Journal N2 - This article analyses three prominent proposals for the functional and political transformation of the EU from a constitutional perspective. It argues that existing EU reform proposals, to varying degrees, entrench rather than reverse the challenges to individual and political self-determination brought about by the EU's response to its Euro crisis. As the article will conclude, challenging ‘authoritarian liberalism' in an EU context may require the development of a constitutional structure for the Union able to contest, rather than set in stone, the EU's existing economic and political goals. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/eulj.12131 SN - 1351-5993 VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 371 EP - 383 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawson, Mark A1 - Augenstein, Daniel T1 - After Brexit: Time for a Further De-coupling of National and European Citizenship? JF - Verfassungsblog Y1 - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-20999 UR - http://verfassungsblog.de/brexit-decoupling-european-national-citizenship U6 - https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.17176/20160714-114950 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawson, Mark T1 - Britain’s Neverendum on Europe JF - Verfassungsblog Y1 - 2016 UR - http://verfassungsblog.de/britains-neverendum-on-europe/ N1 - Blog entry ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawson, Mark T1 - Europe Does Need a Constitution. But of What Kind? JF - Verfassungsblog Y1 - 2015 UR - http://verfassungsblog.de/europe-does-need-a-constitution-but-of-what-kind/ N1 - Blog entry ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kostka, Genia A1 - Hochstetler, Kathryn T1 - Wind and Solar Power in Brazil and China: Interests, State-Business Relations, and Policy Outcomes JF - Global Environmental Politics N2 - This article examines developments in the renewable electricity sector in Brazil and China since 2000. The two countries share many interests with respect to solar and wind power, but institutional differences in state–business relations led to different outcomes. In China, in a context of corporatist state–business relations, state interventions were more far-reaching, with the state coordinating with state-owned banks, offering large financial and investment incentives to state-owned or state-connected enterprises. By contrast, in Brazil’s public–private partnerships, state support to promote renewable energies was shaped by a stronger preference for competitive auctions and stricter financing rules. The differences in state–business relations help explain the observed developmental trajectories in wind and solar power KW - solar industry KW - wind industry KW - state-business relations KW - Brazil KW - China KW - private-public partnerships KW - state corporatism Y1 - 2015 UR - http://widgets.ebscohost.com/prod/customlink/hanapi/hanapi.php?profile=4dfs1q6ik%2BHI6trd2JLhy6XO1eGS3NLlldzU0trT4ZLZ19elxNzcp6jHspXmyNipz6WP&DestinationURL=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsrep&AN=edsrep.a.tpr.glenvp.v15y2015i3p74.94&site=eds-live U6 - https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00312 SN - 1536-0091 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - 74 EP - 94 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kostka, Genia T1 - Command without control: The case of China’s environmental target system JF - Regulation & Governance N2 - In the existing literature there is general agreement that the effectiveness and efficiency of command and control instruments versus market-based instruments is highly context specific. A country's particular regulatory environment and state capacity, as well as the features of given environmental problems, play an important role in ascertaining what the “right” set of policy instruments for environmental management might be. This article examines how command and control instruments are used as an environmental enforcement mechanism in China's authoritarian state. Based on extensive fieldwork, this paper shows that the reliance on binding environmental targets as the main domestic policy instrument in China has generated numerous undesirable consequences. While China's target-based approach to implementation has incentivized local officials to strictly enforce environmental mandates, there are numerous shortcomings in the system. In particular, target rigidity, cyclical behaviour, poor data quality, and the absence of an independent monitoring agency have generated adverse effects and contribute to a yawning gap between regulatory goals and outcomes. The paper concludes that binding environmental targets as the main command–control instrument in China can be more accurately described as “command without control” as the target-setting central government does not exercise a high degree of control over implementation and monitoring processes. But command and control instruments can be suited for managing “first-generation” environmental problems and addressing environmental issues that have easily identifiable pollution sources and which are easy to verify. KW - authoritarian environmentalism KW - China KW - command and control instruments KW - environmental policy implementation KW - regulation KW - targets Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12082 SN - 1748-5991 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 58 EP - 74 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Novak, Stephanie T1 - Single Representative, Single Voice : Magical Thinking and Representation of the EU on the World Stage JF - Global Policy N2 - It is frequently argued that the EU should speak with a single voice on the international stage in order to play an effective role in the field of foreign policy. The representation of the EU by a single representative is often viewed as a remedy to this lack of a single voice. This article analyzes that argument and asks whether the relative disillusionment that followed the appointment of a president of the European Council and of a high representative of the EU suggests that stronger EU representation on the world stage is needed. The article argues that equating the institutionalization of a single representative with an ability on the part of the EU to speak with a single voice amounts to ‘magical thinking’ because no institutional engineering can overcome member states’ divisions. Furthermore, different successful cases of external action led by a few member states in spite of the lack of unanimity show that the single voice is an unhelpful myth. Lastly, the implementation of the Lisbon Treaty reforms reveals that the EU does not need stronger external representation and that any principle of representation relying on personalization should be dismissed as inadequate in the EU context. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12147 SN - 1758-5899 VL - 5 IS - s1 SP - 68 EP - 75 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Wegrich, Kai T1 - Planung und Management öffentlicher Infrastruktur: auf dem Weg zu einer besseren Governance JF - Public Governance - Zeitschrift für öffentliches Management KW - Infrastruktur KW - Governance Y1 - 2016 UR - https://publicgovernance.de/23554.htm SN - 1866-4431 IS - Sommer 2016 SP - 15 EP - 18 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von Stechow, Christoph A1 - McCollum, David A1 - Riahi, Keywan A1 - Minx, Jan C. A1 - Kriegler, Elmar A1 - van Vuuren, Detlef P. A1 - Jewell, Jessica A1 - Robledo-Abad, Carmenza A1 - Hertwich, Edgar A1 - Tavoni, Massimo A1 - Mirasgedis, Sevastianos A1 - Lah, Oliver A1 - Roy, Joyashree A1 - Mulugetta, Yacob A1 - Dubash, Navroz K. A1 - Bollen, Johannes A1 - Ürge-Vorsatz, Diana A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar T1 - Integrating climate change mitigation with other sustainability objectives: an assessment JF - Annual Reviews of the Environment and Resources Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-021113-095626 VL - 40 SP - 363 EP - 394 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Smith, Pete A1 - Davis, Steven J. A1 - Creutzig, Felix A1 - Minx, Jan C. T1 - Biophysical and economic limits to negative CO2 emissions JF - Nature Climate Change N2 - To have a >50% chance of limiting warming below 2 °C, most recent scenarios from integrated assessment models (IAMs) require large-scale deployment of negative emissions technologies (NETs). These are technologies that result in the net removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. We quantify potential global impacts of the different NETs on various factors (such as land, greenhouse gas emissions, water, albedo, nutrients and energy) to determine the biophysical limits to, and economic costs of, their widespread application. Resource implications vary between technologies and need to be satisfactorily addressed if NETs are to have a significant role in achieving climate goals. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2870 VL - 6 SP - 42 EP - 50 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hassel, Anke A1 - Wagner, Bettina T1 - Posting, subcontracting and low-wage employment in the German meat industry JF - Transfer : european journal of labour and research Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1024258916636012 VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - 163 EP - 178 ET - Special Issue on Labour mobility in the EU: between economic freedom and labour standards ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pisani-Ferry, Jean T1 - Impôt et cotisation: quel financement pour la protection sociale? JF - Actes du colloque 2014 du Conseil d'État Y1 - 2014 N1 - http://www.strategie.gouv.fr/sites/strategie.gouv.fr/files/atoms/files/intervention-cloture-2014-06-27.pdf CY - Paris ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pisani-Ferry, Jean T1 - L'action collective face au changement climatique JF - Esprit Y1 - 2015 VL - 12 SP - 56 EP - 76 PB - Edition Esprit CY - Paris ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pisani-Ferry, Jean T1 - Quelles politiques structurelles pour l'Europe? JF - Problèmes économiques Y1 - 2014 N1 - http://mailing.fpul-lyon.org/jeco/pb_eco_jeco2014.pdf VL - 2014 IS - Numéro spécial SP - 9 EP - 13 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Konietzka, Dirk T1 - Kinderlosigkeit JF - Neue Zeitschrift für Familienrecht Y1 - 2016 SN - 2198-2333 IS - 5 SP - 204 EP - 206 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dirk, Konietzka A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - Wandel der Familienformen JF - Neue Zeitschrift für Familienrecht Y1 - 2015 SN - 2198-2333 IS - 23 SP - 1100 EP - 1102 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gandrud, Christopher T1 - simPH: An R Package for Illustrating Estimates from Cox Proportional Hazard Models Including for Interactive and Nonlinear Effects JF - Journal of Statistical Software N2 - The R package simPH provides tools for effectively communicating results from Cox proportional hazard (PH) models, including models with interactive and nonlinear effects. The Cox (PH) model is a popular tool for examining event data. However, previously available computational tools have not made it easy to explore and communicate quantities of interest and associated uncertainty estimated from them. This is especially true when the effects are interactions or nonlinear transformations of continuous variables. These transformations are especially useful with Cox PH models because they can be employed to correctly specifying models that would otherwise violate the nonproportional hazards assumption. Package simPH makes it easy to simulate and then plot quantities of interest for a variety of effects estimated from Cox PH models including interactive effects, nonlinear effects, as well as standard linear effects. Package simPH employs visual weighting in order to effectively communicate estimation uncertainty. There are options to show either the standard central interval of the simulation’s distribution or the shortest probability interval – which can be useful for asymmetrically distributed estimates. This paper uses hypothetical and empirical examples to illustrate package simPH’s syntax and capabilities. Y1 - 2015 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-15483 U6 - https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v065.i03 SN - 1548-7660 N1 - There are supplements to the paper available for download following the DOI. VL - 65 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 20 PB - University of California at Los Angeles CY - Los Angeles ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gandrud, Christopher A1 - Grafström, Cassandra T1 - Inflated Expectations: How government partisanship shapes monetary policy bureaucrats’ inflation forecasts JF - Political Science Research and Methods N2 - Governments’ party identifications can indicate the types of economic policies they are likely to pursue. A common rule of thumb is that left-party governments are expected to pursue policies for lower unemployment, but which may cause inflation. Right-party governments are expected to pursue lower inflation policies. How do these expectations shape the inflation forecasts of monetary policy bureaucrats? If there is a mismatch between the policies bureaucrats expect governments to implement and those that they actually do, forecasts will be systematically biased. Using US Federal Reserve Staff’s forecasts we test for executive partisan biases. We find that irrespective of actual policy and economic conditions forecasters systematically overestimate future inflation during left-party presidencies and underestimate future inflation during right-party ones. Our findings suggest that partisan heuristics play an important part in monetary policy bureaucrats’ inflation expectations. Y1 - 2015 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-15496 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2014.34 SN - 2049-8470 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 353 EP - 380 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gandrud, Christopher A1 - Hallerberg, Mark T1 - When all is said and done: updating “Elections, special interests, and financial crisis” JF - Research and Politics N2 - How do elections affect the costliness of financial crises to taxpayers? Previous research contends that more electorally competitive countries choose policies that are less costly to taxpayers. In this paper, we update Keefer’s seminal 2007 article published in International Organization with revised data. The original article found that more electorally competitive countries had lower fiscal costs from responding to crises. The commonly used IMF/World Bank data set Keefer employed has since been extensively corrected and expanded. We update the original analysis with the newest version of this data set. After doing so, we find no evidence for an association between electoral competitiveness and the fiscal costs of responding to financial crises both within the original sample and outside of it. Our update highlights a broader methodological lesson: that the costs of responding to financial crises can take many years to be settled. Future research should explicitly address and model this delayed cost resolution. KW - Financial crisis KW - Fiscal policy KW - Electoral competitiveness Y1 - 2015 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-15509 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168015589335 SN - 2053-1680 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Sage CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gandrud, Christopher A1 - Hallerberg, Mark T1 - Does Banking Union Worsen the EU’s Democratic Deficit? The Need for Greater Supervisory Data Transparency JF - Journal of Common Market Studies N2 - Does banking union exacerbate the European Union’s democratic deficit? Using Scharpf’s ‘input’ and ‘output’ legitimacy concepts, it is argued in this article that its design does worsen the democratic deficit. There are good reasons to limit ‘input legitimacy’ for politically independent institutions. ‘Output legitimacy’ is then even more relevant. Transparency is a key part of ‘output legitimacy’. It enables actors to judge whether the regulator is acting in the public’s interest and can improve their outputs. This article focuses on the banking data that the supervisors collect. Data available to the European public is evaluated and compared to America’s banking union. European practices are not comparable in terms of availability or detail. An original survey of relevant officials is conducted, which results in the finding that only 11 of 28 Member States release any information on the banks they supervise. Both EU and national supervisors should provide publicly available, timely and consistent individual bank data. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12226 SN - 0021-9886 SN - 1468-5965 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - 769 EP - 785 PB - Blackwell CY - Oxford [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kurban, Dilek T1 - Confronting Equality: The need for constitutional protection of minorities on Turkey's path to the European Union JF - Columbia Human Rights Law Review N2 - The article analyzes the historical development of Turkey's minority policy, its constitutional scheme, and the substance and implementation of reforms as they relate to the protection of minorities. Focusing on the reforms adopted in 2002 with the explicit purpose of granting linguistic rights to the Kurdish minority and expanding the property rights of non-Muslim minorities, the article argues that the constitutional and legislative reforms and their implementation are far from guaranteeing the constitutional protection of minorities required by the EU and committed to by the Turkish Government. Instead, it claims, they constitute much belated —if still welcome— steps toward granting some fundamental rights to members of some minority groups that leave much more to be done to achieve respect and protection for all minorities. KW - Minority rights KW - Turkey Y1 - 2003 SN - 0090-7944 VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - 151 EP - 223 PB - Columbia Law School CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kurban, Dilek T1 - Unravelling a Trade-Off: Reconciling Minority Rights and Full Citizenship in Turkey JF - European Yearbook of Minority Issues N2 - With Turkey’s recognition as an official candidate for accession to the EU, the rhetoric of minority rights has become a part of the national discourse. Various ethnic and religious groups started to raise their voice in demanding not only individual rights, but also the constitutional recognition of their distinct identities through the effective granting of minority rights. At the same time, they vehemently opposed being 'branded' as minorities. What may seem to be a counter-intuitive reaction at first glance is explicable and indeed expected in light of the unique historical context of Turkey, where official minority status has been exclusively granted to non-Muslim citizens who are by and large perceived by both state and society as lesser citizens whose loyalty to the nation is untrustworthy. Aware of this social reality, and not having been immune to the widespread social prejudices against non-Muslim minorities, the unrecognized minorities rejected minority status arguing instead that they were among the ‘founding peoples.The paradoxical situation in which various minorities demand cultural recognition and what are essentially minority rights while at the same time vehemently rejecting the ‘minority tag’ begs for the question: how should Turkey’s minority question be resolved without consolidating the existing social pillarizations within society? To address that question, this article advocates the development of a new constitutional citizenship model universally encompassing all minorities rather than the creation of new minority regimes granting special protection to specific groups. KW - Constitutional protection of minorities in Turkey KW - International Law Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1163/22116117-90000016 SN - 2211-6117 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 341 EP - 371 PB - Brill CY - Leiden/Boston ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kurban, Dilek ED - Klumbyte, Neringa T1 - Shattered Hopes: When the European Court of Human Rights Shuts its Doors to the Kurdish Displaced JF - Perspectives on Europe N2 - Perhaps no other ruling by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has so deeply disappointed the Kurdish human rights victims and rejoiced the Turkish government at the same time, as did an inadmissibility decision issued in January 2006. In İçyer v. Turkey, the Court rejected as “manifestly ill-founded” the complaint by a Kurdish peasant who in 1994 had forcibly been evicted by security forces from his village. What made this decision particularly devastating for the displaced and joyous for the government was the fact that the ECtHR rejected the application of not only Mr. İçyer, but also of 1,500 others whose petitions had been pending before the Court.This article traces the evolution of the ECtHR's jurisprudence on Kurdish displacement cases and argues that the Council of Europe's enlargement as well as Turkey's EU accession process has had an adverse effect on the victims' quest for justice in Strasbourg. KW - European Court of Human Rights KW - Kurdish displacement KW - Turkey Y1 - 2014 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264244531_Shattered_Hopes_When_the_European_Court_of_Human_Rights_Shuts_Its_Doors_to_the_Kurdish_Displaced SN - 0046-2802 VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - 24 EP - 30 PB - Council for European Studies CY - Barcelona/New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Römmele, Andrea A1 - Gibson, Rachel A1 - Williamson, Andy T1 - Chasing the Digital Wave: International Perspectives on Growth of Online Campaigning JF - Journal of Information Technology and Politics N2 - In this series of articles we present new insight into the drivers, quality, and impact of web campaigning up to date by reflecting on the uptake, maturity, and impact of internet campaigning in elections around the world. Specifically, we use the contributions to address four key topics that have been addressed by the web campaigns literature since its origins. First, diffusion and how widespread web campaigning has become; second, the issue of normalization and how far web campaigns favour the already powerful and well resourced; third, we discuss whether campaign style is changing and becoming more interactive and participatory as a result of the new digital technology; finally, we provide new evidence on the question of voter mobilization and the extent to which the web appears to be a voter generator for political parties and candidates. While answers vary according to context it is clear that web campaigning is common practice in democratic elections, although the U.S. retains its leading role for innovation and experimentation. The bigger players still dominate but social media platforms appear to be a more equal playing field. Opportunities for interaction and participation remain under-used, which is even more of an oversight by parties given that it does web campaigns do appear linked to stronger voter support. KW - Elections KW - E-mail KW - Internet KW - Parties KW - Web campaigning Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2014.903064 SN - 1933-1681 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 123 EP - 129 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gandrud, Christopher A1 - Hallerberg, Mark A1 - Deo, Sahil A1 - Franz, Christian T1 - Preventing German Bank Failures: Federalism and decisions to save troubled banks JF - Politische Vierteljahresschrift N2 - We examine government decisions to support troubled banks. Our contribution is the examination of how federalism can affect decisions to classify banks as systemically important. Whether a bank is viewed by politicians as ‘systemically important’ varies based on how its failure would affect supporters of the government. How a federation is designed has a strong influence on which banks are given public assistance. Where the top level of government is solely responsible for banks, there will be fewer systemically important institutions and so more banks will be allowed to fail. Where lower levels are responsible, governments will allow fewer failures. We use this approach to understand government support for failing banks in Germany. Our findings are relevant for the European Banking Union. Y1 - 2015 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-15475 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/0032-3470-2015-2-159 SN - 0032-3470 VL - 56 IS - 2 SP - 159 EP - 181 PB - Westdt. Verl. CY - Köln [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Neidhardt, Friedhelm T1 - The Nazi Party and its Capital: An Analysis of the NSDAP Membership in Munich, 1925-1930 JF - American Behavioral Scientist N2 - This article examines the membership profile of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) in Munich, the party's birthplace and political, administrative, and financial center of power. On the basis of an analysis of more than 4,000 members listed in the local NSDAP Membership Register between 1925 and 1930, the authors arrive at four major findings: (a) Party membership expanded slowly but more or less continuously; (b) membership was dispersed fairly evenly across city districts, with no major concentrations of Nazi members; (c) membership was distributed widely and relatively evenly across occupational groups and social statuses, although some occupations showed a higher percentage of Nazi memberships; (d) the proportion of female members in 1925 was relatively high but falls to much lower levels by 1930. These findings are discussed in the context of current scholarship of the changing class, age, and gender composition of the Nazi Party before 1933. Y1 - 1998 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764298041009004 SN - 1552-3381 VL - 41 IS - 9 SP - 1219 EP - 1236 PB - Sage Publications CY - Los Angeles [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Rudney, Gabriel T1 - An Input-Output Analysis of the Nonprofit Sector in the USA and Germany JF - Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics N2 - This paper presents an exploratory input–output analysis of the nonprofit sectors in former West Germany and the USA based on the conceptual and data structure provided by the System of National Accounts. When compared with the USA, the West German nonprofit sector catered more to government demands. A higher proportion of West German nonprofit services went to government and a smaller proportion went to households. In terms of the multiplier effect of nonprofit output, we find that an additional dollar of nonprofit services delivered to households and/or government induced indirectly an additional 83 cents of business output in the USA. By comparison, West Germany’s nonprofit sector had a lower multiplier effect, with 43 Pfennig per DM1. We also find that businesses have a much larger stake in nonprofit production as intermediate suppliers when compared to their role as intermediate consumers. The economic position the nonprofit sector occupies in both countries is that of a producing sector, taking inputs from businesses and providing outputs for households and governments. This general structural characteristic suggests that the nonprofit sector is particularly sensitive to changes in government policies as well as to shifts in private household incomes, yet relatively insensitive to demand changes in other industries. Y1 - 1998 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8292.00071 SN - 1467-8292 VL - 69 IS - 1 SP - 5 EP - 31 PB - Springer CY - Hoboken (N.J.) ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Salamon, Lester M. T1 - Social Origins of Civil Society: Explaining the Nonprofit Sector Cross-Nationally JF - Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations N2 - Recent research has usefully documented the contribution that nonprofit organizations make to “social capital” and to the economic and political development it seems to foster. Because of a gross lack of basic comparative data, however, the question of what it is that allows such organizations to develop remains far from settled. This article seeks to remedy this by testing five existing theories of the nonprofit sector against data assembled on eight countries as part of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project. The five theories are: (a) government failure/market failure theory; (b) supply-side theory; (c) trust theories; (d) welfare state theory; and (e) interdependence theory. The article finds none of these theories adequate to explain the variations among countries in either the size, the composition, or the financing of the nonprofit sector. On this basis it suggests a new theoretical approach to explaining patterns of nonprofit development among countries—the “social origins” approach—which focuses on broader social, political, and economic relationships. Using this theory, the article identifies four “routes” of third-sector development (the liberal, the social democratic, the corporatist, and the statist), each associated with a particular constellation of class relationships and pattern of state-society relations. The article then tests this theory against the eight-country data and finds that it helps make sense of anomalies left unexplained by the prevailing theories. KW - Nonprofit theory KW - Social origins theory KW - Comparative methodology KW - Cross-national comparisons Y1 - 1998 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022058200985 SN - 0957-8765 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 213 EP - 248 PB - Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Salamon, Lester M. T1 - On Developing Comparative Nonprofit-Sector Theory: A Reply to Steinberg and Young, and Ragin JF - Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations N2 - Responding to comments on “Social Origins of Civil Society,” an article published in this issue of Voluntas, this article focuses on three critical issues that underlie cross-national theory building and theory testing in the field of nonprofit studies: the issue of definitions, the challenge of operationalizing key theoretical concepts, and the nature of the tests available to verify results. Regarding the first, the article defends the structural-operational definition used in The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project against suggestions by the commentators that it either be expanded or narrowed, arguing that the alternative is either to broaden the focus beyond what is manageable or to make the basic yardstick vulnerable to changing political and policy shifts—a sure prescription for confusion. Regarding the question of operationalization, the article concedes that better measures of some key features of prevailing theories might be imaginable, but, since few of these are available, it cautions against letting the best become the enemy of the good in cross-national nonprofit theory testing. Finally, the article finds, in suggestions that multivariate techniques be used in testing various nonprofit theories, confirmation of its central argument that a contextual analysis of the sort embodied in the authors' “social origins” approach is needed to come to terms with the reality of the nonprofit sector cross-nationally. Taken together these comments underline the need to continue the kind of systematic data gathering and theory testing that the authors have undertaken, to utilize an interdisciplinary approach, and to link the study of the nonprofit sector to social analysis more generally. KW - Nonprofit theory KW - Comparative history KW - Social origins theory KW - Democratic theory KW - Cross-national comparative analysis KW - Comparative methodology KW - Civil society Y1 - 1998 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022014418732 SN - 0957-8765 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 271 EP - 281 PB - Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Salamon, Lester M. T1 - The Civil Society Sector JF - Society N2 - Salamon and Anheier bring the civil society sector - the plethora of private, nonprofit, and nongovernmental organizations that have emerged in recent decades - into better focus conceptually as well as empirically. They draw on the results of a major inquiry into the scope, structure, financing and role of the "nonprofit sector" in a broad cross-section of countries around the world. KW - Private sector KW - Nonprofit organizations KW - Cross cultural studies KW - Society Y1 - 1997 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02823101 SN - 0147-2011 VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 60 EP - 65 PB - Springer Science & Business Media CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - ‘Clean Models of Individual Rationality’ vs. ‘Dirty Hands of Institutions’: William Brustein’s Sociology of Nazism JF - American Journal of Sociology Y1 - 1997 SN - 0002-9602 VL - 103 IS - 1 SP - 199 EP - 209 PB - University of Chicago Press CY - Chicago ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Toepler, Stefan A1 - Sokolowski, S. Wojtech T1 - The implications of government funding for non-profit organizations: three propositions JF - International Journal of Public Sector Management N2 - While the state dependency thesis seems widely accepted among students of the German non‐profit sector, there is surprisingly little research that has systematically explored its empirical base and conceptual validity. Attempts to remedy this situation and offers an initial empirical examination of this thesis. Examines the extent and pattern of state funding of the German non‐profit sector and develops three propositions, each adopting a different explanatory focus, which are then analysed with the help of data taken from a sample survey of West German non‐profit organizations. Y1 - 1997 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1108/09513559710166057 SN - 0951-3558 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - 190 EP - 213 PB - Emerald CY - Bingley [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Priller, Eckhard A1 - Zimmer, Annette T1 - Der Nonprofit Sektor in den neuen Bundesländern: Kontinuität, Neuanfang oder Kopie? JF - Zeitschrift für öffentliche und gemeinwirtschaftliche Unternehmen: ZögU Y1 - 1997 SN - 0344-9777 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 58 EP - 76 PB - Nomos-Verl.-Ges. CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Ben-Ner, Avner T1 - Shifting Boundaries: Long-term changes in the size of the for-profit, nonprofit, cooperative and government sectors JF - Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics Y1 - 1997 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8292.00050 SN - 1467-8292 VL - 68 IS - 3 SP - 335 EP - 353 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken (N.J.) ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Ben-Ner, Avner T1 - Grenzverschiebungen: langfristige Veränderungen des Umfangs von gewinnorientiertem, Nonprofit-, genossenschaftlichem und staatlichem Sektor JF - Zeitschrift für Gemeinwirtschaft Y1 - 1997 SN - 1562-4021 VL - 3-4 SP - 30 EP - 49 PB - Lischkar CY - Wien ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - The Acknowledgement of Literary Influence: A Structural Analysis of a German Literary Network JF - Sociological Forum N2 - This paper analyzes a characteristic syndrome of modern literature identified as “anxiety of influence” by literary critics and as “mania for originality” by art historians. Based on a sociological reformulation of the syndrome as it relates to the structure of acknowledged influence, the paper develops and tests several hypotheses. Data are based on a survey of West German writers and are analyzed by using clustering techniques and correspondence analysis. First, the analysis demonstrates the fragmented and non-hierarchical structure of acknowledged literary influence. Second, the different types of influence (absence distinctiveness, and clusterability) correspond to different professional and literary characteristics of writers. Results highlight one of the contradictions between the cultural code and the professional structure of modern art: at the level of ideology, greatness and genius are equated with the absence of influence and artistic uniqueness. The analysis shows, however, that the denial/absence of acknowledged influence is found among writers who are excluded from the professional networks where reputations are made in the world of literature. KW - Seciology of literature KW - Literary influence KW - Literary traditions KW - Social position of writers KW - Social structure of modern literature Y1 - 1991 SN - 0884-8971 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 137 EP - 156 PB - Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Gerhards, Jürgen T1 - Literary Myths and Social Structure JF - Social Forces N2 - The lives of writers are subject to a variety of myths. This article shows that such cultural perceptions of writers bear a close affinity to the social structure of literature in modern societies. Two structural properties seem to encourage the proliferation of myths about writers: (1) the existence of a group of prominent writers who occupy unique social positions and form an amorphous elite and (2) the relation between the elite and the large group of lesser-known, peripheral writers. Elite amorphousness and high relational density among the elite and peripheral "groupness" and sparseness of literary relations among the periphery emerge as two major properties of the social structure. These counterintuitive properties are useful in understanding myth generation in literature; they allow for competing "views" of the social structure, views that seem to develop into contradictory myths of the modern writer. Data on several types of ties among writers were collected and analyzed with block model techniques. KW - Writers KW - Social structures KW - Poetry KW - Authors KW - Folk culture KW - High culture KW - Cultural customs KW - Social networking KW - Literary criticism KW - Prophets Y1 - 1991 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2307/2579476 VL - 69 IS - 3 SP - 811 EP - 830 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Priller, Eckhard T1 - The Nonprofit Sector in East Germany: Before and After Unification JF - Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations N2 - The paper describes how the non-profit sector in East Germany has passed through several distinct phases in recent years. It shows how the role of the non-profit sector under the system of party dominance and centralised economic and social planning signified a major contradiction of East German society: the artificial under-development of civic society in eastern Europe's most successful economy. During the first phase of the transition period in late 1989, the expression and manifestation of political views was predominant. With the disintegration of the socialist party-state, the needs for social service provision increased. West German organisations have increasingly become the dominant factor in East German non-profit sector affairs. The paper argues that the East German non-profit sector will emerge as a slightly poorer and more secular version of its West German counterpart. Y1 - 1991 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01398530 SN - 0957-8765 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 78 EP - 94 PB - Kluwer Academic Publishers CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - DiMaggio, Paul T1 - A nonprofit szervezetek es a nonprofit sector szociologiaja JF - Nonprofit Kutatask Y1 - 1991 N1 - Ungarische Übersetzung / Hungarian translation VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - 71 EP - 84 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Themes in International Research on Non-Profit Organizations JF - The Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly N2 - This article outlines major characteristics of the nonprofit sector in civil law, common law, socialist countries, and developing countries. Largely based on an international directory of nonprofit sector research, the article introduces common and country-specific research themes on the nonprofit sector in a comparative perspective. The article concludes by delineating several implications for research in the areas of taxonomy, measurement, intersectoral relations, and comparative institutional history. Y1 - 1990 SN - 0899-7640 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 371 EP - 391 PB - Sage CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Zur internationalen Forschung über den Nonprofit-Sektor: Themen und Ansätze JF - Journal für Sozialforschung KW - Dritter Sektor KW - Nonprofit-Organisation KW - Soziologie KW - Theorie Y1 - 1990 SN - 0253-3995 VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - 163 EP - 180 PB - Sozialwissenschaftliche Studiengesellschaft CY - Wien ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - DiMaggio, Paul T1 - The Sociology of Nonprofit Organizations and Sectors JF - Annual Review of Sociology N2 - Interest in and research on nonprofit organizations and sectors have developed rapidly in recent years. Much of this work by sociologists has focussed on particular subsectors rather than on nonprofits as a class. This review attempts to extract from a large and varied literature a distinctively sociological perspective on nonprofits, which it contrasts to influential work in economics. Two questions—“Why (and where) are there nonprofit organizations” and “What difference does nonprofitness make?”—are addressed at the levels of organization, industry, and firm. Three central conclusions, each with research implications, emerge from this review: (a) The origins and behavior nonprofit organizations reflect institutional factors and state policies as well as the social-choice processes and utility functions emphasized by economists. (b) Understandingth e origins of nonprofit sectors and behavioral differences between nonprofits and for-profit or government organizations requires an industry-level ecological perspective. (c) “Nonprofitness” has no single transhistorical or transnational meaning; nonprofit-sector functions, origins, and behavior reflect specific legal definitions, cultural inheritances, and state policies in different national societies. KW - Organizations KW - Nonprofit KW - Voluntary sector KW - Institutions Y1 - 1990 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.16.080190.001033 SN - 0360-0572 VL - 16 SP - 137 EP - 159 PB - Annual Reviews CY - Palo Alto ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Knapp, Martin T1 - Voluntas: an editorial statement JF - Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations Y1 - 1990 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01398488 SN - 0957-8765 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Springer CY - Berlin [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Gerhards, Jürgen T1 - The Literary Field: An Empirical Investigation of Bourdieu's Sociology of Art JF - International Sociology N2 - Bourdieu describes the structure of society as a result of class conflicts and status competition. Art in general, and the literary field in particular, is interpreted as a differentiated social field that is autonomous in the sense that it follows its own logic - the competition for cultural legitimation. What literature has in common with other social systems is the stratification of its internal structure into a hierarchical arrangement. Thus the literary field can be described as a horizontally differentiated system that is, however, vertically differentiated internally. The concern of the paper is to test Bourdieu's theoretical considerations empirically. Data for the analysis and interpretation are based on interviews of Cologne writers. The data are analysed with the aid of blockmodel and correspondence analysis. As far as the data allows us to operationalise the thesis that the literary field is an autonomous differentiated system, Bourdieu's thesis is confirmed. The internal structure can be described more precisely: the first line of demarcation is, in fact, the difference that Bourdieu described between legitimate and illegitimate art: high-culture literature and low-culture literature are the two poles of the literary field. The realm of the legitimate literature is further differentiated into three blocks (elite, junior elite, periphery). The elite and the periphery differ in terms of the different degrees of success. The junior elite occupies an intermediate place. Bourdieu's sociology of literature is supported by the empirical material at hand. Y1 - 1989 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/026858089004002002 SN - 0268-5809 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 131 EP - 146 PB - Sage CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Structural analysis and strategic research design: Studying politicized interorganizational networks JF - Sociological Forum N2 - Network analysis and structural sociology have given relatively little attention to questions of research design and data collection. This paper discusses the substantive implications of conducting structural analysis with more intensive work on research design and data collection. Based on evidence from a case study of a politicized social structure, the major features of strategic research design are presented in a discussion of cognitive and behavioral data, types of ties, multiplexity, and access restrictions. Y1 - 1987 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01106627 SN - 0884-8971 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 563 EP - 582 PB - Kluwer Academic Publishers CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Kendall, Jeremy T1 - Interpersonal trust and voluntary associations: examining three approaches JF - BJS: British Journal of Sociology N2 - The relationship between interpersonal trust and membership in voluntary associations is a persistent research finding in sociology. What is more, the notion of trust has become a central issue in current social science theorizing covering such diverse approaches as transaction costs economics or cognitive sociology. In different ways and for different purposes, these approaches address the role of voluntary organizations, although, as this paper argues, much of this thinking remains sketchy and underdeveloped. Against an empirical portrait of this relationship, the purpose of this paper is to assess such theorizing. We first set out to explicate major approaches to trust in economics, sociology and political science, using the non-profit or voluntary organization as a focal point. We then examine the various approaches in terms of their strengths and weaknesses, and, finally, identify key areas for theoretical development. In particular, we point to the social movement literature, the social psychology of trust, and recent thinking about civil society. Y1 - 2002 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/0007131022000000545 SN - 1468-4446 VL - 53 IS - 3 SP - 343 EP - 362 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Toepler, Stefan T1 - Bürgerschaftliches Engagement in Europa JF - APuZ: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte Y1 - 2002 UR - http://www.bpb.de/apuz/27074/buergerschaftliches-engagement-in-europa?p=0 SN - 0479-611X VL - 9 SP - 31 EP - 38 PB - Societäts-Verl. CY - Frankfurt a.M. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Priller, Eckhard A1 - Zimmer, Annette T1 - Civil Society in Transition: The East German Third Sector Ten Years After Unification JF - East European Politics and Societies N2 - This paper examines two competing views that have been put forward about the East German third sector. One view sees the third sector in East Germany as an expression of civil society, rooted in an emerging democratic culture, and based on a broadening social participation. According to the other view, the East German third sector is largely an extension of West German organisations that, in the process of “peaceful colonisation,” created “organisational shells” without a corresponding “embeddedness” in local society. The paper suggests that the way the policy of subsidiarity has been implemented in Germany may help account for such competing interpretations: subsidiarity has created tendencies toward a bipartite third sector, with each part differing in size, scope and financial structure. One part is relatively well funded and state-supported, the other characterized by small organisations and membership orientation. The unification process has amplified these tendencies, which, in the context of public austerity budgets, are having repercussions on the system of financing non-profit organisations as a whole. Thus, compared to other countries in Central and Eastern Europe the emerging third sector in East Germany is unique. Y1 - 2000 SN - 0888-3254 N1 - Available as Working Paper: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/29056/1/CSWP_15.pdf VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 139 EP - 156 PB - SAGE Publications ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Dimensions of the Third Sector: Comparative Perspectives on Structure and Change JF - Journal of Youth Studies N2 - Cross-nationally, the introduction of New Public Management coincides with a significant growth phase of the nonprofit or third sector. This growth has disproportionately been an expansion of the economic dimensions (employment, turnover) and basically involved the greater use of third sector organisations as service providers. Such provision uses complex contract regimes, and typically takes place in some form of public-private partnership with either public or private funding agencies. Other parts of the third sector such as membership, volunteering and giving have generally grown less. The paper suggests that the sector is becoming qualitatively different, although the nature and strength of this change depends on the nonprofit regime type in a given country. Generally, however, third sector growth has led to differentiation processes that involve new organisational forms, and changes in activities and overall composition. The paper explores the measurement aspects of the quantitative-qualitative jump in third sector development by trying to "map" changes in core facts or dimensions over time. In closing, the paper suggests to examine recombination and refunctionality processes in the third sector. Y1 - 2001 SN - 1367-6261 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 3 EP - 27 PB - Taylor and Francis CY - Jarfalla ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Neidhardt, Friedhelm A1 - Vortkamp, Wolfgang T1 - Konjunkturen der NS-Bewegung: Eine Untersuchung der Veranstaltungsaktivitäten der Münchener NSDAP, 1925-1930 JF - KZfSS: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie Y1 - 1999 SN - 0023-2653 VL - 50 IS - 4 SP - 619 EP - 643 PB - Springer CY - Berlin [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Der Dritte Sektor im internationalen Vergleich: Ökonomische und zivilgesellschaftliche Dimensionen von Nonprofit-Organisationen JF - BJS: Berliner Journal für Soziologie Y1 - 1999 SN - 0863-1808 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 197 EP - 212 PB - Springer VS CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Priller, Eckhard A1 - Zimmer, Annette T1 - Der Dritte Sektor in Deutschland JF - APuZ: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte Y1 - 1999 SN - 0479-611X VL - 99 IS - 9 SP - 12 EP - 21 PB - Societäts-Verl. CY - Frankfurt a.M. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Kendall, Jeremy T1 - The third sector and the European Union policy process: an initial evaluation JF - Journal of European Public Policy N2 - The third, voluntary or non-profit sector has recently emerged as a recognized actor in the EU policy process. Yet, at the same time, most of the initiatives associated with it have been characterized by inertia, delays and perceived low salience from the perspective of many of the leading actors involved. This article represents a first attempt to explore and explain this situation, drawing upon Kingdon's 'independent streams' approach. Five interrelated third sector policy initiatives are discussed: the European Association Statute; Declaration 23 attached to the Maastricht Treaty; a 1997 Communication dealing with the role of associations and foundations in Europe; the third sector's involvement in the Structural Funds; and the third sector's role in overseas development. KW - Associations KW - European Policy Process KW - Overseas Development KW - Structural Funds KW - Ngo Or Non-profit Sector Y1 - 1999 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/135017699343720 SN - 1350-1763 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - 283 EP - 307 PB - Taylor and Francis CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Salamon, Lester M. T1 - Volunteering in Cross-National Perspective: Initial Comparisons JF - Law and Contemporary Problems N2 - Anheier and Salamon shed some light on volunteering in different parts of the world by exploring the conceptions and patterns of voluntary action cross-nationally. As a cultural and economic phenomenon, volunteering is part of the way societies are organized, how they allocate social responsibilities, and how much engagement and participation they expect from citizens. Y1 - 1999 UR - http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/lcp/vol62/iss4/3 SN - 0023-9186 VL - 62 IS - 4 SP - 43 EP - 66 PB - School of Law, Duke Univ. CY - Durham ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Neidhardt, Friedhelm A1 - Vortkamp, Wolfgang T1 - Movement Cycles and the Nazi Party: Activities of the Munich NSDAP, 1925-1930 JF - American Behavioral Scientist N2 - Following insights of social movement theory, this article looks at movement cycles in the initial development of the Nazi Party. Specifically, it explores the framing strategies the party employed in trying to make efficient use of opportunity structures in the political discourse of the late 1920s. On the basis of a content analysis of the official party newspaper, the authors analyze the topics of political events and speeches the Nazi Party organized in Munich between 1925 and 1930. The results show that after 1928, the Nazi Party managed to achieve a coherent set of themes around economic and political issues that may have facilitated its rise to power. Y1 - 1998 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764298041009006 SN - 1552-3381 VL - 41 IS - 9 SP - 1262 EP - 1281 PB - Sage Publications CY - Los Angeles [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Rudney, Gabriel A1 - Salamon, Lester M. T1 - Non-profit institutions in the United Nations System of National Accounts: country applications of SNA guidelines JF - Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations N2 - Based on a description of how non-profit institutions are defined in the System of National Accounts, this paper examines the actual treatment of non-profit institutions in several countries, and comes up with an overall assessment in terms of coverage and data quality. Finding both data coverage and quality poor across countries, we make two recommendations aimed at improving the presentation and understanding of non-profit institutions within the SNA. First, we suggest the introduction of a system by which non-profit institutions can be identified within the system of national accounts even if they are allocated to other sectors of the economy. Second, we recommend a wider use of satellite accounts in industries where non-profit institutions are prominent. Y1 - 1993 SN - 0957-8765 N1 - Auch erschienen als / Also published as: Salamon, Lester M. and Helmut K. Anheier: The Nonprofit Sector and the United Nations System of Accounts: Definition, Treatment and Practice. Working Papers of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, 4. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Institute for Policy Studies, 1992 http://ccss.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/09/CNP_WP4_1992.pdf VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 486 EP - 501 PB - Springer CY - Berlin [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Salamon, Lester M. T1 - Measuring the Non-profit Sector Cross-Nationally: A Comparative Methodology JF - Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations N2 - As a result in part of the way non-profit institutions are defined and treated in the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA), little is known about the size, scope, financial base and role of this set of institutions at the international level, even though their importance is increasingly being recognised throughout the world. To remedy this significant lack of systematic information on non-profit institutions cross-nationally, the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project has undertaken a major analysis of the economic role of this sector in twelve countries throughout the world, utilising a more meaningful definition of the sector and an approach that is otherwise consistent with the overall thrust of the SNA system. This paper outlines the basis of the more inclusive definition of the non-profit sector embodied in this project, the classification system formulated to structure data-gathering on this more broadly-defined sector and the data assembly strategy developed to build up key estimates of the scale, structure and revenue sources of the non-profit sector in the project countries. The article concludes with a recommendation to incorporate a similar approach to the assembly of data on the non-profit sector into the ongoing SNA system on a regular basis. Y1 - 1993 SN - 0957-8765 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 530 EP - 554 PB - Springer CY - Berlin [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Economic Environment and Differentiation: A Comparative Study of Informal Sector Economies in Nigeria JF - World Development N2 - The paper examines the relative importance and source of informal sector differentiation in terms of firm characteristics and business behavior. Based on data from metal and wood-processing firms in the Nigerian cities of Lagos and Ibadan, the paper investigates branch-specific and locational differences among firms. Using multivariate analysis, the study demonstrates the primacy of the larger economic environment in which informal sector firms operate. and shows that locational factors are better predictors of firm characteristics and business behavior than industry-specific factors. The results suggest a shift in focus from economic sectors to regional economics. Implications for research and policy are discussed. Y1 - 1992 SN - 0305-750X VL - 20 IS - 11 SP - 1573 EP - 1585 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Salamon, Lester M. T1 - Genese und Schwerpunkte internationaler Forschung zum Nonprofit-Sektor : von der Filer-Kommission zum Johns-Hopkins-Projekt JF - Neue Soziale Bewegung Y1 - 1992 SN - 0933-9361 VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - 40 EP - 48 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Romo, Frank P. T1 - Modelle strukturellen Versagens in Policy-Netzwerken JF - Journal für Sozialforschung Y1 - 1992 SN - 0253-3995 VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - 33 EP - 60 PB - Zentrum CY - Wien ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Salamon, Lester M. T1 - Toward an understanding of the international nonprofit sector: The Johns Hopkins comparative nonprofit sector project JF - Nonprofit Management and Leadership Y1 - 1992 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.4130020310 SN - 1542-7854 N1 - Auch erschienen als / Also published as: Salamon, Lester M. and Helmut K. Anheier: Toward an International Understanding of the Nonprofit Sector. Working Papers of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Institute for Policy Studies, 1992 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 311 EP - 324 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken (N.J.) ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Salamon, Lester M. T1 - In Search of the Nonprofit Sector I: The Question of Definitions JF - Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations N2 - In this paper we argue that the lack of attention to the third sector historically is primarily a result of the weakness and limitations of the concepts that are used to define and describe it. The purpose of this article is to remedy this situation by developing a general definition of the sector that can be used in comparative research. To do so, the article first identifies four alternative types of definitions that are potentially available and evaluates each in terms of three basic criteria. On this basis it concludes that the most useful definition is the ‘structural/operational’ one, which includes in the non-profit sector organisations that share five basic characteristics. These are: formal, private, non-profit-distributing, self-governing and voluntary. The basic definition is then tested against the realities of three disparate countries and found to perform quite well. On this basis we recommend the structural/operational definition, particularly for comparative, crossnational research. Y1 - 1992 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01397770 SN - 0957-8765 N1 - Auch erschienen als / Also published as: Salamon, Lester M. and Helmut K. Anheier: In Search of the Nonprofit Sector I: The Question of Definitions. Working Papers of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, 2. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Institute for Policy Studies, 1992 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 125 EP - 151 PB - Kluwer Academic Publishers CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Salamon, Lester M. T1 - In Search of the Nonprofit Sector II: The Problem of Classification JF - Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations N2 - Building on a previousVoluntas article (Salamon and Anheier, 1992b), which formulated a systematic approach to defining the non-profit sector for purposes of comparative research, this article takes on the complementary task of formulating a classification system that can be used to differentiate systematically the types of non-profit organisations that exist at the global level. To do so, the article first assesses a number of existing classification systems, such as the International Standard Industrial Classification and the National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities. Finding these systems inadequate, the article then introduces an alternative system, which we term the International Classification of Nonprofit Organizations (ICNPO). The ICNPO classifies non-profit establishments into 12 major groups based on their primary economic activity, and then further sub-divides these into 24 sub-groups. The result is a system that scores high in terms of five key evaluation criteria: economy, significance, rigour, organising power, and richness. What is more, initial tests of the ICNPO in a set of countries show that it performs well in coming to terms with the diverse types of non-profit institutions that exist around the world. Y1 - 1992 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01397460 SN - 0957-8765 N1 - Auch erschienen als / Also published as: Salamon, Lester M. and Helmut K. Anheier: Search of the Nonprofit Sector II: The Problem of Classification. Working Papers of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, 3. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Institute for Policy Studies, 1992 http://ccss.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/09/CNP_WP3_1993.pdf VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - 267 EP - 309 PB - Kluwer Academic Publishers CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Employment and Earnings in the West German Nonprofit Sector: Structure and Trends 1970-1987 JF - Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics Y1 - 1991 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8292.1991.tb01373.x SN - 1467-8292 VL - 62 IS - 4 SP - 673 EP - 694 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken (N.J.) ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Las Fundaciones en Alemania: Este y Oste JF - Economistas Y1 - 1991 SN - 0212-4386 VL - 51 SP - 28 EP - 41 PB - Colegio de Economistas de Madrid CY - Madrid ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Organizational Failures and Bankruptcies: What are the Issues? JF - American Behavioral Scientist Y1 - 1996 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764296039008002 VL - 39 IS - 8 SP - 950 EP - 958 PB - Sage CY - Los Angeles [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Romo, Frank P. T1 - Success and Failure in Institutional Development: A Network Approach JF - American Behavioral Scientist N2 - This article employs a network approach to analyze two competing perspectives on success and failure patterns in organizational development: Michels's oligarchy thesis, which predicts that successful organizations are characterized by an elite that dominates marginal members, and Olson's free rider thesis, which posits that success depends on the extent to which marginal participants can benefit from public goods provided by a small group of highly active members. Using blockmodel analysis, we explore both perspectives in the context of interorganizational networks among private development organizations in Africa and examine underlying motivations of participation. In an effort to understand contextual effects, we add qualitative observations of both networks. Although overall our results support Michels's oligarchy thesis, we find that contextual factors and path dependencies can override interorganizational dynamics that would otherwise lead to either success or failure. Thus our results support key aspects of neoinstitutionalism in organizational studies. Y1 - 1996 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764296039008009 SN - 1552-3381 VL - 39 IS - 8 SP - 1057 EP - 1079 PB - Sage Publications CY - Los Angeles [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Ohlemacher, Thomas T1 - Aktivisten, Netzwerke und Bewegungserfolg: Die "Einzelmitglieder" der NSDAP 1925-30 JF - KZfSS: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie Y1 - 1996 SN - 0023-2653 VL - 48 IS - 4 SP - 677 EP - 703 PB - VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften CY - Berlin [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Gerhards, Jürgen A1 - Romo, Frank P. T1 - Forms of Capital and Social Structure in Cultural Fields: Examining Bourdieu's Social Topography JF - American Journal of Sociology N2 - This article tests one key assumption of Bourdieu's theory of culture fields: that actors are positioned in a "topography" of social relations according to their endowments of economic, social, and cultural capital. Blockmodeling procedures are used to analyze data on German writers and to indentify a social structure in which positions vary according to the types and amounts of capital accumulated. A strong split between elite and marginal writers dominates the social structure, and even the fundamental distinction between high and low culture is embedded in this bipartition. Significant differences in both cultural and social capital distinguish elite from nonelite positions; within this bipartition, pronounced differences in cultural capital separate high and low culture. Relative to cultural and social capital, economic capital plays a lesser role in understanding the social structure of cultural fields. KW - Economic capital KW - High culture KW - Writers KW - Social structures KW - Social capital KW - Literary criticism KW - Corporate culture KW - Cultural customs KW - Authors KW - Cultural groups Y1 - 1995 SN - 0002-9602 VL - 100 IS - 4 SP - 859 EP - 903 PB - University of Chicago Press CY - Chicago ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Nonprofit Sector Theories: Three Issues JF - Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly Y1 - 1995 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/089976409502400104 SN - 1552-7395 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 15 EP - 23 PB - Sage Publications CY - Los Angeles [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Quatre Aspects de la Recherche Comparative sur le Secteur Sans But Lucratif JF - Recma: Revue internationale de l'économie sociale Y1 - 1995 SN - 1626-1682 VL - 55 IS - 3 SP - 59 EP - 68 PB - Association Recma CY - Paris ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Vergleichende Forschung zum Nonprofit-Sektor : vier Fragestellungen JF - Journal für Sozialforschung N2 - "Der vorliegende Beitrag bespricht vier zentrale Fragestellungen im Bereich der neueren internationalen und komparativen Forschung zum Nonprofit-Sektor. Erstens geht es um die Definition des Nonprofit-Sektors und der damit verbundenen Fragen des eigentlichen Gegenstandes der Nonprofit-Sektor-Forschung; zweitens wird auf die Neubewertung vorhandener ökonomischer Theorien hingewiesen, die als notwendig erscheint, um über die derzeitige Impasse in der Theorie hinauszugelangen; drittens wird in diesem Zusammenhang das Potential der neueren institutionellen Organisationstheorie herausgestellt; und letztlich wird auf das Verhältnis zwischen Nonprofit-Sektor, Zivilgesellschaft und Demokratie eingegangen." (Autorenreferat) KW - intermediäre Organisation KW - Theorie KW - Non-Profit-Organisation KW - Vergleich KW - tertiärer Sektor KW - ökonomische Theorie KW - Institutionstheorie KW - politisches System KW - Lobby Y1 - 1995 SN - 0253-3995 VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - 15 EP - 26 PB - Zentrum CY - Wien ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Knapp, Martin A1 - Salamon, Lester M. T1 - Pas de chiffres, pas de politique: est-ce qu'Eurostat peut mesurer le secteur sans but lucratif? JF - Recma: Revue internationale de l'économie sociale Y1 - 1993 SN - 2261-2599 SN - 1626-1682 VL - 46 IS - 248 SP - 87 EP - 96 PB - Association Recma CY - Paris ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Gerhards, Jürgen T1 - Der Mythos vom Schriftsteller und was dahinter steckt: Ein empirischer Beitrag zur Basis-Überbauproblematik JF - Journal für Sozialforschung Y1 - 1993 SN - 0253-3995 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 121 EP - 138 PB - Zentrum CY - Wien ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Vergleichende Aspekte zur Rolle von Nicht-Regierungsorganisationen in Afrika JF - Internationales Afrika-Forum Y1 - 1987 SN - 0020-9430 VL - 23 IS - 2 SP - 183 EP - 190 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - The Socio-Genesis of Psychological Disorders Among Factory Workers in Developing Countries: The Case of Nigeria JF - International Sociology N2 - This paper develops a basic causal model describing the effects of factors such as socialisation, rural-urban background, current occupation, perceived job stressors and locus of control as determinants of psychological distress in a sample of Nigerian factory workers. The analysis builds upon major results and theories of causation of psychological distress in African populations experiencing high rates of social change. Findings regarding perceived job stressors are similar to results found in Western samples, but the findings concerning the effects of cognitive attribution tendencies contrast with what is usually found in Western samples The ensuing discussion of the reasons for such differences emphasises basic themes in the sociogenesis of psycho logical distress in an African context. Y1 - 1987 SN - 0268-5809 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 219 EP - 234 PB - Sage CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Gerhards, Jürgen T1 - Zur Sozialposition und soziale Netzwerke von Schriftstellern? JF - Zeitschrift für Soziologie N2 - Der Aufsatz interpretiert die Ergebnisse einer Befragung von Kölner Schriftstellern. Mit Hilfe der Blockmodellanalyse werden die Autoren in vier Subgruppen (Elite, Nachwuchselite, Peripherie, etablierte Peripherie) eingeteilt. Die Subgruppen werden in ihrer Binnenstruktur und in ihrem Verhältnis zueinander näher bestimmt. In einem zweiten Schritt wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit es sich bei der Sozialposition des Literaten um eine ökonomisch, ästhetisch und sozial instabile Position handelt und welche Beziehungsmuster in der Lage sind, die instabile Position abzufedern und zu integrieren. Für die vier Subgruppen ergeben sich dabei unterschiedliche Positions- und Beziehungsmuster. Y1 - 1987 SN - 0340-1804 VL - 16 IS - 5 SP - 385 EP - 394 PB - F. Enke Verlag CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Savelsberg, Joachim J. T1 - A review essay on recent urban social science in West Germany : social ecology and community power studies JF - UAQ: Urban Affairs Quarterly N2 - Editors' Note: The following essay was originally submitted as a book review. As John Walton notes in his introduction, modern urban sociology has its roots in German and French traditions. Since this essay reviews the most important recent developments in German urban social science, we have taken the unusual step of treating this review essay as an article in the context of this symposium on European urban social science. Y1 - 1984 SN - 0042-0816 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/004208168401900303 VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 303 EP - 314 PB - Sage CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hassel, Anke T1 - Letter from Berlin JF - The Political Quarterly Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12151 SN - 0032-3179 SN - 1467-923X VL - 86 IS - 1 SP - 7 EP - 8 PB - Blackwell CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Zwischen Staat und Privatwirtschaft JF - DUZ : unabhängige deutsche Universitätszeitung Y1 - 1987 SN - 1613-1290 VL - 43 IS - 1/2 SP - 36 EP - 37 PB - Raabe CY - Stuttgart [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Appel, Anja T1 - Stiftungen in der Bürgergesellschaft: Grundlegende Fragen zu Möglichkeiten und Grenzen JF - APuZ: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte Y1 - 2004 UR - http://www.bpb.de/apuz/28424/stiftungen-in-der-buergergesellschaft-grundlegende-fragen-zu-moeglichkeiten-und-grenzen?p=all SN - 0479-611X VL - 14 SP - 3 EP - 11 PB - Societäts-Verl. CY - Frankfurt a.M. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Themundo, Nuno A1 - Freise, Matthias T1 - Transnationale Zivilgesellschaft und Organisationsentwicklung JF - FJSB: Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen Y1 - 2003 UR - http://forschungsjournal.de/sites/default/files/archiv/FJNSB_2003_2.pdf U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/fjsb-2003-0213 SN - 2192-4848 VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - 87 EP - 96 PB - Lucius und Lucius CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Para una revision de las teorias economicas del sector no lucrativo JF - CIRIEC-Espana Y1 - 1995 VL - 21 PB - Universität Valencia CY - València ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Seibel, Wolfgang T1 - A nonprofit szektor és a társadalmi átalakulás JF - Európa Fórum Y1 - 1993 N1 - Sprache: Ungarisch Language: Hungarian IS - 3 SP - 22 EP - 37 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Römmele, Andrea A1 - Gibson, Rachel K. A1 - Ward, Stephen T1 - German Parties and Internet Campaigning in the 2002 Federal Election JF - German Politics N2 - This article examines German national parties’ use of the Internet in the 2002 federal election. Its main goals are to determine what the parties were doing in their online campaigns and how far their use of the Internet can be understood in terms of two party-specific variables – organisational size and primary goal. These questions are of significance given the relatively limited study of parties’ use of the net in Germany in the comparative literature on this topic. Also, research on parties’ use of the Web across countries has suggested that while context does produce differences in approach, party-specific factors also play a major role in determining online strategy. The article attempts to investigate these questions systematically by examining nine German parties’ use of the Internet (specifically websites, e-mail, and intra-nets) using questionnaire data from national party personnel and content analysis of web pages. Our findings show that while the divide between major and minor parties can be seen quite clearly in the German context in terms of website quality and visibility, evidence to support the impact of party outlook in shaping parties’ online strategy can also be found. In addition, the study reveals that major parties are now beginning to take the Internet very seriously as a communication tool, particularly in terms of election campaigning. Y1 - 2003 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/09644000412331307534 SN - 1743-8993 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 79 EP - 108 PB - Routledge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Römmele, Andrea T1 - Political Parties, Party Communication and New Information and Communication Technologies JF - Party Politics: The International Journal for the Study of Political Parties and Political Organizations N2 - The article provides a theoretical overview of how parties in modern democracies are using the Internet to perform a range of key functions, such as opinion formation, interest mediation and party organization. Drawing on the party goals’ literature and classic party typologies, the central argument of the article is that new information and communication technologies (ICTs) are utilized in different ways by different types of political parties. While some parties stress the downward dissemination of information via new ICTs, others emphasize their interactive and targeting possibilities. The findings of the articles included in this Special Issue are profiled and assessed for the extent to which they provide empirical support for the strategies outlined. KW - Campaigns KW - Communication KW - New ICTs KW - Political parties Y1 - 2003 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/135406880391002 SN - 1354-0688 N1 - Free online access: http://ppq.sagepub.com/content/9/1/7.full.pdf VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 7 EP - 20 PB - Sage CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Römmele, Andrea A1 - Leiner, Lars T1 - Was ist ein erfolgreicher Wahlkampf?: Wahlkampfstrategien auf dem Prüfstand JF - Forschungsjournal Neue Soziale Bewegungen Y1 - 2003 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/fjsb-2003-0106 SN - 2192-4848 IS - 1 SP - 28 EP - 32 PB - Lucius & Lucius CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Römmele, Andrea A1 - Gibson, Rachel K. T1 - Changing Campaign Communications: A Party-Centered Theory of Professionalized Campaigning JF - The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics N2 - Models explaining the rise of American-style or so-called postmodern campaigning have focused primarily on changes taking place at the systemic level. While these models help explain variance across countries where these techniques are used, they do not explain variations among individual parties. Given that not all parties adopt these tactics and techniques at the same time, the authors argue that there are party-specific variables that need to be taken into account when understanding the shift to the new campaigning era. Building on the existing literature, the authors identify the key traits of what they term professionalized campaigning and the variables that prime a party to adopt it. The article goes on to develop a causal model, based on external and internal party events or shocks, that explains why a particular party would embrace this new style of campaigning. Finally, the authors operationalize their theory and develop indicators to measure the key variables for empirical testing. Y1 - 2001 SN - 1531-328X VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - 31 EP - 43 PB - SAGE Publications ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Römmele, Andrea T1 - Direkte Kommunikation zwischen Parteien und Wählern: der Einsatz von Direct Mailing bei SPD und CDU JF - Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen N2 - Mailings der beiden Großparteien CDU und SPD der Jahre 1994 bis 1996 sowie partei-interne Dokumente und Interviews mit den verantwortlichen Akteuren sind Grundlage der empirischen Untersuchung, die Anworten auf Inhalt, Umfang und Zielgruppe der Mailings gibt und die Reaktionen der Wähler dokumentiert. Y1 - 1999 VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - 304 EP - 315 PB - Nomos-Verl.-Ges. CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Römmele, Andrea T1 - Direct Communication between Political Parties and Voters: The use of direct mailing by the SPD and the CDU JF - German Politics N2 - One of the key functions of political parties in modern democracies consists of mobilising the voters and thereby integrating them into the political system. Opinion formation and interest representation by political parties are central to linking people and government. This article concentrates on the way in which political parties perform these tasks. Presenting the main findings of an empirical study into the use of direct mailing by the two major parties in Germany, the SPD and the CDU, the paper discusses its effectiveness as a new means of communication between political parties and their voters. More specifically, it shows how direct mailing is put to use and to what extent its themes reflect the themes of relevant election programmes. The paper concludes that direct mailing has been more widely used only since the change in legislation on party finance but has the potential of developing into an important means of communicating party policies to members and potential supporters. Y1 - 1997 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/09644009708404492 SN - 1743-8993 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - 120 EP - 131 PB - Routledge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Römmele, Andrea A1 - Rieken, Marion T1 - Neue Akzente in der Parteienfinanzierung JF - Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen N2 - Nicht zuletzt auf Verlangen des Bundesverfassungsgerichtes setzte das Parteiengesetz von 1994 neue Akzente: die Wahlkampffinanzierung ist auf eine allgemeine Teilfinanzierung der Parteien ausgeweitet; die öffentliche Finanzierung erfolgt nach Erfolgsparametern. Die erste Analyse der bisher vier Rechenschaftsberichte (1991 bis 1994) ergibt keine tiefgreifenden quantitativen Veränderungen. Qualitativ zeigen sich jedoch bereits im Anfangsjahr nach der Gesetzgebung deutliche Verschiebungen, die durchaus im Sinne des Bundesverfassungsgerichts auf größere Bürgernähe zielen: Kleinspenden haben an Bedeutung gewonnen, während Großspenden und Spenden juristischer Personen zurückgegangen sind. Die Mitgliedsbeiträge bleiben – trotz rückläufiger Mitgliederzahlen – stabil. Y1 - 1997 SN - 0340-1758 VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - 254 EP - 266 PB - Nomos Verlag CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Römmele, Andrea T1 - Politikfinanzierung: Welche Rolle spielen Unternehmenspenden? JF - Journal für Sozialforschung N2 - Die international und historisch vergleichende Studie widmet sich der Unternehmenspende als einer in der bisherigen Forschung zur Politikfinanzierung kaum beachteten Einnahmequelle politischer Parteien und Kandidaten. Im ersten Teil der Analyse werden die Reformmaßnahmen zur Parteien- und Wahlkampffinanzierung in den USA, Kanada, in Großbritannien und der Bundesrepublik herausgearbeitet und auf ihren 'Spielraum' bezüglich der Unternehmenspende hin abgeklopft. In einem zweiten Anlauf wird nach den Effekten dieser Reformen gefragt bevor in einem letzten Schritt nach den Gründen für die beobachteten Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede gesucht wird. Die Studie kommt zu dem Ergebnis, daß es nicht allein die Steuerungsinstrumente zur Politikfinanzierung sind, die den Abbau der Unternehmenspende herbeigeführt haben - es ist vielmehr eine länderspezifische Kombination aus politischer Steuerung und politischen, ökonomischen, sozio-kulturellen sowie politisch-institutionellen Faktoren, die den erheblichen Rückgang der Unternehmenspenden bewirkte KW - politische Unabhängigkeit KW - internationaler Vergleich KW - Finanzierung KW - USA KW - Partei KW - Bundesrepublik Deutschland KW - Spende KW - Kanada KW - Wahlkampf KW - Großbritannien KW - Unternehmen KW - Entwicklung KW - Wirtschaft KW - Nordamerika Y1 - 1995 SN - 0253-3995 VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - 51 EP - 66 PB - Campus-Verl CY - Frankfurt M. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Römmele, Andrea A1 - Boll, Bernhard T1 - Strukturelle Vorteile der Amtsinhaber?: Wahlchancen von Parlamentariern im internationalen Vergleich JF - Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen Y1 - 1994 SN - 0340-1758 VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - 543 EP - 556 PB - Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Römmele, Andrea A1 - Düselder, Heike A1 - Rieken, Marion T1 - Vorschläge der Sachverständigenkommission zur Parteienfinanzierung JF - Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen Y1 - 1993 SN - 0340-1758 VL - 24 IS - 2 SP - 179 EP - 189 PB - Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Römmele, Andrea A1 - Falk, Svenja A1 - Thunert, Martin A1 - Schober, Henrik T1 - Vom strategischen Nutzen des Wissens in der Politikberatung: Eine Erwiderung auf die Kritik von Nico Koppo und Hagen Schölzel JF - Politische Vierteljahresschrift (PVS) N2 - Das Thema Politikberatung hat in den vergangenen Jahren zunehmend Beachtung gefunden und wichtige wissenschaftliche Debatten über die zugrunde liegenden Theorien und Konzepte ausgelöst. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die These der Autoren verteidigt, dass sich in Deutschland parallel zu den klassischen dezisionistischen Beratungsstrukturen eine Variante der Politikberatung entwickelt hat, die auf dauerhafter diskursiv-kooperativer Interaktion zwischen Beratern und Beratenen beruht. Das durch solche Beratung gewonnene Wissen ist nicht nur externe Legitimationsquelle oder Entscheidungsgrundlage. Es ist vielmehr im politischen Prozess verankert und kann Wirkung entfalten, sofern es den Gütekriterien der epistemischen und politischen Robustheit genügt. KW - Politikberatung KW - Politikzyklus KW - Nutzung von Wissen KW - Staatlichkeit Y1 - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11615-010-0010-3 SN - 1862-2860 VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 119 EP - 125 PB - VS-Verlag CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Römmele, Andrea A1 - Gibson, Rachel K. T1 - Measuring the Professionalization of Political Campaigning JF - Party Politics N2 - This article develops and tests a new multidimensional index — CAMPROF — that is designed to measure and compare parties' use of professionalized campaign techniques during elections. Based on the extant literature, we identify and operationalize the essential components of this new form of campaigning to create a 30-point index that is applied to the case of the 2005 German federal election. The results show the CAMPROF Index to be: (1) successful in capturing variance in parties' engagement in professionalized campaigning, and (2) capable of producing rankings that correspond to a priori expectations about how well the parties would perform. The findings are significant in that they provide preliminary confirmation of the Index's capacity to measure the concept of professionalized campaigning as well as providing new insights into the party-level dynamics that may be driving the current wave of campaign modernization. The opportunities and challenges involved in wider application of the measure to cross-national research are discussed. KW - Campaigns KW - Comparative KW - Methodology KW - Parties KW - Professionalization Y1 - 2009 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068809102245 SN - 1354-0688 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - 265 EP - 293 PB - SAGE Publications CY - Los Angeles [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Römmele, Andrea A1 - Falk, Svenja A1 - Rehfeld, Dieter A1 - Thunert, Martin T1 - Kooperative Politikberatung: Ein neues Beziehungsgeflecht zwischen Politik und Politikberatung? JF - Politische Vierteljahresschrift (PVS) N2 - Der Beitrag untersucht den Einfluss veränderter Governance-Strukturen auf die Politikberatung. Zunächst resümiert der Beitrag die bisherigen Positionen zum Verhältnis von Wissenschaft und Politik, welche allesamt aus der Sicht der Wissenschaft argumentieren. Danach erfolgt ein Perspektivwechsel. Der Beitrag betrachtet das Phänomen Politikberatung nicht aus der Perspektive der Wissenschaft, sondern aus der Sicht der Politik und versteht Politikberatung als eine outgesourcte Leistung, die von der Politik bei Bedarf einzuholen ist, aber kaum noch von ihr selbst erbracht wird. Die anschließend entwickelten Fragestellungen verfolgen das Ziel, der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion über Politikberatung neue Impulse zu geben. KW - Politikberatung KW - Governance KW - Outsourcing KW - Kommunikationsberatung Y1 - 2007 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11615-007-0049-y SN - 1862-2860 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - 322 EP - 337 PB - VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Römmele, Andrea A1 - Gibson, Rachel K. T1 - "Down Periscope": The Search for High-Tech Campaigning at the Local Level in the 2002 German Federal Election JF - Journal of E-Government N2 - This paper examines the growth of high-tech campaigning techniques among local level actors in Germany by studying website adoption among parties and candidates in the 2002 federal election. Arguing that election websites form a key tool of the new high-tech campaign trade we investigate the extent of their use at the local level as well as some of the triggers to their uptake and possible longer-term effects on campaign style, in terms of interactivity and independence from central party control. Our findings reveal that this form of high-tech campaigning is prominent across Germany and is promoted by factors linked to higher levels of local campaign activity more generally, i.e., party resources, competition and incumbency. Content analysis of sites, however, reveals little support for the notion that election websites are introducing a more participatory style of campaigning. Also, while some parties appear to be inclined toward controlling local actors' message through the medium, for the most part, candidates and parties appear to be left alone to develop their online profile. KW - Web campaigning KW - Cyber campaigning KW - High-tech campaigning KW - Germany KW - Local elections KW - Parties Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1300/J399v02n03_05 SN - 1542-4049 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 85 EP - 109 PB - Routledge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Römmele, Andrea A1 - Gibson, Rachel K. T1 - Truth and Consequence in Web-Campaigning: Is There an Academic Digital Divide? JF - European Political Science N2 - Use of the web by political parties and candidates as well as the general public is expanding. However, so far, little serious systematic analysis has taken place to examine the spread of the practice and particularly its consequences for electoral outcomes and voter attitudes. In this article, we identify some of the key reasons for the lack of attention to the ‘cause-and-effect’ questions about Web campaigning and highlight the empirical and theoretical reasons why academic study needs to do more to incorporate it into conventional election studies. We conclude by offering some guidelines for developing the tools and data that are needed for more ‘joined-up’ study of the subject to take place. KW - Internet KW - Campaigning KW - World wide web KW - Elections KW - Voting behaviour Y1 - 2005 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.eps.2210036 SN - 1682-0983 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 273 EP - 287 PB - Palgrave Macmillan UK ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Römmele, Andrea T1 - Elitenrekrutierung und die Qualität politischer Führung JF - Zeitschrift für Politik N2 - Bringen unterschiedliche Nominierungsverfahren für politische Ämter unterschiedliche Führungsqualitäten hervor und wenn ja, welche Bedeutung hat dies für die repräsentative Demokratie? So lautet die zentrale Forschungsfrage der vorliegenden Analyse. In einem ersten Schritt werden die Begriffe der Elitenrekrutierung und -selektion begrifflich klar definiert und voneinander abgegrenzt. In einem zweiten Teil diskutiert der Beitrag theoretisch unterschiedliche Mechanismen zur Rekrutierung und Selektion politischer Kandidaten und entwickelt hieraus eine Kandidatentypologie. Mit Zuhilfenahme der Ergebnisse der Wahlforschung werden die sich aus der unterschiedlichen Rekrutierung und Selektion ergebenden Führungseigenschaften der Kandidaten in einem dritten Teil präsentiert. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer Diskussion über unterschiedliche Führungsqualitäten in repräsentativen Demokratien. Y1 - 2004 UR - http://www.zfp.nomos.de/fileadmin/zfp/doc/ZfP_04_03.pdf SN - 0044–3360 VL - 51 IS - 3 SP - 259 EP - 276 PB - Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Römmele, Andrea A1 - Copeland, Lauren ED - Gibson, Rachel ED - Römmele, Andrea ED - Williamson, Andrew T1 - Beyond the Base: Political Parties, Citizen Activists, and Digital Media Use in the 2009 German Federal Election Campaign JF - Journal of Information Technology & Politics N2 - This article examines who sees party and campaign information through social media, as well as which people share this information through social media. Using the 2009 German Longitudinal Election Study, we find that younger party members and strong partisans are more likely to see party and campaign information through social media, regardless of their income, education, or gender. In addition, party members are significantly more likely to share party and campaign information through social media. These results are promising because they suggest that parties can engage younger voters through social media sites. Moreover, they show that when parties post campaign information online, they make it easier for party members to mobilize people who might otherwise not be exposed to campaign information. KW - Campaigns and elections KW - Digital media KW - E-campaigning KW - Internet KW - Mobilization KW - Political participation KW - Political parties Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2014.902783 SN - 1933-169X VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 169 EP - 185 PB - Routledge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Römmele, Andrea A1 - Schober, Henrik T1 - Viele Optionen, keine Auswahl?: Politikberatung durch Agenturen und Think-Tanks JF - Bürger im Staat Sonderheft (Wissen und Expertise in Politik und Verwaltung) Y1 - 2013 SP - 12 EP - 38 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Römmele, Andrea A1 - Stämmler, Johannes T1 - Professional Schools in Deutschland: Ausdruck der funktionalen Differenzierung in der Hochschullandschaft JF - Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/1430-6387-2012-2-287 SN - 1430-6387 VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - 287 EP - 299 PB - Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Römmele, Andrea A1 - Einwiller, Sabine T1 - Soziale Medien in der Bundestagswahl 2009 JF - Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen N2 - By drawing on the German Longitudinal Election Study the following questions are answered: Who actually received political news/campaign information from social media during the 2009 federal election campaign? And, even more important from our theoretical point of view, who posted campaign information on his/her network? Parties still invest heavily in agencies and professional consultants when it comes to elections. With a shrinking number of party members, however, a change in election (street) campaigns towards more engagement in social media is very likely. Hence, parties are looking for ways to support engaged citizens and make them part of their election campaigns. They will be taking advantage of the heterogeneity of networks in which citizens communicate. Y1 - 2012 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24240581 SN - 0340-1758 IS - 1 SP - 103 EP - 112 PB - Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Andersson, Gunnar A1 - Mika, Tatjana T1 - Welfare state context, female labour-market attachment and childbearing in Germany and Denmark JF - Journal of Population Research N2 - This study investigates the role of female labour-market attachment and earnings in childbearing progressions in two very different European contexts. By applying event-history techniques to German and Danish register data during 1981–2001, we demonstrate how female earnings relate to first, second and third birth propensities. Our study shows that female earnings are positively associated with first birth fertility in Denmark, while this is not the case in West Germany. We interpret our findings based on the fact that Danish social context and policy encourage women to establish themselves in the labour market before becoming mothers, while the German institutional context during the 1980s and 1990s was not geared towards encouraging maternal employment. For higher-order births, the results are less clearcut. For Denmark we find a slightly positive correlation between female earnings and second-birth fertility, while the association is somewhat negative for third-order births. In Germany, women tend to leave the labour market when becoming mothers. Non-employed mothers have elevated second and, in particular, third-birth rates. For the group of mothers who are employed, we find only a weak association between their earnings and higher-order fertility. KW - Female employment KW - Fertility KW - Welfare state context KW - Register data Y1 - 2014 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-16723 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12546-014-9135-3 SN - 1835-9469 VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - 287 EP - 316 PB - Springer Netherlands ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - Economic uncertainty and fertility JF - Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie N2 - Sociologists and demographers have long been interested in the role of economic uncertainty in family behavior. Despite the prevailing "bourgeois conviction" that economic uncertainty discourages people from having children, the empirical evidence on this issue is mixed. In this paper, I summarize the recent empirical evidence, and discuss the potential limitations of previous investigations. Among the possible shortcomings of these studies is that many relied exclusively on unemployment as an operational definition of labor market uncertainty. Subjective indicators of economic uncertainty, which measure the individual’s perception of his or her economic situation more directly, often were not available to researchers. Moreover, few of these studies explored group-specific differences in behavior. In this paper, we seek to overcome some of the limitations of these earlier analyses. Based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), we study the role of perceived economic uncertainty in transitions to first and higher order births for the period 1990-2013. In addition, we examine how different population subgroups (stratified by education, parity, and age) respond to economic uncertainty. KW - Fertility KW - Family KW - Unemployment KW - Economic uncertainty Y1 - 2015 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-16760 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-015-0325-6 SN - 1861-891X N1 - This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11577-015-0325-6 VL - 67 IS - S1 SP - 59 EP - 80 PB - Springer Fachmedien CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Hank, Karsten T1 - "The study of population offers something for everyone": Forschung zu Fertilität, Migration und Mortalität an der Schnittstelle von Demografie und Soziologie JF - KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie N2 - Obwohl es zahlreiche inhaltliche Schnittstellen zwischen Gegenstandsbereichen der Soziologie und der Demografie gibt, hat sich in Deutschland bislang keine Bevölkerungssoziologie, im Sinne einer in den USA schon früh institutionalisierten „Social Demography“, etablieren können. In diesem einleitenden Beitrag des vorliegenden Sonderhefts der Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie zeigen wir zunächst die Anknüpfungspunkte beider Disziplinen auf. Anschließend stellen wir die konzeptionelle und inhaltliche Struktur des Heftes vor: Auf Untersuchungen zu den drei klassischen demografischen Kernbereichen „Fertilität und Partnerschaft“ (Teil I), „Migration und Mobilität“ (Teil II) sowie „Mortalität und Morbidität“ (Teil III) folgen Beiträge zum Verhältnis von „Wohlfahrtsstaat und demografischen Wandel“ (Teil IV) sowie zur aktuellen Forschung im Bereich der „Soziologie und Biodemografie“ (Teil V). KW - Demografie KW - Soziologie KW - Bevölkerungssoziologie KW - Soziale Demografie Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-015-0315-8 SN - 0023-2653 VL - 67 IS - S1 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Springer Fachmedien CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sus, Monika A1 - Karolewski, Ireneusz Pawel A1 - Mehlhausen, Thomas T1 - The Polish EU Council Presidency in 2011: Master or Servant? JF - Journal of European Integration N2 - The point of departure of this article is limited systematic research on the rotating EU Council Presidency after the Lisbon Treaty. In order to assess rotating presidencies the paper proposes a three-tier approach which includes a functional, a behavioural and a contingency dimension. These dimensions are supplemented by the institutional changes of the Lisbon Treaty referring to the rotating presidencies. Next, the paper applies this evaluation framework to the Polish Presidency that took place in the second half of 2011. Finally, it draws conclusions from the Polish case for both the leadership capacity of the rotating Council Presidency in the post-Lisbon European Union and the performance of Poland’s EU Council Presidency. KW - Poland KW - EU Council Presidency KW - Lisbon Treaty KW - Institutional changes KW - Functions of Presidency KW - Three-tier approach Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2015.1053085 SN - 0703-6337 VL - 37 IS - 6 SP - 667 EP - 684 PB - Taylor and Francis CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sus, Monika T1 - Polish Role in Shaping the EU Foreign and Security Policy during its Council Presidency in 2011 JF - Yearbook of Polish European Studies N2 - Poland, being the biggest country among the new Member States, has a well-defined foreign policy interest, particularly towards the Eastern neighbourhood. This article examines the involvement of Polish Presidency of the Council in the development of the foreign and security policy of the European Union. Considering the serious limitations placed on the role of the rotating Presidency in the post-Lisbon institutional framework, the analysis investigates the patterns of action Poland followed, which involved the providing of the operational backup for the High Representative as well as bringing its own contributions to the agenda of the Foreign Affairs Council. As the article demonstrates, the rotating Presidency can still redound to the further development of the foreign and security policy. KW - CFSP KW - Council Presidency KW - High Representative KW - Eastern enlargement KW - European Neighbourhood Policy Y1 - 2015 SN - 1428-1503 IS - 17 SP - 191 EP - 208 PB - Centrum Europejskie Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego CY - Warszawa ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Leininger, Arndt T1 - Direct Democracy in Europe: Potentials and Pitfalls JF - Global Policy (gp) N2 - Diagnoses of a democratic recession or ‘hollowing out’ of democracy are numerous and varied but usually encompass the following symptoms: a decline in turnout and other forms of political participation; policy making that is increasingly detached from ordinary citizens and their preferences; and an erosion of trust in government and satisfaction with democracy among citizens – all of which ultimately challenge the legitimacy of democratic institutions. Direct democracy is one of the most prominent, far-reaching and popular remedies proposed in response to such diagnoses. It, by allowing citizens to directly vote on questions usually decided by representatives, seems intuitively appealing as an obvious extension and deepening of democracy. In this article I survey the potentials but also pitfalls of an increased institutionalization of direct democracy and use thereof in the countries of the EU focusing on the three key aspects identified above: representation, turnout and citizens’ political support. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12224 SN - 1758-5880 VL - 6 IS - S1 SP - 17 EP - 27 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken (NJ) [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wegrich, Kai A1 - Dudley, Susan E. T1 - The role of transparency in regulatory governance: comparing US and EU regulatory systems JF - Journal of Risk Research N2 - The United States and European Union have focused on improving the practices used to develop and implement legal requirements as a way to improve the quality of regulations themselves. Transparency in the regulatory process, from determining regulatory goals, to evaluating alternative means to achieve those goals, to enforcing regulatory requirements, features high on the agenda of cross-cutting government reform programs that address the issue of ‘regulatory quality.’ This article examines the transparency of procedures in the US and the EU related to impact analysis and public comment. It examines the importance of transparency for ensuring the effectiveness of these two regulatory practices, summarizes regulatory procedures in the US and the EU, compares the different approaches, and highlights the relative merits of each. KW - Regulation KW - Transparency KW - Good regulatory practice KW - Cross-country KW - Transatlantic Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2015.1071868 SN - 1466-4461 VL - 19 IS - 9 SP - 1141 EP - 1157 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Römmele, Andrea T1 - Струтура размежеваний и партийные системы в Восточной и Центральной Европе JF - Политическая Наука Y1 - 2004 IS - 4 SP - 30 EP - 50 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. ED - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Current Trajectories of Democracy: Diagnosis, Implications, Proposals JF - Global Policy, Special Issue: “Changing the European Debate: A Rollback of Democracy” N2 - There is agreement across the various contributions to the special issue that the state of democratic systems has deteriorated – not only in Europe but also in the United States. Of course, attention must be paid to the different contexts, reasons and the degrees to which democracies are experiences a period of unease. There is also agreement as to the necessity of national democracies - and the EU as a supranational political actor - to re-think current practices and to allow for a new democratic ethos that gives greater room for contestation. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12219 SN - 1758-5899 VL - 6 IS - S1 SP - 1 EP - 3 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. ED - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Conclusion: How to rule the Void?: Policy Responses to a ‘Hollowing Out’ of Democracy JF - Global Policy, Special Issue: "Changing the European Debate: A Rollback of Democracy" N2 - Democracy requires the critical engagement of practitioners and experts alike. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12235 SN - 1758-5899 VL - 6 IS - S1 SP - 127 EP - 129 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Krlev, Gorgi T1 - Guest Editors’ Introduction: Governance and Management of Hybrid Organizations JF - International Studies of Management & Organization, Special Issue: Governance and management of hybrid organizations Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.2015.1006026 SN - 1558-0911 VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - 193 EP - 206 PB - Taylor and Francis CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Römmele, Andrea T1 - Unternehmenszuwendungen in der amerikanischen Wahlkampffinanzierung JF - Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen Y1 - 1992 SN - 0340-1758 VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - 488 EP - 496 PB - Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Römmele, Andrea T1 - Konkurrenten um die Kanzlerschaft?: Angela Merkel und Peer Steinbrück JF - Der Bürger im Staat N2 - Politische Botschaften werden seit jeher mit einem "Gesicht" verknüpft. Bei anstehenden Wahlen rücken die Kandidaten deshalb vermehrt ins Rampenlicht. [Die Autorin] erörtert am aktuellen Beispiel des Bundestagswahlkampfes mit Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel und dem Spitzenkandidaten der SPD, Peer Steinbrück, das Phänomen der Personalisierung von Wahlkämpfen. In einem ersten Schritt wird der Begriff der Personalisierung mittels dreier Dimensionen definiert. Daran anschließend werden die beiden Spitzenkandidaten der Bundestagswahl 2013 analysiert: Wo liegen ihre Stärken und Schwächen? Welche Themen favorisieren und präsentieren sie? In einem weiteren Schritt werden Angela Merkel und Peer Steinbrück aus der Sicht der Wählerschaft diskutiert. Und schließlich geht es um die Fragen, welche Rolle Kandidaten in den unterschiedlichen Modellen der Wahlentscheidung spielen und wie es um die Gewichtung von Parteiidentifikation, Themen und Personen beim Wahlentscheid bestellt ist. Y1 - 2013 SN - 0007-3121 VL - 63 IS - 3 SP - 182 EP - 189 PB - Weinmann CY - Filderstadt ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Löffler, Lorenz T1 - The Implementation of Performance Management in European Central Governments: More a North-South than an East-West Divide JF - NISPAcee Journal of Public Administration and Policy N2 - This article presents the first country-comparative evidence on the importance and use of performance management in European central governments, based on an executive survey conducted in 17 countries. The data confirm that performance management has made its way into European central governments and continues to constitute a major reform trend. At the organizational level of ministries and agencies we find a consistently strong use of strategic planning, performance appraisal and management objectives, along with only a partial institutionalization of a performance-management logic. Scepticism towards measurement and the difficulty of acting upon performance information are persistent challenges. We also find that performance-management implementation is significantly stronger in agencies and larger organizations, and that it varies strongly between different countries. Implementation is substantially higher in Scandinavian countries and Anglo-Saxon countries than in Continental and Southern European countries, with a rather varied pattern for Central and Eastern European countries. The findings thereby confirm the need for a more context-sensitive understanding of performance management, along with the need for more extensive research and evidence to further develop this cross-comparative European perspective. KW - Performance management KW - Europe KW - Comparative public administration KW - Management instrument KW - Performance-indicator use Y1 - 2015 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-17081 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/nispa-2015-0008 SN - 1338-4309 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 49 EP - 68 PB - De Gruyter Open CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Löffler, Lorenz A1 - Hübner, Stefanie A1 - Schuster, Ferdinand T1 - Kreisgebietsreform in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern – Ein Erfolgsbeispiel für andere? JF - Verwaltung und Management N2 - Der Beitrag analysiert die Kreisgebietsreform in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Ähnlich wie bei anderen Gebietsreformen der Vergangenheit wurde diese mit zu erwartenden finanziellen „Reformrenditen“ begründet, obwohl die bisherigen Untersuchungen zu solchen Effekten als wenig belastbar erscheinen. Als Ergebnis der Reform in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern lassen sich einzelne Verbesserungen etwa im Bereich Personalentwicklung feststellen, die allerdings deutlich hinter den Erwartungen zurückliegen. Die finanzielle Lage der neu geschaffenen Großkreise hat sich nicht zum Vorteil entwickelt, während sich das politische Gewicht der Landräte in der Landespolitik erhöht hat. Klar feststellbar ist, dass weder eine durchgreifende Funktionalreform noch eine kommunale Gebietsreform unterhalb der Kreisebene in ausreichender Form umgesetzt wurden. Es bleibt Skepsis, ob die neuen Strukturen die Resilienz der Verwaltung gegenüber dem demografischen Wandel erhöhen, auch wenn dies noch nicht abschließend beurteilt werden kann. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9856-2015-4-182 SN - 0947-9856 VL - 21 IS - 4 SP - 182 EP - 191 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Löffler, Lorenz A1 - Canzler, M. T1 - Herausforderungen der Zukunft eher verwaltungsintern?: Ergebnisse einer bundesweiten Befragung von Verwaltung und Wirtschaft JF - Innovative Verwaltung N2 - Im Vorfeld des diesjährigen Zukunftskongresses wurden im Rahmen der Studie „Zukunftspanel Staat & Verwaltung 2015“ die größten Herausforderungen für den öffentlichen Sektor ermittelt. Dazu wurden Führungskräfte aus Verwaltungen und aus der Wirtschaft befragt. Y1 - 2015 VL - 37 IS - 7-8 SP - 28 EP - 32 PB - Springer Professional CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Carraro, Carlo A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar A1 - Kolstad, Charles A1 - Stavins, Robert A1 - Stowe, Robert T1 - The IPCC at a Crossroads: Opportunities for Reform JF - Science N2 - The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has proven its value as an institution for large-scale scientific collaboration to synthesize and assess large volumes of climate research for use by policy-makers, as well as for establishing credibility of findings among diverse national governments. But the IPCC has received considerable criticism of both its substance and process. The new IPCC leadership to be elected in October could help guide the IPCC to a clear, shared understanding of future objectives and could shape procedural reforms. We identify key opportunities for reform by addressing two related questions: Is the IPCC doing the right things? Is the IPCC doing things right? Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4419 SN - 1095-9203 VL - 350 IS - 6256 SP - 34 EP - 35 PB - American Association for the Advancement of Science CY - Washington, DC [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar A1 - Creutzig, Felix T1 - Closing the Emission Price Gap JF - Global Environmental Change N2 - Even without internationally concerted action on climate change mitigation, there are important incentives for countries to put a price on their domestic emissions, including public finance considerations, internalizing the climate impacts of their own emissions, and co-benefits, such as clean air or energy security. Whereas these arguments have been mostly discussed in separate strands of literature, this article carries out a synthesis that exemplifies how policies to put a price on emissions can be conceptualized in a multi-objective framework. Despite considerable uncertainty, empirical evidence suggests that different countries may face quite different incentives for emission pricing. For instance, avoided climate damages and co-benefits of reduced air pollution appear to be the main motivation for emission pricing in China, while for the US generating public revenue dominates and for the EU all three motivations are of intermediate importance. We finally argue that such unilateral incentives could form the basis for incremental progress in international climate negotiations toward a realistic climate treaty based on national interest and differentiated emission pricing and describe how such an agreement could be put into practice. KW - Unilateral incentives KW - Co-benefits KW - Hybrid climate agreement Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.01.003 VL - 31 SP - 132 EP - 143 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Grosjean, G. A1 - Acworth, W. A1 - Marschinski, R. T1 - After Monetary Policy, Climate Policy: Is Delegation Key to EU ETS reform? JF - Climate Policy N2 - Since the crash of carbon prices in phase II of the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), many have argued that the low price mirrors structural failures requiring intervention. A wide range of reform options have been suggested, including delegating the governance of the carbon market to an independent authority. This article analyses the debate by reconstructing the various arguments for or against reform. Three possible drivers of the price decline are investigated: (1) exogenous shocks; (2) insufficient credibility; and (3) market imperfections. It is argued that the extent to which a low price is problematic and warrants reform depends on the specific objectives associated with the EU ETS and the perception on the functioning of the market. A two-dimensional EU ETS Reform Space, comprising the degree of price certainty within the EU ETS and the level of delegation, is devised. Within the Reform Space, EU ETS reform options currently discussed are mapped. This descriptive structure offers a framework to clarify whether delegation responds to various concerns with respect to the EU ETS. Delegation might enhance flexibility under unforeseen circumstances, decrease policy uncertainty, and increase the credibility of long-term policy commitments. However, higher degrees of delegation face challenges including democratic legitimacy and political feasibility. KW - Carbon authority KW - Carbon central bank KW - Carbon price KW - Delegation KW - EU Emissions Trading System KW - Market stability reserve Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2014.965657 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 25 PB - Taylor & Francis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Joas, F. T1 - The (Ir)relevance of Transaction Costs in Climate Policy Instrument Choice: An analysis of the EU and the US JF - Climate Policy N2 - This article assesses the relevance of ex post transaction costs in the choice of climate policy instruments in the EU (focusing mainly on the example of Germany) and the US. It reviews all publicly available empirical ex post transaction cost studies of climate policy instruments broken down by the main private and public sector cost factors and offers hypotheses on how these factors may scale depending on instrument design and other contextual factors. The key finding from the evaluated schemes is that it is possible to reject the hypothesis that asymmetries in ex post transaction costs across instruments are large and, thus, play a pivotal role in climate policy instrument choice. Both total and relative ex post transaction costs can be considered low. This conjecture differs from the experience in other areas of environmental policy instruments where high total transaction costs are considered to be important factors in the overall assessment of optimal environmental policy choice. Against this background, the main claim of this article is that in climate policy instrument choice, ex post transaction cost considerations play a minor role in large countries that feature similar institutional characteristics as the EU and the US. Rather, the focus should be on the efficiency properties of instruments for incentivizing abatement, as well as equity and political economy considerations (and other societally relevant objectives). In order to inform transaction cost considerations in climate policy instrument choice in countries that adopt new climate policies, more data would be desirable in order to enable more robust estimates of design- and context-specific transaction-cost scaling factors. KW - Carbon tax KW - Climate policy instruments KW - EU Emissions Trading Scheme KW - OECD KW - Transaction costs Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2014.968762 SN - 1752-7457 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 26 EP - 49 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Jakob, Michael A1 - Steckel, Jan C. A1 - Baumstark, Lavinia T1 - Climate Finance for Developing Country Mitigation: Blessing or Curse? JF - Climate and Development N2 - Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, industrialized countries have agreed to cover the incremental costs of climate change mitigation in developing countries and recent climate negotiations have reaffirmed the central role of climate finance for global mitigation efforts. We use an integrated energy–economy–climate model to assess the potential magnitude of financial transfers to developing countries that can be expected under non-market transfer mechanisms as well as international emission trading with several allocation schemes. Our results indicate that for the latter, depending on international permit allocation rules financial transfers to developing countries could reach almost USD bln 400 per year in 2020, with Sub-Saharan Africa receiving financial inflows of as much as 14.5% of its GDP. Reviewing the literature on natural resource revenues, official development assistance and foreign direct investment, we identify three major channels through which such sizable financial inflows may induce harmful effects for recipients: volatility, Dutch disease, and rent-seeking and corruption. We discuss the relevance of these mechanisms for climate finance and identify institutional arrangements which could help to avoid a ‘climate finance curse’. We conclude that there is no deterministic relationship between financial inflows and adverse consequences, as the most serious problems could be prevented or at least alleviated by appropriately designed policies and governance provisions. KW - Mitigation scenarios KW - Developing countries KW - Multilateral climate policy frameworks KW - North–South Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2014.934768 SN - 1756-5537 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Taylor & Francis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Brunner, S. A1 - Marschinski, M. T1 - Credible commitment in carbon policy JF - Climate Policy N2 - In this article the problem of credible commitment in carbon policy is discussed. Investors favour long-term predictability of the policy, but without any external enforcement mechanisms a commitment made by a government can be withdrawn, leading to scepticism and lack of credibility. This results in increased market risks and investment hold-up. Regulatory uncertainty stems from (i) strategic interactions between government and firms, (ii) potential learning about climate damage and abatement cost and (iii) political volatility. Although commitment to future policy encourages private investment, it also imposes costs in the form of reduced flexibility to accommodate new information or preferences. The article reviews devices that may help policy makers raise the level of commitment while also leaving some room for flexible adjustments. In particular, legislation of a long-term governance framework, delegation to an independent carbon agency and securitization of investors' stakes in emission markets offer palliative approaches. KW - Carbon pricing KW - Climate policy frameworks KW - Incentive mechanisms KW - Regulatory uncertainty Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2011.582327 SN - 1752-7457 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - 255 EP - 271 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Marschinski, Robert A1 - Jakob, Michael T1 - Sectoral Linking of carbon markets: A trade-theory analysis JF - Resource and Energy Economics N2 - The linking of emission trading systems (ETS) is a widely discussed policy option for future international cooperation on climate change. Benefits are expected from efficiency gains and the alleviation of concerns over competitiveness. However, from trade-theory it is known that due to general equilibrium effects and market distortions, linking may not always be beneficial for all participating countries. Following-up on this debate, we use a Ricardo-Viner type general equilibrium model to study the implications of sectoral linking on carbon emissions (‘leakage’), competitiveness, and welfare. By comparing pre- and post-linking equilibria, we show analytically how global emissions can increase if one of the ‘linked’ countries lacks an economy-wide emissions cap, although in case of a link across idiosyncratic sectors a decrease of emissions (‘anti-leakage’) is also possible. If – as a way to address concerns about competitiveness – a link between the EU ETS and a hypothetical US system is established, the partial emission coverage of the EU ETS can lead to the creation of new distortions between the non-covered domestic and international sector. Finally, we show how the welfare effect from linking can be decomposed into gains-from-trade and terms-of-trade contributions, and how the latter can make the overall effect ambiguous. KW - Linking KW - Emission trading KW - Trade theory KW - Competitiveness KW - Leakage Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2012.05.005 SN - 1873-0221 VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 585 EP - 606 PB - Elsevier CY - Mexico ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina ED - Diamond, Larry ED - Plattner, Marc F. T1 - The Splintering of Postcommunist Europe JF - Journal of Democracy N2 - There are two radically different versions of the postcommunist narrative. One tells the triumphal tale of the only world region in which the reforms recommended by the “Washington consensus” worked. The other and more realistic account speaks of a historic window of opportunity that lasted for only a quarter-century, during which efforts by the West and patriotic elites of Central and Eastern Europe managed to drag the region into Europe proper, leaving Europe and Russia pitted against each other along the old “civilizational” border between them. This essay argues that while Institutional choices matter in the postcommunist world, geopolitical and civilizational boundaries still set the horizons of political possibility. KW - Postcommunist Europe KW - Central and Eastern Europe KW - Integration Y1 - 2015 SN - 1045-5736 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 88 EP - 100 PB - Johns Hopkins University Press CY - Baltimore ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina ED - Diamond, Larry ED - Plattner, Marc F. T1 - The Legacies of 1989: The Transformative Power of Europe JF - Journal of Democracy N2 - Why has the EU succeeded in promoting democracy in the new member states but failed in promoting good governance? This essay seeks to answer this question first by distinguishing governance from political regimes, and second by exploring to what extent national governance—which is defined as the set of formal and informal institutions that determine who gets what in a given country—is susceptible to being improved by external pressure or intervention. It concludes that improving governance remains a challenge even for the democratic character of the European project. KW - Accountability KW - Corruption KW - Governance KW - European Union Y1 - 2014 SN - 1045-5736 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 20 EP - 32 PB - Johns Hopkins University Press CY - Baltimore ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina ED - Diamond, Larry ED - Plattner, Marc F. T1 - Controlling Corruption Through Collective Action JF - Journal of Democracy N2 - Control of corruption in a society is an equilibrium between resources and costs which either empowers or constraints elites predatory behavior. While most research and practice focuses on legal constraints, this paper investigates normative constraints, deemed to be more important, especially civil society and the press. Fresh evidence—both historical and statistical—is found to support Tocqueville’s assertions regarding the importance of collective action and the joint action of media and associations in not only creating a democratic society, but controlling corruption as well. However, little is known on how to build normative constraints. KW - Civil society KW - Corruption KW - Normative constraints KW - Legal constraints KW - Press Y1 - 2013 UR - http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/article/controlling-corruption-through-collective-action SN - 1045-5736 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 101 EP - 115 PB - Johns Hopkins University Press CY - Baltimore ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Brunner, Steffen A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar A1 - Creutzig, Felix T1 - Climate Policies for road transport revisited (II): Closing the policy gap with cap-and-trade JF - Energy Policy Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.01.053 SN - 1873-6777 VL - 39 IS - 4 SP - 2100 EP - 2110 PB - Elsevier CY - Mexico ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Brunner, Steffen T1 - Wer besitzt die Atmosphäre? Zur politischen Ökonomie des Klimwandels JF - Leviathan Y1 - 2011 VL - 39 IS - 2 SP - 201 EP - 221 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus A1 - Ruo-Xi, Yu A1 - Köcher, Wolfgang A1 - Darvin, Maxim E. A1 - Büttner, Monika A1 - Jung, Sora A1 - Lee, Bich Na A1 - Klotter, Christoph A1 - Meinke, Martina C. A1 - Lademann, Jürgen T1 - Spectroscopic biofeedback on cutaneous carotenoids as part of a prevention program could be effective to raise health awareness in adolescents JF - Journal of Biophotonics N2 - The cutaneous carotenoid concentration correlates with the overall antioxidant status of a person and can be seen as biomarker for nutrition and lifestyle. 50 high school students were spectroscopically measured for their cutaneous carotenoid concentrations initially in a static phase, followed by an intervention phase with biofeedback of their measured values, living a healthy lifestyle and on healthy food this time. The volunteers showed higher carotenoid concentrations than found in previous studies. A significant correlation of healthy lifestyle habits and a high antioxidant status could be determined. Subjects improved their nutritional habits and significantly increased their carotenoid concentration during intervention. Follow-up five months later showed a consolidation of the increase. The investigations show that a healthy diet and a well-balanced lifestyle correlate with a high cutaneous antioxidant concentration and that spectroscopic biofeedback measurement of cutaneous carotenoids as part of an integrated prevention program is a feasible and effective means to raise the health awareness in adolescents. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201300134 SN - 1864-063X VL - 7 IS - 11-12 SP - 926 EP - 937 PB - WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus A1 - Bauer, Ullrich T1 - Das Modell der produktiven Realitätsverarbeitung in der aktuellen Diskussion JF - Zeitschrift für Soziologie der Erziehung und Sozialisation N2 - Das Modell der produktiven Realitätsverarbeitung (MpR) ist ein stabiler Anker der sozialisationstheoretischen Diskussion der vergangenen Jahrzehnte. Dabei ist der metatheoretische Bezugspunkt der Interaktion zwischen der aktiven Persönlichkeit und einer sich wandelnden gesellschaftlichen Umwelt offenbar unverändert an - schlussfähig. Gleichzeitig hat es fortlaufend Veränderungen im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs gegeben, die sowohl die Operationalisierung der individuellen Handlungsfähigkeit und ihrer Bedingtheit, als auch die Differenzierung von Kontext- und Umweltmerkmalen betreffen. In diesem Beitrag wird daher die Frage aufgeworfen, welche Leistungsfähigkeit und Erkenntniskraft das MpR unter veränderten gesellschaftlichen und wissenschaftlichen Bedingungen nach über drei Jahrzehnten für die Sozialisationstheorie und -forschung hat. Dafür wird (1) einleitend das Modell in seinen Grundzügen vorgestellt und in Thesenform erläutert. Die vier Arbeitsschwerpunkte, (2) er - kenntnistheoretische und konzeptionelle Grundannahmen, (3) Realitätsverarbeitung im Lebenslauf, (4) sozialräumliche Kontexte der Realitätsverarbeitung und (5) Diversitäten der Realitätsverarbeitung werden mit aktuellen Ansätzen und Befunden in Beziehung gesetzt. Abschließend (6) werden theorie- und forschungssystematische Herausforderungen der Sozialisationsforschung aufgelistet, die sich aus dem Verständnis von Sozialisation als produktive Realitätsverarbeitung ergeben. Y1 - 2015 UR - https://www.beltz.de/fachmedien/erziehungs_und_sozialwissenschaften/zeitschriften/zeitschrift_fuer_soziologie_der_erziehung_und_sozialisation/article/Journal.html?tx_beltz_journal%5Barticle%5D=30325&cHash=636e0a9216d032ab9cef919ceafbd789 SN - 1436-1957 VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 155 EP - 170 PB - Beltz Juventa CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawson, Mark T1 - How does the European Court Reason? A Review Essay on the Legal Reasoning of the Court of Justice JF - European Law Journal N2 - This review essay analyses two significant recent contributions to the debate over the reasoning of the Court of Justice (CJ). These contributions highlight the impossibility of a wholly scientific and deductive approach to attributing ‘correct’ outcomes to the Court's case-law. At the same time, their analysis adds significant findings for the debate over the Court's possible ‘activist’ or political role. Following from these contributions, this essay makes two arguments: firstly, that the inability of the Court to anchor its reasoning solely in a deductive form of legal reasoning should encourage the CJ to engage in a more advanced ‘constitutional dialogue’ with the EU's political institutions; and secondly, that truly understanding the Court's reasoning involves a closer analysis of the institutional and personal dynamics influencing Court decisions. Understanding European judicial reasoning may require a closer look at the social and political—as well as doctrinal—context within which European judges act. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/eulj.12089 SN - 1468-0386 VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 423 EP - 435 PB - John Wiley & Sons Ltd. CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar A1 - Knopf, Brigitte T1 - Science and religion in dialogue over the global commons JF - Nature Climate Change N2 - The Pope's encyclical makes unprecedented progress in developing scientific dialogue with religion by drawing on research, and encouraging further discussion about the ethical challenge of governing the global commons. KW - Climate-change policy KW - Ethics KW - Policy Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2798 VL - 5 IS - 10 SP - 907 EP - 909 PB - Springer Nature ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Hare, B. A1 - Stockwell, C. A1 - Oberthür, Sebastian T1 - The Architecture of the Global Climate Regime JF - Climate Policy N2 - This article argues that a legally binding, multilateral agreement is a necessary condition for achieving the highest levels of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions consistent with limiting warming to below either 2°C or below 1.5°C. Clear legally binding commitments within a multilaterally agreed process with strong legal and institutional characteristics are needed to give countries the confidence that their economic interests are being fairly and equally treated. Common accounting rules are needed for comparability of effort, and in order to protect environmental integrity, to demonstrate transparency, for effective monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) of emissions and actions, and to facilitate and support a strong international carbon market. Securing full implementation will depend, in part, on the strength of an agreement's compliance mechanism. The Copenhagen Accord, by itself, represents a quintessential ‘bottom-up’/‘pledge and review’ approach. It is open to interpretation whether the Accord can become a stepping stone on the way to strengthening the legally binding, multilateral framework to fight climate change, building on both the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol, or whether it will lead to the unravelling and fragmentation of all that has been built up to date. Legal architecture choices made in 2010 and beyond are likely to be determinative. KW - Climate negotiations KW - Climate regimes KW - Climate targets KW - COP-16 KW - International cooperation KW - Multilateralism KW - Post-Copenhagen Y1 - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3763/cpol.2010.0161 SN - 1752-7457 VL - 10 IS - 6 SP - 600 EP - 614 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Knopf, Brigitte A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar A1 - Kok, Marcel A1 - Lotze-Campen, Hermann A1 - Luderer, Gunnar A1 - Popp, Alexander A1 - van Vuuren, Detlef P. T1 - Managing the Low-Carbon Transition – From Model Results to Policies, Special Issue:‘The Economics of Low Stabilization’ JF - The Energy Journal N2 - Model analysis within the ADAM project has shown that achieving low greenhouse gas concentration levels, e.g. at 400ppm CO 2 -eq, is technologically feasible at costs of a few percent of GDP. However, models simplify the dynamics involved in implementing climate policy and the results depend on critical model assumptions such as global participation in climate policy and full availability of current and newly evolving technologies. The design of a low stabilization policy regime in the real world depends on factors that can only be partly covered by models. In this context, the paper reflects on limits of the integrated assessment models used to explore climate policy and addresses the issues of (i) how global participation might be achieved, (ii) which kind of options are available to induce deep GHG reductions inside and outside the energy sector, and (iii) which risks and which co-benefits of mitigation options are not assessed by the models. Y1 - 2010 UR - http://widgets.ebscohost.com/prod/customlink/hanapi/hanapi.php?profile=4dfs1q6ik%2BHI6trd2JLhy6XO1eGS3NLlldzU0trT4ZLZ19elxNzcp6jHspXmyNipz6WP&DestinationURL=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eoh&AN=EP59360746&site=eds-live SN - 0195-6574 VL - 31 IS - Special Issue 1 SP - 223 EP - 245 PB - IAEE - International Association for Energy Economics CY - Cleveland ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina ED - Mack, Arien T1 - Becoming Denmark: Historical Designs of Corruption Control JF - Social Research: An International Quarterly N2 - This paper conceptualizes public corruption as part of a broader social order context. It argues that corruption should not be conceived of as a social ‘malady’ to be eradicated, but rather as a default governance regime. People naturally favor their own, be it family, clan, race or ethnic group: treating the rest of the world fairly seems to be a matter of extensive social evolution and sufficient resources. Very few societies have evolved from this natural state of affairs to produce a state which can be expected to treat everyone equally and fairly, and to put public above private interest, when entrusted with the management of common affairs and resources. The paper surveys the approaches to anticorruption of three distinct political regimes, monarchy, medieval republic and modern democracy to conclude that current anticorruption should be conceptualized as solving collective action problems rather than as repression of deviance. KW - Corruption KW - Universalism KW - Patrimonialism KW - Collective action KW - Modernization KW - Favoritism KW - Principal agent Y1 - 2013 SN - 0037-783X VL - 80 IS - 4 SP - 1259 EP - 1286 PB - The Johns Hopkins University Press CY - Baltimore ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina A1 - Anagnostou, Dia ED - Weiler, Joseph T1 - Domestic Implementation of Human Rights Judgments in Europe: Legal Infrastructure and Government Effectiveness Matter JF - The European Journal of International Law N2 - Over the past couple of years, international law and international relations scholarship has shifted its focus from the question of whether human rights treaties bring any state-level improvements at all to investigations in the domestic context of the factors and dynamics influencing state compliance. In this direction, and focusing on the European Court of Human Rights, this study inquires into the factors that account for variable patterns of state compliance with its judgments. Why do national authorities in some states adopt a more prompt and responsive attitude in implementing these judgments, in contrast to other states that procrastinate or respond reluctantly? On the basis of a large-N study of the Strasbourg Court’s judgments and a comparison across nine states, this article argues that variation in state implementation performance is closely linked to the overall legal infrastructure capacity and government effectiveness of a state. When such capacity and effectiveness are high and diffused, the adverse judgments of the Strasbourg Court are unlikely to be obstructed or ignored, even when the government, political elites, or other actors are reluctant and not in favour of substantive remedies. KW - Human rights KW - Legal infrastructure KW - Governance Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chu001 SN - 0938-5428 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 205 EP - 227 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina ED - Campbell, Philip T1 - Good governance powers innovation JF - Nature N2 - Many believe innovation can lead the way out of the present economic crisis. In Europe and the United States leaders have repeatedly referred to the importance of innovation, research and education to sustaining economic growth. The concept that innovation is the key to prosperity is great- but we must understand that this applies to a certain governance context which is seldom encountered in the real world. KW - austerity policy KW - control of corruption KW - European Union KW - governance and innovation KW - governance Y1 - 2015 SN - 0028-0836 VL - 518 IS - 7539 SP - 295 EP - 297 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Marschinski, Robert A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar T1 - Global Trading versus Linking: Architectures for international emissions trading JF - Energy Policy Y1 - 2009 VL - 37 SP - 1637 EP - 1647 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Marschinski, Robert A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar T1 - To link or not to link: Benefits and disadvantages of linking cap-and-trade systems JF - Climate Policy Y1 - 2009 IS - 9 SP - 358 EP - 372 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Enderlein, Henrik A1 - Trebesch, Christoph A1 - Schumacher, Julian T1 - What explains sovereign debt litigation? JF - The Journal of Law and Economics N2 - We study the occurrence of holdout litigation in the context of sovereign defaults. The number of creditor lawsuits against foreign governments has strongly increased over the past decades, but there is a large variation across crisis events. Why are some defaults followed by litigation and others not? What explains the general increase in lawsuits? We address these questions using an economic model of litigation and a new data set capturing the near universe of cases filed against defaulting sovereigns. We find that creditors are more likely to litigate when debt restructurings are large, when governments impose high losses (haircuts), and when the defaulting country is more vulnerable to litigation (open economies and those with a low legal capacity). We conclude that sovereign debt lawsuits can be predicted reasonably well with a simple framework from the law and economics literature. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1086/684228 SN - 1537-5285 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - 585 EP - 623 PB - University of Chicago Press CY - Chicago ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tuerk, A. A1 - Mehling, M. A1 - Flachsland, Christian T1 - Linking carbon markets. Concepts, case studies and pathways JF - Climate Policy Y1 - 2009 VL - 9 SP - 341 EP - 357 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar T1 - Auf mehreren Ebenen Agieren JF - Politische Ökologie Y1 - 2013 IS - 133 SP - 108 EP - 117 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ueckerdt, Falko A1 - Hirth, Lion A1 - Luderer, Gunnar A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar T1 - System LCOE: What are the costs of variable renewables? JF - Energy N2 - Levelized costs of electricity (LCOE) are a common metric for comparing power generating technologies. However, there is criticism particularly towards evaluating variable renewables like wind and solar PV power based on LCOE because it ignores variability and integration costs. We propose a new metric System LCOE that accounts for integration and generation costs. For this purpose we develop a new mathematical definition of integration costs that directly relates to economic theory. As a result System LCOE allow the economic comparison of generating technologies and deriving optimal quantities in particular for VRE. To demonstrate the new concept we quantify System LCOE from a simple power system model and literature values. We find that at high wind shares integration costs can be in the same range as generation costs of wind power and conventional plants in particular due to a cost component “profile costs” captured by the new definition. Integration costs increase with growing wind shares and might become an economic barrier to deploying VRE at high shares. System LCOE help understanding and resolving the challenge of integrating VRE and can guide research and policy makers in realizing a cost-efficient transformation towards an energy system with potentially high shares of variable renewables. KW - Renewable energy KW - Integration costs KW - Levelized costs of electricity (LCOE) KW - Power generation economics KW - Market integration Y1 - 2013 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-22942 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.10.072 SN - 0360-5442 VL - 63 SP - 61 EP - 75 PB - Elsevier Ltd ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar A1 - Hirth, Lion A1 - Knopf, Brigitte A1 - Pahle, Michael A1 - Schlömer, Steffen A1 - Schmid, Eva A1 - Ueckerdt, Falko T1 - On the Economics of Renewable Energy Sources JF - Energy Economics N2 - With the global expansion of renewable energy (RE) technologies, the provision of optimal RE policy packages becomes an important task. We review pivotal aspects regarding the economics of renewables that are relevant to the design of an optimal RE policy, many of which are to date unresolved. We do so from three interrelated perspectives that a meaningful public policy framework for inquiry must take into account. First, we explore different social objectives justifying the deployment of RE technologies, including potential co-benefits of RE deployment, and review modelbased estimates of the economic potential of RE technologies, i.e. their socially optimal deployment level. Second, we address pivotal market failures that arise in the course of implementing the economic potential of RE sources in decentralized markets. Third, we discuss multiple policy instruments curing these market failures. Our framework reveals the requirements for an assessment of the relevant options for real-world decision makers in the field of RE policies. This review makes it clear that there are remaining white areas on the knowledge map concerning consistent and socially optimal RE policies. KW - Energy KW - Mitigation KW - Integrated assessment modeling KW - Variable renewables KW - Electricity market design KW - Renewable policy Y1 - 2013 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-22965 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2013.09.015 SN - 0140-9883 N1 - This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Energy Economics. The final authenticated version is available online at: DOI 10.1016/j.eneco.2013.09.015 VL - 40 IS - S1 SP - S12 EP - S23 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lehmann, Paul A1 - Creutzig, Felix A1 - Ehlers, Melf-Hinrich A1 - Friedrichsen, Nele A1 - Heuson, Clemens A1 - Hirth, Lion A1 - Pietzcker, Robert T1 - Carbon lock-out: Advancing renewable energy policy in Europe JF - Energies N2 - As part of its climate strategy, the EU aims at increasing the share of electricity from renewable energy sources (RES-E) in overall electricity generation. Attaining this target poses a considerable challenge as the electricity sector is “locked” into a carbon-intensive system, which hampers the adoption of RES-E technologies. Electricity generation, transmission and distribution grids as well as storage and demand response are subject to important path dependences, which put existing, non-renewable energy sources at an advantage. This paper examines how an EU framework for RES-E support policies should be designed to facilitate a carbon lock-out. For this purpose, we specify the major technological, economic and institutional barriers to RES-E. For each of the barriers, a policy review is carried out which assesses the performance of existing policy instruments and identifies needs for reform. The review reveals several shortcomings: while policies targeting generation are widely in place, measures to address barriers associated with electricity grids, storage and demand are still in their infancy and have to be extended. Moreover, the implementation of policies has been fragmented across EU Member States. In this respect, national policies should be embedded into an integrated EU-wide planning of the RES-E system with overarching energy scenarios and partially harmonized policy rules. KW - carbon lock-in KW - demand management KW - electricity KW - energy policy KW - feed-in tariff KW - electricity generation KW - grids KW - renewable energy sources KW - storage Y1 - 2012 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-22972 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/en5020323 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - 323 EP - 354 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kowarsch, Martin A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Minx, Jan C. A1 - et al., T1 - A road map for global environmental assessments JF - Nature Climate Change N2 - Increasing demand for solution-oriented environmental assessments brings significant opportunities and challenges at the science–policy–society interface. Solution-oriented assessments should enable inclusive deliberative learning processes about policy alternatives and their practical consequences. KW - Climate-change mitigation KW - Climate-change policy KW - Decision making KW - Policy KW - Socioeconomic scenarios Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3307 SN - 1758-678X VL - 7 SP - 379 EP - 382 PB - Springer Nature ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hirth, Lion T1 - The Optimal Share of Variable Renewables: How the Variability of Wind and Solar Power affects their Welfare-optimal Deployment JF - The Energy Journal N2 - This paper estimates the welfare-optimal market share of wind and solar power, explicitly taking into account their output variability. We present a theoretical valuation framework that consistently accounts for the impact of fluctuations over time, forecast errors, and the location of generators in the power grid on the marginal value of electricity from renewables. Then the optimal share of wind and solar power in Northwestern Europe's generation mix is estimated from a calibrated numerical model. We find the optimal long-term wind share to be 20%, three times more than today; however, we also find significant parameter uncertainty. Variability significantly impacts results: if winds were constant, the optimal share would be 60%. In addition, the effect of technological change, price shocks, and policies on the optimal share is assessed. We present and explain several surprising findings, including a negative impact of CO2 prices on optimal wind deployment. KW - Wind power KW - Solar power KW - Variable renewables KW - Cost-benefit analysis KW - Numerical optimization KW - Competitiveness Y1 - 2015 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-22832 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5547/01956574.36.1.6 SN - 1944-9089 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 127 EP - 162 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hirth, Lion T1 - The Market Value of Solar Power: Is Photovoltaics Cost-Competitive? JF - IET Renewable Power Generation N2 - This paper reviews the economics of solar power as a source of grid-connected electricity generation. It is widely acknowledged that costs of solar power have declined, but there is disagreement how its economic value should be calculated. ‘Grid parity’, comparing generation costs to the retail price, is an often used yet flawed metric for economic assessment, as it ignores grid fees, levies, and taxes. It also fails to account for the fact that electricity is more valuable at some points in time and at some locations than that at others. A better yardstick than the retail price is solar power's ‘market value’. This paper explains why, and provides empirical estimates of the solar market value from a literature review, German spot market analysis, and the numerical electricity market model EMMA. At low penetration rates (<2–5%) solar power's market value turns out to be higher than the average wholesale electricity price – mainly, because the sun tends to shine when electricity demand is high. With increasing penetration, the market value declines – the solar premium turns into a solar penalty. In Germany, the value of solar power has fallen from 133% of the average electricity price to 98% as solar penetration increased from zero to 4.7%. This value drop is steeper than wind power's value drop, because solar generation is more concentrated in time. As a consequence, large-scale solar deployment without subsidies will be more difficult to accomplish than many observers have anticipated. KW - power markets KW - pricing KW - power grids KW - solar power stations KW - photovoltaic power systems KW - power generation economics Y1 - 2015 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-22844 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2014.0101 SN - 1752-1416 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 37 EP - 45 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hirth, Lion A1 - Ziegenhagen, Inka T1 - Balancing power and variable renewables: Three links JF - Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews N2 - Balancing power is used to quickly restore the supply-demand balance in power systems. The need for this tends to be increased by the use of variable renewable energy sources (VRE) such as wind and solar power. This paper reviews three channels through which VRE and balancing systems interact: the impact of VRE forecast errors on balancing reserve requirements; the supply of balancing services by VRE generators; and the incentives to improve forecasting provided by imbalance charges. The paper reviews the literature, provides stylized facts from German market data, and suggests policy options. Surprisingly, while German wind and solar capacity has tripled since 2008, balancing reserves have been reduced by 15%, and costs by 50%. KW - Balancing power KW - Control power KW - Regulating power KW - Variable renewables KW - Wind power KW - Solar power KW - Market design Y1 - 2015 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-22856 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.180 SN - 1364-0321 N1 - This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. The final authenticated version is available online at: DOI 10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.180 VL - 50 SP - 1035 EP - 1051 PB - Elsevier Ltd ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hirth, Lion A1 - Ueckerdt, Falko A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar T1 - Integration Costs Revisited – An economic framework for wind and solar variability JF - Renewable Energy N2 - The integration of wind and solar generators into power systems causes “integration costs” – for grids, balancing services, more flexible operation of thermal plants, and reduced utilization of the capital stock embodied in infrastructure, among other things. This paper proposes a framework to analyze and quantify these costs. We propose a definition of integration costs based on the marginal economic value of electricity, or market value – as such a definition can be more easily used in economic cost-benefit assessment than previous approaches. We suggest decomposing integration costs intro three components, according to the principal characteristics of wind and solar power: temporal variability, uncertainty, and location-constraints. Quantitative estimates of these components are extracted from a review of 100 + published studies. At high penetration rates, say a wind market share of 30–40%, integration costs are found to be 25–35 €/MWh, i.e. up to 50% of generation costs. While these estimates are system-specific and subject to significant uncertainty, integration costs are certainly too large to be ignored in high-penetration assessments (but might be ignored at low penetration). The largest single factor is reduced utilization of capital embodied in thermal plants, a cost component that has not been accounted for in most previous integration studies. KW - Wind power KW - Solar power KW - Integration cost KW - Variable renewables Y1 - 2015 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-22878 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.08.065 SN - 0960-1481 VL - 74 SP - 925 EP - 939 PB - Elsevier Ltd ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hirth, Lion A1 - Ueckerdt, Falko T1 - Redistribution Effects of Energy and Climate Policy: The Electricity Market JF - Energy Policy N2 - Energy and climate policies are usually seen as measures to internalize externalities. However, as a side effect, the introduction of these policies redistributes wealth between consumers and producers, and within these groups. While redistribution is seldom the focus of the academic literature in energy economics, it plays a central role in public debates and policy decisions. This paper compares the distributional effects of two major electricity policies: support schemes for renewable energy sources, and CO2 pricing. We find that the redistribution effects of both policies are large, and they work in opposed directions. While renewables support transfers wealth from producers to consumers, carbon pricing does the opposite. More specifically, we show that moderate amounts of wind subsidies can increase consumer surplus, even if consumers bear the subsidy costs. CO2 pricing, in contrast, increases aggregated producer surplus, even without free allocation of emission allowances; however, not all types of producers benefit. These findings are derived from an analytical model of electricity markets, and a calibrated numerical model of Northwestern Europe. Our findings imply that if policy makers want to avoid large redistribution they might prefer a mix of policies, even if CO2 pricing alone is the first-best climate policy in terms of allocative efficiency. KW - Carbon tax KW - Emission trading KW - Redistribution KW - Consumer surplus KW - Producer surplus KW - Wind power generation KW - Electricity market modeling Y1 - 2013 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-22886 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.055 SN - 0301-4215 N1 - This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Energy Policy. The final authenticated version is available online at: DOI 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.055 VL - 62 SP - 934 EP - 947 PB - Elsevier Ltd ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hirth, Lion T1 - The market value of variable renewables: The effect of solar wind power variability on their relative price JF - Energy Economics N2 - This paper provides a comprehensive discussion of the market value of variable renewable energy (VRE). The inherent variability of wind speeds and solar radiation affects the price that VRE generators receive on the market (market value). During windy and sunny times the additional electricity supply reduces the prices. Because the drop is larger with more installed capacity, the market value of VRE falls with higher penetration rate. This study aims to develop a better understanding on how the market value with penetration, and how policies and prices affect the market value. Quantitative evidence is derived from a review of published studies, regression analysis of market data, and the calibrated model of the European electricity market EMMA. We find the value of wind power to fall from 110% of the average power price to 50–80% as wind penetration increases from zero to 30% of total electricity consumption. For solar power, similarly low value levels are reached already at 15% penetration. Hence, competitive large-scale renewable deployment will be more difficult to accomplish than as many anticipate. KW - Variable renewables KW - Wind and Solar power KW - Market integration of renewables KW - Electricity markets KW - Intermittency KW - Cost-benefit analysis Y1 - 2013 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-22900 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2013.02.004 SN - 0140-9883 N1 - This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Energy Economics. The final authenticated version is available online at the DOI 10.1016/j.eneco.2013.02.004. VL - 38 SP - 218 EP - 236 PB - Elsevier B.V. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfenninger, Stefan A1 - DeCarolis, Joseph A1 - Hirth, Lion A1 - Quoilin, Sylvain A1 - Staffell, Iain T1 - The importance of open data and software: Is energy research lagging behind? JF - Energy Policy N2 - Energy policy often builds on insights gained from quantitative energy models and their underlying data. As climate change mitigation and economic concerns drive a sustained transformation of the energy sector, transparent and well-founded analyses are more important than ever. We assert that models and their associated data must be openly available to facilitate higher quality science, greater productivity through less duplicated effort, and a more effective science-policy boundary. There are also valid reasons why data and code are not open: ethical and security concerns, unwanted exposure, additional workload, and institutional or personal inertia. Overall, energy policy research ostensibly lags behind other fields in promoting more open and reproducible science. We take stock of the status quo and propose actionable steps forward for the energy research community to ensure that it can better engage with decision-makers and continues to deliver robust policy advice in a transparent and reproducible way. KW - Modelling KW - Data KW - Open source KW - Open data KW - Transparency KW - Reproducibility Y1 - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-22791 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.11.046 SN - 0301-4215 VL - 101 SP - 211 EP - 215 PB - Elsevier Ltd ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hirth, Lion A1 - Steckel, Jan T1 - The role of capital costs for decarbonizing the electricity sector JF - Environmental Research Letters N2 - Low-carbon electricity generation, i.e. renewable energy, nuclear power and carbon capture and storage, is more capital intensive than electricity generation through carbon emitting fossil fuel power stations. High capital costs, expressed as high weighted average cost of capital (WACC), thus tend to encourage the use of fossil fuels. To achieve the same degree of decarbonization, countries with high capital costs therefore need to impose a higher price on carbon emissions than countries with low capital costs. This is particularly relevant for developing and emerging economies, where capital costs tend to be higher than in rich countries. In this paper we quantitatively evaluate how high capital costs impact the transformation of the energy system under climate policy, applying a numerical techno-economic model of the power system. We find that high capital costs can significantly reduce the effectiveness of carbon prices: if carbon emissions are priced at USD 50 per ton and the WACC is 3%, the cost-optimal electricity mix comprises 40% renewable energy. At the same carbon price and a WACC of 15%, the cost-optimal mix comprises almost no renewable energy. At 15% WACC, there is no significant emission mitigation with carbon pricing up to USD 50 per ton, but at 3% WACC and the same carbon price, emissions are reduced by almost half. These results have implications for climate policy; carbon pricing might need to be combined with policies to reduce capital costs of low-carbon options in order to decarbonize power systems. KW - carbon pricing KW - renewable energy KW - capital costs KW - climate change mitigation Y1 - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-22804 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/11/114010 SN - 1748-9326 VL - 11 IS - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hirth, Lion A1 - Müller, Simon T1 - System-friendly wind power: How advanced wind turbine design can increase the economic value of electricity generated through wind power JF - Energy Economics N2 - Previous studies find that the economic value of electricity (USD/MWh) generated by wind power drops with increasing market share. Different measures can help mitigate the value drop, including electricity storage, flexible conventional plants, expansion of transmission, and demand response. This study assesses another option: a change in design of wind power plants. “Advanced” wind turbines that are higher and have a larger rotor compared to rated capacity (lower specific rating) generate electricity more constantly than “classical” turbines. Recent years have witnessed a significant shift towards such advanced technology. Our model-based analysis for Northwestern Europe shows that such design can substantially increase the spot market value of generated electricity. At a 30% penetration rate, the value of 1 MWh of electricity generated from a fleet of advanced turbines is estimated to be 15% higher than the value of 1 MWh from classical turbines. The additional value is large, whether compared to wind generation costs, to the value drop, or to the effect of alternative measures such as electricity storage. Extensive sensitivity tests indicate that this finding is remarkably robust. The increase in bulk power value is not the only advantage of advanced turbines: additional benefits might accrue from reduced costs for power grids and balancing services. To fully realize this potential, power markets and support policies need to be appropriately designed and signal scarcity investors. KW - Wind power KW - Variable renewables KW - Market value KW - Power market modeling Y1 - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-22819 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.02.016 SN - 0140-9883 N1 - This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Energy Economics. The final authenticated version is available online at: DOI 10.1016/j.eneco.2016.02.016 VL - 56 SP - 51 EP - 63 PB - Elsevier B.V. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hirth, Lion A1 - Ueckerdt, Falko A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar T1 - Why Wind is not Coal: On the Economics of Electricity Generation JF - The Energy Journal N2 - Electricity is a paradoxical economic good: it is highly homogeneous and heterogeneous at the same time. Electricity prices vary dramatically between moments in time, between location, and according to lead-time between contract and delivery. This three-dimensional heterogeneity has implication for the economic assessment of power generation technologies: different technologies, such as coal-fired plants and wind turbines, produce electricity that has, on average, a different economic value. Several tools that are used to evaluate generators in practice ignore these value differences, including "levelized electricity costs", "grid parity", and simple macroeconomic models. This paper provides a rigorous and general discussion of heterogeneity and its implications for the economic assessment of electricity generating technologies. It shows that these tools are biased, specifically, they tend to favor wind and solar power over dispatchable generators where these renewable generators have a high market share. A literature review shows that, at a wind market share of 30-40%, the value of a megawatt-hour of electricity from a wind turbine can be 20-50% lower than the value of one megawatt-hour as demanded by consumers. We introduce "System LCOE" as one way of comparing generation technologies economically. KW - Power generation KW - Electricity sector KW - Integrated assessment modeling KW - Wind power KW - Solar power KW - Variable renewables KW - Integration costs KW - Welfare economics KW - Power economics KW - Levelized electricity cost KW - LCOE KW - Grid parity Y1 - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-22828 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5547/01956574.37.3.lhir SN - 1944-9089 VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 27 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hirth, Lion A1 - Schlandt, Jakob T1 - Übertragungsnetzbetreiber erwarten massiven Wertverlust für Solarstrom BT - Der Blog für Energiepolitik JF - Phasenprüfer Y1 - 2016 UR - http://phasenpruefer.info/uebertragungsnetzbetreiber-erwarten-massiven-wertverlust-fuer-solarstrom/ UR - http://phasenpruefer.info/ ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Minx, Jan C. A1 - Callaghan, Max W. A1 - Lamb, William F. A1 - Garard, Jennifer A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar T1 - Learning about climate change solutions in the IPCC and beyond JF - Environmental science & policy Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.05.014 SN - 1462-9011 N1 - In Press, Corrected Proof When the final article is assigned to volumes/issues of the Publication, the Article in Press version will be removed and the final version will appear in the associated published volumes/issues of the Publication. The date the article was first made available online will be carried over. PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hirth, Lion T1 - What caused the drop of European electricity prices? A factor decomposition analysis JF - The Energy Journal N2 - European wholesale electricity prices have dropped by early two thirds since their all-time high around 2008. Different factors have been blamed, or praised, for having caused the price slump: the expansion of renewable energy; the near-collapse of the European emissions trading scheme; over-optimistic power plant investments; a decline in final electricity consumption; and cheap coal and natural gas. This ex-post study of European electricity markets from 2008 to 2015 uses a fundamental power market model to quantify their individual contributions on day-ahead prices. The two countries we study in detail, Germany and Sweden,differ significantly: fuel and CO2 prices were important price drivers in Germany, but in Sweden it was electricity demand. This difference is explained by the nature of the hydro-dominate Nordic electricity system. In both countries, however, the single largest factor depressing prices was the expansion of renewable energy. At the same time, Germany’s nuclear phase-out had an upward effect on prices. If one defines the Energiewende as the combination of these two policies, its net effect on power prices was negligible. KW - electricity price KW - ex-post analysis KW - utility crisis Y1 - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-23227 UR - http://www.iaee.org/en/publications/download-view.aspx?id=3031 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5547/01956574.39.1.lhir SN - 0195-6574 SN - 1944-9089 N1 - This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in The Energy Journal. The final authenticated version is available online at: DOI 10.5547/01956574.39.1.lhir VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - 143 EP - 157 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hofmann, Barbara A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Uhlendorff, Arne T1 - Job Displacement and First Birth Over the Business Cycle JF - Demography N2 - In this article, we investigate the impact of job displacement on women’s first-birth rates as well as the variation in this effect over the business cycle. We use mass layoffs to estimate the causal effects of involuntary job loss on fertility in the short and medium term, up to five years after displacement. Our analysis is based on rich administrative data from Germany, with an observation period spanning more than 20 years. We apply inverse probability weighting (IPW) to flexibly control for the observed differences between women who were and were not displaced. To account for the differences in the composition of the women who were displaced in a downturn and the women who were displaced in an upswing, we use a double weighting estimator. Results show that the extent to which job displacement has adverse effects on fertility depends on the business cycle. The first-birth rates were much lower for women who were displaced in an economic downturn than for those who lost a job in an economic upturn. This result cannot be explained by changes in the observed characteristics of the displaced women over the business cycle. Y1 - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-23234 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0580-4 SN - 1533-7790 SN - 0070-3370 VL - 54 IS - 3 SP - 933 EP - 959 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Berens, Eva-Maria A1 - Vogt, Dominique A1 - Schaeffer, Doris A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus A1 - Messer, Melanie T1 - Health literacy in old age: results of a German cross-sectional study JF - Health Promotion International KW - Health Literacy Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dax012 SN - 0957-4824, 1460-2245 SP - 1 EP - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus T1 - Schulen werden zu "Agenturen für Lernarbeit". Die Generationen Y und Z tragen die digitale Revolution in die Pädagogik BT - die Fachzeitschrift für die pädagogische Fächergruppe JF - Pädagogikunterricht Y1 - 2017 SN - 0176-179X IS - 2 SP - 36 EP - 41 PB - VdP CY - Wesel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus T1 - Die Entwicklungsaufgaben des Jugendalters. Vor welchen Herausforderungen stehen die Generationen Y und Z BT - die Fachzeitschrift für die pädagogische Fächergruppe JF - Pädagogikunterricht Y1 - 2017 SN - 0176-179X IS - 1 SP - 10 EP - 18 PB - VdP CY - Wesel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Çalı, Başak A1 - Ghanea, Nazila A1 - Jones, Benjamin T1 - Big Promises, Small Gains: Domestic Effects of Human Rights Treaty Ratification in the Member States of the Gulf Cooperation Council JF - Human Rights Quarterly N2 - In recent years, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states have been in-creasingly willing to ratify United Nations human rights instruments. This article examines the underlying rationales for these ratifications and the limited range and drivers of subsequent domestic reforms post ratification. Drawing on both a quantitative analysis of engagement with the UN treaty bodies and Charter-based mechanisms in over 120 UN reports and qualitative interviews with over sixty-five government officials, members of civil society, National Human Rights Institutions, lawyers, and judges from all six states, this article argues that in the GCC states, UN human rights treaty ratification results from a desire to increase standing in the international community. Treaty ratification has limited effects driven by international socialization and cautious leadership preferences. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2016.0017 SN - 1085-794X VL - 38 IS - 1 SP - 21 EP - 57 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Çalı, Başak T1 - Comparing the support of the EU and the US to international human rights law qua international human rights law: Worlds too far apart? JF - International Journal of Constitutional Law N2 - Support for international human rights law (IHRL) is one area where most international lawyers would have a hunch that the European Union fares better than the United States overall. In this article I focus on Pollack’s dependent variable, “support” for international law, and its four dimensions: leadership, commitment, compliance, and internalization and investigate this hunch. I find that the conventional contrast between the US and the EU with regard to their support for IHRL is valid, with respect to political support for IHRL, but less so for judicial support. I argue that the marked differences between the EU and the US in the field of political support for IHRL are best explained by the thickness of the institutional human rights regime with respect to EU member states In the case of judicial support, the CJEU shares with the US Supreme Court the reflex of protecting its own constitutional autonomy, despite the comparatively better legal resources at its disposal to support IHRL. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mov058 SN - 1474-2659 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - 901 EP - 922 PB - Oxford University Press ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Çalı, Başak A1 - Koch, Anne T1 - Foxes Guarding the Foxes? The Peer Review of Human Rights Judgments by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe JF - Human Rights Law Review N2 - This article investigates the reliability of the peer review of human rights judgments by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe. It argues that, even if composed of politically motivated actors, the Committee is not to be dismissed too cursorily as a deficient and unreliable system of compliance monitoring. Evidence shows that formal and informal institutional constraints, in particular the presence of a strong Secretariat, constrain the propensity to bargain amongst Council of Europe diplomats acting as peers when monitoring the implementation of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights. Our finding runs contrary to the proposition that Europe constitutes a special case of cultural convergence around respect for international human rights law. The article further argues that hybrid models of compliance monitoring which combine political as well as judicial and technocratic elements may be more effective in facilitating human rights compliance than direct international court orders or expert recommendations. KW - state peer review KW - monitoring compliance with judgments KW - European Convention on Human Rights KW - European Court of Human Rights KW - Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe KW - Department for the Execution of Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngu007 SN - 1744-1021 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 301 EP - 325 PB - Oxford Academic ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Çalı, Başak A1 - Koch, Anne A1 - Bruch, Nicola T1 - The social legitimacy of Human Rights Courts: a grounded interpretivist analysis of the European Court of Human Rights JF - Human Rights Quarterly N2 - This article offers an empirically grounded interpretivist theory of the social legitimacy of the European Court of Human Rights based on domestic judicial and political elite accounts of the legitimacy of the Court in Turkey, Bulgaria, United Kingdom, Ireland and Germany. The central argument of the article is that the social legitimacy of the European Court of Human Rights is based on a constant comparison between the values and goals of domestic institutions and the values and goals of the European Court of Human Rights. More specifically, the social legitimacy of the European Court of Human Rights is grounded in the logic of a fair compromise: What actors think they lose by according legitimacy to the European Court of Human Rights must be balanced by what they perceive to gain in return. Three factors organise how actors in different domestic settings struck a fair compromise in their domestic contexts: a) perception of domestic human rights conditions, b) commitment to cosmopolitan ideals of human rights and international law and c) commitment to domestic institutions. KW - European Court of Human Rights KW - legitimacy KW - elite opinion KW - interpretivism Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2013.0057 SN - 1085-794X VL - 35 IS - 3 SP - 955 EP - 984 PB - The Johns Hopkins University Press ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Minx, Jan C. T1 - Better data for assessing local climate policies JF - Environmental Research Letters Y1 - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-22542 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa6e03 SN - 1748-9326 VL - 12 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Çalı, Başak T1 - The Logics of Supranational Human Rights Litigation, Official Acknowledgment, and Human Rights Reform: The Southeast Turkey Cases before the European Court of Human Rights, 1996-2006 JF - Law and Social Inquiry N2 - This article examines the domestic impact of supranational human rights litigation on acknowledgment of state violence in the context of macroprocesses of global governance. The article's argument is that the impact of supranational human rights litigation on the process of acknowledgment must be seen through counternarratives on state violence. The article undertakes a detailed textual analysis of the truth claims and denial strategies that emerged from the European Court of Human Rights proceedings on state violence during Turkey's struggle against the armed group the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK). It assesses these in the context of the human rights reforms that were created following pressure from European-level governance processes. The article argues that attention must be paid to agency in acknowledgment and truth-telling processes, and points to the limits of technical-bureaucratic forms of human rights reform interventions in the context of state violence. KW - Human rights KW - European Court of Human Rights KW - Terrorism KW - Law reform KW - Litigation KW - Government reform KW - Social law KW - European Council KW - Torture Y1 - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2010.01187.x SN - 1747-4469 VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 311 EP - 337 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Çalı, Başak T1 - On Interpretivism and International Law JF - European Journal of International Law N2 - This article argues for the relevance of interpretivism within theoretical and normative debates about international law. To do this, the article carries out two tasks. First, it draws out the central features of interpretivism that make it a theoretically distinct contribution to understanding the nature and theory of law. Secondly, it identifies four important objections, two external and two internal, to the relevance of interpretivism to international law. External objections stem from positivism and anti-essentialism about international law. Internal objections, on the other hand, stem from the view that international law does not suit the application of interpretivism. I show that it is possible to counter all four and conclude by pointing to the nature of future work that needs to be undertaken to develop a substantive interpretivist account of international law. Y1 - 2009 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-22561 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chp038 SN - 1464-3596 VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 805 EP - 822 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Çalı, Başak T1 - The Purposes of the European Human Rights System: One or Many? JF - European Human Rights Law Review Y1 - 2008 SN - 1361-1526 VL - 3 SP - 299 EP - 306 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Joerges, Christian T1 - Europe unwell, yet alive Y1 - 2016 UR - https://www.hertie-school.org/en/news/detail/content/europe-unwell-yet-alive/ N1 - Blog entry ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Joerges, Christian A1 - Kreuder-Sonnen, Christian T1 - Europe and European Studies in Crisis: Inter-Disciplinary and Intra-Disciplinary Schisms in Legal and Political Science JF - European Law Journal N2 - European Studies used to be dominated by legal and political science approaches which hailed the progress of European integration and its reliance on law. The recent set of crises that struck the EU have highlighted fundamental problems in the ways and means by which European integration unfolds. The quasi-authoritarian emergency politics deployed in the euro crisis is a radical expression of the fading prevalence of democratic processes to accommodate economic and social diversity in the Union. As we argue in this paper, however, the mainstreams in both disciplines retain a largely affirmative and apologetic stance on the EU's post-democratic and extra-constitutional development. While political science contributions mostly content themselves with a revival of conventional integration theories and thus turn a blind eye to normatively critical aspects of European crisis governance, legal scholarship is in short supply of normatively convincing theoretical paradigms and thus aligns itself with the functionalist reasoning of the EU's Court of Justice. Yet, we also identify critical peripheries in both disciplines which intersect in their critical appraisal of the authoritarian tendencies that inhere in the crisis-ridden state of European integration. Their results curb the prevailing optimism and underline that the need for fundamental reorientations in both the theory and practice of European integration has become irrefutable. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/eulj.12225 SN - 1468-0386 VL - 23 PB - John Wiley & Sons Ltd ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Toepler, Stefan T1 - Zivilgesellschaft zwischen Repression und Vernachlässigung JF - Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen N2 - Das Verhältnis zwischen Staat und Zivilgesellschaft ist in letzter Zeit komplexer geworden. In einigen Ländern hat sich das Verhältnis derart verschlechtert, dass von einem shrinking space für die Zivilgesellschaft gesprochen wird. Diese Diagnose gilt jedoch hauptsächlich für autoritäre und illiberale politische Systeme, die der Zivilgesellschaft mit Repression begegnen. Zivilgesellschaftliche Räume schrumpfen jedoch auch in Demokratien: weniger durch direkte Unterdrückung, sondern durch eine politische Stagnation, die durch eine politische Vernachlässigung der Zivilgesellschaft verursacht wird. Diese führt zu einer schleichenden Erosion zivilgesellschaftlicher Kapazitäten und stellt eine zunehmende gesellschaftspolitische Herausforderung dar. Als Gegenmaßnahme plädieren wir für eine aktive Reformpolitik, wobei neuere Modelle der rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen und Regulierungen im Mittelpunkt stehen sollten, die auf eine bessere Fassung der funktionalen Differenzierung zivilgesellschaftlicher Organisationen zielen. KW - Soziologie Y1 - 2020 UR - https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/fjsb/33/2/article-p587.xml U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/fjsb-2020-0052 SN - 2192-4848 VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 587 EP - 600 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chierchia, Gabriele A1 - Przyrembel, Marisa A1 - Lesemann, Franca Parianen A1 - Bosworth, Steven A1 - Snower, Dennis A1 - Singer, Tania T1 - Navigating Motivation: A Semantic and Subjective Atlas of 7 Motives JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Research from psychology, neurobiology and behavioral economics indicates that a binary view of motivation, based on approach and avoidance, may be too reductive. Instead, a literature review suggests that at least seven distinct motives are likely to affect human decisions: “consumption/resource seeking,” “care,” “affiliation,” “achievement,” “status-power,” “threat approach” (or anger), and “threat avoidance” (or fear). To explore the conceptual distinctness and relatedness of these motives, we conducted a semantic categorization task. Here, participants were to assign provided words to one of the motives. By applying principal component analysis to the categorization assignments we represent the semantic inter-relations of these motives on a two-dimensional space, a “semantic atlas.” This atlas suggests that, while care and affiliation are conceptually close, affiliation is closer to threat avoidance (or fear); opposite to these motives we find achievement, consumption and power, with the latter lying closer to threat approach (or anger). In a second study, we asked participants to rate how well the motive-specific words obtained in the first study described their currently experienced feelings. We find that semantically close motives are also more likely to be experienced together, that is, we replicate most of the semantic relations in the “subjective atlas.” We discuss our findings in comparison to other multi-dimensional models of motivation, which show clear similarities. In addition to these motivational atlases, we provide a database of motive-specific words, together with the valence and arousal scores. These can be used for future research on the influence of motives on decision making. KW - - KW - affiliation KW - care KW - motives KW - motivation psychology KW - semantic categorization KW - economic decision making Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568064 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 11 PB - Frontiers Media S.A. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Purdie-Vaughns, Valerie A1 - Dovidio, John F A1 - Naft, Michael J T1 - The implicit power motive in intergroup dialogues about the history of slavery JF - Journal of Personality and Social Psychology N2 - This research demonstrates that individual differences in the implicit power motive (i.e., the concern with impact, influence, and control) moderate how African Americans communicate with White Americans in challenging intergroup dialogues. In a study with African American participants we find that the higher their implicit power motive, the more they use an affiliation strategy to communicate with a White American partner in a conversation context that evokes the history of slavery (Study 1). In a study with White American participants we find that, in the same conversation context, they are more engaged (i.e., open, attentive, and motivated) if they receive an affiliation message rather than a no-affiliation message from an African American partner (Study 2). In interracial dyads we find that African American participants' implicit power motives moderate how much they intend to signal warmth to a White American discussion partner, how much they display immediacy behaviors and use affiliation imagery in the discussion, and with what level of engagement White American participants respond (Study 3). High but not low implicit power African Americans thus employ a communication strategy-expressing affiliation and warmth-that can be effective for engaging White Americans with uncomfortable, race-identity-relevant topics. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000118 VL - 112 IS - 1 SP - 116 EP - 135 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Samii, Cyrus T1 - Can intergroup contact affect ingroup dynamics? Insights from a field study with Jewish and Arab-Palestinian youth in Israel. JF - Journal of Peace Psychology N2 - How can intergroup contact programs affect conflict-ridden communities besides improving the outgroup attitudes of participating individuals? We address this question by examining the effects of an intergroup contact intervention on ingroup dynamics that may mitigate intergroup conflict. We also examine how outgroup attitudes and psychological resources mediate such effects. We present the results from a difference-in-differences design with 149 Jewish and Arab-Palestinian youth, some of whom participated in an intergroup contact and sports program operated by a nongovernmental organizations in Israel. Our main outcome is one’s tendency to censure ingroup members’ provocations toward the outgroup. As expected, we find a positive impact of the program on ingroup censuring. However, this result is only marginally significant. We find a positive effect of program participation on outgroup attitudes among Jewish youth as expected. To our surprise, among Arab-Palestinian youth, we find a negative effect on outgroup attitudes. Exploring the underlying processes and group-based differences further, we find that outgroup regard mediates the effect of intergroup contact on ingroup censuring for Jewish youth. We find no evidence for mediation among Arab-Palestinian youth but a positive association between ingroup censuring and psychological resources. These results suggest that the psychological conditions of ingroup censuring may differ by group. We discuss implications for peace-building interventions in societies with groups in conflict. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000217 VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 380 EP - 392 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. T1 - The (identification) cards you are dealt: Biased treatment of Anglos and Latinos using municipal-issued versus unofficial ID Cards JF - Journal of Political Psychology N2 - The current field experiment investigated if and how Latinos versus Anglos experience biased treatment in a setting where documentation is relevant. In an audit experiment, Latino customers were treated differently than a matched team of Anglo customers when making $10 check payments at retail stores. Specifically, Latinos were asked to present an identification card (ID) more frequently than Anglo customers, were quoted a higher minimum-dollar amount for purchasing a gift certificate, and received more negative affect from salespersons. Among those who were asked for identification, a municipal-issued ID card was declined at equal rates from Latinos and Anglos, while an unofficial ID card was declined more from Anglos than Latinos. The association of Latino identity with foreignness and undocumented immigration, and the potential of municipal-ID card programs to serve undocumented immigrants are discussed. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12044 VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - 539 EP - 555 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Lagunes, Paul A1 - Levin, Brian M. T1 - Documenting the Undocumented: A Review of the United States' First Municipal ID Program JF - Harvard Journal of Hispanic Policy N2 - The City of New Haven, CT, sought to promote the assimilation of its immigrants by becoming the first American city to provide a government-backed ID, the Elm City Resident Card, to all residents. This article tests the policy's effectiveness in commerce. We find that Hispanics/Latinos are asked to present an ID more than Whites/Anglos, showing that the former are in greater need of documentation, regardless of their citizenship status. When a Hispanic/Latino presented the Elm City Resident Card to a cashier, it fared only as well as an unofficial ID. Thus, we conclude that the card has negligible utility as a form of documentation. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.7916/D8TX3MQS VL - 24 SP - 43 EP - 62 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hässler, Tabea A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - al, et T1 - Needs Satisfaction in Intergroup Contact: A Multinational Study of Pathways Toward Social Change JF - Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: Interpersonal Relations and Group Processes N2 - What role does intergroup contact play in promoting support for social change toward greater social equality? Drawing on the needs-based model of reconciliation, we theorized that when inequality between groups is perceived as illegitimate, disadvantaged group members will experience a need for empowerment and advantaged group members a need for acceptance. When intergroup contact satisfies each group’s needs, it should result in more mutual support for social change. Using four sets of survey data collected through the Zurich Intergroup Project in 23 countries, we tested several preregistered predictions, derived from the above reasoning, across a large variety of operationalizations. Two studies of disadvantaged groups (Ns = 689 ethnic minority members in Study 1 and 3,382 sexual/gender minorities in Study 2) support the hypothesis that, after accounting for the effects of intergroup contact and perceived illegitimacy, satisfying the need for empowerment (but not acceptance) during contact is positively related to support for social change. Two studies with advantaged groups (Ns = 2,937 ethnic majority members in Study 3 and 4,203 cis-heterosexual individuals in Study 4) showed that, after accounting for illegitimacy and intergroup contact, satisfying the need for acceptance (but also empowerment) is positively related to support for social change. Overall, findings suggest that intergroup contact is compatible with efforts to promote social change when group-specific needs are met. Thus, to encourage support for social change among both disadvantaged and advantaged group members, it is essential that, besides promoting mutual acceptance, intergroup contact interventions also give voice to and empower members of disadvantaged groups. Y1 - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-39717 U6 - https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/f9mwv SN - 0022-3514 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Alizade, Jeyhun A1 - Dancygier, Rafaela A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. T1 - National Penalties Reversed: The Local Politics of Citizenship and Politician Responsiveness to Immigrants JF - The Journal of Politics N2 - Local politicians can play an important role in promoting citizenship, but their helpfulness varies considerably across local councils. Do politicians discriminate against immigrants seeking to naturalize in ways that public opinion and national citizenship debates would suggest? In two correspondence studies fielded in Germany, we find no evidence that features that are salient in national debates and public opinion predict responsiveness. Specifically, signals of national identification and attachment play no role. Instead, we document a reversed national penalty: politicians are 50% more likely to assist a large low-status group (Turks) than a small high status-group (Canadians). When probing mechanisms via elite interviews, we find that the desire to promote integration and electoral participation can counteract biases that typically generate discrimination. Among politicians, factors associated with group size can therefore help reverse penalties against low-status groups. Research on citizenship and discrimination must consider these disconnects between public perceptions, national debates, and local politics. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1086/711056 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hässler, Tabea A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. T1 - A large-scale test for the link between intergroup contact and social change JF - Nature Human Behaviour N2 - Guided by the early findings of social scientists, practitioners have long advocated for greater contact between groups to reduce prejudice and increase social cohesion. Recent work, however, suggests that intergroup contact can undermine support for social change towards greater equality, especially among disadvantaged group members. Using a large and heterogeneous dataset (12,997 individuals from 69 countries), we demonstrate that intergroup contact and support for social change towards greater equality are positively associated among members of advantaged groups (ethnic majorities and cis-heterosexuals) but negatively associated among disadvantaged groups (ethnic minorities and sexual and gender minorities). Specification-curve analysis revealed important variation in the size—and at times, direction—of correlations, depending on how contact and support for social change were measured. This allowed us to identify one type of support for change—willingness to work in solidarity— that is positively associated with intergroup contact among both advantaged and disadvantaged group members. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0815-z VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 380 EP - 386 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Kopf-Beck, Johannes T1 - The Meaning of Being German: An Inductive Approach to National Identity JF - Journal of Political and Social Psychology N2 - Germany is often cited as a paradigmatic case for an ethnic model of nationalism but in recent years introduced many civic elements into its citizenship policies. The goal of the current article is to explore how German citizens construct their national identity against this backdrop. Using an inductive approach, we asked 987 German citizens to describe what being German means for them. A latent class analysis of content-coded responses revealed four classes: a heritage-based identity class with a strong focus on language and culture (39%), an ideology-based identity class that revolves around democracy, welfare, freedom, and economy and safety (19%), a legal-formalistic identity class that is mostly concerned with the legal requirement for obtaining and holding citizenship of national identity (26%), and a trait-based identity class describing personality-traits that are supposed to be typical for Germans (16%). These findings expand upon and add nuance to the commonly used civic vs. ethnic national identity content typology. Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v7i1.557 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 423 EP - 447 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Samii, Cyrus A1 - Zeitzoff, Thomas T1 - Addressing intergroup conflict from the bottom-up? JF - Social Issues and Policy Review N2 - How might interventions that engage ordinary citizens in settings of violent conflict affect broader conflict dynamics? Given the volume of resources committed every year to citizen-oriented programs that attempt to promote peace, this is an important question. We develop a framework to analyze processes through which individual-level interventions could mitigate violent conflict escalation more broadly. Individual-level interventions may increase positive feelings toward the outgroup, as well as psychological, social, and material resources among participants. These have the potential to influence behaviors such as policing of the ingroup, public advocacy, and political action that can contribute to peace. Yet, the effectiveness of interventions to influence the conflict is moderated by contextual factors like groups’ access to material resources, their positions in society, and political institutions. We use this analytical framework to assess evidence from recent intervention studies. We find that the current evidence base is quite small, does not cover the diversity of relevant contexts, and gives too little attention to resources and capacities that enable people to engage in conflict mitigation behaviors. Researchers and policy makers should go beyond thinking only about improving attitudes to thinking about behavior, resources, and capacities for such behaviors, and contextual conditions that constrain behavior. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12027 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 38 EP - 77 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Singh, Surya A1 - Shaikh, Mujaheed A1 - Hauck, Katharina A1 - Miraldo, Marisa T1 - Impacts of introducing and lifting nonpharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 daily growth rate and compliance in the United States JF - PNAS N2 - We evaluate the impacts of implementing and lifting nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) in US counties on the daily growth rate of COVID-19 cases and compliance, measured through the percentage of devices staying home, and evaluate whether introducing and lifting NPIs protecting selective populations is an effective strategy. We use difference-in-differences methods, leveraging on daily county-level data and exploit the staggered introduction and lifting of policies across counties over time. We also assess heterogenous impacts due to counties’ population characteristics, namely ethnicity and household income. Results show that introducing NPIs led to a reduction in cases through the percentage of devices staying home. When counties lifted NPIs, they benefited from reduced mobility outside of the home during the lockdown, but only for a short period. In the long term, counties experienced diminished health and mobility gains accrued from previously implemented policies. Notably, we find heterogenous impacts due to population characteristics implying that measures can mitigate the disproportionate burden of COVID-19 on marginalized populations and find that selectively targeting populations may not be effective. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021359118 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stockmann, Daniela A1 - Hartman, Keri A1 - Luo, Ting T1 - The political position generator - A new instrument for measuring political ties in China JF - Social Networks N2 - This paper proposes a novel instrument – the political position generator - for measuring individuals’ political ties, or personal, affective connections to state officials and other political actors. It adopts and adapts the more general position generator framework in social capital research to capture three key dimensions of political ties – upper reachability, network diversity, and tie strength. The measure is validated with data from a representative survey of the Chinese population and three scales representing the three political ties dimensions are created. In correlational and multivariate regression analyses, we find initial evidence of the instrument’s criterion-related (discriminant and concurrent) validity. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2020.05.004 SN - 0378-8733 VL - 63 SP - 70 EP - 79 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Guess, Andrew M. A1 - Barberá, Pablo A1 - Munzert, Simon A1 - Yang, JungHwan ED - Bail, Christopher Andrew T1 - The consequences of online partisan media JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences N2 - What role do ideologically extreme media play in the polarization of society? Here we report results from a randomized longitudinal field experiment embedded in a nationally representative online panel survey (N = 1,037) in which participants were incentivized to change their browser default settings and social media following patterns, boosting the likelihood of encountering news with either a left-leaning (HuffPost) or right-leaning (Fox News) slant during the 2018 US midterm election campaign. Data on ≈ 19 million web visits by respondents indicate that resulting changes in news consumption persisted for at least 8 wk. Greater exposure to partisan news can cause immediate but short-lived increases in website visits and knowledge of recent events. After adjusting for multiple comparisons, however, we find little evidence of a direct impact on opinions or affect. Still, results from later survey waves suggest that both treatments produce a lasting and meaningful decrease in trust in the mainstream media up to 1 y later. Consistent with the minimal-effects tradition, direct consequences of online partisan media are limited, although our findings raise questions about the possibility of subtle, cumulative dynamics. The combination of experimentation and computational social science techniques illustrates a powerful approach for studying the long-term consequences of exposure to partisan news. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013464118 VL - 118 IS - 14 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engel, Christoph A1 - Goerg, Sebastian A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Intensified support for juvenile offenders on probation: Evidence from Germany JF - Journal of Empirical Legal Studies N2 - This paper studies a probation program in Cologne, Germany. The program, which has a clear rehabilitative focus, offers intensified personal support to serious juvenile offenders over the first 6 months of their probation period. To evaluate the program's impact on recidivism, we draw on two research designs. Firstly, a small-scale randomized trial assigns offenders to probation with regular or intensified support. Secondly, a regression discontinuity design exploits a cutoff that defines program eligibility. The results suggest that the program reduces recidivism. The effect seems persistent over at least 3 years. Our evidence further indicates that the drop in recidivism is strongest among less severe offenders. KW - youth crime KW - recidivism KW - probation KW - randomized control trial KW - regression discontinuity design Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jels.12311 VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 447 EP - 490 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Munzert, Simon A1 - Ramirez-Ruiz, Sebastian T1 - Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Voting Advice Applications JF - Political Communication N2 - We review the influence of voting advice applications (VAAs) on three core outcomes: turnout, vote choice, and issue knowledge. In a meta-analysis of 55 effects reported in 22 studies, comprising 73,673 participants in 9 countries, we find strong evidence for positive effects of VAA usage on reported turnout (OR = 1.87; 95% CI = [1.50, 2.33]) and vote choice (OR = 1.44; 95% CI = [1.16, 1.78]) as well as modest evidence on knowledge increase (partial correlation = 0.09; 95% CI = [−0.01, 0.18]). At the same time, we observe large heterogeneity in effect sizes, for which study design turns out to be a key driver. Effects are substantively weaker in causally more rigorous experimental studies. We highlight the need for more well-powered experimental research as well as studies focusing on the acquisition of knowledge in VAA usage. KW - Meta-analysis KW - VAA KW - voting advice application Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1843572 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Zinn, Sabine T1 - Coronacrisis and care: How the coronavirus crisis affected fathers’ involvement in Germany (Introduction to the Special Issue) JF - Journal of Family Research N2 - BACKGROUND Some have hypothesized that the coronavirus crisis may result in a retraditionalization of behaviour. This paper examines this hypothesis by analyzing how the time fathers and mothers spent with their children changed during the first lockdown in the case of Germany. METHODS Data for this investigation come from the German Socio-Economic Panel. The outcome variable is the time spent on childcare tasks. We investigate how this time changed between 2019 and spring 2020 and how these patterns differed by gender, education, and employment situation. As a method, we employ linear panel regressions where the dependent variable is the change in childcare time between the two survey years. RESULTS We find that fathers and mothers expanded the time they spent on childcare to similar degrees between 2019 and spring 2020, which marks the period of the first lockdown. However, we also observe large differences by level of education. We find that men with low and medium levels of education spent more time with their children than they did before the onset of the crisis. CONTRIBUTION Our study provides novel evidence on the effect of the coronavirus crisis on fathers’ involvement in childcare. Contrary to expectations based on previous research, we find that fathers expanded the time they were spending with their children during the first lockdown. While we also find that women continue to perform the bulk of childcare tasks, our results cast a positive light on the potential of paternal involvement in contemporary societies. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2021.44.4 VL - 44 - Special Issue SP - 100 EP - 122 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sprengholz, Maximilian A1 - Diehl, Claudia A1 - Giesecke, Johannes A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - From "guest workers" to EU migrants: A gendered view on the labour market integration of different arrival cohorts in Germany JF - Journal of Family Research N2 - Objective: This paper draws on data from the Microcensus to provide a long-term overview of the labour market performance of different arrival cohorts of non-German women and men who immigrated to (western) Germany. Background: While there is a large body of research on the labour market outcomes of migrants to Germany, a long-term and gender-specific overview is missing. Method: We provide descriptive analyses of the employment rates, working hours, and occupational status levels of different arrival cohorts by gender, calendar year, and duration of stay. The data cover the time period 1976-2015. Results: With the exception of the earliest cohort, migrant women and men were consistently less likely to be employed than their German counterparts. While the average working hours of migrant women of earlier cohorts were longer than those of German women, this pattern reversed due to a considerable decline in the average working hours of migrant women across subsequent cohorts. The occupational status levels of female and male migrants increased across the arrival cohorts, corresponding to higher levels of education. Analyses by duration of stay indicate that the occupational status of the arrival cohorts tended to decline during their initial years of residence, and to stagnate thereafter. This pattern seems to be due in part to selective outmigration. Conclusion: Our results clearly show that the labour market performance of immigrants varied greatly by arrival cohort, reflecting the conditions and policy contexts during which they entered Germany. This conclusion applied especially to migrant women. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.20377/jfr-492 VL - Special Issue SP - 1 EP - 32 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blume-Werry, Eike A1 - Faber, Thomas A1 - Hirth, Lion A1 - Huber, Claus A1 - Everts, Martin T1 - Eyes on the Price: Which Power Generation Technologies Set the Market Price? JF - Economics of Energy & Environmental Policy N2 - Upon discussion of price setting on electricity wholesale markets, many refer to the so-called merit order model. Conventional wisdom holds that during most hours of the year, coal- or natural gas-fired power plants set the price on European markets. In this context, this paper analyses price setting on European power markets. We use a fundamental electricity market model of interconnected bidding zones to determine hourly price-setting technologies for the year 2020. We find a price-setting pattern that is more complex and nuanced than the conventional wisdom suggests: across all researched countries, coal- and natural gas-fired power plants set the price for only 40 per cent of all hours. Other power generation technologies such as wind, biomass, hydro and nuclear power plants as well as lignite-fired plants set the price during the rest of the year. On some markets, the price setting is characterised by a high level of interconnectivity and thus foreign influence – as illustrated by the example of the Netherlands. During some 75 per cent of hours, foreign power plants set the price on the Dutch market, whilst price setting in other more isolated markets is barely affected by foreign markets. Hence, applying the price setting analysis to the proposed Dutch carbon price floor, we show that different carbon prices have little effect on the technological structure of the price-setting units. In this respect, the impacts of the unilateral initiative are limited. There are, however, considerable changes to be observed in wholesale power prices, import/export balances as well as production volumes and subsequent CO2 outputs of lignite-, coal- and gas-fired power plants. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5547/2160-5890.10.1.eblu VL - 10 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Diehl, Claudia A1 - Kroh, Martin A1 - Giesecke, Johannes T1 - Female employment and migration in European countries JF - Journal of Family Research N2 - Objective: This chapter introduces the reader to the Special Issue "Female Employment and Migration in European Countries". Background: While there is a large body of research on the labour market performance of male migrants, women’s employment behaviour after migration has only recently moved into the focus of attention. Method: This Special Issue draws on various research methods and data sources, including register, census, and survey data. Some of the studies focus on specific national contexts, such as the German, Spanish, Dutch, and Belgian situations. Other studies compare female migrants across European countries and between origin and destination countries. Results: The contributions in this Special Issue help to disentangle the complex interplay of socio-economic factors, family and fertility behaviour, gender role attitudes, and institutional constraints and policies that shape the employment behaviour of migrant women after they migrate. Conclusion: In many European countries, the employment rates of first-generation female migrants, and particularly those of women from non-EU countries of origin, lag behind the employment rates of native women. While prior research has often reported that socio-economic and cultural factors play a role in shaping the employment behaviour of female migrants, the contributions in this volume also emphasise the strong relevance of institutional factors in the receiving country, including migration, family, and labour market policies. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.20377/jfr-700 VL - Special Issue ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Konietzka, Dirk A1 - Feldhaus, Michael A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Trappe, Heike ED - Hollstein, Betina ED - Greshoff, Rainer ED - Schimank, Uwe ED - Weiß, Anja T1 - Family and intimate relationships JF - Soziologische Revue N2 - This article provides an overview on research on intimate relationships and the family in Germany since the turn of the millennium. It is argued that “German family sociology” has undergone major changes in various ways. In theoretical terms, micro-theoretical approaches have largely replaced former macro-sociological debates on de-institutionalization and pluralization of the family. In empirical research, the application of a life course perspective and the use of longitudinal data have become more and more established. In substantial terms, researchers have pursued integrative research perspectives that link family dynamics to other life domains. Not least, publication strategies shifted in favor of English language and international journals. In sum, these developments have fundamentally changed the German researchlandscape on intimate relationships and the family. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110627275-008 VL - Special Issue SP - 99 EP - 116 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Purdie-Vaughns, Valerie A1 - Eibach, Richard P. T1 - Heritage and ideology-based national identities and their implications for immigrant citizen relations in the United States and in Germany JF - International Journal of Intercultural Relations N2 - The present research examines the meaning of national identity in the United States and Germany and its implications for immigrant citizen relations. In Study 1, American and German participants responded to the question “What does it mean to be American [German]?” Results revealed that the American national identity is ideology-based as characterized by an endorsement of a core set of transcendent and abstract values. The German national identity is heritage-based as characterized by self-descriptive traits and cultural traditions. In Study 2, American participants were less likely than German participants to express exclusion from national identity in response to an immigrant who gave affective versus pragmatic reasons for becoming a citizen. The reverse was true for German participants. In sum, culture shapes national identity and responses to immigrants. Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.07.002 VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - 395 EP - 405 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dovidio, John F. A1 - Gluszek, Agata A1 - John, Melissa-Sue A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Lagunes, Paul T1 - Understanding bias toward Latinos: Discrimination, dimensions of difference, and experience of exclusion JF - Journal of Social Issues N2 - White–Black relations have historically been the defining form of intergroup relations in the study of prejudice and discrimination. The present article suggests that there are limitations to applying this model to understanding bias toward other groups and proposes that a comprehensive view of the dynamics of the Anglos’ bias toward Latinos requires consideration of the distinctive elements of this form of intergroup relations. In four empirical studies, we experimentally document discrimination against Latinos (Study 1), explore the potential dimensions that underlie bias against Latinos (Study 2), and examine the effect of a particular social identity cue, accentedness, on perceptions of acceptance and belongingness of Latinos and members of other groups (Studies 3 and 4). These studies consider general processes of prejudice and identify how particular facets of bias against Latinos can shape their experiences and, taken together, illustrate how understanding bias against Latinos can reciprocally inform contemporary theories of prejudice. Y1 - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01633.x VL - 66 IS - 1 SP - 59 EP - 78 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Purdie-Vaughns, Valerie A1 - Steele, Claude M. A1 - Davies, Paul G. A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Crosby, Jennifer Randall T1 - Social identity contingencies: How diversity cues signal threat or safety for African Americans in mainstream institutions JF - Journal of Personality and Social Psychology N2 - This research demonstrates that people at risk of devaluation based on group membership are attuned to cues that signal social identity contingencies--judgments, stereotypes, opportunities, restrictions, and treatments that are tied to one's social identity in a given setting. In 3 experiments, African American professionals were attuned to minority representation and diversity philosophy cues when they were presented as a part of workplace settings. Low minority representation cues coupled with colorblindness (as opposed to valuing diversity) led African American professionals to perceive threatening identity contingencies and to distrust the setting (Experiment 1). The authors then verified that the mechanism mediating the effect of setting cues on trust was identity contingent evaluations (Experiments 2 & 3). The power of social identity contingencies as they relate to underrepresented groups in mainstream institutions is discussed. Y1 - 2008 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.615 VL - 94 IS - 4 SP - 615 EP - 630 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nicodemo, Catia A1 - Barzin, Samira A1 - Cavalli, Nicolò A1 - Lasserson, Daniel A1 - Moscone, Francesco A1 - Redding, Stuart A1 - Shaikh, Mujaheed T1 - Measuring geographical disparities in England at the time of COVID-19: results using a composite indicator of population vulnerability JF - BMJ Open N2 - Objectives: The growth of COVID-19 infections in England raises questions about system vulnerability. Several factors that vary across geographies, such as age, existing disease prevalence, medical resource availability and deprivation, can trigger adverse effects on the National Health System during a pandemic. In this paper, we present data on these factors and combine them to create an index to show which areas are more exposed. This technique can help policy makers to moderate the impact of similar pandemics. Design: We combine several sources of data, which describe specific risk factors linked with the outbreak of a respiratory pathogen, that could leave local areas vulnerable to the harmful consequences of large-scale outbreaks of contagious diseases. We combine these measures to generate an index of community-level vulnerability. Setting: 91 Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs) in England. Main outcome: measures We merge 15 measures spatially to generate an index of community-level vulnerability. These measures cover prevalence rates of high-risk diseases; proxies for the at-risk population density; availability of staff and quality of healthcare facilities. Results: We find that 80% of CCGs that score in the highest quartile of vulnerability are located in the North of England (24 out of 30). Here, vulnerability stems from a faster rate of population ageing and from the widespread presence of underlying at-risk diseases. These same areas, especially the North-East Coast areas of Lancashire, also appear vulnerable to adverse shocks to healthcare supply due to tighter labour markets for healthcare personnel. Importantly, our index correlates with a measure of social deprivation, indicating that these communities suffer from long-standing lack of economic opportunities and are characterised by low public and private resource endowments. Conclusions: Evidence-based policy is crucial to mitigate the health impact of pandemics such as COVID-19. While current attention focuses on curbing rates of contagion, we introduce a vulnerability index combining data that can help policy makers identify the most vulnerable communities. We find that this index is positively correlated with COVID-19 deaths and it can thus be used to guide targeted capacity building. These results suggest that a stronger focus on deprived and vulnerable communities is needed to tackle future threats from emerging and re-emerging infectious disease. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039749 VL - 10 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Campion, Averill A1 - Gasco, Mila A1 - Jankin, Slava A1 - Esteve, Marc T1 - Managing Artificial Intelligence Deployment in the Public Sector JF - Computer/IEEE, 2020 N2 - The scarcity of empirical evidence surrounding the organizational challenges and successful approaches to artificial intelligence (AI) deployment has resulted in mostly theoretical conceptualizations. By analyzing policy labs and offices of data analytics across the US to understand organizational challenges of AI adoption and implementation in the public sector as well as to identify successful management strategies to address such challenges, our study moves from speculation to gathering evidence. Our findings show that most challenges are found during the implementation stage and include challenges related to skills, culture, and resistance to share the data driven by data challenges. Further, our results indicate that long term strategies and short term actions need to be put in place to address these challenges. Among the first ones, leadership and executive support and stakeholder management seem to play an important role. Data standardization, training, and data-sharing agreements also seem to be successful specific short-term actions. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2020.2995644 VL - 53 IS - 10 SP - 28 EP - 37 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dasandi, Niheer A1 - Graham, Hilary A1 - Lampard, Pete A1 - Jankin, Slava T1 - Engagement with health in national climate change commitments under the Paris Agreement: a global mixed-methods analysis of the nationally determined contributions JF - Lancet Planetary Health N2 - Background: Instituted under the Paris Agreement, nationally determined contributions (NDCs) outline countries’ plans for mitigating and adapting to climate change. They are the primary policy instrument for protecting people’s health in the face of rising global temperatures. However, evidence on engagement with health in the NDCs is scarce. In this study, we aimed to examine how public health is incorporated in the NDCs, and how different patterns of engagement might be related to broader inequalities and tensions in global climate politics. Methods: We analysed the NDCs in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change registry submitted by 185 countries. Using content analysis and natural language processing (NLP) methods, we developed measures of health engagement. Multivariate regression analyses examined whether country-level factors (eg, population size, gross domestic product [GDP], and climate-related exposures) were associated with greater health engagement. Using NLP methods, we compared health engagement with other climate-related challenges (ie, economy, energy, and agriculture) and examined broader differences in the keyword terms used in countries with high and low health engagement in their NDCs. Findings: Countries that did not mention health in their NDCs were clustered in high-income countries, whereas greater health engagement was concentrated in low-income and middle-income countries. Having a low GDP per capita and being a small island developing state were associated with higher levels of health engagement. In addition, higher levels of population exposure to temperature change and ambient air pollution were associated with more health coverage included in a country’s NDC. Variation in health engagement was greater than for other climate-related issues and reflected wider differences in countries’ approaches to the NDCs. Interpretation: A focus on health in the NDCs follows broader patterns of global inequalities. Poorer and climate-vulnerable countries that contribute least to climate change are more likely to engage with health in their NDCs, while richer countries focus on non-health sectors in their NDCs, such as energy and the economy. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30302-8 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - 93 EP - 101 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dasandi, Niheer A1 - Graham, Hilary A1 - Lampard, Pete A1 - Jankin, Slava T1 - Intergovernmental engagement on health impacts of climate change JF - Bulletin of the World Health Organization N2 - Objective: To examine country engagement with the health impacts of climate change in (1) annual statements in the UN General Debate (UNGD); and (2) the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) of the Paris Agreement; and to identify what factors drive country engagement. Methods: First, we measure engagement by the total references to the health and climate change relationship in each text, using a keyword-in-context search with relevant search terms. Second, we use machine learning models, specifically random forest models, to identify the most important country-level predictors of engagement. Our predictors are political and economic factors, health outcomes, climate change-related variables, and membership of political negotiating groups in the UN. Findings: For both UNGD statements and NDCs, we find that that low- and middle-income countries discuss the health impacts of climate change much more than high-income countries. We find that the most important predictors of country engagement are related health outcomes (infant mortality rates, maternal death risk, life expectancy), countries’ income levels (GDP per capita), and fossil fuel consumption. Membership of political negotiating groups (e.g. G77 and SIDS) is less important predictors. Conclusion: Our analysis indicates a North-South division in engagement, and hence there is little to suggest that a health framing of climate change overcomes existing geopolitical divisions in climate change negotiations. Countries who carry the heaviest health burdens but lack necessary resources to address the impacts of climate change are shouldering responsibility for reminding the global community of the implications of climate change for people’s health. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.20.270033 VL - 102 IS - 111 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Watts, Nick A1 - Jankin, Slava A1 - Munzert, Simon A1 - Amann, Markus A1 - Arnell, Nigel A1 - Ayeb-Karlsson, Sonja A1 - Beagley, Jessica A1 - Belesova, Kristine A1 - Boykoff, Maxwell A1 - Byass, Peter A1 - Cai, Wenjia A1 - Campbell-Lendrum, Diarmid A1 - Capstick, Stuart A1 - Chambers, Jonathan A1 - Coleman, Samantha A1 - Dalin, Carole A1 - Daly, Meaghan A1 - Dasandi, Niheer T1 - The 2020 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: responding to converging crises JF - The Lancet N2 - The world has already warmed by more than 1.2C compared with preindustrial levels, resulting in profound, immediate, and rapidly worsening health effects, and moving dangerously close to the agreed limit of maintaining temperatures “well below 2C”. These health impacts are seen on every continent, with the ongoing spread of dengue virus across South America, the cardiovascular and respiratory effects of record heatwaves and wildfires in Australia, western North America, and western Europe, and the undernutrition and mental health effects of floods and droughts in China, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and South Africa. In the long term, climate change threatens the very foundations of human health and wellbeing, with the Global Risks Report registering climate change as one of the five most damaging or probable global risks every year for the past decade. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32290-X VL - 397 IS - 10269 SP - 129 EP - 170 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brüggmann, Daniel A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - Die Einkommensverläufe von Männern nach Scheidung: Welchen Einfluss haben Kinder und Ex-Partnerinnen? JF - RV aktuell Y1 - 2020 UR - https://www.deutsche-rentenversicherung.de/DRV/DE/Ueber-uns-und-Presse/Mediathek/Zeitschriften/rv_aktuell/2020/rv_aktuell_2020.html VL - 11/12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ruhnau, Oliver T1 - How flexible electricity demand stabilizes wind and solar market values: the case of hydrogen electrolyzers JF - Applied Energy, Elsevier N2 - Wind and solar energy are often expected to fall victim to their own success: the higher their share in electricity production, the more their revenue on electricity markets (their “market value”) declines. While in conventional power systems, the market value may converge to zero, this study demonstrates that “green” hydrogen production, through adding electricity demand in low-price hours, can effectively and permanently halt the decline. With an analytical derivation, a Monte Carlo simulation, and a numerical electricity market model, I find that – due to flexible hydrogen production alone – market values across Europe likely converge above €19 ± 9 MWh-1 for solar energy and above €27 ± 8 MWh-1 for wind energy in 2050 (annual mean estimate ± standard deviation). This lower boundary is in the range of the projected levelized costs of renewables and has profound implications. Market-based renewables may hence be within reach. simulation, and a numerical electricity market model, I find that – due to flexible hydrogen production alone – market values across Europe likely converge above €19 ± 9 MWh-1 for solar energy and above €27 ± 8 MWh-1 for wind energy in 2050 (annual mean estimate ± standard deviation). This lower boundary is in the range of the projected levelized costs of renewables and has profound implications. Market-based renewables may hence be within reach. KW - renewable energy KW - hydrogen electrolysis KW - electricity market KW - electricity economics KW - integrated energy system KW - flexible electricity demand KW - Centre for Sustainability Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118194 VL - 307 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Darius, Philipp A1 - Urquhart, Michael T1 - Disinformed social movements: A large-scale mapping of conspiracy narratives as online harms during the COVID-19 pandemic JF - Online Social Networks and Media N2 - The COVID-19 pandemic caused high uncertainty regarding appropriate treatments and public policy reactions. This uncertainty provided a perfect breeding ground for spreading conspiratorial anti-science narratives based on disinformation. Disinformation on public health may alter the population’s hesitance to vaccinations, counted among the ten most severe threats to global public health by the United Nations. We understand conspiracy narratives as a combination of disinformation, misinformation, and rumour that are especially effective in drawing people to believe in post-factual claims and form disinformed social movements. Conspiracy narratives provide a pseudo-epistemic background for disinformed social movements that allow for self-identification and cognitive certainty in a rapidly changing information environment. This study monitors two established conspiracy narratives and their communities on Twitter, the anti-vaccination and anti-5G communities, before and during the first UK lockdown. The study finds that, despite content moderation efforts by Twitter, conspiracy groups were able to proliferate their networks and influence broader public discourses on Twitter, such as #Lockdown in the United Kingdom. KW - Disinformation, Conspiracy theory, Anti-vaccination, Anti-5G, Social network analysis, COVID-19, Social movements, Twitter, Public health, Trust in government Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.osnem.2021.100174 VL - 26 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thorvaldsdottir, Svanhildur A1 - Patz, Ronny A1 - Eckhard, Steffen T1 - International bureaucracy and the United Nations system: introduction JF - International Review of Administrative Sciences N2 - Built on the administrative system of the League of Nations, since the Second World War, the United Nations has grown into a sizeable, complex and multilevel system of several dozen international bureaucracies. Outside of a brief period in the 1980s, and despite growing scholarship on international public administrations over the past two decades, there have been few publications in the International Review of Administrative Sciences on the evolution of the United Nations system and its many public administrations. The special issue ‘International Bureaucracy and the United Nations System’ aims to encourage renewed scholarly focus on this global level of public administration. This introduction makes the case for why studying the United Nations’ bureaucracies matters from a public administration perspective, takes stock of key literature and discusses how the seven articles contribute to key substantive and methodological advancements in studying the administrations of the United Nations system. KW - international bureaucracy KW - international public administration KW - United Nations Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/00208523211038730 VL - 87 IS - 4 SP - 695 EP - 700 PB - SAGE ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bauernschuster, Stefan A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Tempolimit 130 auf Autobahnen: Eine evidenzbasierte Diskussion der Auswirkunge JF - Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik N2 - Welche Effekte würde ein allgemeines Tempolimit auf deutschen Autobahnen mit sich bringen? Stefan Bauernschuster und Christian Traxler versuchen, sich dieser oft emotional diskutierten Frage empirisch zu nähern. Die Autoren stoßen dabei rasch an Grenzen: Die Datenlage ist dürftig und kausale Evidenz ist rar. Gleichwohl skizzieren sie in ihrem Beitrag auf Basis der vorhandenen Daten und der internationalen Literatur eine Einschätzung, wie sich die Einführung eines Tempolimits 130 unter anderem auf Verkehrssicherheit, Emissionen und Zeitverluste auswirkt. Vieles spricht dafür, dass der Nutzen eines Tempolimits die möglichen Kosten übersteigt. Die Autoren rufen zu einer Stärkung der evidenzbasierten Verkehrspolitik auf. KW - Tempolimit KW - Verkehr Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/pwp-2021-0023 VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - 86 EP - 102 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Deo, Sahil A1 - Sontakke, Neha T1 - Usability, User Comprehension, and Perceptions of Explanations for Complex Decision Support Systems in Finance: A Robo-Advisory Use Case JF - Computer N2 - Robo-financial advisors are complex algorithmic decision-making systems with a high potential for mass adoption due to their low operating costs and multitasking abilities. The quantitative aspects of our study measure the efficacy and usability of explanations and qualitative aspects determine the effect of explanations on users and system usability. KW - Decision support systems, Costs, Decision making, Multitasking, Usability Y1 - 2021 UR - https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9548021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2021.3076851 VL - 54 IS - 10 SP - 38 EP - 48 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bünder, Tobias A1 - Karekezi, Catherine A1 - Wirtz, Veronika T1 - Governing industry involvement in the non-communicable disease response in Kenya JF - Globalization and Health N2 - Background: In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), multinational companies have become increasingly involved in addressing public health challenges. Dealing with companies as partners in health sector development creates new challenges for governments. We sought to develop an approach to assess the existence and effectiveness of governance structures that can ensure that industry-led public health initiatives contribute to development. Methods: We developed a governance assessment tool based on the principles of the Paris Declaration for Aid Effectiveness and other related agreements. We applied it to the case of pharmaceutical companies’ involvement in the Kenyan response to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). We gathered data for analysis through 46 stakeholder interviews and reviewing documents. Results: The Kenyan government has informal norms in place regarding program governance and strategy, but it has yet to issue formal regulations. While enabling elements exist that support initiatives to develop in alignment with these norms, implementation is often hindered by a lack of resources. Currently, broad stakeholder support for filling these gaps has created a window of opportunity for action. Conclusion: The application of the proposed assessment tool illustrates its viability for assisting companies and governments alike in defining governance needs for industry-led public health initiatives. Our findings in Kenya provide example considerations for LMICs working to integrate industry-led public health programs into the health system. Bilateral and multilateral donors also have important roles in strengthening LMICs’ capacities to govern multinational corporations’ contributions to NCDs in particular, and development in general. KW - Governance Kenya Pharmaceutical industry Non-communicable diseases Public-private partnerships CSR Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00776-3 SN - 1744-8603 VL - 17 IS - 123 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dubash, Navroz K. A1 - Pillai, Aditya Valiathan A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Harrison, Kathyrn A1 - Hochstetler, Kathryn A1 - Lockwood, Matthew A1 - MacNeil, Robert A1 - Mildenberger, Matto A1 - Paterson, Matthew A1 - Teng, Fei A1 - Tyler, Emily T1 - National climate institutions complement targets and policies JF - Science N2 - Discussions about climate mitigation tend to focus on the ambition of emission reduction targets or the prevalence, design, and stringency of climate policies. However, targets are more likely to translate to near-term action when backed by institutional machinery that guides policy development and implementation. Institutions also mediate the political interests that are often barriers to implementing targets and policies. Yet the study of domestic climate institutions is in its infancy, compared with the study of targets and policies. Existing governance literatures document the spread of climate laws (1, 2) and how climate policy-making depends on domestic political institutions (3–5). Yet these literatures shed less light on how states organize themselves internally to address climate change. To address this question, drawing on empirical case material summarized in table S1, we propose a systematic framework for the study of climate institutions. We lay out definitional categories for climate institutions, analyze how states address three core climate governance challenges—coordination, building consensus, and strategy development—and draw attention to how institutions and national political contexts influence and shape each other. Acontextual “best practice” notions of climate institutions are less useful than an understanding of how institutions evolve over time through interaction with national politics. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abm1157 VL - 374 IS - 6568 SP - 690 EP - 693 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Snower, Dennis A1 - Bosworth, Steven T1 - Economic, Social and Political Fragmentation: Linking Knowledge-Biased Growth, Identity, Populism and Protectionism JF - European Journal of Political Economy N2 - This paper examines how economic fragmentation (widening inequality of skills, income and education) gives rise to social fragmentation (via incompatible social identities), generating political fragmentation (via incompatible economic policies). We consider three value-driven identities: individualism, focused on status concerns, communitarianism, focused on social affiliations, and multi-affiliatedness, encompassing both objectives. Under endogenous identity formation high-skill people are drawn to individualism, the lower-skilled to communitarianism, and those of intermediate skill to multi-affiliatedness. Skill- and education-biased growth leads to increasing social polarisation, expanding the individualistic and communitarian groups at the expense of multi-affiliates. This expands the political constituency for closed policies (such as protectionism, immigration controls and nationalism), even when these policies reduce everyone's living standards. Our analysis thereby helps explain the economic and social underpinnings of populism. KW - Inequality; Communitarianism; Social fragmentation; Globalisation; Individualism; Identity Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0176268020301130?via%3Dihub U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2020.101965 VL - 67 IS - 101965 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Traxler, Christian A1 - Dušek, Libor A1 - Pardo, Nicolas T1 - Salience and Timely Compliance: Evidence from Speeding Tickets JF - Journal of Policy Analysis and Management N2 - This paper studies the enforcement of fines, and, in particular, the effects of simplification and salience nudges on timely payments. In a randomized controlled trial, we add cover letters to 80,000 payment notifications for speeding. The letters increase the salience of the payment deadline, the late penalty, or both. Emphasizing only the deadline is not effective. Stressing the late penalty significantly and persistently increases payment rates. The effect is largest if both parameters are made salient. The most effective treatment yields a net revenue gain that covers approximately 25 percent of the labor costs of the ticket administration personnel. A survey experiment documents how the salience nudges alter prior (mis)perceptions about the communicated parameters. The survey results rationalize the differential effects of the treatments and, together with the evidence from the RCT, offer a broader framework for explaining why certain nudges are effective in some contexts but fail in others. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.22387 VL - 2 SP - 426 EP - 449 ET - 41 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Linek, Maximilian A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Framing and Social Information Nudges at Wikipedia JF - Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization N2 - We analyze a series of trials that randomly assigned Wikipedia users in Germany to different web banners soliciting donations. The trials varied framing or content of social information about how many other users are donating. Framing a given number of donors in a negative way increased donation rates. Variations in the communicated social information had no detectable effects. The findings are consistent with the results from a survey experiment. In line with donations being strategic substitutes, the survey documents that the negative framing lowers beliefs about others’ donations. Varying the social information, in contrast, is ineffective in changing average beliefs. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.06.033 SN - 0167-2681 N1 - See also: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.11128.pdf VL - 188 SP - 1269 EP - 1279 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weinhardt, Clara A1 - Schöfer, Till T1 - Differential treatment for developing countries in the WTO: the unmaking of the North–South distinction in a multipolar world JF - Third World Quarterly N2 - This article examines the implications of the rise of new powers in the Global South for a central principle of global order: the distinction between the ‘North’ and the ‘South’, or ‘developed’ and ‘developing countries’, that emerged in the second half of the twentieth century. In doing so, we assess whether, and if so, how, the increasing tension between the binary ‘North–South’ distinction and growing heterogeneity within the Global South – as evidenced by the rise of emerging economies – has been reflected in the rules of multilateral trade policymaking. In the case of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the ‘North–South’ categorisation forms the basis of the legal principle of Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) that grants special rights to developing countries. To trace the evolution of SDT, we analyse legal developments and processes of contestation based on our conceptualisation of possible options for adaptation: graduation, individualisation and fragmentation. Drawing on a dataset of WTO decisions and agreements from 1995 to 2019, we find that the group of developing countries increasingly competes with other groups of disadvantaged countries for equity-based differential treatment. The resulting fragmentation contributes to the unmaking of the North–South distinction as a central ordering principle in global trade politics. KW - trade and growth, BRICS and rising powers, governance, IPE, poverty and inequality, WTO Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2021.1992271 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Racine, Elise A1 - Bryson, Joanna T1 - Epidemic modeling as a means to reimagine health education and policy post-COVID JF - Health Education N2 - Purpose As illustrated by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), epidemic models are powerful health policy tools critical for disease prevention and control, i.e. if they are fit for purpose. How do people ensure this is the case and where does health education fit in? Design/methodology/approach This research takes a multidisciplinary approach combining qualitative secondary and primary data from a literature review, interviews and surveys. The former spans academic literature, grey literature and course curriculum, while the latter two involve discussions with various modeling stakeholders (educators, academics, students, modeling experts and policymakers) both within and outside the field of epidemiology. Findings More established approaches (compartmental models) appear to be favored over emerging techniques, like agent-based models. This study delves into how formal and informal education opportunities may be driving this preference. Drawing from other fields, the authors consider how this can be addressed. Practical implications This study offers concrete recommendations (course design routed in active learning pedagogies) as to how health education and, by extension, policy can be reimagined post-COVID to make better use of the full range of epidemic modeling methods available. Originality/value There is a lack of research exploring how these methods are taught and how this instruction influences which methods are employed. To fill this gap, this research uniquely engages with modeling stakeholders and bridges disciplinary silos to build complimentary knowledge. KW - Health education, Health policy, Epidemiology, Modeling, Agent-based Models/ABM, Qualitative methods Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1108/HE-02-2021-0028 SN - 0965-4283 VL - ahead of print ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Graf, Lukas A1 - Lohse, Anna Prisca T1 - Conditions for cross-border policy transfer and cooperation: Analysing differences between higher education and vocational training JF - Research in Comparative and International Education N2 - Against the backdrop of an increasingly interconnected world as well as the growing role of inter- and supranational organizations, policy transfer has become a widespread phenomenon, not least in the realm of education. While policy transfer research has focused predominantly on isolated education sectors, less is known about the overall institutional conditions that favour or inhibit policy movement in different education sectors. We argue that the conditions for cross-border policy synthesis, as a central form of policy transfer, differ systematically between the two main education sectors preparing for labour market entry, namely higher education (HE) and vocational education and training (VET). Taking the case of the cross-border region of France, Germany and Switzerland as an example, the institutional analysis shows that demand-side, programmatic, contextual and application conditions are more favourable towards cross-border policy synthesis in HE than VET. KW - Policy transfer KW - Policy synthesis KW - Higher education KW - Vocational education and training KW - Transfer conditions KW - International cooperation Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/17454999211057747 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 361 EP - 383 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Levi, Sebastian T1 - Why hate carbon taxes? Machine learning evidence on the roles of personal responsibility, trust, revenue recycling, and other factors across 23 European countries JF - Energy Research & Social Science N2 - Carbon taxes are considered a key instrument for achieving deep decarbonization but are often unpopular among voters. While existing studies indicate that public opposition to carbon taxes is influenced by climate change belief and by political trust, less is known about the relevance of other factors. Moreover, it remains unclear why people oppose carbon taxes more fiercely than other climate policies. To enhance understanding of carbon tax opposition, I synthesize and categorize 28 conditions that potentially provoke public opposition to carbon taxes, assess their independent importance for predicting carbon tax opposition, and review the specific form in which they predict carbon tax opposition. This analysis draws on data from approximately 44,400 individuals from 23 European countries. It uses a random forest model, a machine learning method, to estimate independent prediction effects. The results identify the feeling of personal responsibility for trying to reduce climate change as the most important condition for predicting opposition to carbon taxes and for predicting attitudes on other climate policies. Political trust, in contrast, strongly predicts carbon tax opposition but not attitudes on other climate policies, suggesting that low political trust could explain the peculiar public aversion against carbon taxes. Recycling revenues from existing carbon prices back to households, often considered crucial for securing public support, is only associated with minor increases in the acceptance of higher carbon taxes. Finally, the results reveal that age, market liberal values, and good governance are related to carbon tax opposition in a non-monotonous pattern. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101883 VL - 73 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Levi, Sebastian T1 - Germany’s Federal Climate Change Act JF - Environmental Politics N2 - Despite significant renewable energy expansion in the past, Germany has encountered difficulties in meeting its national greenhouse gas emission targets. In response, Germany adopted the Federal Climate Change Act (CCA) in 2019. We analyze the state of climate governance in Germany before the CCA, the main design elements of the CCA, and assess the potential of the CCA to change German climate governance. Drawing on policy integration theory and 26 semi-structured interviews with senior policymakers and stakeholders, we find that German climate governance before the CCA was only moderately integrated. The sectoral emission targets legislated by the CCA make climate change mitigation a priority sector goal in non-energy sectors, and CCA provisions for monitoring, assessing and implementing policy reforms promise to enhance alignment of instruments with targets over time. Overall, the CCA advances a multi- rather than cross-sector climate governance, failing to advance coordination across sectors and ministries. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2021.1980288 VL - 30 IS - sup1 SP - 118 EP - 140 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Filip, Alexandru T1 - “Managing the Impossible?” Comparing How Countries Address the Dahrendorf Quandary JF - Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice N2 - This paper examines the policy approaches and measures that developed market economies countries have adopted to “manage” what has become known as the Dahrendorf Quandary, a profound challenge facing globalizing economies: over time, staying economically competitive requires either adopting measures detrimental to the cohesion of society or restricting civil liberties and political participation. Examining a range of countries over time, it is found that their policy choices and subsequent performance are too varied to support the inevitable, almost mechanical, incompatibility the Quandary implies. While balancing the relationship between economic globalization, social cohesion, and democracy continues to be a major challenge for developed market economies, results show they are not helpless in what Dahrendorf feared to be a Herculean task of “squaring the circle” among incompatible trends. In other words, while the tensions the Quandary posits apply, they nonetheless need not lead to similar or negative outcomes. KW - civil society Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2021.1945418 SN - 1387-6988 SP - 1 EP - 26 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krlev, Gorgi A1 - Mildenberger, Georg A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Innovation and societal transformation – what changes when the ‘social’ comes in? JF - International Review of Applied Economics N2 - Climate emergency, social inequalities, poverty, or racism represent only some entries on a growing list of pressing issues that concern society. Scholars are trying to play their part in investigating and informing effective action on these grand challenges of our times (Howard-Grenville et al. 2019). Across geographic contexts and fields of activity, social innovation moves into the centre of attention across the social sciences as an effective response to these challenges (Anheier, Krlev, & Mildenberger, 2019; George et al. 2019; Howaldt et al. 2019; Jacobi, Edmiston, and Ziegler 2017; Rao-Nicholson, Vorley, and Khan 2017). Current examples of social innovation range from new employment models built on a special ability image of disability (Hockerts 2015), to decentralised renewable energy production (Huybrechts and Haugh 2017), to new forms of contracting social service provision, such as social impact bonds (Edmiston and Nicholls 2017). However, social innovation is not a new phenomenon. Historical examples comprise social housing (Schimpf et al. 2020) and public freshwater supply (Schimpf and Ziegler 2020), or mutual and co-operative movements (Tischer et al. 2016). Also, explicit references to social innovation in the social sciences date at least back to the late 1980s (Zapf 1989). And yet we are still in search for a systematic overview of the complications of understanding innovation and societal transformation when the ‘social’ comes in – while most agree social innovation is somehow different from ‘innovation as we know it’ (Dawson and Daniel 2010; Nicholls and Murdock 2012; Oosterlynck 2013; Van Wijk et al. 2018 to name but a few). The diversity of engaged actors and proponents of social innovation is one component in making its investigation challenging. Social innovation is promoted by civil society organizations such as social enterprises (Ramus et al. 2018; Seelos and Mair 2017), firms (Phillips et al. 2015), or public administration (Moulaert et al. 2007). A second component is represented by the circumstance that social innovation is often not a single service or product (Krlev, Anheier, and Mildenberger 2019a), but may comprise complex social processes such as shifts in public discourse as currently witnessed in the Black Lives Matter movement, for example. Scholars have recently drawn on both of these components and as a way to deal with the resulting specificities suggested a multi-level perspective analysis (Pel et al. 2020), which has a tradition in the literature on socio-technological transitions that may span decades of analysis (Geels 2002). In addition to approaches that provide us with the bigger picture of the social innovation process, we need to advance knowledge about how organizational conditions may affect social innovation performance (Shier, Handy, and Jennings 2019; Tortia, Degavre, and Poledrini 2020) as well as the (potential) impacts and outcomes social innovators may create (Berzin, Pitt-Catsouphes, and Gaitan-Rossi 2015; Taylor, Torugsa, and Arundel 2019) – as a goal and as a by-product in the process of innovating socially. The articles in our special issue are contributing to these emergent streams of literature. KW - civil society Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2020.1820247 VL - 34 IS - 5 SP - 529 EP - 540 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Altmann, Steffen A1 - Traxler, Christian A1 - Weinschenk, Philipp T1 - Deadlines and Memory Limitations JF - Management Science N2 - This paper presents the results of two natural field experiments at a dental clinic. Guided by a simple theoretical model, we exogenously vary deadlines and associated rewards for arranging check-up appointments. Our data show strong and systematic effects of deadlines on patients’ behavior. Imposing deadlines induces patients to act earlier and at a persistently higher frequency than without a deadline. We further document that individuals systematically respond to deadlines, even if these are not tied to explicit rewards. Several of our findings suggest that individuals’ responses to deadlines are shaped by limitations in memory and attention. Our results illustrate that deadlines can be a powerful management tool to encourage timely task completion and to increase the cost effectiveness of performance-contingent rewards. KW - Deadlines KW - memory limitations KW - limited attention KW - field experiment Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.4227 N1 - published online as article in advance on 15.12.2021 VL - 68 IS - 9 SP - 6733 EP - 6750 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Patz, Ronny A1 - Thorvaldsdottir, Svanhildur A1 - Goetz, Klaus H. T1 - Accountability and Affective Styles in Administrative Reporting: The Case of UNRWA, 1951–2020 JF - Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory N2 - This contribution theorizes on the emergence of affective styles in the accountability reporting of public agencies. Under conditions of multiple accountability towards heterogeneous stakeholders, public agencies are expected to make increased use of sentiment in their reporting. Agencies’ differentiated modulation of positive and negative sentiment results in four ideal-typical affective styles: technocratic, political, alarming, and self-praising. The plausibility of this framework is demonstrated for the case of a major international public agency, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), which serves several million Palestine refugees. We conduct a dictionary-based sentiment analysis of UNRWA annual reports published between 1951 and 2020, a corpus of 1.47 million words. Additional evidence from interviews with UNRWA officials and diplomats is also considered. Over time, the agency’s use of sentiment has increased in response to diversifying stakeholders and its affective style of reporting has changed repeatedly. Contrary to established theoretical expectations, multiple accountability not only increases positive reporting and self-praise. Rather, with increasing levels of negativity, the alarming and political styles of communication have played a much stronger role. These findings demonstrate that agencies’ chief goal in accountability reporting is not simply to elicit positive assessments from their respective accountability forums through self-praising language. Agencies may also aim to achieve “negativity congruence” with accountability forums by increasing negative sentiment, thus compelling stakeholders to acknowledge the operational challenges agencies face. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muab024 VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - 111 EP - 129 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Patz, Ronny A1 - Thorvaldsdottir, Svanhildur T1 - Explaining sentiment shifts in UN system annual reporting: a longitudinal comparison of UNHCR, UNRWA and IOM JF - International Review of Administrative Sciences N2 - Annual reports are a central element of international bureaucracies' accountability communication to member states and other stakeholders. Most UN system bureaucracies produce reports of significant length and detail. International agencies use these reports to draw attention to particular challenges or successes. Hitting the right tone with their diverse stakeholders is crucial to maintain continued support. UN agencies do so by employing differentiated sentiment-loaded language alongside factual reporting. We argue that agencies' operational focus, administrative structures and resource mobilization needs have a significant impact on how they use sentiment to communicate with different stakeholder groups. Drawing on a dictionary-based sentiment analysis of three text corpora of annual reports produced by three UN system agencies—UNRWA (reports published from 1951 to 2019), UNHCR (1953–2019) and IOM (2000–2019)—we show a general trend toward increased positive sentiment use across all three agencies, coinciding with a period of stronger donor orientation. At the same time, we find a more volatile and agency-specific use of negative sentiment in response to field-level challenges that are communicated to stakeholders in line with agencies' evolving mandates. Through a text-as-data perspective, this contribution enhances our comparative understanding of the diverse and context-dependent language of international bureaucracies. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/00208523211029804 VL - 87 IS - 4 SP - 794 EP - 812 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Patz, Ronny A1 - Thorvaldsdottir, Svanhildur A1 - Goetz, Klaus H. T1 - Mandate or Donors? Explaining the UNHCR’s Country-Level Expenditures from 1967 to 2016 JF - Political Studies N2 - In recent decades, many international organizations have become almost entirely funded by voluntary contributions. Much existing literature suggests that major donors use their funding to refocus international organizations’ attention away from their core mandate and toward serving donors’ geostrategic interests. We investigate this claim in the context of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), examining whether donor influence negatively impacts mandate delivery and leads the organization to direct expenditures more toward recipient countries that are politically, economically, or geographically salient to major donors. Analyzing a new dataset of UNHCR finances (1967–2016), we find that UNHCR served its global mandate with considerable consistency. Applying flexible measures of collective donor influence, so-called “influence-weighted interest scores,” our findings suggest that donor influence matters for the expenditure allocation of the agency, but that mandate-undermining effects of such influence are limited and most pronounced during salient refugee situations within Europe. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321720974330 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Costello, Cathryn A1 - Briddick, Catherine T1 - Introduction to the Symposium on Undoing Discriminatory Borders JF - AJIL Unbound N2 - Migration laws and controls distribute important social goods: the right to enter and reside in a particular state, and the rights that attach to any such residence. Migration controls determine individuals’ life chances, including sometimes, their very survival. Migration control is a broad concept. Some practices, such as visa administration, control the possibility of travel by regular means, dictating access to mobility opportunities. Other aspects of migration control, such as the conferral of nationality, determine access to permanent residence rights, and the legal ability to pass on membership of a particular state to one’s children. Some forms of migration control are automated and may also be undertaken by private actors, including for profit companies. Others may involve determination or adjudication by individual officials or judges. What unites this broad set of practices is that they comprise important public functions with profound implications for both “outsiders” and “insiders.” As Chandran Kukathas argues, migration controls pose a threat to equality within states, challenging the notion that these practices primarily affect imagined “outsiders.”1 Migration controls impact both “without” and “within” the state. This introductory essay explores discrimination in migration control and discusses how such treatment may be approached from an international legal perspective. We introduce the symposium’s contributors and essays and establish the need for further research on this topic. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2021.49 VL - 115 SP - 328 EP - 332 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Snower, Dennis ED - Vox, CEPR T1 - To ease the health–wealth trade-off, reallocate digital property rights JF - VoxEU Y1 - 2020 UR - https://voxeu.org/article/ease-health-wealth-trade-reallocate-digital-property-rights VL - 2020 IS - June ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chandra, Yanto A1 - Shang, Liang A1 - Mair, Johanna T1 - Drivers of success in social innovation: Insights into competition in open social innovation contests JF - Journal of Business Venturing Insights N2 - Social innovation is a fast-growing field of practice that has caught the attention of management and entrepreneurship scholars. The recent excitement surrounding “open social innovation” contests raises the question of what makes social innovation solutions successful contenders in these ubiquitous contests. We used uniquely assembled data, including data generated from external evaluators, to explore what determines success in an open social innovation contest (n = 150 out of 871 entries) in the field of poverty alleviation. We found that innovators who had networks with corporations and those who had commercial orientations were more likely to succeed in open social innovation contests. We also discovered that the perceived usefulness and innovativeness of social innovation solutions mediated these positive relationships. Our study offers early insights that deepen our understanding of success in the growing practice of open social innovation. KW - Social innovation KW - Open social innovation KW - Solution KW - Competition KW - Contest Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2021.e00257 VL - 16 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Çalı, Başak T1 - How Loud Do the Alarm Bells Toll? Execution of ‘Article 18 Judgments’ of the European Court of Human Rights JF - European Convention on Human Rights Law Review N2 - This article investigates whether Article 18 judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, indicating that the state authorities pursued ulterior and illegitimate motives when violating the Convention, receive the seriousness and the urgency that they call for at the execution phase. By way of an analysis of the responses of the Committee of Ministers and states on the receiving end of Article 18 judgments between 2004 and June 2021, this article finds that the collective responsiveness of the Committee of Ministers to Article 18 judgments has increased over time, especially with respect to individual measures required to implement Article 18 judgments. So far, the responsiveness of individual states to their Article 18 judgments does, however, vary significantly, ranging from taking concrete steps to implement the judgments to outright resistance and no response, posing a significant risk to the Convention system’s ability to respond to the decay of rule of law. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1163/26663236-bja10024 SN - 2666-3228 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Banerjee, Abhijiit A1 - Finkelstein, Amy A1 - Hanna, Rema A1 - Olken, Benjamin A. A1 - Ornaghi, Arianna A1 - Sumarto, Sudarno T1 - The Challenges of Universal Health Insurance in Developing Countries: Experimental Evidence from Indonesia’s National Health Insurance JF - American Economic Review N2 - To investigate barriers to universal health insurance in developing countries, we designed a randomized experiment involving about 6,000 households in Indonesia who are subject to a government health insurance program with a weakly enforced mandate. Time-limited subsidies increased enrollment and attracted lower-cost enrollees, in part by reducing the strategic timing of enrollment to correspond with health needs. Registration assistance also increased enrollment, but increased attempted enrollment much more, as over one-half of households who attempted to enroll did not successfully do so. These findings underscore how weak administrative capacity can create important challenges in developing countries for achieving widespread coverage. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-40802 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20200523 N1 - This is the final version of an article published in American Economic Review, available online at: https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20200523 VL - 111 IS - 9 SP - 3035 EP - 3063 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Howard, Greg A1 - Ornaghi, Arianna T1 - Closing Time: The Local Equilibrium Effects of Prohibition JF - Journal of Economic History N2 - How do different local policies in a federal system affect local land values, production, and sorting? We study the question exploiting a large historical policy change: U.S. Alcohol Prohibition in the early twentieth century. Comparing same- state early and late adopters of county dry laws in a difference-in-differences design, we find that early Prohibition adoption increased population and farm real estate values. Moreover, we find strong effects on farm productivity consistent with increased investment due to a land price channel. In equilibrium, the policy change disproportionately attracted immigrants and African-Americans. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-40818 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050721000346 N1 - "This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Journal of Economic History. The final authenticated version is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050721000346 VL - 81 IS - 3 SP - 792 EP - 830 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Freudlsperger, Christian A1 - Weinrich, Martin T1 - Decentralized EU Policy Coordination in Crisis? The Case of Germany JF - JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies N2 - Abstract Europeanization research found no general convergence towards centralized EU policy coordination, despite decentralized systems' comparatively slow and ineffective position‐taking. Does this finding hold against the threat, urgency, and uncertainty exerted by recent years' polycrisis? We posit that decentralized systems indeed persist, albeit in a three‐step reactive sequence in which situational centralization during crises dialectically reinforces decentralization in the long run. First, the prime minister's office harnesses a crisis to acquire hierarchical control of position‐taking. Second, to exploit the deep expertise of the bureaucracy and maximize its bargaining power on the EU‐level, it co‐opts a lead ministry. Third, due to the institutional underpinnings of the decentralized system, the lead ministry, rather than the prime minister's office, eventually retains the administrative capacities created in crisis. We illustrate this causal mechanism in a comparison of the German government's EU policy coordination during the Eurozone and Schengen crises. KW - - KW - European Union KW - crisis KW - policy coordination KW - reactive sequence KW - decentralization KW - Germany Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13159 SP - n/a EP - n/a ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Béchara, Hannah A1 - Herzog, Alexander A1 - Jankin, Slava T1 - Transfer learning for topic labeling: Analysis of the UK House of Commons speeches 1935–2014 JF - Research and Politics N2 - Topic models are widely used in natural language processing, allowing researchers to estimate the underlying themes in a collection of documents. Most topic models require the additional step of attaching meaningful labels to estimated topics, a process that is not scalable, suffers from human bias, and is difficult to replicate. We present a transfer topic labeling method that seeks to remedy these problems, using domain-specific codebooks as the knowledge base to automatically label estimated topics. We demonstrate our approach with a large-scale topic model analysis of the complete corpus of UK House of Commons speeches from 1935 to 2014, using the coding instructions of the Comparative Agendas Project to label topics. We evaluated our results using human expert coding and compared our approach with more current state-of-the-art neural methods. Our approach was simple to implement, compared favorably to expert judgments, and outperformed the neural networks model for a majority of the topics we estimated. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/20531680211022206 VL - April-June 2021 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bryson, Joanna A1 - Malikova, Helena T1 - Is There an AI Cold War? JF - Global Perspectives N2 - Regulation is a means societies use to create the stability, public goods, and infrastructure they need to thrive securely. This policy brief is intended to both document and to address claims of a new AI cold war: a binary competition between the United States and China that is too important for other powers to either ignore or truly participate in directly, beyond taking sides. We argue that while some of the claims of this narrative are based at least in part on genuine security concerns and important unknowns, evidence for its extreme binary nature is lacking. This absence of factual evidence is concerning, because related geopolitical tensions may be used to interfere with regulation of AI and agencies associated with its development. Here we first document and then analyze the extremely bipolar picture prominent policymakers and political commentators have been recently painting of the AI technological situation, portraying China and the United States as the only two global powers. We then examine the plausibility of these claims using two measures: internationally registered AI patents and the market capitalization of the companies that hold them. These two measures, while each somewhat arbitrary and imperfect, are often deployed in the context of the binary narrative and can therefore be seen as conservative choices in that they should favor exactly the “champions” of that narrative. In fact, these measures do not produce bipolar results: Chinese capacity has been exaggerated and that of other global regions deprecated. These findings call into question the motivation behind the documented claims, though they also further illuminate the uncertainty concerning digital technology security. We recommend that all parties engage in contributing to a safe, secure, and transparent regulatory landscape. KW - technology policy, digital governance, artificial intelligence, transnational regulation, polarity Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1525/gp.2021.24803 VL - 2 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woźniakowski, Tomasz P. A1 - Maatsch, Aleksandra A1 - Miklin, Eric T1 - Rising to a Challenge? Ten Years of Parliamentary Accountability of the European Semester JF - Politics and Governance N2 - As a result of the euro crisis, EU economic governance has been reformed and EU institutions have gained new competences regarding national budgets, with the European Semester (the annual cycle of economic surveillance of the member states) being the most prominent example. With the Commission and the Council being the main actors, and the European Parliament playing only a minor role, a debate about the democratic legitimacy of the Semester and the role of national parliaments (NPs) in this regard has unfolded. This thematic issue, therefore, addresses the question of how parliamentary accountability of the European Semester has evolved: Have NPs met the challenge by adapting to the new situation in a way that allows them to hold the executive accountable? While the contributions to this thematic issue show significant variation across NPs, overall they reveal a rather pessimistic picture: Despite several institutional innovations concerning the reforms of internal rules and procedures, the rise of independent fiscal institutions, inter-parliamentary cooperation, and hearings with the European Commissioners, NPs have remained rather weak actors in EU economic governance also ten years after the Semester’s introduction. Whether recent changes linked to the establishment of the Recovery and Resilience Facility introduced in response to the Covid-19 crisis will change the picture significantly remains to be examined. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v9i3.4690 SN - 2183-2463 VL - 9 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woźniakowski, Tomasz P. T1 - Accountability in EU Economic Governance: European Commissioners in Polish Parliament JF - Politics and Governance N2 - This article analyses the interactions between the members of the Polish parliament with the European commissioners in the context of the European Semester, the annual cycle of economic coordination. The Commission drafts crucial documents in this process which assess the implementation of the Country Specific Recommendations (CSRs): the Annual (Sustainable) Growth Survey and the Country Reports. The goal of this article is to assess how the Commission is held to account by a national parliament and how this affects the level of implementation of CSRs. The findings suggest that the Commission is accountable to this national parliament, even if the form of accountability taken is rather innovative and its policy impact limited, at both the EU (the CSRs tend to be immune to Members of [national] Parliament’s contestation) and the national level, as the implementation of CSRs seems to be independent of the level of their scrutiny. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v9i3.4335 SN - 2183-2463 VL - 9 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Uzo, Uchenna A1 - Mair, Johanna T1 - How informality affects habitual improvisation in firms: insights from the Nigerian movie industry JF - International Studies of Management & Organization N2 - Research has often underestimated the pervasive and global occurrence of informality because studies largely define informality as illegal economic practices. This study adopts a multidimensional view of informality to explain how and why firms habitually improvise even when they do not experience unexpected or extreme eventualities. We addressed this concern through a comparative ethnographic study of three film production crews in the Nigerian movie industry. Our findings unravel the multiple dimensions of informality and define habitual improvization. We build a theoretical model that traces the organizing principles of informality and how they affect the modes of implementation and outcomes of habitual improvization. Finally, we offer an agenda for future theoretical and empirical research on informality and organizational improvization. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.2021.1898102 VL - 51 IS - 2 SP - 162 EP - 184 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Uzo, Uchenna A1 - Mair, Johanna A1 - Adewusi, Adedeji T1 - How firms strategically navigate informal and formal copyright practices: insights from Nollywood JF - International Journal of Organizational Analysis N2 - Purpose The purpose of this study is to explain how and why firms configure copyright practices when confronted with state-sanctioned laws and informal customs projected by local ethnic or religious communities. Design/methodology/approach A multi-case inductive study of four film-producing organizations within the Nigerian film industry (i.e. Nollywood) was conducted. Specifically considered were firms that started their operations around the same time with similar founding conditions, experiences, resources and technical competencies. Field observations and multiple rounds of in-depth interviews were conducted to achieve the research objectives. Findings The study found that firms adopted dominant or hybrid configurations when interacting with informality and formality. Dominant configurations represent the exclusive adoption of informal copyright practices while hybrid configurations refer to the blended use of informal and formal copyright practices. The second set of findings revealed that each firm’s strategic intent affected the type of interactional configuration that unfolded in the firm. Specifically, firms with social intents tended to adopt dominant configurations, whereas firms with socio-economic intents tended to adopt hybrid configurations. Practical implications The study implies that firms may profit from strategically focusing on when and in what circumstances to adopt informality. Strategic intents that blend social and economic rationales may secure more positive interactive outcomes from internal and external stakeholders promoting formality and informality. Social implications This study highlights the fact that firms embedded in local religious and ethnic communities use organizational practices to solve social and institutional problems of their members. The copyright practices of these organizations encourage apprenticeship, youth empowerment and entrepreneurship in Nigeria. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that goes beyond macro-level analysis to investigate the interactional dynamics between formality and informality at the firm, community, and state levels. The study is also first of its kind to use copyright practices as an analytical lens to explore the interaction between informality and formality. KW - Copyright practices KW - Community KW - Informality KW - Formality KW - Nollywood Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-06-2020-2236 SN - 1934-8835 VL - ahead-of-print IS - ahead-of-print ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ruhnau, Oliver A1 - Bucksteeg, Michael A1 - Ritter, David A1 - Schmitz, Richard A1 - Böttger, Diana A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Pöstges, Arne A1 - Wiedmann, Michael A1 - Hirth, Lion T1 - Why electricity market models yield different results: Carbon pricing in a model-comparison experiment N2 - The European electricity industry, the dominant sector of the world’s largest cap-and-trade scheme, is one of the most-studied examples of carbon pricing. In particular, numerical models are often used to study the uncertain future development of carbon prices and emissions. While parameter uncertainty is often addressed through sensitivity analyses, the potential uncertainty of the models themselves remains unclear from existing single-model studies. Here, we investigate such model-related uncertainty by running a structured model comparison experiment, in which we exposed five numerical power sector models to aligned input parameters—finding stark model differences. At a carbon price of 27 EUR/t in 2030, the models estimate that European power sector emissions will decrease by 36–57% when compared to 2016. Most of this variation can be explained by the extent to which models consider the market-driven decommissioning of coal- and lignite-fired power plants. Higher carbon prices of 57 and 87 EUR/t yield a stronger decrease in carbon emissions, by 45–75% and 52–80%, respectively. The lower end of these ranges can be attributed to the short-term fuel switch captured by dispatch-only models. The higher reductions correspond to models that additionally consider market-based investment in renewables. By further studying cross-model variation in the remaining emissions at high carbon prices, we identify the representation of combined heat and power as another crucial driver of differences across model results. KW - Carbon pricing, EU Emission Trading System (EU ETS), electricity decarbonization, power sector, renewable energy, fuel switch, combined heat and power, electricity market modeling, model comparison, model-related uncertainty KW - Centre for Sustainability Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111701 N1 - Preprint version available here: https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/234468 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cloete, Schalk A1 - Ruhnau, Oliver A1 - Cloete, Jan Hendrik A1 - Hirth, Lion T1 - Blue hydrogen and industrial base products: The future of fossil fuel exporters in a net-zero world N2 - Is there a place for today’s fossil fuel exporters in a low-carbon future? This study explores trade channels between energy exporters and importers using a novel electricity-hydrogen-steel energy systems model calibrated to Norway, a major natural gas producer, and Germany, a major energy consumer. Under tight emission constraints, Norway can supply Germany with electricity, (blue) hydrogen, or natural gas with re-import of captured CO2. Alternatively, it can use hydrogen to produce steel through direct reduction and supply it to the world market, an export route not available to other energy carriers due to high transport costs. Although results show that natural gas imports with CO2 capture in Germany is the least-cost solution, avoiding local CO2 handling via imports of blue hydrogen (direct or embodied in steel) involves only moderately higher costs. A robust hydrogen demand would allow Norway to profitably export all its natural gas production as blue hydrogen. However, diversification into local steel production, as one example of easy-to-export industrial base products, offers an effective hedge against the possibility of lower European blue hydrogen demand. Thus, it is recommended that hydrocarbon exporters like Norway consider a strategic energy export transition to a diversified mix of blue hydrogen and climate-neutral industrial base products. KW - Hydrogen economy, Energy-intensive industry, Decarbonization, CO2 capture and storage, Variable renewable energy KW - Centre for Sustainability Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132347 PB - Journal of Cleaner Production Vo. 363 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rackwitz, Maike A1 - Hustedt, Thurid A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard T1 - Digital transformation: From hierarchy to network-based collaboration? The case of the German “Online Access Act”. JF - dms – der moderne staat – Zeitschrift für Public Policy, Recht und Management N2 - To unlock the full potential of ICT-related public sector innovation and digital transformation, governments must embrace collaborative working structures and leadership, is commonly argued. However, little is known about the dynamics of such collaborations in contexts of hierarchy, silo cultures, and procedural accountability. A widely voiced but empirically insufficiently substantiated claim is that bringing cross-cutting digital endeavours forward requires more lateral, network-based approaches to governance beyond traditional Weberian ideals. We test this claim by shedding light on three distinct challenges (complexity, risk, and power imbalance) encountered when implementing the specific collaborative case of the German Online Access Act (OAA) and by examining how they have been addressed in institutional design and leadership. Our analysis, which combines desk research and semi-structured expert interviews, reveals that flexible, horizontal approaches are on the rise. Taking a closer look, however, vertical coordination continues to serve as complementary means to problem-solving capability. KW - Digitalisation, intergovernmental collaboration, Online Access Act, leadership, institutional design Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3224/dms.v14i1.05 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 101 EP - 120 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maher, Imelda A1 - Riordan, Rónán T1 - The Supreme Court and EU Law: Reshuffling Institutional Balance JF - Irish Supreme Court Review N2 - Irish Courts are not exclusively national courts. They form an integral part of a pan-European Union legal network where domestic courts are increasingly viewed, at least by the Court of Justice of the European Union (EUCJ) as European Courts. Just as national courts are interwoven in this pan-European judicial structure, domestic laws too are interwoven with EU Law with the state under an obligation to give effect to EU law. Interpretation, including resolution of conflicts between domestic and EU norms is the responsibility of national courts. Where interpretation is unclear, the EUCJ can be approached under the preliminary reference procedure, the EUCJ being the sole authoritative interpreter of EU Law. While the role of the EUCJ a-top this pan-European network gives it the unique ability, via its case law, to affect the legislative and policy choices at the national level that relate to EU law, it conversely also has overseen national courts, including those from smaller Member States, playing an unusually significant role in the constitutional developments of the European Union itself. Y1 - 2021 SN - 2565-6562 N1 - As preprint available here: Maher, Imelda and Riordan, Ronan, The Supreme Court and EU Law: Reshuffling Institutional Balance (December 12, 2019). UCD Working Papers in Law, Criminology & Socio-Legal Studies Research Paper No. 16/2019, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3502794 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3502794 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Graf, Lukas T1 - Leveraging Regional Differences and Cross‐border Collective Institutions: The Case of Skill Formation and Employment in the Border Region of France, Germany, and Switzerland JF - Swiss Political Science Review N2 - European cross‐border regions often display substantial political and economic activity. A key example is the French‐German‐Swiss Upper Rhine region, where three distinct national governance models come together. In this dynamic cross‐border industry cluster, traditional political‐administrative units often do not meet the functional needs of employers and (future) employees. This comparative institutional analysis refers to Varieties of Capitalism and Local Production Systems perspectives to explore the operations of this cluster. It finds two main patterns through which education and training are embedded in the cross‐border context: on the one hand, the leveraging of distinct institutional advantages in the different parts of the region and, on the other, the creation of cross‐border collective competition goods in the form of jointly provided educational institutions. Through these two strategies, local actors within the cross‐border industry cluster can turn their peripheral location into an institutional advantage. KW - - KW - Local Production Systems KW - Varieties of Capitalism KW - Industry Clusters KW - Internationalization of Education and Training KW - Cross‐border Labor Markets Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-40302 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12442 SN - 1662-6370 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - 369 EP - 389 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Munzert, Simon A1 - BarberÁ, Pablo A1 - Guess, Andrew M. A1 - Yang, JungHwan T1 - Do Online Voter Guides Empower Citizens? Evidence from a Field Experiment with Digital Trace Data JF - Public Opinion Quarterly N2 - Voting Advice Applications (VAAs), which provide citizens with information on the party that best represents their political preferences, are often cited as evidence of the empowering capabilities of digital tools. Aside from the informational benefits of these voter guides, observational studies have suggested a strong effect on political participation and vote choice. However, existing impact evaluations have been limited by a reliance on convenience samples, lack of random assignment, or both. This raises questions about self-selection and the precise mechanisms underlying how voters learn about politics. Here, we provide evidence from a field experiment with survey outcomes conducted with a sample of over 1,000 German citizens in the 2017 federal election campaign. Using linked panel survey and digital trace data combined with a randomized encouragement to complete a VAA, we assess respondents’ compliance with treatment and observe how the use of this tool affects political behavior, attitudes, media consumption, political knowledge, and even social media activity. Our findings reveal that the overwhelming consensus in favor of positive effects on turnout and vote choice should be treated with caution, as we find no such effects. Rather, the actual virtue of VAAs in a complex online information environment lies in increasing knowledge about parties’ positions on issues—exactly the kind of information these tools were designed to provide. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfaa037 VL - 84 IS - 3 SP - 675 EP - 698 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Munzert, Simon A1 - Watts, Nick A1 - Amann, Markus T1 - The 2020 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: responding to converging crises JF - The Lancet Y1 - 2021 VL - 397 IS - 10269 SP - 129 EP - 170 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ruhnau, Oliver A1 - Qvist, Staffan T1 - Storage requirements in a 100% renewable electricity system: Extreme events and inter-annual variability JF - Environmental Research Letters N2 - In the context of 100% renewable electricity systems, prolonged periods with persistently scarce supply from wind and solar resources have received increasing academic and political attention. This article explores how such scarcity periods relate to energy storage requirements. To this end, we contrast results from a time series analysis with those from a system cost optimization model, based on a German 100% renewable case study using 35 years of hourly time series data. While our time series analysis supports previous findings that periods with persistently scarce supply last no longer than two weeks, we find that the maximum energy deficit occurs over a much longer period of nine weeks. This is because multiple scarce periods can closely follow each other. When considering storage losses and charging limitations, the period defining storage requirements extends over as much as 12 weeks. For this longer period, the cost-optimal storage capacity is about three times larger compared to the energy deficit of the scarcest two weeks. Adding other sources of flexibility for the example of bioenergy, the duration of period that defines storage requirements lengthens to more than one year. When optimizing system costs based on single years rather than a multi-year time series, we find substantial inter-annual variation in storage requirements with the most extreme year needing more than twice as much storage as the average year. We conclude that focusing on short-duration extreme events or single years can lead to an underestimation of storage requirements and costs of a 100 % renewable system. KW - Renewable energy Wind and solar power Inter-annual variability Low-wind events Dunkelflaute Electricity system Energy storage Hydrogen Batteries KW - Centre for Sustainability Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac4dc8 PB - IOP Publishing ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bach, Tobias A1 - Jugl, Marlene A1 - Köhler, Dustin A1 - Wegrich, Kai T1 - Regulatory agencies, reputational threats, and communicative responses JF - Regulation & Governance N2 - A key claim in bureaucratic reputation literature is that reputation has several dimensions. This presents agencies with a difficult choice concerning which dimension(s) they should emphasize in the management of their reputation. This paper analyzes how regulatory agencies manage their reputation through communicative responses to public judgments, based on a singlecase study of the German financial regulator BaFin. Our theoretical argument underscores the importance of different reputational dimensions for regulatory agencies that simultaneously considers their distinct reputation reserves. Our main finding was that BaFin prioritizes responses to public judgments targeting reputational dimensions that are central to its mission and for which the agency has a weak reputation, as opposed to judgments targeting dimensions that are central to its mission and for which it has a strong reputation, or judgments targeting peripheral dimensions. The paper demonstrates the importance of agency missions for reputation management and suggests directions for further research. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12421 SP - 1 EP - 16 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawson, Mark A1 - Bertolini, Elena T1 - Fundamental Rights as Constraints to and Triggers for Differentiated Integration JF - Swiss Political Science Review N2 - When looking for possible constraints on Differentiated Integration, the fundamental values of the European Union (EU) seem an obvious starting point. Both the Charter of Fundamental Rights and the values articulated in Art. 2 TEU are cross-cutting across EU states. However, while fundamental values have acted as centralising devices in other federal settings, in an EU context marked by extensive value disagreement, they may also act as pathways for differentiation. Insofar as national constitutional orders disagree on the scope of EU rights, attempts to ground EU law in fundamental values trigger inevitable interpretive conflicts across states. This paper will use the examples of asylum and the European Arrest Warrant to demonstrate this argument: while EU law may use fundamental values as a reason to harmonise EU law across states, such values may also be invoked to question the principle of mutual trust underlying the EU legal order, thereby causing rather than limiting differentiation. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12443 VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - 637 EP - 653 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shaikh, Mujaheed A1 - Tymoszuk, Urszula A1 - Williamon, Aaron A1 - Miraldo, Marisa T1 - Socio-economic inequalities in arts engagement and depression among older adults in the United Kingdom: evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing JF - Public Health N2 - Objectives Arts engagement has been positively linked with mental health and well-being; however, socio-economic inequalities may be prevalent in access to and uptake of arts engagement reflecting on inequalities in mental health. This study estimated socio-economic inequality and horizontal inequity (unfair inequality) in arts engagement and depression symptoms of older adults in England. Trends in inequality and inequity were measured over a period of ten years. Study design This is a repeated cross-sectional study. Methods In this analysis, we used data from six waves (waves 2 to 7) of the nationally representative English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. We estimated socio-economic inequality using concentration curves that plot the distribution of arts engagement and depression symptoms against the distribution of wealth. A concentration index was used to measure the magnitude of the inequality. Unfair inequality was then calculated for need-standardised arts engagement using a horizontal inequity index (HII). Results The study sample included adults aged 50 years and older from waves 2 (2004/2005, n = 6620) to 7 (2014/2015, n = 3329). Engagement with cinema, galleries and theatre was pro-rich unequal, i.e. concentrated among the wealthier, but inequality in depression was pro-poor unequal, i.e. concentrated more among the less wealthy. While pro-rich inequality in arts engagement decreased from wave 2 (conc. index: 0·291, 95% confidence interval 0·27 to 0·31) to wave 7 (conc. index: 0·275, 95% confidence interval 0·24 to 0·30), pro-poor inequality in depression increased from wave 2 (conc. index: −0·164, 95% confidence interval -0·18 to −0·14) to wave 7 (conc. index: −0·189, 95% confidence interval -0·21 to −0·16). Depression-standardised arts engagement showed horizontal inequity that increased from wave 2 (HII: 0·455, 95% confidence interval 0·42 to 0·48) to wave 7 (HII: 0·464, 95% confidence interval 0·42 to 0·50). Conclusions Our findings suggest that while socio-economic inequality in arts engagement might appear to have reduced over time, once arts engagement is standardised for need, inequality has actually worsened over time and can be interpreted as inequitable (unfair). Relying on need-unstandardised estimates of inequality might thus provide a false sense of achievement to policy makers and lead to improper social prescribing interventions being emplaced. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2021.07.044 SN - 0033-3506 VL - 198 SP - 307 EP - 314 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Graf, Lukas A1 - Strebel, Alexandra A1 - Emmenegger, Patrick T1 - State-led bricolage and the extension of collective governance: Hybridity in the Swiss skill formation system JF - Regulation & Governance N2 - This paper explores the extension of collective governance to sectors without collective governance tradition. We introduce the concept of state-led bricolage to analyze the expansion of the Swiss apprenticeship training system – in which employer associations fulfill core collective governance tasks – to economic sectors in which training had previously followed a school-based and state-oriented logic. In deindustrializing societies, these sectors are key for the survival of collectively governed training systems. Through a mixed-methods analysis, we examine the reform process that led to the creation of new intermediary organizations that enable collective governance in these sectors. In addition, we compare the organizational features of these organizations with the respective organizations in the traditional crafts and industry sectors. We find that the new organizations result from state-led bricolage. They are hybrid organizations that reflect some of the bricoleur's core policy goals and critically build on the combination of associational and state-oriented institutional logics. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12436 SN - 1748-5991 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Graf, Lukas T1 - How country size matters for institutional change: comparing skill formation policies in Germany and Switzerland JF - Comparative Education N2 - This paper argues that country size can play a crucial role in shaping the type of gradual change observed in collective skill formation systems. Collectively governed dual-apprenticeship training has its base in the industrial and crafts sectors of the economy and builds on the decentralised cooperation of multiple public and private stakeholders. As a result, it tends to be strongly path dependent, which favours gradual over radical forms of change. However, in recent years, dual-apprenticeship training has been increasingly challenged by the rise of the knowledge and service economy and the growing popularity of academic forms of education. In this context, I compare policy responses in Switzerland and Germany, which represent one small and one large collective skill formation system, respectively. The historical-institutionalist analysis finds that the dominant trajectory of change is conversion in Switzerland but layering in Germany, with different implications for the future viability of collective skill formation. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2021.1961354 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaack, Lynn A1 - Rolnick, David A1 - Donti, Priya L. A1 - Kochanski, Kelly A1 - Lacoste, Alexandre A1 - Sankaran, Kris A1 - Ross, Andrew S. A1 - Milojevic-Dupont, Nikola A1 - Jaques, Natasha A1 - Waldman-Brown, Anna A1 - Luccioni, Alexandra S. A1 - Maharaj, Tegan A1 - Sherwin, Evan D. A1 - Mukkavilli, Karthik A1 - Kording, Konrad P. A1 - Gomes, Carla P. A1 - Ng, Andrew Y. A1 - Hassabis, Demis A1 - Platt, John C. A1 - Creutzig, Felix A1 - Chayes, Jennifer A1 - Bengio, Yoshua T1 - Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning JF - ACM Computing Surveys N2 - Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity, and we, as machine learning experts, may wonder how we can help. Here we describe how machine learning can be a powerful tool in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and helping society adapt to a changing climate. From smart grids to disaster management, we identify high impact problems where existing gaps can be filled by machine learning, in collaboration with other fields. Our recommendations encompass exciting research questions as well as promising business opportunities. We call on the machine learning community to join the global effort against climate change. Y1 - 2022 UR - https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3485128 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1145/3485128 VL - 55 IS - 2 SP - 1 EP - 96 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaack, Lynn A1 - Vaishnav, Parth A1 - Granger Morgan, M A1 - Azevedo, Inês A1 - Rai, Srijana T1 - Decarbonizing intraregional freight systems with a focus on modal shift JF - Environmental Research Letters N2 - Road freight transportation accounts for around 7% of total world energy-related carbon dioxide emissions. With the appropriate incentives, energy savings and emissions reductions can be achieved by shifting freight to rail or water modes, both of which are far more efficient than road. We briefly introduce five general strategies for decarbonizing freight transportation, and then focus on the literature and data relevant to estimating the global decarbonization potential through modal shift. We compare freight activity (in tonne-km) by mode for every country where data are available. We also describe major intraregional freight corridors, their modal structure, and their infrastructure needs. We find that the current world road and rail modal split is around 60:40. Most countries are experiencing strong growth in road freight and a shift from rail to road. Rail intermodal transportation holds great potential for replacing carbon-intense and fast-growing road freight, but it is essential to have a targeted design of freight systems, particularly in developing countries. Modal shift can be promoted by policies targeting infrastructure investments and internalizing external costs of road freight, but we find that not many countries have such policies in place. We identify research needs for decarbonizing the freight transportation sector both through improvements in the efficiency of individual modes and through new physical and institutional infrastructure that can support modal shift. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aad56c VL - 13 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaack, Lynn A1 - Katul, Gabriel T1 - Fifty years to prove Malthus right JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences N2 - A major question confronting sustainability research today is to what extent our planet, with a finite environmental resource base, can accommodate the faster than exponentially growing human population. Although these concerns are generally attributed to Malthus (1766–1834), early attempts to estimate the maximum sustainable population (ergo, the carrying capacity K) were reported by van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) to be at 13 billion people (1). Since then, the concept of carrying capacity has evolved to accommodate many resource limitations originating from available water, energy, and other ecosystem goods and services (1, 2). In PNAS, Suweis et al.(3) apply the concept of carrying capacity using fresh water availability on a national scale as the limiting resource to infer the global K. They estimate a decline in global human population by the middle of this century. We ask to what extent models that are … Y1 - 2013 UR - https://www.pnas.org/content/110/11/4161 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1301246110 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaack, Lynn A1 - Apt, Jay A1 - Granger Morgan, M. A1 - McSharry, Patrick T1 - Empirical prediction intervals improve energy forecasting JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences N2 - Hundreds of organizations and analysts use energy projections, such as those contained in the US Energy Information Administration (EIA)’s Annual Energy Outlook (AEO), for investment and policy decisions. Retrospective analyses of past AEO projections have shown that observed values can differ from the projection by several hundred percent, and thus a thorough treatment of uncertainty is essential. We evaluate the out-of-sample forecasting performance of several empirical density forecasting methods, using the continuous ranked probability score (CRPS). The analysis confirms that a Gaussian density, estimated on past forecasting errors, gives comparatively accurate uncertainty estimates over a variety of energy quantities in the AEO, in particular outperforming scenario projections provided in the AEO. We report probabilistic uncertainties for 18 core quantities of the AEO 2016 projections. Our work frames how to produce, evaluate, and rank probabilistic forecasts in this setting. We propose a log transformation of forecast errors for price projections and a modified nonparametric empirical density forecasting method. Our findings give guidance on how to evaluate and communicate uncertainty in future energy outlooks. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619938114 VL - 114 IS - 33 SP - 8752 EP - 8757 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Milojevic-Dupont, Nikola A1 - Hans, Nicolai A1 - Kaack, Lynn A1 - Zumwald, Marius A1 - Andrieux, François A1 - de Barros Soares, Daniel A1 - Lohrey, Steffen A1 - Pichler, Peter-Paul A1 - Creutzig, Felix T1 - Learning from urban form to predict building heights JF - Plos one N2 - Understanding cities as complex systems, sustainable urban planning depends on reliable high-resolution data, for example of the building stock to upscale region-wide retrofit policies. For some cities and regions, these data exist in detailed 3D models based on real-world measurements. However, they are still expensive to build and maintain, a significant challenge, especially for small and medium-sized cities that are home to the majority of the European population. New methods are needed to estimate relevant building stock characteristics reliably and cost-effectively. Here, we present a machine learning based method for predicting building heights, which is based only on open-access geospatial data on urban form, such as building footprints and street networks. The method allows to predict building heights for regions where no dedicated 3D models exist currently. We train our model using building data from four European countries (France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Germany) and find that the morphology of the urban fabric surrounding a given building is highly predictive of the height of the building. A test on the German state of Brandenburg shows that our model predicts building heights with an average error well below the typical floor height (about 2.5 m), without having access to training data from Germany. Furthermore, we show that even a small amount of local height data obtained by citizens substantially improves the prediction accuracy. Our results illustrate the possibility of predicting missing data on urban infrastructure; they also underline the value of open government data and volunteered geographic information for scientific applications, such as contextual but scalable strategies to mitigate climate change. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242010 VL - 15 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaack, Lynn A1 - Rolnick, David A1 - Reisch, Lucia A. A1 - Joppa, Lucas A1 - Howson, Peter A1 - Gil, Artur A1 - Alevizou, Panayiota A1 - Michaelidou, Nina A1 - Appiah-Campbell, Ruby A1 - Santarius, Tilman A1 - Köhler, Susanne A1 - Pizzol, Massimo A1 - Schweizer, Pia-Johanna A1 - Srinivasan, Dipti A1 - Kaack, Lynn A1 - Donti, Priya L. T1 - Digitizing a sustainable future JF - One Earth N2 - Digital technologies have a crucial role in facilitating transitions toward a sustainable future. Yet there remain challenges to overcome and pitfalls to avoid. This Voices asks: how do we leverage the digital transformation to successfully support a sustainability transition? Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.05.012 VL - 4 IS - 6 SP - 768 EP - 771 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jankin, Slava A1 - Romanello, Marina A1 - van Daalen, Kim A1 - Anto, Joesp M. A1 - Dasandi, Niheer A1 - Drummond, Paul A1 - Hamilton, Ian G. A1 - Kendrovski, Vladimir A1 - Lowe, Rachel A1 - Rocklöv, Joacim A1 - Schmoll, Oliver A1 - Semenza, Jan C. A1 - Tonne, Cathryn A1 - Nilsson, Maria T1 - Tracking progress on health and climate change in Europe JF - The Lancet Public Health N2 - Left unabated, climate change will have catastrophic effects on the health of present and future generations. Such effects are already seen in Europe, through more frequent and severe extreme weather events, alterations to water and food systems, and changes in the environmental suitability for infectious diseases. As one of the largest current and historical contributors to greenhouse gases and the largest provider of financing for climate change mitigation and adaptation, Europe’s response is crucial, for both human health and the planet. To ensure that health and wellbeing are protected in this response it is essential to build the capacity to understand, monitor, and quantify health impacts of climate change and the health co-benefits of accelerated action. Responding to this need, the Lancet Countdown in Europe is established as a transdisciplinary research collaboration for monitoring progress on health and climate change in Europe. With the wealth of data and academic expertise available in Europe, the collaboration will develop region-specific indicators to address the main challenges and opportunities of Europe’s response to climate change for health. The indicators produced by the collaboration will provide information to health and climate policy decision making, and will also contribute to the European Observatory on Climate and Health. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00207-3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ischinger, Wolfgang A1 - Bunde, Tobias T1 - Neue deutsche Diplomatie? JF - Zeitschrift für Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik N2 - In der aktuellen Debatte stellt sich die Frage, ob mit einer „neuen“ deutschen Außenpolitik auch eine neue deutsche Diplomatie einhergeht oder einhergehen sollte. Berlin täte gut daran, sich auf die außenpolitischen Traditionen der Bonner Republik zu besinnen. Diese Prinzipien werden bisweilen vernachlässigt, sind aber aufgrund der allseits konstatierten gewachsenen Bedeutung Deutschlands heute aktueller denn je. Allerdings bedürfen die konkreten Instrumente der Diplomatie und ihr institutioneller Rahmen einer Überarbeitung, um den Herausforderungen gerecht zu werden, denen die Berliner Republik gegenübersteht. KW - Außenpolitik Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12399-014-0462-4 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 313 EP - 333 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Khanna, Tarun A1 - Baiocchi, Giovanni A1 - Callaghan, Max A1 - Creutzig, Felix A1 - Guias, Horia A1 - Haddaway, Neal R. A1 - Hirth, Lion A1 - Javaid, Aneeque A1 - Koch, Nicolas A1 - Laukemper, Sonja A1 - Löschel, Andreas A1 - del Mar Zamora Dominguez, Maria A1 - Minx, Jan C. T1 - A multi-country meta-analysis on the role of behavioural change in reducing energy consumption and CO2 emissions in residential buildings JF - Nature Energy N2 - Despite the importance of evaluating all mitigation options to inform policy decisions addressing climate change, a comprehensive analysis of household-scale interventions and their emissions reduction potential is missing. Here, we address this gap for interventions aimed at changing individual households’ use of existing equipment, such as monetary incentives or feedback. We have performed a machine learning-assisted systematic review and meta-analysis to comparatively assess the effectiveness of these interventions in reducing energy demand in residential buildings. We extracted 360 individual effect sizes from 122 studies representing trials in 25 countries. Our meta-regression confirms that both monetary and non-monetary interventions reduce the energy consumption of households, but monetary incentives, of the sizes reported in the literature, tend to show on average a more pronounced effect. Deploying the right combinations of interventions increases the overall effectiveness. We have estimated a global carbon emissions reduction potential of 0.35 GtCO2 yr−1, although deploying the most effective packages of interventions could result in greater reduction. While modest, this potential should be viewed in conjunction with the need for de-risking mitigation pathways with energy-demand reductions. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-021-00866-x VL - 6 SP - 925 EP - 932 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ischinger, Wolfgang T1 - La Covid-19, une mise à l’épreuve pour le projet européen ? JF - Revue Défense Nationale N2 - La Covid-19 a ébranlé le monde en aggravant ses incertitudes géopolitiques. L’Europe et ses institutions ont été fragilisées, or plus que jamais, celle-ci doit reprendre l’initiative pour surmonter collectivement la crise et affirmer une nouvelle ambition pour que le « vieux continent » en ressorte plus fort. KW - Außenpolitik Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.cairn.info/revue-defense-nationale-2021-3-page-36.htm U6 - https://doi.org/10.3917/rdna.838.0036 VL - 2021/3 IS - 838 SP - 36 EP - 39 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Levi, Sebastian A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Jakob, Michael T1 - Political Economy Determinants of Carbon Pricing JF - Global Environmental Politics N2 - Carbon pricing is widely considered a key policy instrument for achieving substantial climate change mitigation. However, implementation remains patchy and price levels vary significantly across countries and regions. In this article, we analyze the structural social, political, and economic conditions under which carbon prices have been implemented so far. We estimate a Tobit regression model to investigate variations in explicit carbon prices over 262 national and subnational jurisdictions. Our results highlight well-governed institutions and public attitudes as the most important conditions for carbon pricing and characterize fossil fuel consumption as a barrier to the implementation of carbon prices. The results suggest that governance and public attitude need to be integrated into political economy analysis. Policy makers should take regulatory capacities and public attitudes seriously when designing carbon pricing policies. KW - Centre for Sustainability Y1 - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-35698 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00549 SN - 1526-3800 N1 - This is a post-print version of an article published in Global Environmental Politics. Citation: Levi, Sebastian, Christian Flachsland, and Michael Jakob. "Political Economy Determinants of Carbon Pricing." Global Environmental Politics 20.2 (2020): 128-156. Copyright statement: © 2020 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Link: https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/glep_a_00549 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 128 EP - 156 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chliova, Myrto A1 - Mair, Johanna A1 - Vernis, Alfred ED - Delmestri, Giuseppe ED - Wezel, Filippo Carlo ED - Goodrick, Elizabeth ED - Washington, Marvin T1 - Persistent Category Ambiguity: The case of social entrepreneurship JF - Organization Studies N2 - Literature on categories recognizes that in the early stages of a category, ambiguity can arise from divergent frames used to define the category. Yet it also largely expects this ambiguity to be either temporary, or else detrimental to the survival and evolution of the category. In this study, we demonstrate and explain how, alternatively, category ambiguity can persist when multiple frames continue to be applied to a category as it progresses into maturity. Drawing on an in-depth qualitative study of the case of social entrepreneurship, we examine how and under what conditions this outcome occurs. We specify two co-occurring conditions that prompt category stakeholders to shift their framing from exclusive to inclusive, enabling category ambiguity to persist. We furthermore show how the use of category frames that draw from pre-existing resonant categories supports the persistence of category ambiguity. We contribute to literature on categories by clarifying the antecedents of category evolution towards a trajectory of persistent ambiguity. KW - - KW - categories KW - ambiguity KW - frames KW - labels KW - stakeholders Y1 - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-35701 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840620905168 SN - 0170-8406 (print), 1741-3044 (online) VL - 41 IS - 7 SP - 1019 EP - 1042 PB - SAGE Publications CY - Sage UK: London, England ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schaeffer, Doris A1 - Gille, Svea A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus T1 - Implementation of the National Action Plan Health Literacy in Germany—Lessons Learned JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health KW - - KW - health literacy KW - national action plan KW - diffusion KW - dissemination KW - implementation KW - collaborative approach KW - Germany Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124403 SN - 1660-4601 VL - 17 IS - 12 PB - MDPI ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shaikh, Mujaheed A1 - Del Giudice, Pietro A1 - Kourouklis, Dimitrios T1 - Revisiting the Relationship Between Price Regulation and Pharmaceutical R&D Investment JF - Applied Health Economics and Health Policy N2 - Background A trade-off exists between affordability of pharmaceutical products today and incentives for firms to provide new and better drugs in the future; an activity that prior studies suggest correlates with profitability, which in turn depends on price regulation. Objective In this paper we re-examined the relationship between price regulation and pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) intensity, and explored the role of profitability and cash flow in mediating this relation using the latest available data from 2000 to 2017 for the 10 most innovative pharmaceutical companies. Methods Following a framework similar to a previous study, we exploited stylized facts about sales volumes in Europe and USA, which give rise to variation in exposure to price regulation. Using ordinary least squares fixed effects models, we assess whether price regulation is related to R&D investment through cash flow effects and profitability. Results While exposure to price regulation (measured by relative market share in EU/USA) is related negatively to R&D intensity, and this result is driven by price regulation being negatively related to cash flow and profitability, the results were not significant when firm fixed effects were added to the regression models. Modeling firm dynamics showed that cash flow and profitability of European- and US-based firms responded differently to exposure to price regulation. Thus, firm specific effects play an important role in explaining the negative relationship between price regulation and R&D intensity. These results were robust to the inclusion of different time-varying firm level variables. Conclusion The findings suggest that investment decisions of firms are most likely driven by long-run inter-firm differences, and that firm effects strongly determine firm strategies in terms of R&D investment. KW - Health Management Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-020-00601-9 SN - 1179-1896 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jankin, Slava A1 - Ushakova, Anastasia T1 - Big data to the rescue? Challenges in analysing granular household electricity consumption in the United Kingdom JF - Energy Research & Social Science N2 - Rapid growth in smart meter installations has given rise to vast collections of data at a high time-resolution and down to an individual level. However, to enable efficient policy interventions, we need to be able to appropriately segment the population of users. The aim of this paper is to consider challenges and opportunities associated with large highly-granular temporal datasets that describe residential electricity consumption. In particular, the focus is on experiments relating to aggregation of smart meter time-series data in the context of clustering and prediction tasks that are often used for customer targeting and to gain insight on energy-use about sub populations. To cluster energy use profiles, we propose a novel framework based on a set of Gaussian based models which we use to encode individuals’ energy consumption over time. The dataset consists of half hourly electricity consumption records from smart meters of households in the UK (2014–2015). The contribution of this paper comes from its investigation of how consumers or groups may be clustered according to model parameters in scenarios where additional data on consumers is not available to the researcher, or where anonymity preservation of the smart meter user is prioritised. A secondary aim is to invite greater awareness when data reduction is required to reduce the size of a large dataset for computational purposes. This may have implications for policy interventions acting at the individual or small group level, for instance, when designing incentives to encourage energy efficient behaviour or when identifying fuel poor customers. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101428 VL - 64 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chatsiou, Kakia A1 - Jankin, Slava T1 - Deep Learning for Political Science JF - The SAGE Handbook of Research Methods in Political Science and International Relations N2 - Political science, and social science in general, have traditionally been using computational methods to study areas such as voting behavior, policy making, international conflict, and international development. More recently, increasingly available quantities of data are being combined with improved algorithms and affordable computational resources to predict, learn, and discover new insights from data that is large in volume and variety. New developments in the areas of machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing (NLP), and, more generally, artificial intelligence (AI) are opening up new opportunities for testing theories and evaluating the impact of interventions and programs in a more dynamic and effective way. Applications using large volumes of structured and unstructured data are becoming common in government and industry, and increasingly also in social science research. This chapter offers an introduction to such methods drawing examples from political science. Focusing on the areas where the strengths of the methods coincide with challenges in these fields, the chapter first presents an introduction to AI and its core technology - machine learning, with its rapidly developing subfield of deep learning. The discussion of deep neural networks is illustrated with the NLP tasks that are relevant to political science. The latest advances in deep learning methods for NLP are also reviewed, together with their potential for improving information extraction and pattern recognition from political science texts. Y1 - 2020 UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.06540v1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bryson, Joanna T1 - Robot, all too human JF - XRDS: Crossroads, The ACM Magazine for Students N2 - Advanced robotics and artificial intelligence systems present a new challenge to human identity. Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1145/3313131 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - 56 EP - 59 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koop, Christel A1 - Reh, Christine A1 - Bressanelli, Edoardo T1 - Agenda‐setting under pressure: Does domestic politics influence the European Commission? JF - European Journal of Political Research N2 - The European Union (EU) has become increasingly visible and contested over the past decades. Several studies have shown that domestic pressure has made the EU's ‘electorally connected’ institutions more responsive. Yet, we still know little about how politicisation has affected the Union's non‐majoritarian institutions. We address this question by focusing on agenda‐setting and ask whether and how domestic politics influences the prioritisation of legislative proposals by the European Commission. We argue that the Commission, as both a policy‐seeker and a survival‐driven bureaucracy, will respond to domestic issue salience and Euroscepticism, at party, mass and electoral level, through targeted performance and through aggregate restraint. Building on new data on the prioritisation of legislative proposals under the ordinary legislative procedure (1999–2019), our analysis shows that the Commission's choice to prioritise is responsive to the salience of policy issues for Europe's citizens. By contrast, our evidence suggests that governing parties’ issue salience does not drive, and Euroscepticism does not constrain, the Commission's priority‐setting. Our findings contribute to the literature on multilevel politics, shedding new light on the strategic responses of non‐majoritarian institutions to the domestic politicisation of ‘Europe’. KW - agenda-setting; European Commission; politicisation; priorities; responsiveness Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12438 VL - 61 IS - 1 SP - 46 EP - 66 ET - European Journal of Political Research ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Levi, Sebastian T1 - Country-level conditions like prosperity, democracy, and regulatory culture predict individual climate change belief JF - Communications Earth&Environment N2 - Decades after the scientific community agreed on the existence of human-made climate change, substantial parts of the world’s population remain unaware or unconvinced that human activity is responsible for climate change. Belief in human-made climate change continues to vary strongly within and across different countries. Here I analyse data collected by the Gallup World Poll between 2007 and 2010 on individual attitudes across 143 countries, using a random forest model, to show that country-level conditions like environmental protection, civil liberty, and economic development are highly predictive of individual climate change belief. Individual education and internet access, in contrast, are correlated to climate change awareness, but much less to belief in climate change’s anthropogenic causes. I also identify non-linear pattern in which country-level circumstances relate to individual climate change belief. The local importance of most predictors varies strongly across countries, indicating that each country has its relatively unique set of correlates of climate change belief. KW - climate change, Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-021-00118-6#citeas U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00118-6 IS - 2, 51 (2021) SP - 1 EP - 10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ferrara, Federico Maria A1 - Haas, Jörg A1 - Peterson, Andrew A1 - Sattler, Thomas T1 - Exports vs. investment: How political discourse shapes popular support for external imbalances JF - Socio-Economic Review N2 - The economic imbalances that characterize the world economy have unequally distributed costs and benefits. That raises the question of how countries could run long-term external surpluses and deficits without significant opposition against the policies that generate them. We show that political discourse helps to secure public support for these policies and the resulting economic outcomes. First, a content analysis of 32 000 newspaper articles finds that the dominant interpretations of current account balances in Australia and Germany concur with very distinct perspectives: external surpluses are seen as evidence of competitiveness in Germany, while external deficits are interpreted as evidence of attractiveness for investments in Australia. Second, survey experiments in both countries suggest that exposure to these diverging interpretations has a causal effect on citizens’ support for their country’s economic strategy. Political discourse, thus, is crucial to provide the societal foundation of national growth strategies. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwab004 SN - 1475-147X ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Çalı, Başak T1 - Autocratic Strategies and the European Court of Human Rights JF - European Convention on Human Rights Law Review Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1163/26663236-bja10015 SN - 2666-3236 SN - 2666-3228 SP - 1 EP - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Raiser, Kilian A1 - Kornek, Ulrike A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Lamb, William F. T1 - Is the Paris Agreement effective? A systematic map of the evidence JF - Environmental Research Letters N2 - The Paris Agreement (PA) sets out to strengthen the global response to climate change, setting targets for mitigation, adaptation, and finance, and establishing mechanisms through which to achieve these targets. The effectiveness of the PA's mechanisms in achieving its targets, however, has been questioned. This review systematically maps the peer-reviewed literature on the PA, categorizing the available evidence on whether or not the 'Paris Regime' can be effective. We split our analysis into three methodologically distinct sections: first we categorize the literature according to the mechanisms being studied. We find a diverse body of literature, albeit with a clear focus on mitigation, and identify adaptation and capacity building to be clear gaps. Second, we carry out a content analysis, identifying common drivers of, barriers to, and recommendations for effectiveness. Here we find mixed evidence, with potential drivers often qualified by more concrete barriers. Thirdly, we use scientometrics to identify six research clusters. These cover loss and damage, finance, legal issues, international politics, experimental evidence, and studies on tracking progress on the PA's targets. We conclude with a narrative discussion of our findings, presenting three central themes. First, transparency is widely considered a precondition for the PA to be institutionally effective. However, a lack of clear reporting standards and comparable information renders the PA's transparency provisions ineffective. Second, environmental effectiveness relies on national ambition, of which there is currently too little. It remains unclear to which extent the Paris Regime structure itself can induce significant ratcheting-up of ambition. Finally, the PA facilitates the diffusion of norms, enables learning and the sharing of best practices. This production of shared norms provides the most promising avenue for overcoming the current lack of ambition. One of the primary successes of the PA is in providing a platform for the exchange of experiences and ideas. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab865c VL - 15 IS - 8 SP - 1 EP - 16 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Leipprand, Anna A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Pahle, Michael T1 - Starting low, reaching high? Sequencing in EU climate and energy policies JF - Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions N2 - In order to achieve the UNFCCC Paris Agreement goals, climate policies worldwide require considerable ratcheting-up. Policy sequencing provides a framework for analysing policy process dynamics that facilitate ratcheting-up. We apply a sequencing perspective to two key EU climate and energy policies, the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) and the Renewable Energy Directive (RED), to comparatively test the empirical relevance of sequencing for single policies – in addition to sequencing across policies, which has been the focus of sequencing theory so far – and to uncover specific mechanisms. Our results confirm that sequencing, based on triggering positive and controlling negative feedback, is relevant both within and across policies. Policy choices that may facilitate ratcheting-up include tools to control costs, the possibility to centralise and harmonise in a multi-level governance context, options for compensation of reluctant actors, and the encouragement of learning processes. KW - Policy sequencing KW - Policy feedback KW - Energy policy KW - Climate policy KW - Emissions trading Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2020.08.006 VL - 37 SP - 140 EP - 155 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jakob, Michael A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Steckel, Jan Christoph A1 - Urpelainen, Johannes T1 - Actors, objectives, context: A framework of the political economy of energy and climate policy applied to India, Indonesia, and Vietnam JF - Energy Research & Social Science N2 - Devising policies that facilitate a transition to low-carbon energy systems requires a close understanding of the country-specific political economy of energy and climate policy. We develop a generalized AOC (‘Actors, Objectives, Context’) political economy framework to inform and enable comparison of country-specific case studies of how economic structure, political institutions, and the political environment shape policy outcomes. Our actor-centered perspective is built on the assumption that those policies are implemented that best meet the objectives of actors with the greatest influence on policy decisions. Applying the framework in practice includes four basic steps: i) identifying the societal and political actors most relevant for the formulation, implementation and enforcement of energy and climate policies; ii) spelling out these actors’ underlying objectives; iii) assessing the economic, institutional, discursive and environmental context which determines how certain objectives matter for certain societal actors; and iv) analyzing the dynamic interactions among these factors leading to aggregate policy outcomes. Context factors determine how societal actors influence political actors engaged in formal public policy formulation, implementation and enforcement, and how the dynamic interplay of different political actors’ interests results in energy and climate policy outcomes. The framework can accommodate a wide range of theoretical perspectives. We illustrate how the framework enables conducting comparable energy and climate policy country case studies, using the example of coal use in India, Indonesia and Vietnam. Finally, we discuss how the framework can contribute to the identification of entry points that could bring about policy change. KW - Political economy KW - Policy design KW - Climate and energy policy KW - vested interests KW - Coal Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101775 VL - 70 SP - 1 EP - 12 ER -