TY - CHAP A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard T1 - Zukunftspanel Staat & Verwaltung: Chancen und Trends der öffentlichen Verwaltung in der digitalen Revolution T2 - Zukunftskongress Staat & Verwaltung Y1 - 2015 IS - Juni 2015 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stockmann, Daniela T1 - China's cat-and mouse game blocking web content no model for EU JF - EUobserver Y1 - 2020 UR - https://euobserver.com/opinion/148415 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stockmann, Daniela A1 - Hartman, Keri A1 - Luo, Ting T1 - The political position generator - A new instrument for measuring political ties in China JF - Social Networks N2 - This paper proposes a novel instrument – the political position generator - for measuring individuals’ political ties, or personal, affective connections to state officials and other political actors. It adopts and adapts the more general position generator framework in social capital research to capture three key dimensions of political ties – upper reachability, network diversity, and tie strength. The measure is validated with data from a representative survey of the Chinese population and three scales representing the three political ties dimensions are created. In correlational and multivariate regression analyses, we find initial evidence of the instrument’s criterion-related (discriminant and concurrent) validity. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2020.05.004 SN - 0378-8733 VL - 63 SP - 70 EP - 79 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Darius, Philipp A1 - Urquhart, Michael T1 - Disinformed social movements: A large-scale mapping of conspiracy narratives as online harms during the COVID-19 pandemic JF - Online Social Networks and Media N2 - The COVID-19 pandemic caused high uncertainty regarding appropriate treatments and public policy reactions. This uncertainty provided a perfect breeding ground for spreading conspiratorial anti-science narratives based on disinformation. Disinformation on public health may alter the population’s hesitance to vaccinations, counted among the ten most severe threats to global public health by the United Nations. We understand conspiracy narratives as a combination of disinformation, misinformation, and rumour that are especially effective in drawing people to believe in post-factual claims and form disinformed social movements. Conspiracy narratives provide a pseudo-epistemic background for disinformed social movements that allow for self-identification and cognitive certainty in a rapidly changing information environment. This study monitors two established conspiracy narratives and their communities on Twitter, the anti-vaccination and anti-5G communities, before and during the first UK lockdown. The study finds that, despite content moderation efforts by Twitter, conspiracy groups were able to proliferate their networks and influence broader public discourses on Twitter, such as #Lockdown in the United Kingdom. KW - Disinformation, Conspiracy theory, Anti-vaccination, Anti-5G, Social network analysis, COVID-19, Social movements, Twitter, Public health, Trust in government Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.osnem.2021.100174 VL - 26 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Darius, Philipp A1 - Stephany, Fabian T1 - How the Far-Right Polarises Twitter: ‘Hashjacking’ as a Disinformation Strategy in Times of COVID-19 T2 - Complex Networks & Their Applications X. COMPLEX NETWORKS 2021. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 1016 N2 - Twitter influences political debates. Phenomena like fake news and hate speech show that political discourses on social platforms can become strongly polarised by algorithmic enforcement of selective perception. Some political actors actively employ strategies to facilitate polarisation on Twitter, as past contributions show, via strategies of ‘hashjacking’(The use of someone else’s hashtag in order to promote one’s own social media agenda.). For the example of COVID-19 related hashtags and their retweet networks, we examine the case of partisan accounts of the German far-right party Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) and their potential use of ‘hashjacking’ in May 2020. Our findings indicate that polarisation of political party hashtags has not changed significantly in the last two years. We see that right-wing partisans are actively and effectively polarising the discourse by ‘hashjacking’ COVID-19 related hashtags, like #CoronaVirusDE or #FlattenTheCurve. This polarisation strategy is dominated by the activity of a limited set of heavy users. The results underline the necessity to understand the dynamics of discourse polarisation, as an active political communication strategy of the far-right, by only a handful of very active accounts. KW - COVID-19 Hashtags Networks Political communication strategies #CoronaVirusDE #FlattenTheCurve Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-3-030-93413-2 SN - 978-3-030-93412-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93413-2_9 SP - 100 EP - 111 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - McBride, Keegan A1 - Kupi, Maximilian A1 - Bryson, Joanna ED - Stephens, Melodena ED - Awamleh, Raed ED - Salem, Fadi T1 - Untangling Agile Government: On the Dual Necessities of Structure and Agility T2 - Agile Government: Emerging Perspectives in Public Management N2 - The governments of today are not able to transform and adapt to changes in the world around them, as demanded by their constituents. The nature of work, value of public goods, and the constant bombardment of crises are making the old bureaucratic structures obsolete. Agile Government is an emerging theme, that of government-wide reinvention for adaptiveness and responsiveness. It places the accountability, delivery, capture, design and creation of public value at the heart of the government. The concept of agile government is confused with terms like Agile Manifesto, agile governance, agility among others, and because of this, needs some unpacking. This book is a deep dive into this topic. It offers insights from the theoretical development of the topic of agile government, some lessons from government practices around the world, and ongoing academic and policy research. The project is spearheaded by the Mohammed Bin Rashid School of Government, which is the first teaching and research institution in the Arab world focusing on public policy and governance. Y1 - 2022 SN - 9789811239694 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811239700_0002 PB - World Scientific Publishing CY - Singapur ER - TY - INPR A1 - Dempsey, Mark A1 - McBride, Keegan A1 - Haataja, Meeri A1 - Bryson, Joanna T1 - Transnational digital governance and its impact on artificial intelligence N2 - The rapid pace of technological advancement and innovation has put governance and regulatory mechanisms to the test. There is a clear need for new and innovative regulatory mechanisms that enable governments to successfully manage the integration of such technologies into our societies and ensure that such integration occurs in a sustainable, beneficial, and just manner. Artificial Intelligence stands out as one of the most debated such innovations. What exactly is it, how should it be built, how can it be used, and how and should it be regulated? Yet, in this debate, AI is becoming widely utilized within both existing, evolving, and bespoke regulatory contexts. The present chapter explores in particular what is arguably the most successful AI regulatory approach to date, that of the European Union. We explore core definitional concepts, shared understandings, values, and approaches currently in play. We argue that due to the so-called ‘Brussels effect’, regulatory initiatives within the European Union have a much broader global impact and, therefore, warrant close inspection. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/xu3jr ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bryson, Joanna A1 - Malikova, Helena T1 - Is There an AI Cold War? JF - Global Perspectives N2 - Regulation is a means societies use to create the stability, public goods, and infrastructure they need to thrive securely. This policy brief is intended to both document and to address claims of a new AI cold war: a binary competition between the United States and China that is too important for other powers to either ignore or truly participate in directly, beyond taking sides. We argue that while some of the claims of this narrative are based at least in part on genuine security concerns and important unknowns, evidence for its extreme binary nature is lacking. This absence of factual evidence is concerning, because related geopolitical tensions may be used to interfere with regulation of AI and agencies associated with its development. Here we first document and then analyze the extremely bipolar picture prominent policymakers and political commentators have been recently painting of the AI technological situation, portraying China and the United States as the only two global powers. We then examine the plausibility of these claims using two measures: internationally registered AI patents and the market capitalization of the companies that hold them. These two measures, while each somewhat arbitrary and imperfect, are often deployed in the context of the binary narrative and can therefore be seen as conservative choices in that they should favor exactly the “champions” of that narrative. In fact, these measures do not produce bipolar results: Chinese capacity has been exaggerated and that of other global regions deprecated. These findings call into question the motivation behind the documented claims, though they also further illuminate the uncertainty concerning digital technology security. We recommend that all parties engage in contributing to a safe, secure, and transparent regulatory landscape. KW - technology policy, digital governance, artificial intelligence, transnational regulation, polarity Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1525/gp.2021.24803 VL - 2 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rackwitz, Maike A1 - Hustedt, Thurid A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard T1 - Digital transformation: From hierarchy to network-based collaboration? The case of the German “Online Access Act”. JF - dms – der moderne staat – Zeitschrift für Public Policy, Recht und Management N2 - To unlock the full potential of ICT-related public sector innovation and digital transformation, governments must embrace collaborative working structures and leadership, is commonly argued. However, little is known about the dynamics of such collaborations in contexts of hierarchy, silo cultures, and procedural accountability. A widely voiced but empirically insufficiently substantiated claim is that bringing cross-cutting digital endeavours forward requires more lateral, network-based approaches to governance beyond traditional Weberian ideals. We test this claim by shedding light on three distinct challenges (complexity, risk, and power imbalance) encountered when implementing the specific collaborative case of the German Online Access Act (OAA) and by examining how they have been addressed in institutional design and leadership. Our analysis, which combines desk research and semi-structured expert interviews, reveals that flexible, horizontal approaches are on the rise. Taking a closer look, however, vertical coordination continues to serve as complementary means to problem-solving capability. KW - Digitalisation, intergovernmental collaboration, Online Access Act, leadership, institutional design Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3224/dms.v14i1.05 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 101 EP - 120 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bryson, Joanna A1 - Eisenlauer, Martin T1 - Artificial Intelligence and ethics T2 - Faster than the Future Y1 - 2021 SP - 57 EP - 73 CY - Barcelona ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Breaugh, Jessica A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Rackwitz, Maike A1 - Palaric, Enora T1 - Research Report on Collaborative Management for ICT Enabled Public Sector Innovation BT - Work Package 6 – Deliverable 6.4 N2 - The process of digitalising government is rapidly gaining speed, resulting in a pressing need for increased inter-governmental integration and challenging the traditional silo structures of government. This has sparked the adoption of inter-governmental collaborative working arrangements and efforts to develop joint standards and solutions; yet little is known about how exactly this manifests itself in the context of ambitious digitalisation projects. This report provides new empirical evidence on the challenges and dynamics of collaboration within and between public organisations in order to drive digital transformation. The report begins with a literature review on collaborative management with a particular focus on collaboration in the context of government digitalisation. This literature serves as a basis for developing a set of five propositions regarding how intergovernmental collaborative digitalisation projects can be best designed and managed. Following the conceptual framework of the TROPICO project deliverable 6.3 developed by Rackwitz et al. (2020), the report investigates the interplay between system context, collaboration challenges and dynamics (i.e. complexity, risk and power imbalances), public management interventions (i.e. institutional design and leadership) as well as outcomes. Emphasis is placed upon the role of institutional design and leadership in order to cope with the challenges inherent to collaborative governance approaches. The framework and related propositions are then verified through the use of empirical findings from ten comparative case studies from five European countries (Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, and the United Kingdom). The case studies, presented in detail in TROPICO deliverable 6.3, examine the development of national government-wide online portals, as well as the implementation of municipal Smart City initiatives. The cases show that the system dynamics and challenges of digitalisation projects, such as size and scope, tend to generate resource-intensive and demanding working conditions. Creating hybrid structures that incorporate both network and hierarchical approaches has been a common approach to handling these conditions and balancing the demands of inter-departmental collaboration with the inherent accountabilities and existing working cultures of public organisations. At the steering level, a central coordinator with collaborative leadership skills was found to be key to driving the projects forward and achieving outcomes. Participatory, network-style approaches at the working group level were successful in balancing the demands of all collaborative partners and encouraging wide-scale engagement. In addition, opting for wide-scale inclusion, setting ground rules and clear processes as well as a focus on trust and social capital development proved essential. While most leadership approaches still maintain elements of transactional leadership in managing projects, collaborative leadership approaches such as bringing stakeholders together, mediating problems, and guiding and steering the process were used in many instances to handle the complexities inherent in the project objectives. In the conclusion of the report, contributions are discussed, followed by an outline for future research avenues. Y1 - 2020 UR - https://tropico-project.eu/download/d6-4-research-report-on-collaborative-management-for-ict-enabled-public-sector-innovation/?wpdmdl=1571&refresh=60c51d2fad4cf1623530799 N1 - This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No.726840 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Garten, Felix T1 - The challenge of Chinese digital payment networks JF - 9Dashline Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.9dashline.com/article/the-challenge-of-chinese-digital-payment-networks ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bryson, Joanna T1 - Robot, all too human JF - XRDS: Crossroads, The ACM Magazine for Students N2 - Advanced robotics and artificial intelligence systems present a new challenge to human identity. Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1145/3313131 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - 56 EP - 59 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stephany, Fabian A1 - Neuhäuser, Leonie A1 - Stoehr, Niklas A1 - Darius, Philipp A1 - Teutloff, Ole A1 - Braesemann, Fabian T1 - The CoRisk-Index: A Data-Mining Approach to Identify Industry-Specific Risk Perceptions Related to Covid-19 JF - Humanities and Social Sciences Communications N2 - The global spread of Covid-19 has caused major economic disruptions. Governments around the world provide considerable financial support to mitigate the economic downturn. However, effective policy responses require reliable data on the economic consequences of the corona pandemic. We propose the CoRisk-Index: a real-time economic indicator of corporate risk perceptions related to Covid-19. Using data mining, we analyse all reports from US companies filed since January 2020, representing more than a third of the US workforce. We construct two measures—the number of ‘corona’ words in each report and the average text negativity of the sentences mentioning corona in each industry—that are aggregated in the CoRisk-Index. The index correlates with U.S. unemployment rates across industries and with an established market volatility measure, and it preempts stock market losses of February 2020. Moreover, thanks to topic modelling and natural language processing techniques, the CoRisk data provides highly granular data on different dimensions of the crisis and the concerns of individual industries. The index presented here helps researchers and decision makers to measure risk perceptions of industries with regard to Covid-19, bridging the quantification gap between highly volatile stock market dynamics and long-term macroeconomic figures. For immediate access to the data, we provide all findings and raw data on an interactive online dashboard. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01039-1 VL - 9 IS - 1 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kupi, Maximilian A1 - McBride, Keegan ED - Edelmann, ‪Noella T1 - Agile Development for Digital Government Services: Challenges and Success Factors T2 - Electronic Participation ePart 2021, Lecture Notes in Computer Science N2 - Many governments have problems with developing digital government services in an effective and efficient manner. One proposed solution to improve governmental digital service development is for governments to utilize agile development methods. However, there is currently a lack of understanding on two important and related topics. First, whether or not agile development might help to overcome common failure reasons of digital government projects. Second, what the challenges and success factors of agile digital government service development are. This paper addresses both of these gaps. By gathering insights from six cases where agile methods were used in the development of new digital services, it identifies five core categories of challenges and success factors encountered when utilizing agile development methods for governmental digital service development: organizational, methodological, end-user-related, technological, and regulatory. Furthermore, based on these findings, it makes initial recommendations on when and how to best use agile methods for digital government service development. KW - Agile development KW - Digital government KW - Public administration KW - e-government KW - Public services Y1 - 2021 UR - https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-82824-0_11#Abs1 VL - 12849 SP - 139 EP - 150 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bryson, Joanna A1 - Bogani, Ronny ED - Campbell, Aifric T1 - Robot Nannies Will Not Love T2 - The Love Makers N2 - How artificial intelligence and robotics are transforming the future of love and desire: a philosophical thriller and essays.A chance encounter between two women and a road trip into the future: It's Christmas Eve, and Scarlett, banker-turned-technologist, is leaving a secret underground lab to catch the last flight that will get her home in time to open presents with her three-year-old son. She offers a lift to a young woman in distress, who shares her intimate life story as they drive to the airport. These revelations will have devastating consequences for both of them. The Love Makers is a philosophical thriller about female friendship, class, motherhood, women, and work--and how artificial intelligence and robotics are transforming the future of love and desire. Aifric Campbell combines her novel with essays from leading scientists and commentators who examine what's at stake in our human-machine relationships. What is our future as friends, parents, lovers? Will advances in intelligent machines reverse decades of progress for women? From robot nannies to generative art and our ancient dreams of intelligent machines, The Love Makers blends storytelling with science communication to investigate the challenges and opportunities of emergent technologies and how we want to live. ContributorsRonny Bogani, Joanna J. Bryson, Julie Carpenter, Stephen Cave, Anita Chandran, Peter R. N. Childs, Kate Devlin, Kanta Dihal, Mary Flanagan, Margaret Rhee, Amanda Sharkey, Roberto Trotta, E. R. Truitt, and Richard Watson Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.gold.ac.uk/goldsmiths-press/publications/the-love-makers/ SN - 97819126858442 SP - 249 EP - 258 PB - Goldsmiths Press CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cingolani, Luciana T1 - Infrastructural state capacity in the digital age: What drives the performance of COVID-19 tracing apps? JF - Governance N2 - In a context where states increasingly complement their physical presence with digital means, the classic idea of infrastructural state power needs reconsideration. The COVID-19 pandemic represents an unparalleled opportunity to that end, given the uniformity of one type of digital infrastructural intervention - the offer of contact tracing apps - and its highly varying performance across geographies. Against this backdrop, the article seeks to expand traditional discussions on state infrastructural power by testing a series of propositions on the explanatory factors behind tracing apps' emergence and adoption rates. The findings stemming from a pool of 150 countries show no straightforward connection between traditional and digital forms of infrastructural power. They also point at the primacy of governmental trust over financial, institutional, and technological factors - including privacy standards - when explaining high adoption, suggesting that the relational aspect of infrastructural power acquires a proportionally greater weight in the digital era. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12666 SP - 1 EP - 23 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Cingolani, Luciana A1 - McBride, Keegan A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard T1 - Human Centric Smart Cities. Redefining the smart city. N2 - Smart cities have traditionally been studied from a technocentric perspective. However,such technological conceptualizations of smart cities are no longer adequate in today’s society. This policy brief discusses another alternative, human centric smart cities. Human centric smart cities are cities that practice smart governance, are collaborative, focused on user needs, supportive of innovation, and are ultimately oriented towards the development of wellbeing and the creation of public valuefor its citizens. In human centric smart cities, the use, implementation, and development of technology is guided by these foundations. The policy brief draws on insightgenerated from an international symposium organized for the City of Berlin on the future of smart cities. The brief itself is structured around four core aspects: human centricity, inter-sectoral collaboration, data governance, and administrative capacity. The brief ends by providing initial recommendations on how to start thinking about and implementing new human centric smart city strategies. Key Points: • In human centric smart cities, adopting a public valueor happiness orientedapproach to development will be critical. • The notion of innovation and service development inside human centric smartcities is changing, driven primarily by a shift in the structure of smart city ecosystems. • New human centric smart city data governance strategies must be in line withthe creation of public value, data sovereignty, and the maintenance offundamental rights and freedoms such as those related to privacy andfreedom of expression. • The change towards more collaborative, open, and human centric smart citieswill require new governance strategies and new administrative capacities. Y1 - 2022 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-44106 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bryson, Joanna T1 - Europe Is in Danger of Using the Wrong Definition of AI JF - Wired N2 - Some intelligent systems are at risk of being excluded from oversight in the EU's proposed legislation. This is bad for both businesses and citizens. Y1 - 2022 UR - https://www.wired.com/story/artificial-intelligence-regulation-european-union/ ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Dempsey, Mark A1 - McBride, Keegan A1 - Haataja, Meeri A1 - Bryson, Joanna T1 - Transnational Digital Governance and Its Impact on Artificial Intelligence T2 - The Oxford Handbook of AI Governance N2 - The rapid pace of technological advancement and innovation has put existing governance and regulatory mechanisms to the test. There is a clear need for new and innovative regulatory mechanisms that enable governments to successfully manage the integration of digital technologies into our societies, and to ensure that such integration occurs in a sustainable, beneficial, and just manner. Artificial Intelligence (AI) stands out as one of the most debated of such innovations. What exactly is it, how should it be built and deployed, how can it be used, and how should it be regulated? Yet across the period of this debate, AI is becoming widely used and addressed within existing, evolving, and bespoke regulatory contexts. The present chapter explores the extant governance of AI and, in particular, what is arguably the most successful AI regulatory approach to date, that of the European Union. The chapter explores core definitional concepts, shared understandings, values, and approaches currently in play. It argues that not only are the Union’s regulations locally effective, but, due to the so-called “Brussels effect,” regulatory initiatives within the European Union also have a much broader global impact. As such, they warrant close consideration. Y1 - 2022 SN - 9780197579329 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197579329.013.16 N1 - A pre-print version is available at: https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/xu3jr PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stockmann, Daniela T1 - Tech companies and the public interest: the role of the state in governing social media platforms JF - Information, Communication & Society N2 - In the early days of the internet, it was hoped that digital technology would bring about democracy and positive outcomes for society. Recently, the debate has shifted towards tech lash with many critics pointing towards technology companies undermining democracy, stability, and sustainability. As a result, a new consensus seems to be emerging among policymakers, companies, and civil societal actors that self-regulation has to move towards co-regulation. This Special Issue of Information, Communication and Society draws together cutting-edge contributions on three core themes in scholarly and policy discourse on platform regulation: First, the papers in this special issue enhance empirical understandings of the role of the state in governing social media platforms developing in the United States, Europe, and Sub-Saharan Africa. Second, they provide a holistic framework to understand policy problems that need to be addressed, which helps to develop and evaluate new policy initiatives. Finally, papers point towards three approaches in governing social media platforms and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of content moderation, process-based co-regulation, as well as competition regulation and alternative business models. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2022.2032796 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 15 ER - TY - INPR A1 - Darius, Philipp A1 - Stephany, Fabian T1 - How the Far-Right Polarises Twitter: 'Highjacking' Hashtags in Times of COVID-19 N2 - Twitter influences political debates. Phenomena like fake news and hate speech show that political discourse on micro-blogging can become strongly polarised by algorithmic enforcement of selective perception. Some political actors actively employ strategies to facilitate polarisation on Twitter, as past contributions show, via strategies of 'hashjacking'. For the example of COVID-19 related hashtags and their retweet networks, we examine the case of partisan accounts of the German far-right party Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) and their potential use of 'hashjacking' in May 2020. Our findings indicate that polarisation of political party hashtags has not changed significantly in the last two years. We see that right-wing partisans are actively and effectively polarising the discourse by 'hashjacking' COVID-19 related hashtags, like #CoronaVirusDE or #FlattenTheCurve. This polarisation strategy is dominated by the activity of a limited set of heavy users. The results underline the necessity to understand the dynamics of discourse polarisation, as an active political communication strategy of the far-right, by only a handful of very active accounts. KW - COVID-19 KW - Far-Right KW - Hashjacking KW - Hashtag KW - Networks Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/n6f3r ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Stephany, Fabian A1 - Stoehr, Niklas A1 - Darius, Philipp A1 - Neuhäuser, Leonie A1 - Teutloff, Ole A1 - Braesemann, Fabian T1 - The CoRisk-Index: A data-mining approach to identify industry-specific risk assessments related to COVID-19 in real-time T2 - General Economics (econ.GN) N2 - While the coronavirus spreads, governments are attempting to reduce contagion rates at the expense of negative economic effects. Market expectations plummeted, foreshadowing the risk of a global economic crisis and mass unemployment. Governments provide huge financial aid programmes to mitigate the economic shocks. To achieve higher effectiveness with such policy measures, it is key to identify the industries that are most in need of support. In this study, we introduce a data-mining approach to measure industry-specific risks related to COVID-19. We examine company risk reports filed to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). This alternative data set can complement more traditional economic indicators in times of the fast-evolving crisis as it allows for a real-time analysis of risk assessments. Preliminary findings suggest that the companies' awareness towards corona-related business risks is ahead of the overall stock market developments. Our approach allows to distinguish the industries by their risk awareness towards COVID-19. Based on natural language processing, we identify corona-related risk topics and their perceived relevance for different industries. The preliminary findings are summarised as an up-to-date online index. The CoRisk-Index tracks the industry-specific risk assessments related to the crisis, as it spreads through the economy. The tracking tool is updated weekly. It could provide relevant empirical data to inform models on the economic effects of the crisis. Such complementary empirical information could ultimately help policymakers to effectively target financial support in order to mitigate the economic shocks of the crisis. KW - COVID-19 KW - Coronavirus KW - Economic risk KW - Risk reports KW - SEC filings Y1 - 2020 UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.12432v3 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Darius, Philipp A1 - Stephany, Fabian ED - Weber (et al.), Ingmar T1 - “Hashjacking” the Debate: Polarisation Strategies of Germany’s Political Far-Right on Twitter T2 - Social Informatics. SocInfo 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 11864 N2 - Twitter is a digital forum for political discourse. The emergence of phenomena like fake news and hate speech has shown that political discourse on micro-blogging can become strongly polarised by algorithmic enforcement of selective perception. Recent findings suggest that some political actors might employ strategies to actively facilitate polarisation on Twitter. With a network approach, we examine the case of the German far-right party Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) and their potential use of a “hashjacking” strategy (The use of someone else’s hashtag in order to promote one’s own social media agenda.). Our findings suggest that right-wing politicians (and their supporters/retweeters) actively and effectively polarise the discourse not just by using their own party hashtags, but also by “hashjacking” the political party hashtags of other established parties. The results underline the necessity to understand the success of right-wing parties, online and in elections, not entirely as a result of external effects (e.g. migration), but as a direct consequence of their digital political communication strategy. KW - Hashtags KW - Networks KW - Political communication strategies Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34971-4_21 SN - 978-3-030-34971-4 VL - 11846 SP - 298 EP - 308 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stockmann, Daniela A1 - Garten, Felix A1 - Luo, Ting T1 - Who is a PRC user? Comparing Chinese social media user agreements JF - First Monday N2 - Social media companies rely on user agreements as one means to manage content produced by users. While much has been written on user agreements and community standards of U.S.-based social media, surprisingly little is known about Chinese user agreements and their implications. We compare terms of services as well as privacy policies of WeChat and Weibo between 2014 and 2019 using their U.S. counterparts WhatsApp and Twitter as a benchmark. We find that Chinese user agreements reveal a territorial-based understanding of content management differentiating between PRC and non-PRC users based on language, IP address and country of citizenship. Second, Chinese social media companies are surprisingly transparent about what content can be published, which has implications for self-censorship among users. Third, changes in PRC user agreements reflect Xi Jinping’s tightening control of the Internet. Finally, U.S.-based platforms have moved towards content management that differs by region, thus becoming more similar to the Chinese approach over time. KW - social media KW - content management KW - censorship KW - user agreements KW - China Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v25i8.10319 SN - 1396-0466 VL - 25 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cingolani, Luciana ED - Elsevier, T1 - The survival of open government platforms: Empirical insights from a global sample JF - Government Information Quarterly N2 - For a number of years scholars have theorized about a change of paradigm in the collaborative practices between governments and citizens as a result of the newly emerged many-to-many forms of connectivity. A vibrant agenda on open government has flourished since, with critical advances on the conceptual front, but much less empirical testing of its propositions. This article makes use of a recognized typology of co-production initiatives in order to implement a Cox hazards survival analysis of 465 open government platforms from a global sample in 87 countries. Its main findings suggest that government-initiated collaborations have the lowest risk of termination and that citizen-to-government initiatives the highest. They also show that while internationally-exerted pressure for openness favors the genesis of open government platforms, it does not affect their survival chances. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2020.101522 VL - Volume 38 PB - Elsevier ET - Issue 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lindemann, Korinna A1 - Stoetzer, Lukas F. T1 - The effect of televised candidate debates on the support for political parties JF - Electoral Studies N2 - During campaigns for legislative elections, a large portion of the general public follows televised debates between the front-running candidates. How can the candidates use the public interest in the debates to increase the support for their party? In this article, we argue that especially challenger candidates can improve the public perception of their valence qualities, such as personal integrity, leadership, and competence, and can - as a result - raise the support of their party. We expect that the perceived policy stances of the candidates matter less. Building on televised debate experiments during the German Federal Elections of 2009 and 2013, we analyse the effect of the debates on party vote and in how far this relationship is mediated by changes in valence and policy evaluations of the candidates. Results show that changes of candidate valence, but not changes in policy perceptions, of the social-democratic front-running candidates mediate the vote intention for the party. Respondents who perceived the candidates more competent, empathetic and have integrity as a result of the debate are more likely to vote for the candidate's party. Our analysis further reveals, however, that this valence effect is not long-lasting and does not carry-over to vote intention briefly before the election. KW - Televised debates KW - Candidate valence KW - Voting decisions KW - Legislative election campaigns Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102243 SN - 0261-3794 VL - 69 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cowls, Josh A1 - Darius, Philipp A1 - Santistevan, Dominiquo A1 - Schramm, Moritz T1 - Constitutional metaphors: Facebook’s “supreme court” and the legitimation of platform governance JF - New Media and Society N2 - Who governs—and who should govern—online communication? Social media companies, international organizations, users, or the state? And by what means? A range of rhetorical devices have been used to simplify the complexities associated with the governance of online platforms. This includes “constitutional metaphors”: metaphorical allusions to traditional political concepts such as statehood, democracy, and constitutionalism. Here, we empirically trace the ascent of a powerful constitutional metaphor currently employed in the news media discourse on platform governance: characterizations of Facebook’s Oversight Board (OB) as a “supreme court.” We investigate the metaphor’s descriptive suitability and question its normative and political ramifications. We argue that uncritical characterizations of the OB as Facebook’s “supreme court” obscure its true scope and purpose. In addition, we argue that appropriating the socio-cultural symbolism and hence political legitimacy of a supreme court and mapping it onto a different type of actor poses a threat to responsible platform governance. KW - constitutional metaphors KW - content analysis KW - digital constitutionalism KW - Oversight Board KW - platform governance Y1 - 2022 UR - https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/14614448221085559 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221085559 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Römmele, Andrea A1 - Darius, Philipp ED - Faas, Thorsten ED - Huber, Sascha ED - Krewel, Mona ED - Roßteutscher, Sigrid T1 - KI und datengesteuerte Kampagnen: Eine Diskussion der Rolle generativer KI im politischen Wahlkampf T2 - Informationsflüsse, Wahlen und Demokratie: Festschrift für Rüdiger Schmitt-Beck Y1 - 2023 SN - 9783756008001 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748915553 VL - Studien zur Wahl- und Einstellungsforschung. Band 35 SP - 199 EP - 211 PB - Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gibson, Rachel A1 - Bon, Esmeralda A1 - Darius, Philipp A1 - Smyth, Peter T1 - Are Online Political Influencers Accelerating Democratic Deconsolidation? JF - Media and Communication N2 - Social media campaigning is increasingly linked with anti-democratic outcomes, with concerns to date centring on paid adverts, rather than organic content produced by a new set of online political influencers. This study systematically compares voter exposure to these new campaign actors with candidate-sponsored ads, as well as established and alternative news sources during the US 2020 presidential election. Specifically, we examine how far higher exposure to these sources is linked with key trends identified in the democratic deconsolidation thesis. We use data from a national YouGov survey designed to measure digital campaign exposure to test our hypotheses. Findings show that while higher exposure to online political influencers is linked to more extremist opinions, followers are not disengaging from conventional politics. Exposure to paid political ads, however, is confirmed as a potential source of growing distrust in political institutions. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v11i3.6813 SN - 2183-2439 VL - 11 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stockmann, Daniela A1 - Schlosser, Sophia A1 - Ksatryo, Paxia T1 - Social media governance and strategies to combat online hatespeech in Germany JF - Policy & Internet N2 - Concerns over online hatespeech have prompted governments to strengthen social media governance. However, claims by policy-makers and political activists regarding the effectiveness and likely consequences of legal regulations remain largely untested. We rely on qualitative interviews and two expert surveys to examine the behavior of public relations professionals in response to online hatespeech when having the option of using the new user-complaint mechanism under the German Network Enforcement Act (NetzDG). Our findings reveal that strategies depend on whether professionals work at public sector institutions, business, or civil society organizations and political parties. Public sector institutions are likely to report to the platform, but not under NetzDG. Civil society organizations are likely to choose content moderation, counterspeech, and other forms of intervention. Businesses deploy a wide range of strategies. In practice, Germany's procedural approach relying on user-complaint mechanisms to deal with online hatespeech is not used by experts as a means to combat online harassment. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.348 SN - 1944-2866 SP - 1 EP - 19 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bryson, Joanna A1 - Haataja, Meeri T1 - The European Parliament’s AI Regulation: Should We Call It Progress? JF - Amicus Curiae N2 - The European Union (EU) has been leading the world with its influential digital regulation. However, the EU’s legislative process is sufficiently complex and careful that some national legislation clearly influenced by the EU’s AI Regulation is already in place in other countries, before the law has even been finalized in the EU. Meanwhile, other states and regions are just beginning to develop AI policy. For both the EU and such others, we here describe the outcomes of the first round of legislative action by one of the EU’s two legislative bodies, the European Parliament, in terms of modifying the Artificial Intelligence Act. The Parliament has introduced a number of changes we consider to be enormously important, some in a very good way, and some in a very bad way. At stake is whether the AI Act really brings the power and strength of product law to continuously scale improved practice on products in the EU with intelligent components, or whether the law becomes window-dressing aimed only at attacking a few elite actors post hoc. We describe here the EU process, the changes and our recommendations. Y1 - 2023 UR - https://journals.sas.ac.uk/amicus/article/view/5612 U6 - https://doi.org/10.14296/ac.v4i3.5612 VL - 4, Series 2 IS - 3 SP - 707 EP - 718 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Griffin, Rachel T1 - Climate Breakdown as a Systemic Risk in the Digital Services Act N2 - Digital technologies have substantial environmental impacts. The EU’s 2022 Digital Services Act (DSA) requires the largest platforms and search engines to regularly assess “systemic risks” to various social interests – including public health, physical wellbeing, security, and fundamental rights – and to reasonably and proportionately mitigate these risks. Climate change and other escalating environmental crises severely threaten these interests. Accordingly, this policy brief argues that the DSA requires these companies to take reasonable measures to reduce their environmental impacts. This should notably include following best practices to minimise energy and water usage, including “sustainability by design” obligations to pursue less energy- and resource-intensive technologies, design choices, and business practices wherever possible. It should also include measures addressing platforms’ indirect environmental impacts, such as the facilitation of environmentally-damaging behaviour by third-party businesses. Since the DSA’s risk mitigation obligations apply specifically to the largest platforms – which exercise significant influence over broader technological and commercial ecosystems – regulatory pressure on these companies to take such measures could have outsized environmental benefits. This policy brief by Rachel Griffin, PhD candidate at Sciences Po Law School, offers a legal analysis of the DSA’s relevance to environmental policy and explains why environmental risks are within its scope. It then outlines appropriate measures to mitigate platforms’ direct and indirect environmental impacts. It concludes with recommendations for platform companies, regulators, and civil society on how to realise the Digital Services Act’s potential to help secure a more sustainable tech industry. Y1 - 2023 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-50755 UR - https://www.hertie-school.org/en/news/detail/content/climate-breakdown-as-a-systemic-risk-in-the-digital-services-act ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Darius, Philipp A1 - Stockmann, Daniela A1 - Bryson, Joanna A1 - Cingolani, Luciana A1 - Griffin, Rachel A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Kupi, Maximilian A1 - Mones, Haytham A1 - Munzert, Simon A1 - Riordan, Rónán A1 - Stockreiter, Simona T1 - Implementing Data Access of the Digital Services Act: Collaboration of European Digital Service Coordinators and Researchers in Building Strong Oversight over Social Media Platforms N2 - The EU Digital Service Acts signals a move away from self-regulation towards co-regulation of social media platforms within the European Union. To address online harms and rising platform power the DSA clarifies responsibilities of platforms and outlines a new technology regulatory framework to increase oversight. One key oversight instrument constitutes Article 40 of the DSA, which lays out data access for vetted researchers, who add value to regulators and the broader public as creators of knowledge, educators, advisors, innovators, and watchdogs. Currently, the EU Commission and national governments make important decisions regarding Digital Service Coordinators (DSCs) that play a key role in implementation. Based on expertise on European public administration and political science we lay out key challenges and success factors of DSCs that will play a role in promoting successful cooperation between DSCs and researchers. We provide three recommendations: First, we recommend to strengthen transfer of scientific knowledge into policy-making by processing publicly accessible publications within public administrative bodies. To this end, capacities of DSCs need to be increased. In addition, we also point towards the database of vetted researchers collected by the Board of DSCs as important resource in order to strengthen knowledge transfer. Second, the DSC network requires agile institutions with fast response time in order to enable researchers to play a constructive role in implementation. This also includes institutional procedures between DSCs and the Intermediary Body and Data Protection Agencies. To avoid delay in implementation agile institution-building needs to start now. Finally, institutional safeguards will help to avoid strategic choice of companies of the DSC of establishment. At the same time, the Irish DSC's capacity should be strengthened compared to other national DSCs since most large intermediary services providers have their European headquarters in Ireland. Y1 - 2023 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-49479 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cingolani, Luciana A1 - Hildebrandt, Tim T1 - Incentive Structures for the Adoption of Crowdsourcing in Public Policy: A Bureaucratic Politics Model JF - Sustainability N2 - Collective intelligence paradigms have been increasingly embraced by the public sector as a way to address complex policy challenges. The field is limited, however, by our little, comparative understanding of the political economy factors that create incentives around the adoption of certain types of collective intelligence over others in different organizational settings. This article uses a typology of citizen-sourced open innovation models based on the work of Daren Brabham as well as insights from Elinor Ostrom and Archon Fung, in order to produce a theoretical model of the determinants of crowdsourcing adoption decisions in the public sector. The model derives a political economy analysis that matches various administrative scenarios to different collective intelligence modalities and developments. The insights are illustrated through a number of crowdsourcing initiatives and provide important lessons to practitioners designing such collective challenges. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/su142012982 VL - 14 IS - 20 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Toomere, Taavi A1 - Kamalanathan, Sujani A1 - Freudenthal, Margus A1 - Valdma, Sandhra-Mirella A1 - McBride, Keegan T1 - Digital Government Interoperability Platform Reference Architecture T2 - Cybernetica research report D-2-384 N2 - Interoperability is a core component for any successful governmental digitalization initiative. Though there are numerous ways to build and enable this interoperability, it is possible to identify commonly occurring building blocks. This short report identifies these building blocks, maps them to relevant and common policy goals, and presents a reference architecture model for a digital government interoperability platform. To identify the relevant components of this architecture, desk research was conducted to identify common policy goals associated with interoperability, a workshop was conducted and a comprehensive systematic and comparative study was conducted that analyzed digital government interoperability platforms in twenty countries. The results of this report represent one of the most comprehensive studies to date on digital government interoperability and should, therefore, be of high interest for governmental practitioners, industry, and academics involved with interoperability studies and initiatives. Y1 - 2022 UR - https://cyber.ee/uploads/Digital_Government_Interoperability_Platform_Reference_Architecture_4d2b8a83f6.pdf PB - Cybernetica AS CY - Tallinn, Estonia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Miasayedava, Lizaveta A1 - McBride, Keegan A1 - Tuhtan, Jeffrey Andrew T1 - Automated environmental compliance monitoring of rivers with IoT and open government data JF - Journal of Environmental Management N2 - Environmental monitoring of rivers is a cornerstone of the European Union's Water Framework Directive. It requires the estimation and reporting of environmental flows in rivers whose characteristics vary widely across the EU member states. This variability has resulted in a fragmentation of estimation and reporting methods for environmental flows and is exhibited by the myriad of regulatory guidelines and estimation procedures. To standardise and systematically evaluate environmental flows at the pan-European scale, we propose to formalise the estimation procedures through automation by reusing existing river monitoring resources. In this work, we explore how sensor-generated hydrological open government data can be repurposed to automate the estimation and monitoring of river environmental flows. In contrast to existing environmental flows estimation methods, we propose a scalable IoT-based architecture and implement its cloud-layer web service. The major contribution of this work is the demonstration of an automated environmental flows system based on open river monitoring data routinely collected by national authorities. Moreover, the proposed system adds value to existing environmental monitoring data, reduces development and operational costs, facilitates streamlining of environmental compliance and allows for any authority with similar data to reuse or scale it with new data and methods. We critically discuss the opportunities and challenges associated with open government data, including its quality. Finally, we demonstrate the proposed system using the Estonian national river monitoring network and define further research directions. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114283 VL - 303 IS - 114283 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Quintarelli, Stefano A1 - Misuraca, Gianluca A1 - De Biase, Luca A1 - McBride, Keegan T1 - The Information Society and the Future of Digital Well-being T2 - Global Happiness and Well-being Policy Report 2022 Y1 - 2022 UR - https://s3.amazonaws.com/happinesscouncil.org/GHC_2022.pdf SN - 978-1-7348080-3-2 SP - 115 EP - 133 PB - Sustainable Development Solutions Network CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - McBride, Keegan A1 - Misnikov, Yuri A1 - Draheim, Dirk ED - Charalabidis, Yannis ED - Flak, Leif Skiftenes ED - Viale Pereira, Gabriela T1 - Discussing the foundations for interpretivist digital government research T2 - Scientific Foundations of Digital Governance and Transformation. Concepts, Approaches and Challenges N2 - As the research domain of digital government continues to develop as an important body of scholarly research, it is important to understand the core theoretical and philosophical basis of the discipline. Yet, in the domain of digital government, such an understanding does not exist. Therefore, there is currently a need for critical discussion about the concrete role of research philosophy in digital government research. This paper makes a first step in driving such a discussion by presenting arguments and discussion on the relevance of an interpretivist research philosophy for the domain of digital government. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of an interpretivist ontology and epistemology for digital government, discusses relevant theories and methods, and concludes with an overview of what is essential for conducting and carrying out interpretivist digital government research. This paper’s contributions represent one of the first concentrated efforts to lay out initial foundations for the role of interpretivism, and research philosophy more generally, for digital government research. Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-3-030-92945-9 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92945-9_6 SP - 121 EP - 147 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Shah, Syed Attique A1 - Yahia, Sadok Ben A1 - McBride, Keegan A1 - Jamil, Akhtar A1 - Draheim, Dirk T1 - Twitter Streaming Data Analytics for Disaster Alerts T2 - 2021 2nd International Informatics and Software Engineering Conference (IISEC) N2 - In today's world, disasters, both natural and manmade, are becoming increasingly frequent, and new solutions are of a compelling need to provide and disseminate information about these disasters to the public and concerned authorities in an effective and efficient manner. One of the most frequently used ways for information dissemination today is through social media, and when it comes to real-time information, Twitter is often the channel of choice. Thus, this paper discusses how Big Data Analytics (BDA) can take advantage of information streaming from Twitter to generate alerts and provide information in real-time on ongoing disasters. The paper proposes TAGS (Twitter Alert Generation System), a novel solution for collecting and analyzing social media streaming data in realtime and subsequently issue warnings related to ongoing disasters using a combination of Hadoop and Spark frameworks. The paper tests and evaluates the proposed solution using Twitter data from the 2018 earthquake in Palu City, Sulawesi, Indonesia. The proposed architecture was able to issue alert messages on various disaster scenarios and identify critical information that can be utilized for further analysis. Moreover, the performance of the proposed solution is assessed with respect to processing time and throughput that shows reliable system efficiency. Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-1-6654-0759-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/IISEC54230.2021.9672370 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - IEEE ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Darius, Philipp T1 - Who polarizes Twitter? Ideological polarization, partisan groups and strategic networked campaigning on Twitter during the 2017 and 2021 German Federal elections 'Bundestagswahlen' JF - Social Network Analysis and Mining N2 - Political campaign activities are increasingly digital. A crucial part of digital campaigning is communication efforts on social media platforms. As a forum for political discourse and political communication, parties and candidates on Twitter share public messages and aim to attract media attention and persuade voters. Party or prominent candidate hashtags are a central element of the campaign communication strategy since journalists and citizens search for these hashtags to follow the current debate concerning the hashed party or political candidate. Political elites and partisans use social media strategically, e.g., to link their messages to a broader debate, increase the visibility of messages, criticize other parties, or take over their hashtags (hashjacking). This study investigates the cases of the most recent 2017 and 2021 German federal elections called 'Bundestagswahlen'. The investigation (1) identifies communities of partisans in retweet networks in order to analyze the polarization of the most prominent hashtags of parties, 2) assesses the political behavior by partisan groups that amplify messages by political elites in these party networks, and 3) examines the polarization and strategic behavior of the identified partisan groups in the broader election hashtag debates using #BTW17 and #BTW21 as the prominent hashtags of the 2017 and 2021 elections. While in 2017, the far-right party 'Alternative für Deutschland' (AfD) and its partisans are in an isolated community, in 2021, they are part of the same community as the official party accounts of established conservative and liberal parties. This broader polarization may indicate changes in the political ideology of these actors. While the overall activity of political elites and partisans increased between 2017 and 2021, AfD politicians and partisans are more likely to use other party hashtags, which resulted in the polarization of the observed parts of the German political twitter sphere. While in 2017, the AfD polarized German Twitter, 2021 shows a broader division along the classical left–right divide. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-022-00958-w VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nikiforova, Anastasija A1 - McBride, Keegan T1 - Open government data portal usability: A user-centred usability analysis of 41 open government data portals JF - Telematics and Informatics N2 - Open government data, as a phenomena, may be considered an important and influential innovation that has the potential to drive the creation of public value via enabling the prevention of corruption, increase in accountability and transparency, and driving the co-creation of new and innovative services. However, in order for open government data to be fully taken advantage of, it must be found, understood, and used. Though many countries maintain open government data portals, the usability of said portals can vary greatly; this is important to understand as the usability of a portal likely impacts the eventual reuse of the data made available there. Acknowledging the importance of portal usability to the data reuse process, this paper helps to elucidate some initial insights by asking two questions: “How can the usability of open government data portals be evaluated and compared across contexts?” and “What are the most commonly missing usability aspects from open government data portals?”. In order to answer these research questions, a subset of 41 national open government data portals were selected for an in-depth usability analysis drawing on the feedback from 40 individual users. As a result of this analysis, the paper is able to make three primary contributions: (1) the validation of a framework for open government data portal usability analysis, (2) develops an initial comparative international ranking of open government data portal usability, and (3) identifies commonly occurring portal usability strengths and weaknesses across contexts. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101539 VL - 58 IS - May 2021, 101539 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - McBride, Keegan A1 - van Noordt, Colin A1 - Misuraca, Gianluca A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard T1 - Towards a Systematic Understanding on the Challenges of Procuring Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector T2 - SocArXiv Papers N2 - There is an increased interest amongst governments and public sector organisations about how to best integrate artificial intelligence into their day-to-day business processes. Yet, a large majority of technical know how is concentrated within the private sector, requiring most public sector organisations to rely on public procurement for AI systems. While many governments may have experience with traditional forms of public technological procurement, this paper argues that the public procurement of AI is different and new insight is needed to understand this differentiation and procure AI better. This paper offers an initial contribution to the public administration and management literature by describing this difference, and identifying the challenges associated with the public procurement of AI. In order to achieve this contribution, the research studied guidelines in four European countries (Estonia, Netherlands, Serbia, and the United Kingdom) to generate insight into the challenges faced, and potential solutions to these challenges, during the public procurement of AI process. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/un649/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/un649 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rackwitz, Maike T1 - Fraught with tension? A machine-learning approach to termination traits of public corporations in English and German local governments JF - Public Management Review N2 - Corporatization has gained scholarly attention in recent years, yet little is known regarding why many corporations are eventually terminated, and what happens to their form and functions thereafter. Reinternalizing services is one option local governments may pursue. This paper focuses on the impact of tensions (systemic contradictions) on this final resolution reached: Do local governments choose or refuse reinternalization? Conducting machine learning, I predict termination outcomes based on an original dataset of 244 ceased English and German companies (2010–2020). The results show that macrosystemic tensions are more relevant for resourcing decisions and reinternalization is less likely to be caused by formal ownership issues. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2023.2204323 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Breaugh, Jessica A1 - Rackwitz, Maike A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Nõmmik, Steven A1 - Bello, Benedetta A1 - Boon, Jan A1 - Van Doninck, Dries A1 - Downe, James A1 - Randma-Liiv, Tiina T1 - Deconstructing complexity: A comparative study of government collaboration in national digital platforms and smart city networks in Europe JF - Public Policy and Administration N2 - This research deconstructs complexity as a key challenge of intergovernmental digitalisation projects. While much of the literature acknowledges that the fundamental restructuring coupled with technical capacity that these joint projects require leads to increased complexity, little is known about how different types of complexity interact within the collaborative process. Using established concepts of substantive, strategic, and institutional complexity, we apply complexity theory in collaborative digital environments. To do so, eight digital projects are analysed that differ by state structure and government level. Using a cross-case design with 50 semi-structured expert interviews, we find that each digitalisation project exhibits all types of complexity and that these complexities overlap. However, clear differences emerge between national and local level projects, suggesting that complexity in digitalisation processes presents different challenges for collaborative digitalisation projects across contexts. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/09520767231169401 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard A1 - Palaric, Enora A1 - Rackwitz, Maike A1 - Wegrich, Kai T1 - A shift in paradigm? Collaborative public administration in the context of national digitalization strategies JF - Governance N2 - Despite claims of a paradigmatic shift toward the increased role of networks and partnerships as a form of governance—driven and enabled by digital technologies—the relation of “Networked Governance” with the pre-existing paradigms of “Traditional Weberian Public Administration” and “New Public Management” remains relatively unexplored. This research aims at collecting systematic evidence on the dominant paradigms in digitalization reforms in Europe by comparing the doctrines employed in the initial and most recent digitalization strategies across eight European countries: Estonia, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, and the United Kingdom. We challenge the claim that Networked Governance is emerging as the dominant paradigm in the context of the digitalization of the public sector. The findings confirm earlier studies indicating that information and communication technologies tend to reinforce some traditional features of administration and the recentralization of power. Furthermore, we find evidence of the continued importance of key features of “New Public Management” in the digital era. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12778 SP - 1 EP - 20 ER - TY - JFULL ED - Stockmann, Daniela ED - Bennett, Lance T1 - Special Issue on Tech Companies and Public Interest T2 - Information, Communication & Society Y1 - 2023 UR - https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rics20/26/1 VL - 26 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rackwitz, Maike A1 - Palaric, Enora T1 - A shift towards collaboration? Evidence from national digitalisation strategies JF - dms – der moderne staat – Zeitschrift für Public Policy, Recht und Management N2 - This paper seeks to better understand the paradigm shift towards ‘networked governance’ in digitalisation discourse. Little is known about the link between digitalisation reforms and the main reform paradigms in public management studies. By analysing French and German national digitalisation strategies over time, we find that neo-Weberian, new public management, and networked governance discourses co-exist within the digital era, although networked governance rhetoric is increasingly influential. However, a closer examination reveals that this shift in discourse is unrelated to the increased integration of nonstate actors in actual decision-making and service delivery. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3224/dms.vXiX.273808 VL - 16 IS - 1-2023 SP - 1 EP - 20 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Elston, Thomas A1 - Rackwitz, Maike A1 - Bel, Germà T1 - Going separate ways: ex-post interdependence and the dissolution of collaborative relations JF - International Public Management Journal N2 - Interdependence is typically regarded as the cause of inter-organizational collaboration. But it is also a consequence. Collaboration itself creates new interdependence as partners become more entwined in one another’s operations and experience the vetoes, compromises, delays, and risks inherent in joint working. This paradox – mitigating one set of interdependencies by creating another – renders collaborative relations inherently unstable. Dissolution may occur if “ex-post” interdependence becomes more troublesome than the original “ex-ante” trigger for the partnership. We test this proposition through comparative analysis of 13 sustained, aborted, and dissolved inter-municipal cooperations in English local government. Ex-post interdependence was most pronounced in those partnerships that ended in dissolution, and informed the design of replacement arrangements. It was also a contributory factor in the abortive cases. But ex-post interdependence was minimized in the group of sustained collaborations by management actions that streamlined the coordination burden imposed by joint working. These findings have implications for partnership design, the collaborator’s skillset, and theories of collaborative public management. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2023.2271468 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rackwitz, Maike A1 - Raffer, Christian T1 - Shifts in local governments’ corporatization intensity: Evidence from German cities JF - Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory N2 - Why do local governments create and reform public service companies, given their uncertain economic benefits and potential damage to accountability and service transparency? Taking an extended transaction cost perspective, we argue that corporatization—the provision of public services by publicly owned companies—is a function of fiscal hardship, the decision maker’s economic orientation and the level of operator transparency. Using a two-way fixed effects regression, we test this expectation on 680 investment reports of 34 German cities from 1998 to 2017, representing 11,062 year-corporatized entity combinations. We show that the drivers of corporatization are sensitive to the depth of local ownership analyzed. In doing so, we highlight the theoretical need and potential for conceptual differentiation between ownership levels along a corporation’s lineage. Exploiting the data’s panel structure, we also find that the intensity of corporatization has heightened since the late 1990s, largely due to increasingly complex corporate structures of indirect ownership. Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muae001 ER -