TY - JOUR A1 - Stockmann, Daniela T1 - Race to the Bottom: Media Marketization and Increasing Negativity Toward the United States in China JF - Political Communication in China: Convergence or Divergence Between the Media and Political System? N2 - This article examines how Chinese newspapers respond to opposing demands by audiences and Propaganda Department authorities about news regarding the United States when competition poses pressure on marketized media to make a profit. To examine the tone of news reporting about the U.S., I rely on a computer-aided text analysis of news stories published in the People's Daily and the Beijing Evening News, comparing the years 1999 and 2003 before and after the rise of commercialized newspapers in the Beijing newspaper market. Results show that the emergence of news competitors may exert pressure on less marketized papers to change news content, resulting in an increase of negative news about the United States. Evidence is provided to show that the rise of negative news is unlikely to result from an intended strategy by Propaganda authorities, actions undertaken by the American government, or journalists' own attitudes. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2011.572447 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 268 EP - 290 PB - Routledge CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stockmann, Daniela T1 - Responsive Authoritarianism in Chinese Media and Other Authoritarian Contexts JF - Political Communication Report Y1 - 2015 UR - http://politicalcommunication.org/websites/polcomm_old/newsletter_25_1_stockmann.html VL - 25 IS - 1 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Stockmann, Daniela ED - Carlson, Allen ED - Gallagher, Mary E. ED - Lieberthal, Kenneth ED - Manion, Melanie T1 - Information Overload? Collecting, Managing, and Analyzing Chinese Media Content T2 - Contemporary Chinese Politics: New Sources, Methods, and Field Strategies Y1 - 2010 SN - 9780521155762, 978-0521197830, 978-0521197830 N1 - Also published as: Meiti zai kandai ouzhouren shi dui minzu zhongxin zhuyi de yingxiang (Media Influence on Ethnocentrism Towards Europeans).” In Lisheng Dong et al., eds, 2012. Latest Data, Contributing Factors and Policy Implications, (Beijing: China Social Sciences Academic Press), pp. 257-76. SP - 107 EP - 128 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Stockmann, Daniela ED - Dong, Lisheng ED - Wang, Zhengxu ED - Dekker, Henk T1 - Media Influence on Ethnocentrism Towards Europeans T2 - Chinese Views of the EU: Public Support for a Strong Relation Y1 - 2013 SN - 9781136753244 N1 - Chapter 10 PB - Routledge CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stockmann, Daniela T1 - One Size Doesn't Fit All: Measuring News Reception East and West JF - The Chinese Journal of Communication N2 - This article investigates how and why measures developed in the American context yield different results in China. Research in the United States has shown that a person's level of political knowledge is a stronger and more consistent predictor of news reception compared to alternative measures, such as media consumption or education. Yet a case study of news reception of pension reform in Beijing demonstrates that attentiveness and education constitute more valid indicators than knowledge. These differences in the empirical findings may result from translation from English into Chinese as well as specifics of the Chinese education system. However, when using valid measures the relationship between attentiveness and news reception is strong among Beijing residents, revealing that information-processing works as anticipated based on American media research. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-23950 VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - 140 EP - 157 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Stockmann, Daniela ED - Dong, Lisheng ED - Kriesi, Hanspeter ED - Kübler, Daniel T1 - The Chinese Internet Audience: Who Seeks Political Information Online? T2 - Urban Mobilization and New Media in Contemporary China Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-1-4724-3097-7 PB - Ashgate CY - Farnham, UK and Burlington, VT ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stockmann, Daniela T1 - Towards Area-Smart Data Science: Critical Questions for Working with Big Data from China JF - Policy and Internet N2 - While the Internet was created without much governmental oversight, states have gradually drawn territorial borders via Internet governance. China stands out as a promoter of such a territorial‐based approach. China's separate Web infrastructure shapes data when information technologies capture traces of human behavior. As a result, area expertise can contribute to the substantive, methodological, and ethical debates surrounding big data. This article discusses how a number of critical questions that have been raised about big data more generally apply to the Chinese context: How does big data change our understanding of China? What are the limitations of big data from China? What is the context in which big data is generated in China? Who has access to big data and who knows the tools? How can big data from China be used in an ethical way? These questions are intended to spark conversations about best practices for collaboration between data scientists and China experts. KW - China KW - Big Data Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.192 IS - 10(4) SP - 393 EP - 414 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Stockmann, Daniela T1 - Media Commercialization and Authoritarian Rule in China KW - China KW - Authoritarianism KW - Media KW - Commercialization Y1 - 2013 UR - 9781107018440 SN - 9781107469624 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Stockmann, Daniela ED - Anheier, Helmut K. ED - Baums, Theodor T1 - Media or Corporations? Social Media Governance between Public and Commercial Rationales T2 - Advances in Corporate Governance: Comparative Perspectives KW - Social Media Y1 - 2020 SN - 9780198866367 SP - 249 EP - 268 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stockmann, Daniela A1 - Gallagher, Mary E. T1 - Remote Control: How the Media Sustains Authoritarian Rule in China JF - Comparative Political Studies N2 - This study examines the role of the media in sustaining regime stability in an authoritarian context. The article engages the recent work on authoritarian resilience in comparative politics but goes beyond the standard focus on elections to other important institutions, such as the media and courts, that are used by authoritarian leaders to bolster legitimacy. The authors find that the Chinese media contribute to regime legitimacy and effective rule by propagandizing citizens’ experiences in the legal system. However, unlike the “mouthpieces” of earlier communist regimes, the marketized Chinese media provide more convincing and sophisticated messages that continue to accord with state censorship demands while satisfying readers’ interest in real-life stories and problems. The “positive propaganda” and the relative uniformity of information sources because of state censorship lead aggrieved citizens to the law as a realm for dispute resolution and rights protection. Statistical analysis of a randomly sampled survey conducted in four Chinese cities in 2005 demonstrates that exposure to media reporting about labor-law-related issues successfully promotes the image of a proworker bias in the law among citizens, thus encouraging them to participate in the legal system. The state is able to achieve its political goal because of the lack of conflicting sources of information and the lack of previous experience with the reformed legal system among citizens. Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414010394773 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - 436 EP - 467 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stockmann, Daniela A1 - Garten, Felix A1 - Luo, Ting T1 - Who is a PRC user? Comparing Chinese social media user agreements JF - First Monday N2 - Social media companies rely on user agreements as one means to manage content produced by users. While much has been written on user agreements and community standards of U.S.-based social media, surprisingly little is known about Chinese user agreements and their implications. We compare terms of services as well as privacy policies of WeChat and Weibo between 2014 and 2019 using their U.S. counterparts WhatsApp and Twitter as a benchmark. We find that Chinese user agreements reveal a territorial-based understanding of content management differentiating between PRC and non-PRC users based on language, IP address and country of citizenship. Second, Chinese social media companies are surprisingly transparent about what content can be published, which has implications for self-censorship among users. Third, changes in PRC user agreements reflect Xi Jinping’s tightening control of the Internet. Finally, U.S.-based platforms have moved towards content management that differs by region, thus becoming more similar to the Chinese approach over time. KW - social media KW - content management KW - censorship KW - user agreements KW - China Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v25i8.10319 SN - 1396-0466 VL - 25 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stockmann, Daniela A1 - Hartman, Keri A1 - Luo, Ting T1 - The political position generator - A new instrument for measuring political ties in China JF - Social Networks N2 - This paper proposes a novel instrument – the political position generator - for measuring individuals’ political ties, or personal, affective connections to state officials and other political actors. It adopts and adapts the more general position generator framework in social capital research to capture three key dimensions of political ties – upper reachability, network diversity, and tie strength. The measure is validated with data from a representative survey of the Chinese population and three scales representing the three political ties dimensions are created. In correlational and multivariate regression analyses, we find initial evidence of the instrument’s criterion-related (discriminant and concurrent) validity. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2020.05.004 SN - 0378-8733 VL - 63 SP - 70 EP - 79 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stockmann, Daniela A1 - Luo, Ting T1 - Which Social Media Facilitate Online Public Opinion in China? JF - Problems of Post-Communism N2 - Why does online public opinion emerge in some social media more easily than in others? Building on research on authoritarian deliberation, we describe spaces for political discussion in Chinese cyberspace in terms of interactivity, which results in different forms of political discussion. Drawing on semi-structured qualitative expert interviews with information and communications technology professionals at Tencent, Weibo, and Baidu, we explain how major social media differ in terms of their structure and the company’s motivation. We specify which features are more likely to facilitate the emergence of online public opinion in Chinese social media and provide preliminary evidence from 92 semi-structured interviews with Internet users. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2017.1289818 VL - 64 IS - 3-4 SP - 189 EP - 202 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Stockmann, Daniela A1 - Luo, Ting ED - Delli Carpini, Michael X. T1 - Authoritarian Deliberation 2.0: Lurking and Discussing Politics in Chinese Social Media T2 - Digital Media and Democratic Futures KW - China KW - Digital Governance KW - Democracy Y1 - 2019 SN - 9780812295894 SP - 169 EP - 195 PB - University of Pennsylvania Press CY - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stockmann, Daniela A1 - Luo, Ting A1 - Shen, Mingming T1 - Designing authoritarian deliberation: how social media platforms influence political talk in China JF - Democratization N2 - Discussion is often celebrated as a critical element of public opinion and political participation. Recently, scholars have suggested that the design and features of specific online platforms shape what is politically expressed online and how. Building on these findings and drawing on 112 semi-structured qualitative interviews with information technology experts and internet users, we explain how major Chinese social media platforms differ in structure and motivation. Drawing upon a nationwide representative survey and an online experiment, we find that platforms aiming to make users a source of information through public, information-centred communication, such as the Twitter-like Weibo, are more conducive to political expression; while platforms built to optimize building social connections through private, user-centred communication, such as WhatsApp and Facebook-like WeChat, tend to inhibit political expression. These technological design effects are stronger when users believe the authoritarian state tolerates discussion, but less important when political talk is sensitive. The findings contribute to the debate on the political consequences of the internet by specifying technological and political conditions. Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2019.1679771 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - 243 EP - 264 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stockmann, Daniela A1 - Schlosser, Sophia A1 - Ksatryo, Paxia T1 - Social media governance and strategies to combat online hatespeech in Germany JF - Policy & Internet N2 - Concerns over online hatespeech have prompted governments to strengthen social media governance. However, claims by policy-makers and political activists regarding the effectiveness and likely consequences of legal regulations remain largely untested. We rely on qualitative interviews and two expert surveys to examine the behavior of public relations professionals in response to online hatespeech when having the option of using the new user-complaint mechanism under the German Network Enforcement Act (NetzDG). Our findings reveal that strategies depend on whether professionals work at public sector institutions, business, or civil society organizations and political parties. Public sector institutions are likely to report to the platform, but not under NetzDG. Civil society organizations are likely to choose content moderation, counterspeech, and other forms of intervention. Businesses deploy a wide range of strategies. In practice, Germany's procedural approach relying on user-complaint mechanisms to deal with online hatespeech is not used by experts as a means to combat online harassment. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.348 SN - 1944-2866 SP - 1 EP - 19 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Toomere, Taavi A1 - Kamalanathan, Sujani A1 - Freudenthal, Margus A1 - Valdma, Sandhra-Mirella A1 - McBride, Keegan T1 - Digital Government Interoperability Platform Reference Architecture T2 - Cybernetica research report D-2-384 N2 - Interoperability is a core component for any successful governmental digitalization initiative. Though there are numerous ways to build and enable this interoperability, it is possible to identify commonly occurring building blocks. This short report identifies these building blocks, maps them to relevant and common policy goals, and presents a reference architecture model for a digital government interoperability platform. To identify the relevant components of this architecture, desk research was conducted to identify common policy goals associated with interoperability, a workshop was conducted and a comprehensive systematic and comparative study was conducted that analyzed digital government interoperability platforms in twenty countries. The results of this report represent one of the most comprehensive studies to date on digital government interoperability and should, therefore, be of high interest for governmental practitioners, industry, and academics involved with interoperability studies and initiatives. Y1 - 2022 UR - https://cyber.ee/uploads/Digital_Government_Interoperability_Platform_Reference_Architecture_4d2b8a83f6.pdf PB - Cybernetica AS CY - Tallinn, Estonia ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Tromble, Bekah A1 - Storz, Andreas A1 - Stockmann, Daniela T1 - We Don't Know What We Don't Know: When and How the Use of Twitter's Public APIs Biases Scientific Inference Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3079927 N1 - Presented at the conference on Materiality, Publicness, and Digital Media, University of Amsterdam, October 25-26, 2016 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wortham, Robert H. A1 - Gaudl, Swen E. A1 - Bryson, Joanna T1 - Instinct: A Biologically Inspired Reactive Planner for Intelligent Embedded Systems JF - Cognitive Systems Research N2 - The Instinct Planner is a new biologically inspired reactive planner, based on an established behaviour based robotics methodology and its reactive planner component—the POSH planner implementation. It includes several significant enhancements that facilitate plan design and runtime debugging. It has been specifically designed for low power processors and has a tiny memory footprint. Written in C++, it runs eciently on both Arduino(Atmel AVR) and Microsoft VC++ environments and has been deployed within a low cost maker robot to study AI Transparency. Plans may be authored using a variety of tools including a new visual design language, currently implemented using the Dia drawing package. Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2018.10.016 VL - 57 SP - 207 EP - 215 ER - TY - JFULL ED - Stockmann, Daniela ED - Bennett, Lance T1 - Special Issue on Tech Companies and Public Interest T2 - Information, Communication & Society Y1 - 2023 UR - https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rics20/26/1 VL - 26 IS - 1 ER -