TY - JOUR A1 - Munzert, Simon A1 - Traunmüller, Richard A1 - Barberá, Pablo A1 - Guess, Andrew A1 - Yang, JungHwan ED - Ognyanova, Katherine T1 - Citizen preferences for online hate speech regulation JF - PNAS Nexus N2 - The shift of public discourse to online platforms has intensified the debate over content moderation by platforms and the regulation of online speech. Designing rules that are met with wide acceptance requires learning about public preferences. We present a visual vignette study using a sample (n=2,622) of German and US citizens that were exposed to 20,976 synthetic social media vignettes mimicking actual cases of hateful speech. We find people’s evaluations to be primarily shaped by message type and severity, and less by contextual factors. While focused measures like deleting hateful content are popular, more extreme sanctions like job loss find little support even in cases of extreme hate. Further evidence suggests in-group favoritism among political partisans. Experimental evidence shows that exposure to hateful speech reduces tolerance of unpopular opinions. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf032 SN - 2752-6542 VL - 4 IS - 2 PB - Oxford University Press (OUP) ER -