TY - JOUR A1 - Shaikh, Mujaheed A1 - Gandjour, Afschin T1 - Pharmaceutical expenditure and gross domestic product: Evidence of simultaneous effects using a two‐step instrumental variables strategy JF - Health Economics N2 - This paper estimates the income elasticity of government pharmaceutical spending and assesses the simultaneous effect of such spending on gross domestic product (GDP). Using a panel dataset for 136 countries from 1995 to 2006, we employ a two‐step instrumental variable procedure where we first estimate the effect of GDP on public pharmaceutical expenditure using tourist receipts as an instrument for GDP. In the second step, we construct an adjusted pharmaceutical expenditure series where the response of public pharmaceutical expenditure to GDP is partialled out and use this endogeneity adjusted series as an instrument for pharmaceutical expenditure. Our estimations show that GDP has a strong positive impact on pharmaceutical spending with elasticity in excess of unity in countries with low spending on pharmaceuticals and countries with large economic freedom. In the second step, we find that when the quantitatively large reverse effect of GDP is accounted for, public pharmaceutical spending has a negative effect on GDP per capita particularly in countries with limited economic freedom. KW - GDP per capita, income elasticity, instrumental variables, public pharmaceutical expenditure Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.3832 SN - 1099-1050 N1 - First published: 10 October 2018. VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - 101 EP - 122 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus A1 - Shaikh, Mujaheed A1 - Wendt, Claus T1 - Health Policy and Health Governance T2 - The Governance Report 2019 Y1 - 2019 SN - 9780198821502 PB - Oxford University Press ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shaikh, Mujaheed T1 - Mit KI gegen den Terminnotstand bei Ärzten JF - Tagesspiegel Background N2 - Besonders in Großstädten ist es für Patienten äußerst schwierig, einen Arzttermin zu bekommen. Künstliche Intelligenz könnte künftig dabei helfen, Engpässe zu verhindern, schreibt Mujaheed Shaikh. Großbritannien zeige bereits, wie das funktionieren könnte. Y1 - 2019 UR - https://background.tagesspiegel.de/digitalisierung/mit-ki-gegen-den-terminnotstand-bei-aerzten ET - 16.10.2019 ER -