TY - JOUR A1 - Enderlein, Henrik A1 - Bofinger, Peter A1 - Padoa-Schioppa, Tommaso A1 - Sapir, André T1 - Eurozone needs a permanent bail-out fund : With endorsements from Jacques Delors, Joschka Fischer, Romano Prodi, and Guy Verhofstadt JF - Financial Times Y1 - 2010 VL - 27 IS - 27.09.2010 PB - Financial Times ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pisani-Ferry, Jean A1 - Demertzis, Maria A1 - Sapir, André A1 - Wieser, Thomas A1 - Wolff, Guntram T1 - One size does not fit all: European integration by differentiation JF - Policy Brief N2 - THE ISSUE Reforming the governance of the European Union has become urgent for three reasons: to better deal with politically-sensitive topics, to manage greater external challenges mand because future EU enlargement will increase the diversity of the bloc’s membership. The answer to disagreement typically has been qualified majority voting, but on sensitive topics, the EU has increasingly moved to unanimity and heavy European Council involvement, which has often not delivered results. The alternative answer has been a Europe of multiple speeds of integration with one shared goal for all, increasing political tensions. A different approach is now needed to move Europe forward. POLICY CHALLENGE Two options would be a Europe of concentric circles and a Europe of ‘clubs’, but the former would cement tensions between the inner and the outer circles, while the latter would lead to unclear structures and an end to cohesion. However, a governance model could combine the two approaches. The model would be based on a strong ‘bare-bones EU’ formed by the single market, trade and accompanying policies, the European institutions, treaties, rule of law and a commitment to fundamental EU values. Three policy areas would be completely moved into ‘clubs’ while remaining based on the bare-bones legal and institutional structure: economic and monetary union; Schengen and asylum policy; and foreign and security policy and neighbourhood policy. Club membership would be optional but once in, countries would have to accept the rules and there would be high hurdles to leaving. Finally, a ring of friends would surround the bare-bones EU, based on very close economic relationships and some multilateral discussion elements, but no formal votes. Y1 - 2018 UR - http://bruegel.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PB-2018_03_final3.pdf VL - 3 SP - 1 EP - 12 ER -