TY - CHAP A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina T1 - Corruption: Political and Public Aspects T2 - International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences N2 - The interest of social science, media, and policymakers for corruption has exploded after 1990 due to increasing evidence that corruption is accountable for poor growth and chronic underdevelopment. This had impressive policy consequences: by 2012, no less than 161 state parties had adopted the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), which was put into force on 14 December 2005. This article discusses the various conceptualizations of corruption as an individual behavior as well as a governance regime (particularism), the evolution of Western thought until the adoption of ethical universalism as universal governance norm (with UNCAC) and the performance of countries in establishing control of corruption in historical and contemporary times. KW - Corruption Y1 - 2015 SN - 9780080970868 SP - 12 EP - 20 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ET - 2 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina ED - Rupnik, Jacques T1 - A House of Cards? Building the Rule of Law in East Central Europe. T2 - The Western Balkans and the EU : "the hour of Europe" N2 - This paper assesses the ten years of experience of East Central European (ECE) with the reform of the judiciary in view of EU accession. The paper examines in depth the cases where the challenges to rule of law and the EU conditionality were both at a maximum to generate some explanations (Romania, and Bulgaria in particular). It then proceeds to test the chief explanatory factors in a quantitative model of rule of law on the 28 postcommunist cases, concluding that democracy, and not organization or logistics is the most important determinant of rule of law. KW - rule of Law, europeanization, state building, conditionality, corruption, East Central Europe Y1 - 2011 UR - http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/cp126-The_Western_Balkans_and_the_EU.pdf SN - 978-92-9198-187-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1686644 N1 - Free online Access / Freier online Zugriff: http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/cp126-The_Western_Balkans_and_the_EU.pdf SP - 145 EP - 162 PB - European Union Institute for Security Studies CY - Paris ET - Chaillot Papers No. 126 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina ED - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina T1 - For a New Generation of Objective Indicators in Governance and Corruption Studies JF - European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research N2 - While the last twenty years have seen the development of global rankings for corruption, allowing comparison between countries and shaming of corrupt governments, the measurements remain based largely on the perceptions of experts, and so lack both specificity and transparency. New research, based on a comprehensive theory of governance defined as the set of formal and informal institutions determining “who gets what” in a given context, allows for more specific and objective, albeit indirect, measurement of control of corruption. To uncover the institutional setting which empowers public integrity, such research tests numerous anti-corruption tools and good governance strategies in a comparative framework. The end result is an evidence-based national framework for control of corruption and a clear measure able to indicate both current status and change in corruption control from year to year or as a result of policy intervention. Y1 - 2016 SN - 0928-1371 N1 - Access link: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10610-016-9322-1 VL - 22 IS - 3 SP - 363 EP - 367 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina A1 - Dadašov, Ramin ED - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina T1 - Measuring Control of Corruption by a New Index of Public Integrity JF - European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research N2 - While the last 20 years saw the invention of corruption rankings, allowing comparison between countries and the shaming of corrupt governments, such measurements are largely based on the perceptions of experts, lacking both specificity and transparency. New research, based on a comprehensive theory of governance defined as the set of formal and informal institutions determining who gets what in a given context, allow for more specific and objective, albeit indirect, measurements of control of corruption. Such measurements focus on the institutional framework which empowers public integrity and eliminates many current anti-corruption tools, while validating others. Most importantly, it provides a broader specific context which can empower reforms based on evidence and a clear measure to determine status and progress of corruption control. KW - Anti-corruption policy KW - Corruption Measurement KW - Public integrity Y1 - 2016 SN - 0928-1371 N1 - Access link: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10610-016-9324-z VL - 22 IS - 3 SP - 415 EP - 438 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina T1 - Fostering good governance through trade Agreements: An evidence-based review T2 - Paper was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on International Trade Y1 - 2018 UR - http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/603867/EXPO_STU(2018)603867_EN.pdf U6 - https://doi.org/10.2861/203713 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina T1 - Europe's Burden: Promoting Good Governance Across Borders Y1 - 2019 SN - 9781108459662 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina T1 - Romania's Italian-Style Anticorruption Populism JF - Journal of Democracy Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2018.0048 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 104 EP - 116 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina A1 - Martínez B. Kukutschka, Roberto ED - Anheier, Helmut K. ED - Haber, Matthias ED - Kayser, Mark A. T1 - Can a civilization know its own institutional decline? A tale of indicators T2 - Governance Indicators: Approaches, Progress, Promise Y1 - 2018 SN - 9780198817062 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina T1 - Seven Steps to Control of Corruption: The Road Map JF - Daedalus Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00500 VL - 147 IS - 3 SP - 20 EP - 34 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina ED - Nowotny, Ewald ED - Ritzberger-Grünwald, Doris ED - Schuberth, Helene T1 - Europeanization meets transformation: a political economy approach to transition T2 - Structural Reforms for Growth and Cohesion Y1 - 2018 SN - 9781788971133 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788971140.00022 SP - 180 EP - 189 PB - Edward Elgar Publishing CY - Cheltenham, UK / Northampton, MA, USA ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina T1 - Romania: study enemies of trust T2 - Nature Y1 - 2019 UR - https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01569-w U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-01569-w VL - 569 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina T1 - The Rise and Fall of Good-Governance Promotion JF - Journal of Democracy N2 - With the 2003 adoption of the UN Convention Against Corruption, good-governance norms have achieved—on the formal level at least—a degree of recognition that can fairly be called universal. This reflects a centuries-long struggle to establish the moral principle of “ethical universalism,” which brings together the ideas of equity, reciprocity, and impartiality. The West’s success in promoting this norm has been extraordinary, yet there are also significant risks. Despite expectations that international concern and increased regulation would lead to less corruption, current trends suggest otherwise. Exchanges between countries perceived as corrupt and countries perceived as noncorrupt seem to lead to an increase in corruption in the noncorrupt states rather than its decrease in the corrupt ones. Direct good-governance interventions have had poor results. And anticorruption has helped populist politicians, who use anti-elite rhetoric similar to that of anticorruption campaigners. Y1 - 2020 VL - 31 IS - 1 SP - 88 EP - 102 ER - TY - EDBOOK A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina A1 - van Meurs, Wim T1 - Ottomans into Europeans: state and institution building in South-East Europe N2 - While many histories of the Balkans have been published, some very good and others poor, there is as yet no history of institutions in the Balkans. This is what the contributors to Ottomans into European offer the reader: a history of the most salient political institutions of the region: bureaucracies, judiciaries, democratic elections, free media, local and central government - and their frequently strained relations with traditional institutions. They also examine the selection, evolution, and performance of institutions in the post-Ottoman Balkans, and try to account for variations throughout the region. In writing this institutional history of the Balkans the contributors set themselves two key questions: did the post-Ottoman wave of Europeanization and Western-type institution building fail in the Balkans, and does this explain the region's continuing political fragility? And if this is the case, are there underlying structural determinants explaining that failure which might manifest themselves again in present attempts to re-integrate the region, from Turkey to Albania? Y1 - 2010 SN - 9780231701686 N1 - Available as print in your Hertie Library. Als Druckversion in der Hertie Bibliothek verfügbar. PB - Columbia University Press, CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina A1 - Stefan, Laura T1 - Perpetual Transitions: Contentious Property and Europeanization in South-Eastern Europe JF - East European Politics and Societies N2 - This article studies comparatively the property restitution policies of Eastern and Western Balkan countries, focusing mostly on internal and external constraints to a permanent solution. The role of the European Court of Human Rights is analyzed in depth, as well as the subtle shift of policy of the EU institutions from the earlier Eastern Balkan accession to the Western Balkans one. While the situation of property restitution in South-Eastern Europe provides clear evidence that Europeanization helps transformation, particularly if the EU openly assumes the role of a transformation agent, it also highlights the limits of its power. KW - Transformation KW - Restitution policy KW - Property KW - Balkans KW - Europeanization KW - Transition Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325411423405 SN - 0888-3254 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 340 EP - 361 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina ED - Bågenholm, Andreas ED - Bauhr, Monika ED - Grimes, Marcia ED - Rothstein, Bo T1 - The Universalization of Ethical Universalism T2 - The Oxford Handbook of the Quality of Government N2 - This chapter argues that the adoption of the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) in 2004 and its subsequent ratification by more than 180 parties indicates universal agreement on the norms of quality of government, putting an end to moral relativist arguments. While UNCAC does not define corruption, it defines good governance and sets ethical universalism as its key benchmark. The chapter then follows the intellectual history of this concept and its remarkable success, with the norm of equal, fair, and nondiscriminatory treatment of every citizen present in every current constitutional contract. Ratification does not necessarily mean implementation when corruption is concerned, and the chapter surveys limitations to the practice of ethical universalism in governance and existing approaches to narrow the gap between norm and practice. Keywords: corruption, quality of government, equality of opportunity, ethical universalism, good governance KW - Political Science, Political Institutions, Comparative Politics, Corruption, Governance Y1 - 2021 SN - 9780198858218 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198858218.013.3 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford, United Kingdom ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina T1 - Unresolved Questions on the EU Rule of Law Report N2 - The EU has chastised member states who do not adhere to its professed values. However, a new report about the rule of law falls short in providing the objective basis to withhold funding to those who defy democracy. KW - European Commission, Democracy, Rule of Law Y1 - 2020 UR - https://carnegieeurope.eu/2020/10/20/unresolved-questions-on-eu-rule-of-law-report-pub-82999 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina A1 - Hartmann, Till T1 - Corruption and Development: A Reappraisal JF - Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance N2 - Corruption and development are two mutually related concepts equally shifting in meaning across time. The predominant 21st-century view of government that regards corruption as inacceptable has its theoretical roots in ancient Western thought, as well as Eastern thought. This condemning view of corruption coexisted at all times with a more morally indifferent or neutral approach that found its expression most notably in development scholars of the 1960s and 1970s who viewed corruption as an enabler of development rather than an obstacle. Research on the nexus between corruption and development has identified mechanisms that enable corruption and offered theories of change, which have informed practical development policies. Interventions adopting a principal agent approach fit better the advanced economies, where corruption is an exception, rather than the emerging economies, where the opposite of corruption, the norm of ethical universalism, has yet to be built. In such contexts corruption is better approached from a collective action perspective. Reviewing cross-national data for the period 1996–2017, it becomes apparent that the control of corruption stagnated in most countries and only a few exceptions exist. For a lasting improvement of the control of corruption, societies need to reduce the resources for corruption while simultaneously increasing constraints. The evolution of a governance regime requires a multiple stakeholder endeavor reaching beyond the sphere of government involving the press, business, and a strong and activist civil society. KW - corruption KW - development KW - modernization KW - collective action KW - principal agent Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190625979.013.237 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina A1 - Heywood, Paul M. T1 - Making Sense of Corruption Studies: An Introduction T2 - A Research Agenda for Studies of Corruption Y1 - 2020 SN - 9781789904994 SP - 2 EP - 6 PB - Edward Elgar CY - London ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina A1 - Fazekas, Mihály T1 - How to Define and Measure Corruption T2 - A Research Agenda for Studies of Corruption Y1 - 2020 SN - 9781789904994 SP - 7 EP - 26 PB - Edward Elgar CY - London ER - TY - EDBOOK A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina A1 - Heywood, Paul M. T1 - A Research Agenda for Studies of Corruption N2 - This interdisciplinary Research Agenda contains state-of-the-art surveys of the field of corruption and points towards an agenda for future research. This comprehensive work covers the main approaches to diagnosing, analysing and measuring corruption, as well as the ways to tackle it. Chapters explore top political and grassroots corruption, buying and stealing votes, corruption in relation to gender and the media, digital anti-corruption and an examination of whistleblowing and market-based tools. Y1 - 2020 SN - 9781789904994 PB - Edward Elgar ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina T1 - The Quality of Government and Public Administration JF - Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics - Encyclopedia of Public Administration N2 - In 1999, Evans and Rauch showed a strong association between government effectiveness (quality of government)—particularly the presence of a Weberian-like bureaucracy, selected and promoted on merit alone and largely autonomous from private interests—and economic growth. In 1997 and the aftermath of the Washington Consensus controversial reforms the World Bank promoted this finding in its influential World Development Report 1997 as part of its broader paradigm on “institutional quality.” Twenty years of investment in state capacity followed, by means of foreign assistance supporting the quality of public administration as a prerequisite to development. However, most reviews found the results well under expectations. This is hardly surprising, seeing that Max Weber, credited as the first promoter of the importance of bureaucracy as both the end result and the tool of government rationalization in modern times, never took for granted the autonomy of the state apparatus from private interest. He clearly stated that the power using the apparatus is the one steering the bureaucracy itself. In fact, a review of empirical evidence shows that the quality of public administration is endogenous to the quality of government more broadly and therefore can hardly be a solution in problematic contexts. The autonomy of the state from private interest is one of the most difficult objectives to accomplish in the evolution of a state, and few states have managed in contemporary times to match the achievements of Denmark or Switzerland in the 19th century. Two countries, Estonia and Georgia, are exceptional in this regard, but their success argues for the primacy of politics rather than of administration. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1405 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina T1 - Transparency and corruption: Measuring real transparency by a new index JF - Regulation & Governance N2 - Despite the salience of transparency in policy and democracy debates a global measurement of transparency has always been missing. In its absence, measuring the impact of transparency on accountability and corruption for a large number of countries has been difficult, with scholars using more or less adequate proxies. This paper introduces a new measurement of real transparency—the T-index—using 14 de facto components, based on direct observations of official websites in 129 countries and five de jure components, based on the transparency laws and conventions adopted. The resulting index is a measurement with very good internal and external validity and moderate precision. The paper argues that de facto transparency must be considered alongside de jure (legal) transparency if we are to judge the impact (or lack of) transparency against accountability and corruption, as a large implementation gap exists, in particular in poor countries, between legal commitments and real transparency. The T-index has significant impact on both perception and objective indicators of corruption, including perceived change in corruption over time as measured by the Global Corruption Barometer. An analysis of outliers shows that high transparency alone is not sufficient to achieve control of corruption, especially in countries with low human development and poor rule of law, although transparency is a robust predictor of corruption with GDP controls. The data with all sources is available for download as T-index 2022 dataset: DOI 10.5281/zenodo.7225627 and an interactive webpage developed for updates is available at www.corruptionrisk.org/transparency. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12502 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina T1 - Counting the Dead Transparently N2 - The new transparency index (T-index) shows that the official pandemic fatality figure is deeply flawed in many countries, starting with Russia. Y1 - 2022 UR - https://www.againstcorruption.eu/articles/counting-the-dead-transparently/ PB - European Research Centre for Anti-Corruption and State-Building (ERCAS) ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina ED - Clarke, Matthew ED - Zhao, Xinyu (Andy) T1 - Corruption and Development T2 - Elgar Encyclopedia of Development Y1 - 2023 UR - https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/elgar-encyclopedia-of-development-9781800372115.html SN - 978 1 80037 211 5 PB - Edward Elgar Publishing ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina ED - Pieth, Mark ED - Søreide, Tina T1 - Political Science JF - Elgar Concise Encyclopedia of Corruption Law N2 - Presenting the broad spectrum of interdisciplinary academic research on corruption, this essential reference book examines anti-corruption legislation, governance mechanisms, international instruments, and other preventative measures intended to tackle corruption. Including over 100 entries and adopting a comprehensive approach to researching and combating corruption, this Encyclopedia covers the key ideas, concepts, and theories in corruption law. Y1 - 2023 SN - 9781802206487 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4337/9781802206494.00095 SP - 362 EP - 366 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina T1 - Rethinking Corruption Y1 - 2023 UR - https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/rethinking-corruption-9781800379824.html SN - 9781800379824 PB - Edward Elgar Publishing CY - Cheltenham, UK ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina A1 - Toth, Bence T1 - Inside the Europeanization black box: the evolution of corruption risk in Albania’s public procurement JF - Journal of Contemporary European Studies N2 - The Western Balkans EU candidate countries face rule of law challenges far more serious than Hungary or Poland did at the time of their accessions in 2004. Despite extensive EU conditionality and support, with 16% of EU pre-structural funds dedicated between 2014 and 2020 to rule of law projects, governance indicators show no substantial change. The European Court of Auditors (ECA) also found little impact in advancing the rule of law in the candidate countries in the Western Balkans. The European Commission, however, does report signs of progress. By drawing on public procurement data from the two sectors concentrating most public expenditure, namely health and construction, between the years 2017 and 2019, this paper solves the dilemma of how allegedly successful reforms can happen without much impact. By directly measuring government favouritism in procurement, before and after EU-driven reforms, the paper finds that evolution has so far been limited despite proving the effect of certain interventions. The paradox is explained by providing evidence of versatile behaviour by the main rent owners and the increasing discretionary power of Albania’s governing party. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2022.2106955 SP - 1 EP - 17 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina T1 - Challenges and innovations to the rule of law measurement T2 - LIEPP Working Paper N2 - While the process of digitalization offers new opportunities, politics gets in the way of the already notoriously difficult to measure rule of law. This paper briefly presents the challenges to rule of law measurement and argues that sound measurement is possible only if the measure is narrowed down, or its components are separately examined. It then offers two innovations of such separate measurements on transparency and national integrity at national level developed by the European Research Center for Anticorruption and State-building (ERCAS) in Berlin. Finally, the paper argues that the governance context greatly impacts the quality of data used in public policy evaluation and should be used as controls. For instance, higher transparency predicts higher COVID 19 fatality rates at national level with all relevant controls, while higher corruption predicts more excess deaths, using the new indicators. This shows that the data on COVID 19 fatalities outside the democratic developed countries is likely to be seriously flawed and that it is worth investing in facts and not perceptions when measuring governance. The working paper pleads for the use of directly observable digital tools to move to a generation of more transparent and specific governance indicators, able to provide the evidence needed in public policy evaluation. Y1 - 2022 UR - https://hal-sciencespo.archives-ouvertes.fr/LIEPP-WORKING-PAPER/hal-03832925v1 VL - 137 SP - 2 EP - 26 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina T1 - Five Lessons on International Rule of Law Support T2 - Carnegie Europe N2 - The promotion of the rule of law across borders should be implemented based on clear and objective standards, and distinguished from state-building exercises. Y1 - 2022 UR - https://carnegieeurope.eu/2022/09/06/five-lessons-on-international-rule-of-law-support-pub-87737 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina T1 - Corruption risk in Albanian public procurement (2017 – 2019) Y1 - 2021 UR - http://ais.al/new/en/corruption-risk-in-albania-public-procurement-2017-2019-a-document-prepared-by-heritie-school-of-governance-and-the-albanian-institute-of-sciences-ais-may-2021/ ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina T1 - The Post-Truth about Corruption in the European Union T2 - Verfassungsblog Y1 - 2022 UR - https://verfassungsblog.de/the-post-truth-about-corruption-in-the-european-union/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.17176/20221220-121732-0 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina A1 - Martínez Barranco Kukutschka, Roberto ED - Anheier, Helmut K. ED - Haber, Matthias ED - Kayser, Mark A. T1 - Can a civilisation know its own institutional decline? A tale of indicators. T2 - Governance Indicators: Approaches, Progress, Promise Y1 - 2018 SN - 9780198817062 SP - 71 EP - 99 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER -