TY - CHAP A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Knapp, Martin A1 - Salamon, Lester M. T1 - No Numbers, No Policy: Can EUROSTAT Count the Nonprofit Sector? T2 - Researching the Voluntary Sector: A National, Local and International Perspective Y1 - 1992 SN - 978-0904757736 SP - 197 EP - 205 PB - Charities Aid Foundation CY - Tonbridge ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Salamon, Lester M T1 - The Third Route: Social Service Provision in the United States and Germany T2 - Public Goods and Private Action Y1 - 1998 SN - 0300064497 SP - 151 EP - 162 PB - Yale University Press CY - New Haven, CT ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Salamon, Lester M. T1 - The Nonprofit Sector in the Developing World T2 - The Nonprofit Sector in the Developing World: A Comparative Analysis Y1 - 1998 SN - 978-0719053863 SP - 1 EP - 53 PB - Manchester University Press CY - Manchester ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Salamon, Lester M. A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Towards an Understanding of the Nonprofit Sector in the Developing World T2 - The Nonprofit Sector in the Developing World: A Comparative Analysis Y1 - 1998 SN - 978-0719053863 SP - 348 EP - 373 PB - Manchester University Press CY - Manchester ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Salamon, Lester M. A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Introduction: In Search of the Nonprofit Sector T2 - Defining the Nonprofit Sector: A Cross-National Analysis Y1 - 1997 SN - 978-0719049026 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Manchester University Press CY - Manchester ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Salamon, Lester M. A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Der Dritte Sektor in internationaler Perspektive T2 - Der Dritte Sektor in Deutschland Y1 - 1997 SN - 978-3894041755 SP - 153 EP - 174 PB - Sigma CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Archambault, Edith A1 - Salamon, Lester M. T1 - Das Spendenwesen im internationalen Vergleich T2 - Der Dritte Sektor in Deutschland Y1 - 1997 SN - 978-3894041755 SP - 197 EP - 210 PB - Sigma CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Salamon, Lester M. A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Der Dritte Sektor in vergleichender Perspektive T2 - Der Dritte Sektor in Deutschland Y1 - 1997 SN - 978-3894041755 SP - 211 EP - 248 PB - Sigma CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Archambault, Edith A1 - Salamon, Lester M. T1 - International Comparison of Giving Behavior T2 - Dimensions of the Voluntary Sector Y1 - 1996 SN - 978-1-85934-019-6 PB - Charities Aid Foundation CY - West Malling ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Salamon, Lester M. A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Caring Sector or Caring Society: A Comparative Study T2 - The Future of Caring and Service to the Community Y1 - 1995 SP - 373 EP - 398 PB - Jossey-Bass CY - San Francisco ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Salamon, Lester M. A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - The Emerging Sector: The Nonprofit Sector in Comparative Perspective; An Overview T2 - Dimensions of the Voluntary Sector Y1 - 1995 SN - 9781859340141 SP - 71 EP - 88 PB - Charities Aid Foundation CY - London ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Salamon, Lester M. A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - The Nonprofit Sector Cross-Nationally: Types and Patterns T2 - Researching the Voluntary Sector Y1 - 1994 SP - 147 EP - 163 PB - Charities Aid Foundation CY - Tonbridge ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Salamon, Lester M. A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - A Comparative Study of the Nonprofit Sector: Purpose, Methodology, Definition, Classification T2 - Researching the Voluntary Sector: A National, Local and International Perspective Y1 - 1992 SP - 179 EP - 196 PB - Charities Aid Foundation CY - Tonbridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Salamon, Lester M. T1 - Social Origins of Civil Society: Explaining the Nonprofit Sector Cross-Nationally JF - Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations N2 - Recent research has usefully documented the contribution that nonprofit organizations make to “social capital” and to the economic and political development it seems to foster. Because of a gross lack of basic comparative data, however, the question of what it is that allows such organizations to develop remains far from settled. This article seeks to remedy this by testing five existing theories of the nonprofit sector against data assembled on eight countries as part of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project. The five theories are: (a) government failure/market failure theory; (b) supply-side theory; (c) trust theories; (d) welfare state theory; and (e) interdependence theory. The article finds none of these theories adequate to explain the variations among countries in either the size, the composition, or the financing of the nonprofit sector. On this basis it suggests a new theoretical approach to explaining patterns of nonprofit development among countries—the “social origins” approach—which focuses on broader social, political, and economic relationships. Using this theory, the article identifies four “routes” of third-sector development (the liberal, the social democratic, the corporatist, and the statist), each associated with a particular constellation of class relationships and pattern of state-society relations. The article then tests this theory against the eight-country data and finds that it helps make sense of anomalies left unexplained by the prevailing theories. KW - Nonprofit theory KW - Social origins theory KW - Comparative methodology KW - Cross-national comparisons Y1 - 1998 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022058200985 SN - 0957-8765 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 213 EP - 248 PB - Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Salamon, Lester M. T1 - On Developing Comparative Nonprofit-Sector Theory: A Reply to Steinberg and Young, and Ragin JF - Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations N2 - Responding to comments on “Social Origins of Civil Society,” an article published in this issue of Voluntas, this article focuses on three critical issues that underlie cross-national theory building and theory testing in the field of nonprofit studies: the issue of definitions, the challenge of operationalizing key theoretical concepts, and the nature of the tests available to verify results. Regarding the first, the article defends the structural-operational definition used in The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project against suggestions by the commentators that it either be expanded or narrowed, arguing that the alternative is either to broaden the focus beyond what is manageable or to make the basic yardstick vulnerable to changing political and policy shifts—a sure prescription for confusion. Regarding the question of operationalization, the article concedes that better measures of some key features of prevailing theories might be imaginable, but, since few of these are available, it cautions against letting the best become the enemy of the good in cross-national nonprofit theory testing. Finally, the article finds, in suggestions that multivariate techniques be used in testing various nonprofit theories, confirmation of its central argument that a contextual analysis of the sort embodied in the authors' “social origins” approach is needed to come to terms with the reality of the nonprofit sector cross-nationally. Taken together these comments underline the need to continue the kind of systematic data gathering and theory testing that the authors have undertaken, to utilize an interdisciplinary approach, and to link the study of the nonprofit sector to social analysis more generally. KW - Nonprofit theory KW - Comparative history KW - Social origins theory KW - Democratic theory KW - Cross-national comparative analysis KW - Comparative methodology KW - Civil society Y1 - 1998 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022014418732 SN - 0957-8765 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 271 EP - 281 PB - Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Salamon, Lester M. T1 - The Civil Society Sector JF - Society N2 - Salamon and Anheier bring the civil society sector - the plethora of private, nonprofit, and nongovernmental organizations that have emerged in recent decades - into better focus conceptually as well as empirically. They draw on the results of a major inquiry into the scope, structure, financing and role of the "nonprofit sector" in a broad cross-section of countries around the world. KW - Private sector KW - Nonprofit organizations KW - Cross cultural studies KW - Society Y1 - 1997 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02823101 SN - 0147-2011 VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 60 EP - 65 PB - Springer Science & Business Media CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Salamon, Lester M. T1 - Volunteering in Cross-National Perspective: Initial Comparisons JF - Law and Contemporary Problems N2 - Anheier and Salamon shed some light on volunteering in different parts of the world by exploring the conceptions and patterns of voluntary action cross-nationally. As a cultural and economic phenomenon, volunteering is part of the way societies are organized, how they allocate social responsibilities, and how much engagement and participation they expect from citizens. Y1 - 1999 UR - http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/lcp/vol62/iss4/3 SN - 0023-9186 VL - 62 IS - 4 SP - 43 EP - 66 PB - School of Law, Duke Univ. CY - Durham ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Rudney, Gabriel A1 - Salamon, Lester M. T1 - Non-profit institutions in the United Nations System of National Accounts: country applications of SNA guidelines JF - Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations N2 - Based on a description of how non-profit institutions are defined in the System of National Accounts, this paper examines the actual treatment of non-profit institutions in several countries, and comes up with an overall assessment in terms of coverage and data quality. Finding both data coverage and quality poor across countries, we make two recommendations aimed at improving the presentation and understanding of non-profit institutions within the SNA. First, we suggest the introduction of a system by which non-profit institutions can be identified within the system of national accounts even if they are allocated to other sectors of the economy. Second, we recommend a wider use of satellite accounts in industries where non-profit institutions are prominent. Y1 - 1993 SN - 0957-8765 N1 - Auch erschienen als / Also published as: Salamon, Lester M. and Helmut K. Anheier: The Nonprofit Sector and the United Nations System of Accounts: Definition, Treatment and Practice. Working Papers of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, 4. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Institute for Policy Studies, 1992 http://ccss.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/09/CNP_WP4_1992.pdf VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 486 EP - 501 PB - Springer CY - Berlin [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Salamon, Lester M. T1 - Measuring the Non-profit Sector Cross-Nationally: A Comparative Methodology JF - Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations N2 - As a result in part of the way non-profit institutions are defined and treated in the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA), little is known about the size, scope, financial base and role of this set of institutions at the international level, even though their importance is increasingly being recognised throughout the world. To remedy this significant lack of systematic information on non-profit institutions cross-nationally, the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project has undertaken a major analysis of the economic role of this sector in twelve countries throughout the world, utilising a more meaningful definition of the sector and an approach that is otherwise consistent with the overall thrust of the SNA system. This paper outlines the basis of the more inclusive definition of the non-profit sector embodied in this project, the classification system formulated to structure data-gathering on this more broadly-defined sector and the data assembly strategy developed to build up key estimates of the scale, structure and revenue sources of the non-profit sector in the project countries. The article concludes with a recommendation to incorporate a similar approach to the assembly of data on the non-profit sector into the ongoing SNA system on a regular basis. Y1 - 1993 SN - 0957-8765 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 530 EP - 554 PB - Springer CY - Berlin [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Salamon, Lester M. T1 - Genese und Schwerpunkte internationaler Forschung zum Nonprofit-Sektor : von der Filer-Kommission zum Johns-Hopkins-Projekt JF - Neue Soziale Bewegung Y1 - 1992 SN - 0933-9361 VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - 40 EP - 48 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Salamon, Lester M. T1 - Toward an understanding of the international nonprofit sector: The Johns Hopkins comparative nonprofit sector project JF - Nonprofit Management and Leadership Y1 - 1992 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.4130020310 SN - 1542-7854 N1 - Auch erschienen als / Also published as: Salamon, Lester M. and Helmut K. Anheier: Toward an International Understanding of the Nonprofit Sector. Working Papers of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Institute for Policy Studies, 1992 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 311 EP - 324 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken (N.J.) ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Salamon, Lester M. T1 - In Search of the Nonprofit Sector I: The Question of Definitions JF - Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations N2 - In this paper we argue that the lack of attention to the third sector historically is primarily a result of the weakness and limitations of the concepts that are used to define and describe it. The purpose of this article is to remedy this situation by developing a general definition of the sector that can be used in comparative research. To do so, the article first identifies four alternative types of definitions that are potentially available and evaluates each in terms of three basic criteria. On this basis it concludes that the most useful definition is the ‘structural/operational’ one, which includes in the non-profit sector organisations that share five basic characteristics. These are: formal, private, non-profit-distributing, self-governing and voluntary. The basic definition is then tested against the realities of three disparate countries and found to perform quite well. On this basis we recommend the structural/operational definition, particularly for comparative, crossnational research. Y1 - 1992 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01397770 SN - 0957-8765 N1 - Auch erschienen als / Also published as: Salamon, Lester M. and Helmut K. Anheier: In Search of the Nonprofit Sector I: The Question of Definitions. Working Papers of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, 2. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Institute for Policy Studies, 1992 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 125 EP - 151 PB - Kluwer Academic Publishers CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Salamon, Lester M. T1 - In Search of the Nonprofit Sector II: The Problem of Classification JF - Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations N2 - Building on a previousVoluntas article (Salamon and Anheier, 1992b), which formulated a systematic approach to defining the non-profit sector for purposes of comparative research, this article takes on the complementary task of formulating a classification system that can be used to differentiate systematically the types of non-profit organisations that exist at the global level. To do so, the article first assesses a number of existing classification systems, such as the International Standard Industrial Classification and the National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities. Finding these systems inadequate, the article then introduces an alternative system, which we term the International Classification of Nonprofit Organizations (ICNPO). The ICNPO classifies non-profit establishments into 12 major groups based on their primary economic activity, and then further sub-divides these into 24 sub-groups. The result is a system that scores high in terms of five key evaluation criteria: economy, significance, rigour, organising power, and richness. What is more, initial tests of the ICNPO in a set of countries show that it performs well in coming to terms with the diverse types of non-profit institutions that exist around the world. Y1 - 1992 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01397460 SN - 0957-8765 N1 - Auch erschienen als / Also published as: Salamon, Lester M. and Helmut K. Anheier: Search of the Nonprofit Sector II: The Problem of Classification. Working Papers of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, 3. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Institute for Policy Studies, 1992 http://ccss.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/09/CNP_WP3_1993.pdf VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - 267 EP - 309 PB - Kluwer Academic Publishers CY - Dordrecht ER -