TY - JOUR A1 - Kasrin, Zein A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Lenze, Anne A1 - Zabel, Cordula T1 - Alleinerziehende Mütter im SGB II-Bezug: Welche Bedeutung hat Unterhalt und Unterhaltsvorschuss für die Existenzsicherung? JF - Neue Zeitschrift für Familienrecht Y1 - 2025 SN - 2198-2333 VL - 12 IS - 8/2025 SP - 378 EP - 382 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Molina, Stefania A1 - Alonso-Perez, Enrique A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - Divorce and Mental Health: Is Late Divorce Particularly Harmful for Women with Low Earnings? JF - Social Indicators Research N2 - This paper examines the relationship between divorce and mental health, with a focus on how this association is stratified by sex, age, and individual income. In particular, we test the hypothesis that divorce at advanced ages (50–59) is particularly harmful for women with insufficient personal earnings. Data is drawn from German register data, which includes marital histories of divorcees and diagnosed health outcomes. The analytical sample includes persons aged 30–59 in 2015 (n = 23,426,639). The outcome is the annual incidence of mental disease diagnosis which is examined from an intersectional approach by drawing on MAIHDA (Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy). Our findings indicate that women are at a higher risk of receiving a mental health diagnosis than men. Divorce significantly amplifies this risk. Additionally, low income poses a heightened risk for both women and men, particularly when divorce occurs at advanced ages. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-025-03721-8 N1 - Open Access publication is funded by the Hertie School Library. PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - Stellungnahme zum „Entwurf eines Gesetzes über die statistische Erhebung der Zeitverwendung (Zeitverwendungserhebungsgesetz – ZVEG)“ BT - Unterlagen zur öffentlichen Anhörung zum Zeitverwendungserhebungsgesetz (ZVEG) im Ausschuss für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend des Deutschen Bundestages am 15.03.2021 N2 - Die Zeitverwendungsstudie ist, neben Mikrozensus und Einkommens- und Verbrauchsstichprobe, eine der zentralen amtlichen Befragungen, die ein differenziertes Bild über die Zeitverwendung der Bevölkerung nach sozio-demographischen Merkmalen liefert. Da schon Personen ab 10 Jahren befragt werden, ist sie zudem eine der wenigen Befragungen, die Einblicke in den Tagesablauf, die Zeitpräferenzen und auch den Zeitstress von Kindern und Jugendlichen liefert. Die Befragung umfasst Zeitinformationen für unterschiedlichste Bereiche – u.a. Freizeit, Pflege, Ehrenamt, Mobilität und Kinderbetreuung –, die in anderen Befragungen unterbelichtet sind. Zu Recht wird auf das Potenzial dieses Datensatzes verwiesen alternative Wohlstandsmaße bereitzustellen. Im vorliegenden Gesetzesentwurf werden vor allem die Erhebungsmerkmale festgelegt. Neben etablierten Fragebatterien werden auch neue Batterien aufgenommen. Mit der Integration einer neuen Frage zum „Kontakt zu eigenen Kindern, die nicht im Haushalt leben“, sollen erstmalig auch haushaltsübergreifende Informationen zu Kindern erhoben werden. Dieser Schritt ist zu begrüßen. Dennoch kann die Zeitverwendungsstudie in der vorgesehenen Form die Lebenswirklichkeiten von Trennungseltern und -kindern nicht hinreichend abbilden. Konkret wurden folgende Punkte in dieser Stellungnahme hervorgehoben: • Erstens wurde angeregt, Anstrengungen zu unternehmen Stieffamilien abzugrenzen. Dies würde es nicht nur ermöglichen, die Lebens- und Familienformen zeitgemäß zu erfassen, sondern ebenfalls das väterliche Engagement in der Kinderbetreuung adäquater abzubilden. • Zweitens wurde kritisch vermerkt, dass Trennungseltern, die von ihren Kindern getrennt leben, nicht abgegrenzt werden können. Es kann auch nicht quantifiziert werden, in welcher Weise diese Eltern Zeit mit ihren Kindern verbringen. Es wird zwar dezidiert abgefragt, in welcher Weise „Unterstützung für andere Personen geleistet werden, die nicht Teil der Haushaltsgemeinschaft sind“. Die Betreuungsleistungen, die dem eigenen getrennt lebenden Kind entgegen gebracht werden, werden hingegen nicht erfasst (bzw. gehen in dieser Item-Batterie unter). Gleichermaßen gilt dies für die Betreuungsleistungen, die ein Haushalt durch den getrennt lebenden Elternteil empfängt. • Drittens wurde vermerkt, dass eine Erfassung von migrationsspezifischen Indikatoren in Befragungen (wie Sprache, Geburtsland der Eltern) grundsätzlich sinnvoll ist. Jedoch wurde kritisch hinterfragt, ob dies ebenfalls für die Zeitverwendungsstudie gilt, in der keine Substichprobe für Personen mit Migrationshintergrund vorgesehen ist und die Befragung nur in deutscher Sprache durchgeführt wird. • Viertens wurde angeregt, nicht nur die Erhebungsmerkmale in den Blick zu nehmen, sondern auch Augenmerk auf die Methodenweiterentwicklung zu richten. Gleichermaßen sollten Möglichkeiten von Längsschnittbefragungen und „abgespeckten“ Befragungen in kürzeren Befragungswellen ausgelotet werden. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-37818 U6 - https://doi.org/10.48462/opus4-3781 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Alonso-Perez, Enrique A1 - McEvoy, Olan A1 - Ramos, Vincent A1 - O'Sullivan, Julie Lorraine A1 - Liebig, Stefan A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Lersch, Philipp A1 - Bazzani, Giacomo A1 - Guetto, Raffaele A1 - Vignoli, Daniele A1 - Heisig, Jan A1 - Solga, Heike A1 - Gellert, Paul T1 - Cognitive Pretest of a Factorial Survey Experiment on Future Narratives and Family Care BT - Background Paper for the SOEP-IS Module 2021/22 N2 - Within the Preparation Module for the Einstein Center for Population Diversity (ECPD), diverse research institutions came together to provide new survey instruments for the innovation sample in the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP-IS). With the goal of collecting insightful information about future narratives and family care, central topics of the ECPD research endeavor, factorial survey was chosen as a suitable method. A preliminary set of vignettes was designed conjointly, and before proceeding with the large-scale survey, a series of cognitive pretests were conducted to examine comprehensibility and context effects. In this study we describe the design and analysis of these cognitive pretests, with a special focus on the process of designing the final survey informed by the pretests’ feedback. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-41744 U6 - https://doi.org/10.48462/opus4-4174 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Naujoks, Tabea A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Dummert, Sandra T1 - The division of child care during the coronavirus crisis in Germany: How did short-time work affect fathers' engagement? JF - Journal of Family Research N2 - Objective: This paper examines how participation in the short-time work scheme affected the gendered division of child care during the COVID-19 crisis in Germany. Background: Short-time work (Kurzarbeit) has been one of the main policies used to combat the economic and labour market repercussions of the coronavirus pandemic in Germany. We examine whether and, if so, how the growing prevalence of short-time work has affected care patterns. Method: We use data from the IAB-HOPP, a longitudinal study monitored by the German Institute for Employment Research (IAB). The analytical sample includes couples with children aged 12 and younger. We employ multinomial logistic regressions in which the outcome variable is the change in the division of care work from a period before to a period during the coronavirus crisis (June to October 2020). Results: We find that among men, receiving short-time work benefits resulted in more gender-equal care patterns. The positive effect of short-time work on the division of child care is moderated by the level of education. Fathers with low or medium education are more likely to increase their child care share when receiving short-time work benefits compared to fathers with high education. However, we also find that participating in the short-time work programme had no strong or significant effects on the gendered division of care among women. Conclusion: The evidence from this study suggests that men’s working time is a major vehicle to change the gendered division of care in couple households. KW - father's involvement, employment, Germany, gendered division of care Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.20377/jfr-717 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Alonso-Perez, Enrique A1 - Gellert, Paul A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - O’Sullivan, Julie Lorraine T1 - Family Structure and Family Climate in Relation to Health and Socioeconomic Status for Older Adults: A Longitudinal Moderated Mediation Analysis JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health N2 - Family characteristics are associated with individuals’ health and wellbeing. However, the link between family structure (e.g., operationalized via marital status) and health outcomes is ambiguous, and whether family climate mediates the relationship is unclear. This study uses the Biobehavioral Family Model (BBFM) to investigate the association of older adults’ family structure with later health, the mediating role of family climate and mental health and how these links vary by socioeconomic status (SES). Using data from n = 29,457 respondents aged over 50 in Waves 4, 5 and 6 (2011, 2013 and 2015) of the Survey of Health, Retirement and Ageing in Europe (SHARE), the BBFM was applied in a longitudinal mediation analysis of family structure and health, including both indicators of mental and physical health. Structural equation modeling was applied, and a multigroup analysis was performed to test the role of SES in a moderated mediation. Family climate and mental health mediated the relationship between family structure and subsequent physical health. Good levels of family climate were found to be consistently associated with improved mental and physical health. These relationships were significantly moderated by SES, showing that the association of family climate and health was weaker for those in low SES positions. Family climate and mental health should be considered as potential mechanisms linking family structure to later physical health outcomes across time; however, these associations are diminished for those with low SES. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811840 VL - 19 IS - 18 ER - TY - JFULL A1 - Zartler, Ulrike A1 - Suwada, Katarzyna A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - Family Lives during the COVID-19 Pandemic in European Societies T2 - Journal of Family Research Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.20377/jfr-2022-34-1 IS - 1 ET - 43 ER - TY - JFULL A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Diehl, Claudia A1 - Kroh, Martin A1 - Giesecke, Johannes T1 - Employment and Family Behaviour after Migration T2 - Journal of Family Research Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.20377/jfr-2021-33-2 VL - Special Issue IS - 33 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Walper, Sabine A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - The intensification of parenting in Germany: The role of socioeconomic background and family form JF - Social Sciences N2 - Drawing on the international discourse on the intensification of parenting and new data from Germany, this paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of the unique challenges that parents face in the 21st century. We used data from the survey “Parenthood Today”, which was conducted in 2019 to examine parents’ views on parenting in Germany. The data comprised standardized interviews with 1652 mothers and fathers. We focused on three dimensions of parental pressures: namely, time pressure, financial pressure, and pressure that emanates from the educational system. Time pressure referred to the pressure currently felt, whereas financial pressure and pressure from the educational system referred to changes across time. In each of these domains, more than 60% of the parents experienced high (time) or increasing (education and financial) pressure. Binary logistic regressions showed that while parental education was a strong predictor of experiencing an increase in financial pressure, parental education did not matter for other realms of parenting. However, employment and family form were strongly related to parental time pressure. Full-time employed lone mothers, but also non-resident fathers, reported experiencing heavy pressure when trying to balance their roles as a worker and as a carer. Our results draw attention to the importance of better integrating the needs of post-separation families, including of non-resident fathers, in the debate on the “intensification of parenting”. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11030134 VL - 11 (3) IS - 134 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Konietzka, Dirk ED - Hill, Paul B. ED - Kopp, Johannes T1 - Sozialstruktur und Familienformen T2 - Handbuch Familiensoziologie N2 - Der Beitrag beschreibt die Grundzüge des sozialstrukturellen Wandels der Lebensformen in Deutschland. Zunächst werden Konzepte und theoretische Ansätze zur Erklärung von Lebensformen und familialen Verhaltensweisen skizziert. Anschließend werden Strukturen und Wandel der Lebens- und Familienformen in Ost- und Westdeutschland nach 1990 auf der Grundlage des Mikrozensus und des deutschen Beziehungs- und Familienpanels (pairfam) empirisch untersucht. Dargestellt werden die altersspezifische Verteilung der Lebensformen, der Wandel der Familienformen von Frauen und Männern seit den 1990er Jahren sowie bildungsspezifische Entwicklungen. Weiterhin beleuchtet der Artikel an den Beispielen des Übergangs zur Mutterschaft und der nichtehelichen Lebensgemeinschaft die kohortenspezifi sche Lebenslaufdynamik von Familienformen. Schließlich wird mit Stieff amilien ein in der empirischen Forschung bislang wenig untersuchter Aspekt der Differenzierung der Familienformen aufgegriffen. Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-3-658-02276-1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-02276-1_12 SP - 345 EP - 373 PB - Springer VS ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - Getrennte Eltern, geteilte Betreuung JF - DJI Impulse Y1 - 2022 VL - 1/22 SP - 38 EP - 41 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Walper, Sabine A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Beblo, Miriam A1 - Hahlweg, Kurt A1 - Nebe, Katja A1 - Schuler-Harms, Margarete A1 - Fegert, Jörg M. A1 - für Familienfragen, Wissenschaftliche Beirat T1 - Gemeinsam getrennt erziehen. Gutachten des Wissenschaftlichen Beirats für Familienfragen beim Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend N2 - Gemeinsam getrennt erziehen“ ist das Thema des heute veröffentlichten Gutachtens des Wissenschaftlichen Beirats für Familienfragen beim BMFSFJ. Das Gutachten gibt einen umfassenden Überblick über Trennungsfamilien in Deutschland. Immer mehr Eltern wünschen sich vor, aber auch nach einer Trennung ihre Kinder gemeinsam zu betreuen. Deshalb legt das Gutachten den Fokus auf Familien, die eine geteilte (asymmetrische wie symmetrische) Betreuung leben. Internationale Vergleiche zeigen, wie geteilte Betreuung anderswo gelebt wird und wo es Reformbedarf gibt. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.bmfsfj.de/resource/blob/186694/14f09ddddab459a2e2cefaab6b45c630/gemeinsam-getrennt-erziehen-wissenschaftlicher-beirat-data.pdf ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zartler, Ulrike A1 - Suwada, Katarzyna A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - Family lives during the COVID-19 pandemic in European Societies: Introduction to the Special Issue JF - Journal of Family Research N2 - Objective: This chapter introduces the reader to the Special Issue "Family Lives during the COVID-19 Pandemic in European Societies". Background: This Special Issue analyses how families, parents, and children have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, and how they have been coping with its related challenges in different societal contexts. Method: The studies collected in this Special Issue are based on qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods approaches and data that have been gathered during 2020 in a range of European countries. It covers the first lockdown period, the reopening phases, and the months thereafter. Results: The 20 contributions of this Special Issue show that families shouldered large responsibilities during the pandemic. While the pandemic did not lead to radical shifts in gendered care patterns, mothers and fathers experienced the pandemic differently, with mothers reporting higher levels of stress. Moreover, there was great heterogeneity in how different types of families and children were affected by the pandemic. Single parents and parents and children in low-income households were most strongly affected in their social and economic wellbeing. Social and economic distress are strongly interwoven, and the developments during the pandemic aggravated existing social disparities. Conclusion: This Special Issue underlines the importance of the family for the functioning of societies during times of crisis. It also shows that policy makers often adopted a too narrow view of what constitutes a family and did not adequately address family diversity in their decision making. This Special Issue furthermore emphasized that there is a danger that the pandemic will increase disparities between families. Thus, parents and their children need adequate support measures that are tailored to their needs, and that are designed to alleviate these social, economic and educational disparities. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.20377/jfr-808 VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 15 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brüggmann, Daniel A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - Earnings Trajectories After Divorce: The Legacies of the Earner Model During Marriage JF - Population Research and Policy Review N2 - Divorce marks the legal endpoint of a marital union. While divorce is increasingly seen as a ‘clean break’, the past marital history of the couple may nevertheless shape their present conditions. In particular, there may be a legacy of a highly gendered division of labour during marriage that may affect the ex-spouses’ earning trajectories beyond the date of divorce. Using register data from the German Pension Fund, we examine the earning trajectories of heterosexual couples who filed for a divorce in 2013 (24,616 men and 24,616 women). Using fixed-effects and matching techniques, we compare the earning trajectories of divorcees with those of a control group of married persons in the period spanning two years before and two years after divorce. In particular, we examine how the earner models divorcees followed during marriage shaped their future earning trajectories. Our results show that, on average, the earnings of a divorced woman in a male breadwinner constellation increased after divorce, while the earnings of her male ex-spouse declined. Nevertheless, large gender differences in earnings persisted: 2 years after separation, a divorced woman who had been in a male breadwinner constellation was, on average, earning 72% less than her ex-spouse. We discuss our findings against the background of recent policy reforms in Germany, which assume that ex-partners should be economically ‘self-reliant’ after divorce. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-023-09756-4 N1 - Open Access publication is funded by the Hertie School Library VL - 42 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Sprengholz, Maximilian A1 - Schieckoff, Bentley ED - Bussemer, Johanna ED - Albrecht, Franziska ED - Riethmüller, Dorit ED - Jakob, Christian T1 - Frauen. Arbeit mit Hindernissen T2 - Atlas der Migration: Neue Daten und Fakten über Menschen in Bewegung Y1 - 2022 UR - https://www.rosalux.de/fileadmin/rls_uploads/pdfs/sonst_publikationen/atlasdermigration2022.pdf SP - 42 EP - 43 PB - Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung CY - Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Lambert, Philippe A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - Exogenous time-varying covariates in double additive cure survival model with application to fertility N2 - Extended cure survival models enable to separate covariates that affect the probability of an event (or `long-term' survival) from those only affecting the event timing (or `short-term' survival). We propose to generalize the bounded cumulative hazard model to handle additive terms for time-varying (exogenous) covariates jointly impacting long- and short-term survival. The selection of the penalty parameters is a challenge in that framework. A fast algorithm based on Laplace approximations in Bayesian P-spline models is proposed. The methodology is motivated by fertility studies where women's characteristics such as the employment status and the income (to cite a few) can vary in a non-trivial and frequent way during the individual follow-up. The method is furthermore illustrated by drawing on register data from the German Pension Fund which enabled us to study how women's time-varying earnings relate to first birth transitions. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.00331 PB - arXiv ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Molina, Stefania A1 - Wagner, Lena A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - Women’s economic independence and physical intimate partner violence (IPV) during separation JF - PLOS One N2 - A growing number of studies have addressed the issue of intimate partner violence (IPV). While some studies have shown that women’s economic independence reduces the risk of physical IPV, the empirical evidence is still inconclusive. In particular, little is known about the factors that are associated with the likelihood of experiencing physical IPV during the immediate separation process. We use data from the German Family Panel (pairfam) for the years 2009–2022. The analytical sample consists of women who went through a separation since the last interview (n = 786 person-years). We use logistic regression models to examine the determinants of physical IPV during separation. We find that mothers with minor children have significantly higher odds of experiencing physical IPV during separation than women who do not have minor children (OR=1.96, p=.006), controlling for key sociodemographic characteristics. Low education as well as non-employment are associated with higher risks of physical IPV during separation for both women with and without minor children. However, non-employment is a particular risk factor for mothers with lower levels of education. Divorce and separation, especially when minor children are involved, can be a highly stressful time when partner conflict escalates and, in some cases, culminates in violence against the partner. This paper highlights the importance of maternal labor market integration and economic independence as a lever to potentially reduce physical IPV and conflict during separation. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0326529 VL - 20 IS - 6 PB - Public Library of Science (PLoS) ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Schmauck, Sarah A1 - Mika, Tatjana ED - Karger-Kroll, Anna ED - Schäfers, Lars T1 - Der Wandel der Lebensformen und seine Bedeutung für die Alterssicherung in Deutschland T2 - Gerechte Rente: Sozialethische Perspektiven einer interdisziplinären Sondierung der Alterssicherung Y1 - 2024 SN - 978-3-7560-1712-6 PB - Nomos ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Konietzka, Dirk A1 - Lambert, Philippe A1 - Ramos, Vincent Jerald T1 - Second Birth Fertility in Germany: Social Class, Gender, and the Role of Economic Uncertainty JF - European Journal of Population N2 - Building on a thick strand of the literature on the determinants of higher-order births, this study uses a gender and class perspective to analyse second birth progression rates in Germany. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel from 1990 to 2020, individuals are classified based on their occupation into: upper service, lower service, skilled manual/higher-grade routine nonmanual, and semi-/unskilled manual/lower-grade routine nonmanual classes. Results highlight the “economic advantage” of men and women in service classes who experience strongly elevated second birth rates. Finally, we demonstrate that upward career mobility post-first birth is associated with higher second birth rates, particularly among men. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-023-09656-5 N1 - Open Access publication is funded by the Hertie School Library VL - 39 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Alonso-Perez, Enrique A1 - Heisig, Jan Paul A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Gellert, Paul A1 - O’Sullivan, Julie Lorraine T1 - Intersectional inequalities in the transition to grandparenthood and cognitive functioning: A longitudinal Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy (MAIHDA) JF - The Journals of Gerontology: Series B N2 - Objectives In aging societies, more people become vulnerable to experiencing cognitive decline. Simultaneously, the role of grandparenthood is central for older adults and their families. Our study investigates inequalities in the level and trajectories of cognitive functioning among older adults, focusing on possible intersectional effects of social determinants and grandparenthood as a life course transition that may contribute to delaying cognitive decline. Methods Using longitudinal data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, we analyzed a sample of 19,953 individuals aged 50-85 without grandchildren at baseline. We applied Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy to investigate variation in cognitive functioning across 48 intersectional strata, defined by sex/gender, migration, education, and occupation. We allowed the impact of becoming a grandparent on cognitive functioning trajectories to vary across strata by including random slopes. Results Intersectional strata accounted for 17.43% of the overall variance in cognitive functioning, with most of the stratum-level variation explained by additive effects of the stratum-defining characteristics. Transition to grandparenthood was associated with higher cognitive functioning, showing a stronger effect for women. Stratum-level variation in the grandparenthood effect was modest, especially after accounting for interactions between grandparenthood and the stratum-defining variables. Discussion This study highlights the importance of social determinants for understanding heterogeneities in older adults’ level of cognitive functioning and its association with the transition to grandparenthood. Cumulative disadvantages negatively affect cognitive functioning, hence adopting an intersectional lens is useful to decompose inequalities and derive tailored interventions to promote equal healthy aging. Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbae088 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bogusz, Honorata A1 - Matysiak, Anna A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - Structural labour market change, cognitive work, and entry to parenthood in Germany JF - Population Studies N2 - Technological change and globalization have caused unprecedented transformations of labour markets, resulting in a growing division between workers who perform cognitive vs non-cognitive tasks. To date, only few studies have addressed the fertility effects of these long-term structural changes. This study fills that gap. We measure the cognitive task content of occupations using data from the Employment Survey of the German Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training, which we link to individual histories from the German Socio-Economic Panel 1984–2018. We find that women and men with non-cognitive jobs are increasingly less likely to enter parenthood; this is reflected in lower first-birth intensities but also in higher probabilities of childlessness compared with workers in highly cognitive jobs. These findings imply that structural shifts in the labour market are exacerbating disparities between low-skilled and highly skilled individuals, not only within the labour market but also in the realm of family formation. Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2024.2372018 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Naujoks, Tabea ED - Böhnke, Petra ED - Konietzka, Dirk T1 - Arbeitsteilung in Partnerschaften und soziale Ungleichheit T2 - Handbuch Sozialstrukturanalyse N2 - Im Zentrum des folgenden Beitrags steht die Darstellung des Zusammenhangs von Arbeitsteilung in Partnerschaften und sozialer Ungleichheit. Dabei behandeln wir nicht nur die Aufteilung von Haus- und Sorgearbeit in bestehenden Partnerschaften, sondern gehen auch auf die Bedeutung der geschlechtlichen Arbeitsteilung für soziale Ungleichheit nach Trennung und Scheidung ein. Wir diskutieren darüber hinaus die Rolle sozialpolitischer Rahmenbedingungen die Anreize für eine geschlechtsspezifische Arbeitsteilung in Paarhaushalten setzen, und die individuellen Kosten dieser in der Nachtrennungszeit bestimmen. Y1 - 2024 SN - 978-3-658-39759-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-39759-3_49-1 PB - Springer VS CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Konietzka, Dirk ED - Arránz Becker, Oliver ED - Hank, Karsten ED - Steinbach, Anja T1 - Sozialstruktur und Familienformen T2 - Handbuch Familiensoziologie N2 - Dieser Beitrag gibt auf Basis der Daten des Mikrozensus einen Überblick über den Wandel der Familienformen in Deutschland. Es wird untersucht, inwieweit alleinerziehende, nichteheliche und eheliche Familien sozialstrukturell differenziert sind und in welchem Ausmaß sich die ökonomische Lebenslage der verschiedenen Familienformen unterscheidet. Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-3-658-35218-9 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-35219-6_26 SP - 657 EP - 674 PB - Springer VS CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - O’Sullivan, Julie Lorraine A1 - Alonso-Perez, Enrique A1 - Färber, Francesca A1 - Fuellen, Georg A1 - Rudolf, Henrik A1 - Heisig, Jan Paul A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Gellert, Paul T1 - Onset of Type 2 diabetes in adults aged 50 and older in Europe: an intersectional multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy JF - Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome N2 - Background Disparities in the development of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) are associated with various social determinants, including sex/gender, migration background, living arrangement, education, and household income. This study applied an intersectional perspective to map social disparities and investigate intersectional effects regarding the onset of T2D among older adults across Europe. Methods We used data from the Survey of Health and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) to conduct an Intersectional Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy (I-MAIHDA) of T2D onset. Individuals aged 50 years or older without known T2D at Wave 4 (2011, baseline) were included and followed through Waves 5 (2013), 6 (2015), 7 (2016), and 8 (2019–2020). Intersectional models were used to estimate additive main effects of sex/gender, migration background, living arrangement, education level, and household income and intersectional interactions. Results A total of 39,108 individuals were included (age at baseline M = 65.18 years (SD = 9.62), 57.4% women). T2D onset was reported for 9.2% of the sample over the 9-year observation period. In the fully adjusted model, all social determinants showed significant additive associations with T2D onset, while the discriminatory accuracy of the social strata was found to be low (Variance Partition Coefficient = 0.3%). Conclusions This study provides a comprehensive mapping of intersectional disparities in onset of T2D among older adults in Europe. The results highlight the risk heterogeneity within the population and show social disadvantages faced by certain groups. However, while the T2D risks were higher in some strata than in others, the intersectional effects were small overall and mostly attributable to the additive main effects. The results suggest that public health strategies to prevent T2D should be universal but tailored to meet the specific situation of the different intersectional strata. Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-024-01533-3 SN - 1758-5996 VL - 16 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Beblo, Miriam A1 - Boll, Christina A1 - Berg, Mathias A1 - Geene, Raimund A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Lenze, Anne A1 - Scheiwe, Kirsten A1 - Schober, Pia S. A1 - Stichnoth, Holger T1 - Zehnter Familienbericht: Unterstützung allein- und getrennterziehender Eltern und ihrer Kinder — Bestandsaufnahme und Handlungsempfehlungen Y1 - 2025 UR - https://www.bmfsfj.de/bmfsfj/service/publikationen/zehnter-familienbericht-254310 PB - Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend CY - Berlin ET - Deutscher Bundestag – 20. Wahlperiode Drucksache 20/14510 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Gellert, Paul T1 - Policy implications of the greying of family diversity T2 - Academy of Social Sciences: International Advisory Group policy briefings series Y1 - 2024 UR - https://acss.org.uk/publications/policy-implications-of-the-greying-of-family-diversity/ PB - Academy of Social Sciences CY - London ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Lambert, Philippe A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - Exogenous time-varying covariates in double additive cure survival model with application to fertility Y1 - 2023 UR - https://dial.uclouvain.be/pr/boreal/object/boreal%3A272223/datastream/PDF_01/view PB - ISBA CY - Louvain-la-Neuve ET - LIDAM Discussion Paper IBA 2023/06 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Fischer, Julia A1 - Freund, Alexandra M. A1 - Geiger, Harmut A1 - Kempermann, Gerd A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Luy, Marc T1 - Demografischen Wandel und Altern gestalten. Interdisziplinäre Impulse für einen ressortübergreifenden Ansatz N2 - Der demografische Wandel ist eine der größten Herausforderungen, mit denen Deutschland konfrontiert ist. Die anhaltend niedrigen Geburtenraten, verbunden mit einer steigenden Lebenserwartung, führen zu einer starken Alterung der Gesellschaft. Daraus ergibt sich ein sehr großer Anpassungsbedarf in Pflege und Gesundheit, den sozialen Sicherungssystemen und auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. In den letzten Jahren wurde die Demografiepolitik innerhalb der Bundesregierung nur wenig koordiniert und gesteuert. Die Autorinnen und Autoren des Diskussionspapiers empfehlen, die Demografiepolitik als politisches Schwerpunktthema für die kommende Legislaturperiode zu verankern. Das Papier formuliert dafür konkrete Handlungsansätze. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.26164/leopoldina_03_01256 PB - Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften Leopoldina CY - Halle (Saale) ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - Causal Modelling in Fertility Research: A Review of the Literature and an Application to a Parental Leave Policy Reform JF - Comparative Population Studies N2 - This paper reviews empirical studies that have examined the causal determinants of fertility behaviour. In particular, we compare the approaches adopted in the different disciplines to improve our understanding of how birth dynamics are influenced by changes in female employment and changes in family policies. The wide array of panel data that have become available in recent years provide great potential for advanced causal modelling in this field. Event history modelling has been a dominant approach in sociology and demography. However, researchers are increasingly turning to other methods to unravel causal effects, such as fixed-effects modelling, the regression discontinuity approach, and statistical matching. We summarise selected studies, and discuss the advantages and the shortcomings of the different approaches. In an empirical section, we analyse the impact of the German 2007 policy reform on birth behaviour to illustrate the difficulties involved in isolating policy effects. The final chapter concludes by underscoring that even simple modelling strategies may be beneficial for improving our understanding of how policy effects shape demographic behaviour, and for laying the groundwork for more fine-grained causal investigations. * This article belongs to a special issue on “Identification of causal mechanisms in demographic research: The contribution of panel data”. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.12765/cpos-2021-10 SN - 1869-8999 VL - 46 PB - German Federal Institute for Population Research ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Schmauk, Sarah A1 - Mika, Tatjana T1 - The gender pension gap in Germany: Is divorce a gender-equaliser? JF - Ageing & Society N2 - Germany is one of the few countries in Europe that has implemented a system of ‘divorce splitting’. Under this system, the pension credits that spouses have accumulated during their marriage are combined and then split equally between them upon divorce. This study examines how divorce affects public pension entitlements in Germany, and how these patterns are influenced by the system of divorce splitting. The data for our analysis comes from SHARE-RV, a direct linkage of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) with administrative data of the research data centre of the German Pension Insurance Fund (Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund). The data include information on the beneficiaries’ monthly earnings and employment biographies, as well as on their pension entitlements and the credits they received through divorce splitting. The results of the analysis, which was restricted to West German men and women born between 1935 and 1954, reveal that there are large gender gaps in public pension benefit levels. However, the investigation also shows that single and divorced West German women have larger personal pension entitlements than their married or widowed counterparts. Furthermore, the public pension entitlements of divorced men and women in West Germany are very similar. This can be attributed partially to the divorce-splitting system, which tends to increase the pension benefits of divorced women, while reducing the pension benefits of their male counterparts. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X21001513 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haan, Peter A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Schmauk, Sarah A1 - Mika, Tatjana T1 - Rentenansprüche von Frauen bleiben mit steigender Kinderzahl deutlich hinter denen von Männern zurück JF - DIW Wochenbericht N2 - Frauen verdienen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt im Durchschnitt deutlich weniger als Männer. Im Jahr 2024 betrug der sogenannte Gender Pay Gap, der den Unterschied der Bruttostundenlöhne misst, in Deutschland 16 Prozent.info Da die Rentenansprüche aus der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung in Deutschland direkt von den Löhnen abhängen, überträgt sich diese Lohndifferenz auch auf Unterschiede bei den Rentenansprüchen. Der Unterschied zwischen Männern und Frauen wird als Gender Pension Gap bezeichnet.info Die unterschiedlichen Löhne sind aber nur ein Faktor für die Differenz. Weitere Gründe sind häufige Erwerbsunterbrechungen von Frauen, beispielsweise wegen Kinderbetreuung oder der Pflege von Angehörigen, Segregation auf dem Arbeitsmarktinfo oder Unterschieden bei der Teilzeiterwerbstätigkeit, die sich auf geschlechtsspezifische soziale Normen und Stereotype zurückführen lassen.info Mit der Einführung der Kindererziehungszeiten im Jahr 1986, die durch mehrere Reformen ausgeweitet wurden, sollten die individuellen Rentenansprüche von Müttern erhöht werden. Damit sollte langfristig der Gender Pension Gap und auch der Motherhood Pension Gap, also der Unterschied zwischen den Rentenansprüchen von Frauen mit und ohne Kinder, reduziert werden.info In diesem Wochenbericht werden auf Basis der Versichertenkontenstichprobe (VSKT) der Deutschen Rentenversicherung die Unterschiede bei den gesetzlichen Rentenansprüchen von Männern und Frauen sowie für Frauen nach Anzahl der Kinder untersucht (Kasten 1). Darüber hinaus zeigen die Auswertungen, welche Rolle die Kindererziehungszeiten knapp 40 Jahre nach ihrer Einführung spielen. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.18723/diw_wb:2025-12-1 SN - 1860-8787 VL - 92 IS - 12 SP - 183 EP - 189 PB - DIW Berlin — Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung e.V. CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haan, Peter A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Schmauk, Sarah A1 - Mika, Tatjana T1 - The Gender Pension Gap Grows the More Children a Woman Has JF - DIW Weekly Report N2 - The gender pension gap, the difference in pension entitlements between men and women, is 32 percent for 60-yearolds according to data from the German Pension Insurance (Deutsche Rentenversicherung). In addition, there is a considerable motherhood pension gap: Statutory pension entitlements for mothers and childless women differ greatly. Pensionrelated childcare credits, which were introduced in 1986 and have been modified many times since, counteract this gap. Recognition of pension-related childcare credits reduce the difference in pension entitlements between childless women and mothers considerably, albeit only in the immediate years following the birth of a child. For the birth cohorts from 1952 to 1959, the motherhood pension gap for 60-year-olds in western Germany is 26 percent; pension-related childcare credits could not close the gap. Further social and tax policy measures supporting an equal division of care work and paid work are necessary. In addition to expanding public child care, reforms to joint taxation of married couples with full income splitting (Ehegattensplitting) and reducing subsidies for jobs with few working hours (Minijobs) as well as a restructuring of the workplace to be more caretaker-friendly are required. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.18723/diw_dwr:2025-12-1 SN - 2568-7697 VL - 15 IS - 12+13 SP - 79 EP - 85 PB - DIW Berlin — Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung e.V. CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Schmauk, Sarah ED - Mortelmans, Dimitri ED - Bernardi, Laura ED - Perelli-Harris, Brienna T1 - Widowhood and grey divorce T2 - Research Handbook on Partnering across the Life Course N2 - The death of a partner and union dissolution both mark the endpoint of a partnership. However, as these events previously primarily occurred at different life course stages, they have generally been investigated in separate strands of literature. With the growing prevalence of divorce at later ages, however, research on widowhood and “grey divorce” has moved closer together. This chapter examines whether and to what extent the findings on the consequences of grey divorce mirror the existing results on the consequences of widowhood. Attention is also given to the different ways in which welfare states buffer the adverse effects of the death of a partner and divorce on individuals’ economic wellbeing at advanced ages. While this chapter seeks to summarize achievements regarding grey divorce research, we conclude with a critical discussion, which, among other things, reflects on the use of universal and fixed cut-off ages (such as age 50) to define grey divorce. Y1 - 2025 SN - 9781803923383 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4337/9781803923383.00022 SP - 178 EP - 190 PB - Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ramos, Vincent Jerald A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Alonso-Perez, Enrique A1 - Gellert, Paul A1 - Heisig, Jan Paul A1 - O’Sullivan, Julie Lorraine T1 - Future Caregiving Responsibilities, Employment Uncertainties, and Expected Childbearing Behavior: Survey Experimental Evidence from Germany JF - Population Research and Policy Review N2 - In societies experiencing declining birth rates, understanding factors that influence childbearing decisions is of interest. We used a factorial survey experiment to investigate how scenarios of future caregiving responsibilities toward aging parents and employment uncertainties shape the expected childbearing behavior of a fictitious couple. Respondents from the nationally representative German Socio-Economic Panel Innovation Sample (SOEP-IS) (n = 1,750) were randomly assigned to five vignettes, each describing a hypothetical couple with varying levels of caregiving responsibilities towards an aging parent and employment uncertainties. Respondents subsequently rated their expectations about the hypothetical couple’s childbearing behavior within the next three years using an 11-point scale. Results show that high caregiving responsibilities and dual employment uncertainties reduce expected childbearing behavior by 2.8 and 1.9 units respectively, compared to when these are absent. The negative effect of high caregiving responsibilities is more pronounced among women, while respondents’ own caregiving and employment experiences do not moderate these effects. These results demonstrate how both future-oriented caregiving responsibilities and employment uncertainties alter expectations about family formation and highlight the scenarios that are regarded as more or less favorable for childbearing. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-025-09969-9 N1 - Open Access publication is funded by the Hertie School Library. VL - 44 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC ER - TY - JFULL A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela ED - Sánchez-Romero, Miguel ED - Kreyenfeld, Michaela ED - Permanyer, Iñaki ED - Potančoková, Michaela ED - di Lego, Vanessa T1 - Special issue: Population inequality matters T2 - Vienna Yearbook of Population Research N2 - The 2025 volume of the Vienna Yearbook of Population Research focuses on the role of population inequality in demographic research, particularly, on the interplay between population diversity and social inequality. Besides classical markers of heterogeneity in individual behavior, such as gender, age, education, family status, migration background, urban-rural residence and socio-economic status, other sources of inequality are covered in the volume. They include marginalized populations, such as homeless people, generational and spatial factors as well as emerging trends, such as digitalization. Understanding population inequality is key for modeling population developments and projecting them into the future. Equally important is to understand how and why different types of inequality arise and evolve, and what policy challenges they impose for socio-economic development, welfare systems and social cohesion. Y1 - 2025 UR - https://austriaca.at/9681-5inhalt VL - 2025 IS - 1 PB - Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Verlag CY - Vienna ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - Reflections on CPoS: A Journey Across Five Decades JF - Comparative Population Studies N2 - In this editorial, Michaela Kreyenfeld, former board member, author and reviewer, reflects on her own experiences with and the evolution and significance of Comparative Population Studies (CPoS), formerly Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft (ZfB), highlighting its role as a dedicated, rigorous platform for demographic and population research. CPoS embraces core demographic topics as well as interdisciplinary approaches, exemplified for example by seminal works on fertility, demographic transitions, and sociological theory. Valued for fairness, accessibility, and intellectual integrity, CPoS offers a respected venue for both emerging and established scholars. * This article belongs to a series celebrating the journal's 50th anniversary. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.12765/cpos-2025-11 VL - 50 SP - xxiii EP - xxvi PB - German Federal Institute for Population Research ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wagner, Lena A1 - Molina, Stefania A1 - Alonso-Perez, Enrique A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - What difference does it make? Parental relationship quality and child wellbeing in step- and nuclear families JF - Genus N2 - This study adopts a dyadic perspective to explore how parental partnership quality relates to the wellbeing of children living with both biological parents versus those with a biological parent and a stepparent. We apply multivariable linear regression and a mediation analysis on dyadic data from the German Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam) to understand the relationship between family structure, step- and biological parents’ partnership quality, and children’s self-reported wellbeing, operationalised over the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-scores). We differentiate two separate dimensions of parental partnership quality, namely the frequency of conflict and esteem between the (step-) parents. The results show that children living with a stepparent exhibit higher total difficulties scores as compared to children living with both their biological parents. However, parental conflict occurs less and esteem more frequently in stepfamilies than in nuclear families. Mediation analysis indicates that frequency of esteem between parents partially mediates the impact of family structure on SDQ-scores. Our analysis suggests that the negative effect of living with stepparents on children’s social and behavioural problems is slightly mitigated by increased parental esteem in these unions. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-025-00269-w VL - 81 IS - 1 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nisén, Jessica A1 - Klüsener, Sebastian A1 - Dahlberg, Johan A1 - Dommermuth, Lars A1 - Jasilioniene, Aiva A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Lappegård, Trude A1 - Li, Peng A1 - Martikainen, Pekka A1 - Neels, Karel A1 - Riederer, Bernhard A1 - te Riele, Saskia A1 - Sulak, Harun A1 - Szabó, Laura A1 - Trimarchi, Alessandra A1 - Viciana, Francisco A1 - Myrskylä, Mikko T1 - Economic Conditions, Education and Parity‐Specific Fertility: A Sub‐National Regional Study Across 15 Countries in Europe JF - Population, Space and Place N2 - There is a longstanding interest in the link between economic conditions and fertility levels. Most research measuring economic development has focused on national‐level patterns and period total fertility levels. We aim to extend existing knowledge by carrying out a sub‐national regional analysis of the link between economic conditions and parity‐specific cohort fertility, while taking into account heterogeneity by educational level. We study three fertility outcomes by women's education: the share of women who remain childless, the mean number of children per mother and the mean number of children per woman. For this analysis, we harmonised register, census and large‐scale survey data from 15 European countries, with a focus on women born in the late 1960s. Women's fertility was measured at the end of their reproductive careers and combined with contextual information, including information on the regional GDP (per capita). In our multiple regression models that controlled for country‐level factors, we found that GDP was positively associated with childlessness among women with medium and high levels of education. However, GDP was negatively associated with the number of children per mother among women with low levels of education. These findings show that the relationship between economic conditions and fertility varies depending on the level of education of the women, and it differs between childlessness and continued childbearing. High‐income contexts may be less supportive of continued childbearing for women with lower levels of education. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.70074 VL - 31 IS - 6 PB - Wiley ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Boll, Christina A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Molina, Stefania A1 - Wagner, Lena T1 - FReDA Module: Causes and Consequences of Economic Abuse in Intimate Partnerships N2 - This document describes a newly developed module on economic abuse in intimate partnerships that will be integrated into Wave 6 of the FReDA (Family Research and Demographic Analysis) panel study. The module aims to capture key dimensions of economic abuse within intimate relationships and to expand the analytical potential of the FReDA data in this field. It comprises three conceptual batteries: economic control (Wirtschaftliche Kontrolle / Ressourcennutzungsverhinderung), economic sabotage (Wirtschaftliche Sabotage / Ressourcenaneignungsverhinderung), and economic exploitation (Wirtschaftliche Ausbeutung / Ressourcenmissbrauch). Together, these batteries provide a comprehensive and systematic measurement of economic abuse, enabling detailed empirical analyses of its prevalence, forms, and consequences. Y1 - 2026 U6 - https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/uatqp_v1 PB - SocArXiv ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Beblo, Miriam A1 - Boll, Christina ED - Hassel, Anke ED - Schroeder, Wolfgang T1 - Was bedeutet die Diversität der Familienformen für den Arbeitsmarkt? T2 - Was wird aus der Arbeit? Y1 - 2025 UR - https://www.campus.de/buecher-campus-verlag/wissenschaft/was_wird_aus_der_arbeit-18483.html SN - 9783593520377 SP - 107 EP - 112 PB - Campus CY - Frankfurt ER -