TY - CHAP A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Jakob, Michael T1 - The Atmosphere as a Global Commons – Challenges for International Cooperation and Governance T2 - The Handbook on the Macroeconomics of Climate Change Y1 - 2014 SN - 978-0199856978 SP - 260 EP - 296 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Jakob, Michael A1 - Steckel, Jan C. A1 - Baumstark, Lavinia T1 - Climate Finance for Developing Country Mitigation: Blessing or Curse? JF - Climate and Development N2 - Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, industrialized countries have agreed to cover the incremental costs of climate change mitigation in developing countries and recent climate negotiations have reaffirmed the central role of climate finance for global mitigation efforts. We use an integrated energy–economy–climate model to assess the potential magnitude of financial transfers to developing countries that can be expected under non-market transfer mechanisms as well as international emission trading with several allocation schemes. Our results indicate that for the latter, depending on international permit allocation rules financial transfers to developing countries could reach almost USD bln 400 per year in 2020, with Sub-Saharan Africa receiving financial inflows of as much as 14.5% of its GDP. Reviewing the literature on natural resource revenues, official development assistance and foreign direct investment, we identify three major channels through which such sizable financial inflows may induce harmful effects for recipients: volatility, Dutch disease, and rent-seeking and corruption. We discuss the relevance of these mechanisms for climate finance and identify institutional arrangements which could help to avoid a ‘climate finance curse’. We conclude that there is no deterministic relationship between financial inflows and adverse consequences, as the most serious problems could be prevented or at least alleviated by appropriately designed policies and governance provisions. KW - Mitigation scenarios KW - Developing countries KW - Multilateral climate policy frameworks KW - North–South Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2014.934768 SN - 1756-5537 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Taylor & Francis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Marschinski, Robert A1 - Jakob, Michael T1 - Sectoral Linking of carbon markets: A trade-theory analysis JF - Resource and Energy Economics N2 - The linking of emission trading systems (ETS) is a widely discussed policy option for future international cooperation on climate change. Benefits are expected from efficiency gains and the alleviation of concerns over competitiveness. However, from trade-theory it is known that due to general equilibrium effects and market distortions, linking may not always be beneficial for all participating countries. Following-up on this debate, we use a Ricardo-Viner type general equilibrium model to study the implications of sectoral linking on carbon emissions (‘leakage’), competitiveness, and welfare. By comparing pre- and post-linking equilibria, we show analytically how global emissions can increase if one of the ‘linked’ countries lacks an economy-wide emissions cap, although in case of a link across idiosyncratic sectors a decrease of emissions (‘anti-leakage’) is also possible. If – as a way to address concerns about competitiveness – a link between the EU ETS and a hypothetical US system is established, the partial emission coverage of the EU ETS can lead to the creation of new distortions between the non-covered domestic and international sector. Finally, we show how the welfare effect from linking can be decomposed into gains-from-trade and terms-of-trade contributions, and how the latter can make the overall effect ambiguous. KW - Linking KW - Emission trading KW - Trade theory KW - Competitiveness KW - Leakage Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2012.05.005 SN - 1873-0221 VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 585 EP - 606 PB - Elsevier CY - Mexico ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Jakob, Michael A1 - Hilaire, Jérôme T1 - Immer heißer. Es gibt nicht zu wenig, sondern zu viel fossile Ressourcen – sie müssen in der Erde bleiben JF - Le monde diplomatique JF - TAZ Y1 - 2015 UR - http://www.taz.de/!5212954/ N1 - Free online Access / Freier online Zugriff: http://www.taz.de/!5212954/ ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar A1 - Jakob, Michael A1 - Steckel, Jan T1 - Developing the International Carbon Market : Linking Options for the EU ETS ; Report to the Policy Planning Staff in the Federal Foreign Office Y1 - 2008 UR - http://climatestrategies.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/working-paper-linking-1.pdf ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Jakob, Michael A1 - Lessmann, Kai T1 - The Atmosphere as a Global Commons – Challenges for International Cooperation and Governance. MCC working paper 1-2013, and Discussion Paper 2013-58, Harvard Project on Climate Agreements, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Jakob, Michael A1 - Hilaire, Jérôme T1 - Den Klimawandel stoppen: Es gibt nicht zu wenig, sondern zu viel fossile Ressourcen – sie müssen in der Erde bleiben JF - Atlas der Globalisierung: Weniger wird mehr - Der Postwachstumsatlas Y1 - 2015 SP - 90 EP - 93 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steckel, Jan Christoph A1 - Jakob, Michael A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Kornek, Ulrike A1 - Lessmann, Kai A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar T1 - From climate finance towards sustainable development finance JF - WIREs Climate Change N2 - Decarbonizing the global energy system requires large-scale investment flows, with a central role for international climate finance to mobilize private funds. The willingness to provide international finance in accordance with common but differentiated responsibilities was acknowledged by the broad endorsement of the Paris Agreement, and the Green Climate Funds in particular. The international community aims to mobilize at least USD 100 billion per year for mitigation and adaption in developing countries. In this article, we argue that too little attention has been paid on the spending side of climate finance, both in the political as well as the academic debate. To this end, we review the challenges encountered in project-based approaches of allocating climate finance in the past. In contrast to project-based finance, we find many advantages to spending climate finance in support of price-based national policies. First, the support for international climate cooperation is improved when efforts of successively rising domestic carbon pricing levels are compensated. Second, carbon pricing sets incentives for least-cost mitigation. Third, investing domestic revenues from emission pricing schemes could advance a country's individual development goals and ensure the recipient's ‘ownership’ of climate policies. We conclude that by reconciling the global goal of cost-efficient mitigation with national policy priorities, climate finance for carbon pricing could become a central pillar of sustainable development and promote international cooperation to achieve the climate targets laid down in the Paris Agreement. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.437 VL - 8 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar A1 - Knopf, Brigitte A1 - Burghaus, Kerstin A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Jakob, Michael A1 - Koch, Nicolas T1 - Shifting Paradigms in Carbon Pricing JF - Intereconomics N2 - Carbon pricing is essential to achieve a reduction in global CO2 emissions. A carbon price can either be set directly via a carbon tax (price control) or be achieved through a cap-and-trade system (quantity control). While there has been much debate about the relative merits of each approach, cap-and-trade systems have been favoured in the political arena. In principle, they offer the most straightforward way to achieve a country’s emission reduction target by simply setting the cap at the remaining emission budget. Existing emissions trading schemes (ETSs) can be found in Europe, California and Québec, for example. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-018-0735-6 VL - 53 IS - 3 SP - 135 EP - 140 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Dasgupta, Purnamita A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar A1 - Amezquita, Adriana Mercedes Avendano A1 - Bento, Antonio M. A1 - Caney, Simon A1 - De la Croix, David A1 - Fosu, Augustin Kwasi A1 - Jakob, Michael A1 - Saam, Marianne A1 - Shrader-Frechette, Kristin A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Weyant, John A1 - You, Liangzhi A1 - Delgado-Ramos, Gian A1 - Dorsch, Marcel J. A1 - Klenert, David A1 - Lempert, Robert A1 - Leroux, Justin A1 - Lessmann, Kai A1 - Liu, Junguo A1 - Mattauch, Linus A1 - Perrings, Charles A1 - Schwerhoff, Gregor A1 - Seyboth, Kristin A1 - Streckel, Jan T1 - Economic Growth, Human Development, and Welfare T2 - Rethinking Society for the 21st Century Report of the International Panel on Social Progress N2 - Economic Growth, Human Development, and Welfare" of the 2018 Report of the International Panel on Social Progress (IPSP). Mission of the IPSP: The International Panel on Social Progress (IPSP) will harness the competence of hundreds of experts about social issues and will deliver a report addressed to all social actors, movements, organizations, politicians and decision-makers, in order to provide them with the best expertise on questions that bear on social change. The Panel will seek consensus whenever possible but will not hide controversies and will honestly present up-to-date arguments and analyses, and debates about them, in an accessible way. The Panel will have no partisan political agenda, but will aim at restoring hope in social progress and stimulating intellectual and public debates. Different political and philosophical views may conceive of social progress in different ways, emphasizing values such as freedom, dignity, or equality. The Panel will retain full independence from political parties, governments, and organizations with a partisan agenda. While the Panel will primarily work for the dissemination of knowledge to all relevant actors in society, it will also foster research on the topics it will study and help to revive interest for research in social long-term prospective analysis Y1 - 2018 SN - 9781108399661 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108399661 SP - 139 EP - 184 PB - Cambridge University Press ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Levi, Sebastian A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Jakob, Michael T1 - Political Economy Determinants of Carbon Pricing JF - Global Environmental Politics N2 - Carbon pricing is widely considered a key policy instrument for achieving substantial climate change mitigation. However, implementation remains patchy and price levels vary significantly across countries and regions. In this article, we analyze the structural social, political, and economic conditions under which carbon prices have been implemented so far. We estimate a Tobit regression model to investigate variations in explicit carbon prices over 262 national and subnational jurisdictions. Our results highlight well-governed institutions and public attitudes as the most important conditions for carbon pricing and characterize fossil fuel consumption as a barrier to the implementation of carbon prices. The results suggest that governance and public attitude need to be integrated into political economy analysis. Policy makers should take regulatory capacities and public attitudes seriously when designing carbon pricing policies. KW - Centre for Sustainability Y1 - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-35698 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00549 SN - 1526-3800 N1 - This is a post-print version of an article published in Global Environmental Politics. Citation: Levi, Sebastian, Christian Flachsland, and Michael Jakob. "Political Economy Determinants of Carbon Pricing." Global Environmental Politics 20.2 (2020): 128-156. Copyright statement: © 2020 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Link: https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/glep_a_00549 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 128 EP - 156 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jakob, Michael A1 - Lamb, William F. A1 - Steckel, Jan Christoph A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar T1 - Understanding different perspectives on economic growth and climate policy JF - WIREs Climate Change N2 - Should economic growth continue in a world threatened by the prospect of catastrophic climate change? The scientific and public debate has brought forth a broad spectrum of views and narratives on this question, ranging from neoclassical economics to degrowth. We argue that different positions can be attributed to underlying differences in views on (a) factors that determine human well‐being, (b) the feasibility and desirability of economic growth, (c) appropriate intervention points, and (d) preferences about governance and policy options. For each of these dimensions, we propose points of agreement on which a consensus between conflicting positions might be achieved. From this basis, we distill a sustainability transition perspective that could act as a basis for a renewed debate on how to align human well‐being with environmental sustainability. KW - Climate Economics KW - degrowth KW - sustainability KW - transformation KW - well-being Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.677 SP - 1 EP - 17 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jakob, Michael A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Steckel, Jan Christoph A1 - Urpelainen, Johannes T1 - Actors, objectives, context: A framework of the political economy of energy and climate policy applied to India, Indonesia, and Vietnam JF - Energy Research & Social Science N2 - Devising policies that facilitate a transition to low-carbon energy systems requires a close understanding of the country-specific political economy of energy and climate policy. We develop a generalized AOC (‘Actors, Objectives, Context’) political economy framework to inform and enable comparison of country-specific case studies of how economic structure, political institutions, and the political environment shape policy outcomes. Our actor-centered perspective is built on the assumption that those policies are implemented that best meet the objectives of actors with the greatest influence on policy decisions. Applying the framework in practice includes four basic steps: i) identifying the societal and political actors most relevant for the formulation, implementation and enforcement of energy and climate policies; ii) spelling out these actors’ underlying objectives; iii) assessing the economic, institutional, discursive and environmental context which determines how certain objectives matter for certain societal actors; and iv) analyzing the dynamic interactions among these factors leading to aggregate policy outcomes. Context factors determine how societal actors influence political actors engaged in formal public policy formulation, implementation and enforcement, and how the dynamic interplay of different political actors’ interests results in energy and climate policy outcomes. The framework can accommodate a wide range of theoretical perspectives. We illustrate how the framework enables conducting comparable energy and climate policy country case studies, using the example of coal use in India, Indonesia and Vietnam. Finally, we discuss how the framework can contribute to the identification of entry points that could bring about policy change. KW - Political economy KW - Policy design KW - Climate and energy policy KW - vested interests KW - Coal Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101775 VL - 70 SP - 1 EP - 12 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Kühner, Ann-Kathrin A1 - Jakob, Michael A1 - Flachsland, Christian T1 - Positionen deutscher Stakeholder zu einem europäischen CO2-Grenzausgleich. Ariadne-Hintergrund. N2 - Die Sorge um „Carbon Leakage“ ist ein zentrales Hindernis für eine ambitionierte deutsche und Europäische Klimapolitik und hat in der Vergangenheit zu intensiven politischen Konflikten geführt. Um angesichts der ambitionierten Klimaziele des Green Deal Carbon Leakage in Zukunft zu verhindern, hat die Europäische Union in ihrem „Fit für 55“-Paket ein CO2-Grenzausgleichssystem (Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, CBAM) vorgeschlagen. Über den Gesetzesvorschlag der Kommission wird momentan im zuständigen Umweltausschuss des EU-Parlaments beraten. Die Entscheidung des EU-Parlaments wird dann an den Rat der Europäischen Union, nun unter dem Vorsitz Frankreichs, übermittelt und dort weiter diskutiert. Die Verordnung soll im Januar 2023 in Kraft treten. Angesichts der Sorgen und politischen Konflikte um mögliches Carbon Leakage hat die Frage der Unterstützung und Ablehnung der verschiedenen spezifischen Designelemente eines EU CBAM durch verschiedene Stakeholdergruppen eine hohe politische Relevanz. Vor diesem Hintergrund haben wir mehr als 80 der zentralen Vertreterinnen und Vertreter der deutschen Fachdebatte aus Wirtschaft, Zivilgesellschaft und Wissenschaft sowohl nach ihren grundlegenden Einstellungen als auch zu spezifischen Details der Ausgestaltung eines CBAM befragt. Dabei zeigt sich, dass in Deutschland ein CBAM unter den wichtigsten Stakeholdergruppen durchschnittlich befürwortet wird. Als Hauptdiskussionspunkte identifiziert wurden(1) das Auslaufen der kostenlosen Zuteilung von Emissionsrechten bei Einführung eines CBAM, (2) die Anwendung eines CBAM nur auf Importe (und nicht auch auf Exporte), (3) die Frage ob und für welche Länder Ausnahmen gelten sollten und (4) die Verwendung der CBAM-Einnahmen. KW - Centre for Sustainability Y1 - 2022 UR - https://ariadneprojekt.de/publikation/hintergrund-positionen-deutscher-stakeholder-zu-einem-europaischen-co2-grenzausgleich/ ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Adolphsen, Ole A1 - Feist, Marian A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Geden, Oliver A1 - Görlach, Benjamin A1 - Jakob, Michael T1 - Deutschlands Klimaaußenpolitik: Kontext – Rückschau – Weiterentwicklung KW - Centre for Sustainability Y1 - 2024 UR - https://ariadneprojekt.de/publikation/analyse-deutschlands-klimaaussenpolitik-kontext-rueckschau-weiterentwicklung/ U6 - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.48485/pik.2024.017 PB - Kopernikus-Projekt Ariadne CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kühner, Ann-Kathrin A1 - Jakob, Michael A1 - Flachsland, Christian T1 - German stakeholder perceptions of an EU carbon border adjustment mechanism N2 - The European Commission has proposed a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) that would apply the carbon price prevailing in the EU emissions trading system to import-related emissions. We conducted a survey to study perceptions of an EU CBAM among German key stakeholders from industry, civil society, and research in July 2021. We find that substantial support for CBAM exists as well as the expectation that the mechanism will eventually be introduced. We identified divergent views on key design options among stakeholder groups. Stakeholders from industry generally favour the continuation of free allocation of emissions allowances, rebates for exporters from the EU, coverage of only scope 1 emissions, and use of revenues for domestic spending. Stakeholders from civil society prefer phasing out free allocation, coverage only of imports, an emissions scope including all indirect emissions, exempting low-income countries and countries that do implement non-price-based climate policies, and the use of revenues to finance green transformation in low-income countries. Respondents from research would generally rather see free allocation being phased out, emissions coverage of scope 1 and 2, exemptions for low-income countries and countries that do implement non-price-based policies with comparable effects in relevant sectors and a transfer of revenues to support clean technologies in low-income countries and green technologies in the EU. Our survey design allows us to identify three cross-stakeholder group clusters, one containing stakeholders who are comparably more hesitant towards CBAM, a second one with respondents most in favour of introducing CBAM, as well as a 'middle ground' cluster which contains views that are often in between the other two. We also compare the survey responses to the design of the Commission's CBAM proposal to identify the most likely points of political disagreement. KW - Centre for Sustainability Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac9f23 VL - 17 PB - Environmental Research Letters ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Flachsland, Christian A1 - Steckel, Jan A1 - Jakob, Michael A1 - Fahl, Ulrich A1 - Feist, Marian A1 - Görlach, Benjamin A1 - Kühner, Ann-Kathrin A1 - Tänzler, Dennis A1 - Zeller, Marie T1 - Eckpunkte zur Entwicklung einer Klimaaußenpolitikstrategie Deutschlands N2 - Eine kohärente Klimaaußenpolitik (KAP) Deutschlands ist essentiell für das Gelingen sowohl der nationalen und europäischen Energiewende als auch für die effektive Unterstützung ambitionierter Klimapolitik außerhalb der Europäischen Union. Ziel dieses Ariadne-Hintergrundpapiers ist es, einen Diskussionsbeitrag zur Strukturierung der Debatte um die Eckpunkte und Optionen zur Ausarbeitung und Weiterentwicklung der deutschen KAP-Strategie zu leisten. Dazu werden vier Kategorien relevanter Ziele unterschieden. Diese reichen von klassischen klimapolitischen Zielen über industriepolitische sowie sicherheits- und handelspolitische Ziele hin zu breiteren außenpolitischen Zielen. Für jedes Ziel müssen entsprechende Mittel identifiziert werden, mit denen es erreicht werden kann, und Barrieren, die ihm im Weg stehen und entsprechend bedacht werden müssen. Für die Charakterisierung und Analyse verschiedener Mittel werden fünf Kategorien vorgeschlagen. Eine zentrale, aber in der Bewertung konzeptionell und empirisch herausfordernde Kategorie ist dabei das Transformationspotenzial einer Maßnahme. Im Fall von Zielkonflikten und begrenzten Ressourcen müssen Ziele priorisiert werden. Wir skizzieren dafür einen analytischen Rahmen und diskutieren illustrativ mögliche Optionen zur strategischen Gesamtausrichtung. Diese umfassen zum einen KAP-Gesamtstrategien von Staaten gegenüber allen anderen Ländern, und zum anderen Strategien für spezifische Staaten (z.B. die deutsche Strategie für den Umgang mit Indien oder Südafrika). Dabei können Strategien in einem Kontinuum von maximaler Priorisierung von Klimazielen (Klimapolitik First) bis hin zur nachrangigen Behandlung (Klimapolitik als Mittel zum Zweck) verortet und entsprechend ausgestaltet werden. Neben den Inhalten der Strategie werden Fragen der Organisation und Koordination in der Entwicklung und Implementierung der KAP-Strategie in den Blick genommen und die nächsten Schritte diskutiert. Eine erfolgreiche KAP-Strategie sollte dabei von Beginn an zwischen zentralen Stakeholdern im In- und Ausland in jeweils geeigneten Formaten erarbeitet, implementiert und im Sinne eines Lernprozesses fortlaufend angepasst werden. Eine KAP sollte sich in die breitere Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik Deutschlands einfügen, da relevante Politikfelder auf verschiedenen Ebenen eng miteinander verbunden sind. Bei der Erarbeitung der neuen KAP-Strategie der Bundesregierung sollte dazu insbesondere auf Kohärenz zur deutschen Sicherheits- und der Chinastrategie geachtet werden. Grundlage der Strategieentwicklung ist die Klärung möglicher Ziele und Mittel der deutschen KAP und ihrer Wechselwirkungen miteinander. Eine KAP-Strategie muss durch Analysen zu Umsetzbarkeit und Kosten, politischen Widerständen und Zielkonflikten informiert sein und die normativen Vorgaben der deutschen Außenpolitik berücksichtigen. Y1 - 2023 UR - https://ariadneprojekt.de/publikation/eckpunkte_klimaaussenpolitikstrategie/ PB - Kopernikus-Projekt Ariadne CY - Potsdam ER -