TY - JOUR A1 - Hallerberg, Mark T1 - Veto Players and the Choice of Monetary Institutions JF - International Organization N2 - I argue that two types of veto players matter in the choice of monetary institutions: party veto players and subnational governments, which are strong in federal systems but weak in unitary systems. A crucial issue is whether voters can readily identify the manipulation of the economy with party players. A second issue concerns the national party veto player's ability to control either fiscal or monetary policy. In one-party unitary governments identification and control are clear; parties where such governments are common prefer flexible exchange rates and dependent central banks. In multiparty coalition governments in unitary systems, identification is traditionally difficult, and the ability to target benefits to specific constituencies under fiscal policy makes fiscal policy autonomy more attractive for coalition governments. Such governments prefer central banks that are politically independent but that finance government debt. Under federalism, parties that constitute the central government have less control over fiscal policy and they prefer flexible exchange rates. Subnational governments do not support a dependent central bank that gives more power to the central government. Y1 - 2002 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1162/002081802760403775 SN - 1531-5088 VL - 56 IS - 4 SP - 775 EP - 802 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hallerberg, Mark T1 - The political economy of taxation in Prussia, 1871-1914 JF - Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte N2 - This paper examines the political economy of taxation in the Bundesstaat of Prussia during the Kaiserreich period. It examines how different factors of production with different levels of relative mobility, organized roughly along party lines, interacted with one another on taxation issues. It pays particular attention to the institutional composition of the Prussian state and how the institutions affected the mix of taxes the state levied. In particular, several elements of Prussia's electoral system, including the use of a three-class system, the distribution of electoral districts, and an indirect vote, guaranteed that large agricultural landowners would hold most of the power in spite of increasing industrialization. The parliament therefore consistently changed the tax code to reduce the burden on large agriculture. Y1 - 2002 UR - https://www.jstor.org/stable/3088405?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents SN - 0075-2800 VL - 2002 IS - 2 SP - 11 EP - 33 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hallerberg, Mark A1 - Strauch, Rolf T1 - On the Cyclicality of Public Finances in Europe JF - Empirica N2 - Under EMU, monetary policy is oriented toward the euro area as a whole and fiscal policy is an important instrument remaining in the hands of national governments to cushion economic shocks to individual countries. The current paper analyses the cyclical pattern of public finances in Europe and addresses the question of whether fiscal policies have been geared towards this stabilising role. Although taxes fluctuate countercyclically in a conventional manner, we find that discretionary measures have tended to undermine automatic stabilisers. On the expenditure side, we find that public investment also displays a consistent procyclical pattern. Dynamic analysis reveals that a permanent shock to output induces asynchronous fluctuations in taxes and expenditures in the year of the shock and in periods thereafter. Finally, we examine political and institutional factors. The political fragmentation of the government as well as the partisan hue of the government do not interfere with the cyclical response of public finances, but we do find evidence of a pronounced electoral cycle. Y1 - 2002 UR - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1020299609077 SN - 1573-6911 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 183 EP - 207 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hallerberg, Mark T1 - Fiscal Policy in the European Union JF - European Union Politics Y1 - 2002 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116502003002001 SN - 1741-2757 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 139 EP - 150 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hallerberg, Mark A1 - Vinhas de Souza, Lucio A1 - Roberts Clark, William T1 - Political Business Cycles in EU Accession Countries JF - European Union Politics N2 - This paper considers whether political business cycles existed in East European accession countries during the period 1990-9. Based on the Mundell-Fleming model expanded in Clark and Hallerberg (2000), we argue that the type of exchange rate regime and the relative independence of the central bank affects the instruments governments use to influence the economy before elections. In our empirical analysis, we find that accession countries with dependent central banks and flexible exchange rates have looser monetary policies in electoral periods than in non-electoral periods. If a country has a fixed exchange rate regime, it manipulates its economy in election years through running larger budgets instead of through looser monetary policy. The presence of such cycles in Eastern Europe has implications for the introduction of the euro in EU accession countries. Y1 - 2002 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116502003002005 SN - 1741-2757 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 231 EP - 250 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hallerberg, Mark A1 - Marzinotto, Benedicta A1 - Wolff, Guntram T1 - Explaining the evolving role of national parliaments under the European Semester JF - Journal of European Public Policy N2 - This contribution examines and explains the role of national parliaments in the European Semester process. It builds on original survey-based evidence and traces whether national parliaments discuss and vote on Stability/Convergence and on National Reform Programmes; how their involvement changed over time; and what might condition national varieties of parliamentary scrutiny over European Union (EU) affairs. We find significant cross-country variation in whether the debate is taking place at the parliamentary level; whether it is European Affairs or finance committees that are involved; and whether there is involvement ex ante (before submission) and/or ex post (after country-specific recommendations). From 2012 to 2015, finance committees played an increasingly prominent role. Traditional measures of the strength of parliament do not explain what we observe. We do find that non-euro area member states were most likely to monitor EU recommendations under the European Semester and that this effect increased over time. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1363273 SN - 1466-4429 N1 - Published online: 31 Aug 2017 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 250 EP - 267 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hallerberg, Mark A1 - Scartascini, Carlos T1 - Explaining changes in tax burdens in Latin America: Do politics trump economics? JF - European Journal of Political Economy N2 - This paper examines whether elections, which are generally held on fixed dates, and banking crises explain the timing of tax reforms and the allocation of the additional tax burden. Using an original fine-grained data set of tax reforms, the paper finds support for the role of these two sources of variation. In particular, the probability of reform is higher during banking crises. During electoral periods, increasing taxes becomes highly unlikely, even if the government is facing financing problems. Interestingly, politics seem to trump economics: banking crises do not affect the probability of having a reform during electoral times. Moreover, the presence of an IMF program affects the tax instruments chosen: countries with a program increase the value-added tax, while those without raise the personal income tax. Finally, the ideology of the president does not explain who bears the additional tax burden. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2016.07.004 SN - 1873-5703 VL - 48 SP - 162 EP - 179 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hallerberg, Mark A1 - Gandrud, Christopher T1 - Interpreting fiscal accounting rules in the European Union JF - Journal of European Public Policy N2 - In the European Union, the creation of public debt statistics starts with member state governments’ reports. The EU’s statistical agency – Eurostat – then revises. How do these actors’ incentives shape reported numbers? Governments have incentives to take a more favourable view of often ambiguous accounting rules than Eurostat. Lower debt improves governments’ performance with domestic and external audiences. Eurostat is tasked with monitoring budgets for ‘excessive’ debts. We expect governments to present debt figures that Eurostat then revises upwards. This is more likely when governments have high debts, especially when in the eurozone, and prior to elections. Financial crises heighten the number of policies needing interpretation and both actors have more incentives to shape the numbers. We examine these propositions using Eurostat’s debt revisions. We find debts are revised upwards more for eurozone countries with higher debt levels and years with unscheduled elections. Financial stress strengthens these effects. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1300182 SN - 1466-4429 VL - 24 IS - 6 SP - 832 EP - 851 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hallerberg, Mark A1 - Baerg, Nicole T1 - Explaining Instability in the Stability and Growth Pact The Contribution of Member State Power and Euroskepticism to the Euro Crisis JF - Comparative Political Studies N2 - The Stability and Growth Pact clearly failed to prevent the euro crisis. We contend that the failure was due largely to the ability of the Member States to undermine the Pact’s operation. The European Commission served as a “watchdog” to monitor fiscal performance. The Member States themselves, however, collectively had the ability to change the content of the reports for individual states. We confirm the expectation that powerful Member States had the most success in undermining the role of the Commission. Perhaps more surprisingly, we find supporting evidence for our argument that governments with euroskeptic populations behind them were also more successful in weakening the Commission’s warnings. These results have broader theoretical implications concerning which mechanisms explain country-specific outcomes under a shared rule. Another contribution is the creation of a new data set of European Commission assessments of Member State economic programs and Council of Minister revisions. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414016633230 SN - 1552-3829 VL - 49 IS - 7 SP - 968 EP - 1009 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hallerberg, Mark A1 - Scartascini, Carlos T1 - When Do Governments Improve Fiscal Institutions? Lessons from Financial Crisis and Fiscal Reform in Latin America JF - Economia N2 - Do crises really lead to more institutional reforms? This paper explores the connection between financial crises and one type of reform frequently advocated during the recent global financial crisis, namely, fiscal institutional reforms. Some authors expect that crises lead to reforms, but we demonstrate that the relationship is not so straightforward. Using a data set of Latin American countries that experienced several crises and also several periods of reform in the period from 1990 to 2005, we find that the type of crisis and its duration matter. We argue that reforms are less likely during a banking crisis, whereas fiscal crises are most likely to lead to fiscal reforms. This means that the type of economic crisis is important for explaining the likelihood of reforms. We explore other possible explanations for reform, such as the partisanship of the president and whether a country is under an IMF program, and do not find confirming evidence for alternative explanations. Y1 - 2015 UR - https://www.jstor.org/stable/24570865?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents SN - 1529-7470 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 41 EP - 76 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hallerberg, Mark A1 - Weber, Katja T1 - German Unification 1815-1871 and Its Relevance for Integration Theory JF - Journal of European Integration N2 - This paper reconsiders German unification during the period 1815-1871. First, it makes explicit the comparison between the German Empire and the European Union. Actors faced remarkably similar institution-building problems in both organisations. The second part of the paper evaluates the usefulness of three arguments from two theoretical traditions in European Union integration studies to explain the course of German unification. Following an analytic narrative approach, it considers the relevant actors and the relevant decision points to evaluate two versions of intergovernmentalism, one focused on the security concerns of actors and one focused on economic concerns, as well as neo-functionalism. Economic interests did play a role even in the geopolitically heavy 19th century. Neo-functionalism was less useful, although some structures like pan-German interest groups in support of further integration did develop as neo-functionalists would predict. Y1 - 2002 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/07036330290014633 SN - 1477-2280 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 21 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hallerberg, Mark A1 - Weber, Katja T1 - Explaining variation in institutional integration in the European Union: why firms may prefer European solutions JF - Journal of European Public Policy N2 - We offer a theoretical framework that sheds light on firm preferences for more co-operative structures at the European level. We argue that the magnitude of external threat to the industry, combined with the level of the industry's transaction costs, plays a crucial role in determining firms' preferences for greater integration at the European level. Firms in industries where both the level of threat from abroad and transaction costs are high are likely to favor more binding institutions at the European level. To illustrate our argument we examine the institutional choices of EU-based firms in three different industrial sectors: aerospace, pharmaceuticals, and automobiles. Y1 - 2001 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760110041532 SN - 1466-4429 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 171 EP - 191 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hallerberg, Mark A1 - Roberts Clark, William T1 - Mobile Capital, Domestic Institutions, and Electorally Induced Monetary and Fiscal Policy JF - American Political Science Review N2 - The literature on global integration and national policy autonomy often ignores a central result from open economy macroeconomics: Capital mobility constrains monetary policy when the exchange rate is fixed and fiscal policy when the exchange rate is flexible. Similarly, examinations of the electoral determinants of monetary and fiscal policy typically ignore international pressures altogether. We develop a formal model to analyze the interaction between fiscal and monetary policymakers under various exchange rate regimes and the degrees of central bank independence. We test the model using data from OECD countries. We find evidence that preelectoral monetary expansions occur only when the exchange rate is flexible and central bank independence is low; preelectoral fiscal expansions occur when the exchange rate is fixed. We then explore the implications of our model for arguments that emphasize the partisan sources of macroeconomic policy and for the conduct of fiscal policy after economic and monetary union in Europe. Y1 - 2000 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2307/2586015 SN - 1537-5943 VL - 94 IS - 2 SP - 323 EP - 346 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hallerberg, Mark A1 - Basinger, Scott T1 - Globalization and Tax Reform: An Updated Case for the Importance of Veto Players JF - Politische Vierteljahreszeitschrift Y1 - 1999 UR - https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/24199862.pdf?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents SN - 2364-9976 VL - 40 IS - 4 SP - 618 EP - 627 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hallerberg, Mark A1 - Basinger, Scott T1 - Internationalization and Changes in Tax Policy in OECD Countries JF - Comparative Political Studies N2 - This article examines the role that economic and political factors played in tax reform in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries from 1986 to 1990. Some writers argue that economic integration forced states to reform their tax systems. The authors' findings indicate that economic openness had an indirect effect on the level of change in marginal tax rates. The institutional structure of a country was most important—countries that had only one veto player or only one institution or party whose approval was necessary for a bill to become law enacted more sweeping reform than states that had more than one veto player. These results suggest that even when international or domestic economic factors might dictate a change in policy, reform will not be as sweeping in countries in which agreement among several institutions and/or parties is necessary. Y1 - 1998 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414098031003003 SN - 1552-3829 VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 321 EP - 353 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hallerberg, Mark T1 - Tax Competition in Wilhelmine Germany and Its Implications for the European Union JF - World Politics N2 - The twenty-five German states from 1871 to 1914 present a useful data set for examining how increasing economic integration affects tax policy. After German unification the national government collapsed six currencies into one and liberalized preexisting restrictions on capital and labor mobility. In contrast, the empire did not directly interfere in the making of state tax policy; while states transferred certain indirect taxes to the central government, they maintained their own autonomous tax and political systems through World War I. This paper examines the extent to which tax competition forced the individual state tax systems to converge from 1871 to 1914. In spite of a diversity of political systems, tax competition did require states to harmonize their rates on mobile factors like capital and high income labor, but it did not affect tax rates on immobile factors. In states where the political system guaranteed agricultural dominance, taxes on land were reduced, while in states with more open systems, tax rates remained higher. One unexpected result is that tax rates on capital and income converged upward instead of downward. The most dominant state, Prussia, served as the lowest-common-denominator state, but pressure from the national government, especially to increase expenditures, forced all states to raise their tax rates. These results suggest possible ways for the European Union to avoid a forced downward convergence of member state tax rates on capital and mobile labor. Y1 - 1996 UR - https://www.jstor.org/stable/25053969?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents SN - 0043-8871 VL - 48 IS - 3 SP - 324 EP - 357 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Cingolani, Luciana A1 - Hallerberg, Mark A1 - Kaufmann, Sonja A1 - List, Regina T1 - Global Crise and Governance – Lessons, Implications, Recommendations T2 - The Governance Report 2018 N2 - The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) of 2008-9 was the greatest economic stress test since the 1940s. It put not only financial markets and currencies at risk; entire economies and political systems were threatened as the GFC soon revealed major governance shortcomings and weaknesses felt across a wide spectrum of policy fields. Globalization seemed in jeopardy, the Washington Consensus of neoliberal policies broken, and democratic backsliding set in as populism and protectionism began to take root. The GFC triggered many responses to improve governance through reforms and regulatory measures of many kinds across a wide range of fields: most prominently in finance and banking, but also in fiscal policy, trade, labor markets and social security. Ten years after the GFC, the 2018 Governance Report takes stock and asks: How have countries fared, and are they better prepared to avoid or withstand another crisis of GFC proportions? To answer this question, the 2018 Report focuses on the performance of countries before and after the GFC. Using elaborate indicator and data systems, applying state-of-the-art analytics, and covering a wide range of countries, it offers a systematic comparison of governance performance from three perspectives: What public goods are being provided, at what quality and to what effect? How ready are countries to address governance challenges in the context of globalization? What are the administrative capacities of the public sector? With measures taken before the GFC and today, these perspectives on governance performance provide important benchmarks for measuring both resilience and progress and can assist policymakers in designing effective solutions. KW - Governance Report Y1 - 2018 SN - 0198821492 SP - 105 EP - 118 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Redonda, Agustin A1 - de Sarralde, Santiago Diaz A1 - Hallerberg, Mark A1 - Johnson, Lise A1 - Melamud, Ariel A1 - Rozemberg, Ricardo A1 - Schwab, Jakob A1 - von Haldenwang, Christian T1 - Tax Expenditure and the Treatment of Tax Incentives for Investment JF - Economics - The Open Access Open-Assessment E-Journal N2 - Governments use tax expenditures to boost investment, innovation and employment. However, these schemes are largely opaque, costly and often ineffective in reaching their stated goals. They also frequently trigger unwanted side effects. In order to improve the performance of these tools, we present three concrete policy proposals: First, governments should increase transparency on tax benefits. G20 members should take the lead on this with frequent and comprehensive tax expenditure reports. Second, G20 governments should improve the design of tax incentives with the aim of minimizing the generation of windfall profits and negative spillover effects within and across (in particular, on poorer) countries. Third, governments should phase out tax expenditures that are environmentally harmful, including tax incentives for fossil fuels and other schemes that promote an unsustainable use of natural resources. Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2019-12 VL - 13 IS - 2019-12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hallerberg, Mark A1 - Markgraf, Jonas T1 - The Corporate Governance of Public Banks before and after the Global Financial Crisis JF - Global Policy N2 - During the 2008–09 financial crisis, many states were forced to nationalize faltering private banks. But also public banks ran into trouble and market actors continue to worry about their stability and crisis resilience. During the crisis, German public Landesbanken and Spanish public Cajas were hit hard. Yet, German public Sparkassen emerged strengthened from the crisis. This calls for a closer examination of the regulatory framework and corporate governance of public banks. We compare how corporate governance choices affected the financial crisis performance of public banks in three countries. Italy that had privatized its extensive public banking sector over the past decades; Spain that had problems with its savings banks during the crisis, which were eventually privatized or shut down; and Germany whose public savings banks navigated the financial crisis relatively well while its public Landesbanken got into serious trouble, and where calls for privatizing public banks resurface periodically. The paper considers the question whether Italy's banking crisis is partly rooted in the legacies of its formerly public banks and how the privatization of public banks in Spain and Italy can inform the debate in Germany and in other European Union countries with significant public banking sectors. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12562 SN - 1758-5899 VL - 9 IS - Special Issue SP - 43 EP - 53 ER - TY - JFULL A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Eichengreen, Barry A1 - Lombardi, Domenico A1 - Malkin, Anton A1 - Hallerberg, Mark A1 - Markgraf, Jonas A1 - Zettelmeyer, Jeromin A1 - Knight, Malcolm D. A1 - Davies, Howard A1 - Zhivitskaya, Maria A1 - Véron, Nicolas A1 - Buchheit, Lee C. A1 - Gulati, G. Mitu A1 - Haley, James A. ED - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Ten Years after the Global Financial Crisis: Lessons Learned, Opportunities Missed T2 - Global Policy Y1 - 2018 VL - 9 IS - S1 SP - 1 EP - 79 PB - University of Durham and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ER -