TY - JOUR A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - Calderón, Gabriela A1 - MacGregor, Cristina T1 - Participating or Not? Characteristics of Female Entrepreneurs Participating in and Completing an Entrepreneurial Training Program JF - AEA Papers and Proceedings N2 - Who are the female entrepreneurs who end up starting and completing entrepreneurial training programs? In this paper, relying on a large set of baseline characteristics collected before the entrepreneurs are selected into an entrepreneurial training program in Mexico, we analyze how the women entrepreneurs who complete the training program differ from those who do not take it up, as well as how those who take it up but drop off before completing differ from those who do not even start. We uncover large differences in performance and non-cognitive skills but no differences in inputs used. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20181023 IS - 108 SP - 246 EP - 251 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - Calderón, Gabriela A1 - Juarez, Laura T1 - Opportunity versus necessity: understanding the heterogeneity of female micro-entrepreneurs JF - The World Bank Economic Review N2 - Entrepreneurs that voluntarily choose to start a business because they are able to identify a good business opportunity and act on it -- opportunity entrepreneurs -- might be different along various dimensions from those who are forced to become entrepreneurs because of lack of other alternatives -- necessity entrepreneurs. To provide evidence on these differences, this paper exploits a unique data set covering a wide array of characteristics, including cognitive skills, non-cognitive skills and managerial practices, for a large sample of female entrepreneurs in Mexico. Descriptive results show that on average opportunity entrepreneurs have better performance and higher skills than necessity entrepreneurs. A discriminant analysis reveals that discrimination is difficult to achieve based on these observables, which suggests the existence of unobservables driving both the decision to become an opportunity entrepreneur and performance. Thus, an instrumental variables estimation is conducted, using state economic growth in the year the business was set up as an instrument for opportunity, to confirm that opportunity entrepreneurs have higher performance and better management practices. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhw010 VL - 30 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 86 EP - 96 ER -