TY - JOUR A1 - Frank, Emily T1 - “Why It’s Different?”: Hierarchies of (Non-) Belonging in German Refugee Categorizations JF - Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies N2 - Migrants’ perceptions of belonging are shaped by the social policies with which they are received by the state. In Germany, policies grant refugees different levels of labor market access according to legal status, a hierarchical system also referred to as differential inclusion. This study compares perceptions and experiences of these labor market policies and discourses among refugees with four legal statuses. Refugees with the most precarious legal status are largely barred from the labor market, leading them to experience severe exclusion and pushing them into liminal spaces of existence. While recognized refugees may be able to work, racialized discourses about their deservingness create conditional and limited senses of belonging. Finally, refugees often themselves observe these hierarchies, reinforcing feelings of exclusion. Results demonstrate how the hierarchies present in policies create a stratified system of differential non-belonging. Overall, the article sheds light on how differential inclusion of refugees also results in hierarchized experiences of differential (non-)belonging. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2025.2529497 N1 - Open Access publication is funded by the Hertie School Library. SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Informa UK Limited ER - TY - THES A1 - Frank, Emily T1 - Bureaucracy as Borders: Refugees’ Experiences of Citizenship at Government Offices N2 - . T3 - Dissertations submitted to the Hertie School - 11/2024 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-56104 U6 - https://doi.org/10.48462/opus4-5610 N1 - shelfmark: 2024D011 + 2024D011+1 N1 - A part of this dissertation has been published: Chapter 2 Frank, E. (2025). “Why It’s Different?”: Hierarchies of (Non-) Belonging in German Refugee Categorizations. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2025.2529497 ER -