TY - CHAP A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. ED - Nelson, Todd D. T1 - Changing Structures Along with People to Reduce Prejudice Using Field Experiments T2 - Advances in Prejudice Research Volume 1: New empirical and theoretical directions in prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination N2 - Prejudice researchers increasingly conceptualize prejudice as not only an individual-level construct but also a structural one. According to this view, prejudice is the manifestation of systems of oppression, such as racism, in people’s cognitions and affect. This chapter examines the implications of this novel understanding of prejudice as “structurally embedded” for how we study prejudice-reduction interventions. It argues that effective interventions must aim to change structures and reviews examples of studies that have already adopted this approach. These include studies examining how changes in policies, laws, and leadership; in physical and digital spaces; and in social space can reduce prejudice, as well as how changes in perceptions of societal structures through critical education can reduce prejudice. When structural change is not feasible, the chapter proposes two alternatives: (1) designing prejudice-reduction interventions, including light-touch ones, that, in addition to reducing prejudice, also motivate people to engage in collective action for structural change; and (2) designing prejudice-reduction interventions, including light-touch ones, that take advantage of structural affordances – objective features of the structural context that increase the likelihood of success. When reviewing current field experiments on prejudice reduction, the chapter discovers that these experiments already tend to change structures in addition to people’s affect and cognition, and therefore recommends using them more frequently. It concludes with a discussion of considerations for scholars designing field experiments on prejudice-reduction interventions, including methodological and ethical challenges, as well as reflections on the research process. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003528043-3 SP - 115 EP - 142 PB - Routledge CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Moustakas, Louis T1 - Participatory Football and Social Development: Evaluating the Impact of football3 on and off the Pitch JF - Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology N2 - Sport for development (SFD) is a field that leverages sport to advance social development goals. Participatory and sport‐didactical approaches, such as football3, prioritise social outcomes over competitive success. However, evidence of their effectiveness remains limited. This study presents results from a field experiment in Bulgaria, comparing schoolchildren engaged in the participatory football3 method to peers playing traditional football. We assess both on‐pitch and off‐pitch outcomes relevant to SFD, including life skills, social awareness, and school adaptation. Findings show that football3 encourages values like respect over excellence but also increases on‐pitch conflict. Off the pitch, we observe mixed results: modest improvements in school adaptation, declines in some life skills, and mostly no effects on social awareness. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's community and social impact statement. Y1 - 2026 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.70207 VL - 36 IS - 1 PB - Wiley ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hässler, Tabea A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - al, et T1 - Needs Satisfaction in Intergroup Contact: A Multinational Study of Pathways Toward Social Change JF - Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: Interpersonal Relations and Group Processes N2 - What role does intergroup contact play in promoting support for social change toward greater social equality? Drawing on the needs-based model of reconciliation, we theorized that when inequality between groups is perceived as illegitimate, disadvantaged group members will experience a need for empowerment and advantaged group members a need for acceptance. When intergroup contact satisfies each group’s needs, it should result in more mutual support for social change. Using four sets of survey data collected through the Zurich Intergroup Project in 23 countries, we tested several preregistered predictions, derived from the above reasoning, across a large variety of operationalizations. Two studies of disadvantaged groups (Ns = 689 ethnic minority members in Study 1 and 3,382 sexual/gender minorities in Study 2) support the hypothesis that, after accounting for the effects of intergroup contact and perceived illegitimacy, satisfying the need for empowerment (but not acceptance) during contact is positively related to support for social change. Two studies with advantaged groups (Ns = 2,937 ethnic majority members in Study 3 and 4,203 cis-heterosexual individuals in Study 4) showed that, after accounting for illegitimacy and intergroup contact, satisfying the need for acceptance (but also empowerment) is positively related to support for social change. Overall, findings suggest that intergroup contact is compatible with efforts to promote social change when group-specific needs are met. Thus, to encourage support for social change among both disadvantaged and advantaged group members, it is essential that, besides promoting mutual acceptance, intergroup contact interventions also give voice to and empower members of disadvantaged groups. Y1 - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-39717 U6 - https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/f9mwv SN - 0022-3514 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Barron, Kai A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Gehrig, Stefan A1 - Schweighofer-Kodritsch, Sebastian T1 - Explicit and Implicit Belief-Based Gender Discrimination: A Hiring Experiment N2 - This paper studies a key element of discrimination, namely when stereotypes translate into discriminatory actions. Using a hiring experiment, we rule out taste-based discrimination by design and test for the presence of two types of belief-based gender discrimination. We document evidence of explicit discriminators—individuals who are willing to discriminate even when their hiring choices are highly revealing of their gender-biased beliefs. Crucially, we also identify implicit discriminators—individuals who do not discriminate against women when taking a discriminatory action is highly revealing of their biased beliefs, but do discriminate against women when their biased motive is obscured. Our analysis highlights the central role played by features of the choice environment in determining whether and how discrimination will manifest. We conclude by discussing the implications for policy design. T3 - Berlin School of Economics Discussion Papers - 35 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-53610 UR - https://berlinschoolofeconomics.de/insights/discussion-papers U6 - https://doi.org/10.48462/opus4-5361 ET - No. 35 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hässler, Tabea A1 - Ullrich, Johannes A1 - Sebben, Simone A1 - Shnabel, Nurit A1 - Bernardino, Michelle A1 - Valdenegro, Daniel A1 - Van Laar, Colette A1 - González, Roberto A1 - Visintin, Emilio Paolo A1 - Tropp, Linda R. A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Abrams, Dominic A1 - Aydin, Anna Lisa A1 - Pereira, Adrienne A1 - Selvanathan, Hema Preya A1 - von Zimmermann, Jorina A1 - Lantos, Nóra Anna A1 - Sainz, Mario A1 - Glenz, Andreas A1 - Kende, Anna A1 - Oberpfalzerová, Hana A1 - Bilewicz, Michal A1 - Branković, Marija A1 - Noor, Masi A1 - Pasek, Michael H. A1 - Wright, Stephen C. A1 - Žeželj, Iris A1 - Kuzawinska, Olga A1 - Maloku, Edona A1 - Otten, Sabine A1 - Gul, Pelin A1 - Bareket, Orly A1 - Corkalo Biruski, Dinka A1 - Mugnol-Ugarte, Luiza A1 - Osin, Evgeny A1 - Baiocco, Roberto A1 - Cook, Jonathan E. A1 - Dawood, Maneeza A1 - Droogendyk, Lisa A1 - Loyo, Angélica Herrera A1 - Jelić, Margareta A1 - Kelmendi, Kaltrina A1 - Pistella, Jessica T1 - Need satisfaction in intergroup contact: A multinational study of pathways toward social change JF - Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000365 SN - 1939-1315 VL - 122 IS - 4 SP - 634 EP - 658 PB - American Psychological Association (APA) ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stadler, Gertraud A1 - Chesaniuk, Marie A1 - Haering, Stephanie A1 - Roseman, Julia A1 - Straßburger, Vera Maren A1 - Schraudner, Martina A1 - Ahmad, Aisha-Nusrat A1 - Auma, Maisha A1 - Banas, Kasia A1 - Borde, Theda A1 - Buspavanich, Pichit A1 - Dewey, Marc A1 - Di Maio, Sally A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Enarovic, Ilona A1 - Fischer, Marina A1 - Gellert, Paul A1 - Gerstorf, Denis A1 - Grittner, Ulrike A1 - Gutsell, Jennifer A1 - Hagelskamp, Carolin A1 - Henschel, Anna A1 - Herrmann, Wolfram A1 - Hilger, Caren A1 - Horozoglu, Gülru A1 - Hövener, Claudia A1 - Hunter, Emma A1 - Iida, Masumi A1 - Keller, Lena A1 - Kendel, Friederike A1 - Krumbholz, Charlotte Ariane A1 - Licha, Matthias A1 - Mason, Kimberly A1 - Mata, Jutta A1 - Mau, Steffen A1 - Meuwly, Nathalie A1 - Moschko, Tomasz A1 - Müller-Werdan, Ursula A1 - O'Sullivan, Julie Lorraine A1 - Radl, Jonas A1 - Rathmann, Christian A1 - Regitz-Zagrosek, Vera A1 - Rieckmann, Nina A1 - Rommel, Alexander A1 - Salikutluk, Zerrin A1 - Shrout, Patrick E. A1 - Smith, Jamie A1 - Specht, Jule A1 - Stephan, Petra A1 - Stock, Christiane A1 - Wenzel, Mine T1 - Diversified innovations in the health sciences: Proposal for a Diversity Minimal Item Set (DiMIS) JF - Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy N2 - Background Science strives to provide high-quality evidence for all members of society, but there continues to be a considerable gender and diversity data gap, i.e., a systematic lack of data for traditionally underrepresented groups. Gender and other diversity domains are related to morbidity, mortality, and social and economic participation, yet measures as well as evidence regarding how these domains intersect are missing. We propose a brief, efficient Diversity Minimal Item Set (DiMIS) for routine data collection in empirical studies to contribute to closing the diversity and gender data gap. We focus on the example of health but consider the DiMIS applicable across scientific disciplines. Methods To identify items for the DiMIS across diversity domains, we performed an extensive literature search and conducted semi-structured interviews with scientific experts and community stakeholders in nine diversity domains. Using this information, we created a minimal item set of self-report survey items for each domain. Findings Items covering nine diversity domains as well as discrimination experiences were compiled from a variety of sources and modified as recommended by experts. The DiMIS focuses on an intersectional approach, i.e., studying gender, age, socioeconomic status, care responsibilities, sexual orientation, ethnicity, religion, disability, mental and physical health, and their intersections. It allows for data sets with comparable assessments of gender and diversity across multiple projects to be combined, creating samples large enough for meaningful analyses. Interpretation In proposing the DiMIS, we hope to advance the conversation about closing the gender and diversity data gap in science. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2023.101072 VL - 33 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Schweighofer-Kodritsch, Sebastian A1 - Barron, Kai A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Gehrig, Stefan T1 - Explicit and Implicit Belief-Based Gender Discrimination: A Hiring Experiment T2 - Berlin School of Economics Discussion Papers N2 - This paper studies a key element of discrimination, namely when stereotypes translate into discriminatory actions. Using a hiring experiment, we rule out taste-based discrimination by design and test for the presence of two types of belief-based gender discrimination. We document evidence of explicit discriminators—individuals who are willing to discriminate even when their hiring choices are highly revealing of their gender-biased beliefs. Crucially, we also identify implicit discriminators—individuals who do not discriminate against women when taking a discriminatory action is highly revealing of their biased beliefs, but do discriminate against women when their biased motive is obscured. Our analysis highlights the central role played by features of the choice environment in determining whether and how discrimination will manifest. We conclude by discussing the implications for policy design. T3 - Berlin School of Economics Discussion Papers - 35 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-53592 UR - https://berlinschoolofeconomics.de/insights/discussion-papers UR - https://doi.org/10.48462/opus4-5361 U6 - https://doi.org/10.48462/opus4-5359 N1 - This document has been replaced due to an error on the cover page. The new document is available at the following link: https://doi.org/10.48462/opus4-5361 ET - No. 35 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Samii, Cyrus T1 - Can intergroup contact affect ingroup dynamics? Insights from a field study with Jewish and Arab-Palestinian youth in Israel. JF - Journal of Peace Psychology N2 - How can intergroup contact programs affect conflict-ridden communities besides improving the outgroup attitudes of participating individuals? We address this question by examining the effects of an intergroup contact intervention on ingroup dynamics that may mitigate intergroup conflict. We also examine how outgroup attitudes and psychological resources mediate such effects. We present the results from a difference-in-differences design with 149 Jewish and Arab-Palestinian youth, some of whom participated in an intergroup contact and sports program operated by a nongovernmental organizations in Israel. Our main outcome is one’s tendency to censure ingroup members’ provocations toward the outgroup. As expected, we find a positive impact of the program on ingroup censuring. However, this result is only marginally significant. We find a positive effect of program participation on outgroup attitudes among Jewish youth as expected. To our surprise, among Arab-Palestinian youth, we find a negative effect on outgroup attitudes. Exploring the underlying processes and group-based differences further, we find that outgroup regard mediates the effect of intergroup contact on ingroup censuring for Jewish youth. We find no evidence for mediation among Arab-Palestinian youth but a positive association between ingroup censuring and psychological resources. These results suggest that the psychological conditions of ingroup censuring may differ by group. We discuss implications for peace-building interventions in societies with groups in conflict. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000217 VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 380 EP - 392 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Samii, Cyrus A1 - Zeitzoff, Thomas T1 - Addressing intergroup conflict from the bottom-up? JF - Social Issues and Policy Review N2 - How might interventions that engage ordinary citizens in settings of violent conflict affect broader conflict dynamics? Given the volume of resources committed every year to citizen-oriented programs that attempt to promote peace, this is an important question. We develop a framework to analyze processes through which individual-level interventions could mitigate violent conflict escalation more broadly. Individual-level interventions may increase positive feelings toward the outgroup, as well as psychological, social, and material resources among participants. These have the potential to influence behaviors such as policing of the ingroup, public advocacy, and political action that can contribute to peace. Yet, the effectiveness of interventions to influence the conflict is moderated by contextual factors like groups’ access to material resources, their positions in society, and political institutions. We use this analytical framework to assess evidence from recent intervention studies. We find that the current evidence base is quite small, does not cover the diversity of relevant contexts, and gives too little attention to resources and capacities that enable people to engage in conflict mitigation behaviors. Researchers and policy makers should go beyond thinking only about improving attitudes to thinking about behavior, resources, and capacities for such behaviors, and contextual conditions that constrain behavior. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12027 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 38 EP - 77 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Purdie-Vaughns, Valerie A1 - Dovidio, John F A1 - Naft, Michael J T1 - The implicit power motive in intergroup dialogues about the history of slavery JF - Journal of Personality and Social Psychology N2 - This research demonstrates that individual differences in the implicit power motive (i.e., the concern with impact, influence, and control) moderate how African Americans communicate with White Americans in challenging intergroup dialogues. In a study with African American participants we find that the higher their implicit power motive, the more they use an affiliation strategy to communicate with a White American partner in a conversation context that evokes the history of slavery (Study 1). In a study with White American participants we find that, in the same conversation context, they are more engaged (i.e., open, attentive, and motivated) if they receive an affiliation message rather than a no-affiliation message from an African American partner (Study 2). In interracial dyads we find that African American participants' implicit power motives moderate how much they intend to signal warmth to a White American discussion partner, how much they display immediacy behaviors and use affiliation imagery in the discussion, and with what level of engagement White American participants respond (Study 3). High but not low implicit power African Americans thus employ a communication strategy-expressing affiliation and warmth-that can be effective for engaging White Americans with uncomfortable, race-identity-relevant topics. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000118 VL - 112 IS - 1 SP - 116 EP - 135 ER -