TY - JOUR A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Purdie-Vaughns, Valerie A1 - Dovidio, John F A1 - Naft, Michael J T1 - The implicit power motive in intergroup dialogues about the history of slavery JF - Journal of Personality and Social Psychology N2 - This research demonstrates that individual differences in the implicit power motive (i.e., the concern with impact, influence, and control) moderate how African Americans communicate with White Americans in challenging intergroup dialogues. In a study with African American participants we find that the higher their implicit power motive, the more they use an affiliation strategy to communicate with a White American partner in a conversation context that evokes the history of slavery (Study 1). In a study with White American participants we find that, in the same conversation context, they are more engaged (i.e., open, attentive, and motivated) if they receive an affiliation message rather than a no-affiliation message from an African American partner (Study 2). In interracial dyads we find that African American participants' implicit power motives moderate how much they intend to signal warmth to a White American discussion partner, how much they display immediacy behaviors and use affiliation imagery in the discussion, and with what level of engagement White American participants respond (Study 3). High but not low implicit power African Americans thus employ a communication strategy-expressing affiliation and warmth-that can be effective for engaging White Americans with uncomfortable, race-identity-relevant topics. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000118 VL - 112 IS - 1 SP - 116 EP - 135 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Samii, Cyrus T1 - Can intergroup contact affect ingroup dynamics? Insights from a field study with Jewish and Arab-Palestinian youth in Israel. JF - Journal of Peace Psychology N2 - How can intergroup contact programs affect conflict-ridden communities besides improving the outgroup attitudes of participating individuals? We address this question by examining the effects of an intergroup contact intervention on ingroup dynamics that may mitigate intergroup conflict. We also examine how outgroup attitudes and psychological resources mediate such effects. We present the results from a difference-in-differences design with 149 Jewish and Arab-Palestinian youth, some of whom participated in an intergroup contact and sports program operated by a nongovernmental organizations in Israel. Our main outcome is one’s tendency to censure ingroup members’ provocations toward the outgroup. As expected, we find a positive impact of the program on ingroup censuring. However, this result is only marginally significant. We find a positive effect of program participation on outgroup attitudes among Jewish youth as expected. To our surprise, among Arab-Palestinian youth, we find a negative effect on outgroup attitudes. Exploring the underlying processes and group-based differences further, we find that outgroup regard mediates the effect of intergroup contact on ingroup censuring for Jewish youth. We find no evidence for mediation among Arab-Palestinian youth but a positive association between ingroup censuring and psychological resources. These results suggest that the psychological conditions of ingroup censuring may differ by group. We discuss implications for peace-building interventions in societies with groups in conflict. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000217 VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 380 EP - 392 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Paluck, Elizabeth Levy ED - Wright, James D. T1 - Field Experiments T2 - International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences N2 - Field experiments are experiments in settings with high degrees of naturalism. This article describes different types of field experiments, including randomized field trials, randomized rollout designs, encouragement designs, downstream field experiments, hybrid lab-field experiments, and covert population experiments, and discusses their intellectual background and benefits. It also lists methodological challenges researchers can encounter when conducting field experiments, including failure to treat, selective attrition, spillover, difficulty of replication, and black box causality, and discusses available solutions. Finally, it provides an overview over current and emerging directions in field experimentation and concludes with a brief history of field experiments. Y1 - 2015 SN - (Electronic) 9780080970875, (Print) 9780080970868 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.10542-2 SP - 128 EP - 134 PB - Elsevier CY - New York ET - Second Edition ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. T1 - The (identification) cards you are dealt: Biased treatment of Anglos and Latinos using municipal-issued versus unofficial ID Cards JF - Journal of Political Psychology N2 - The current field experiment investigated if and how Latinos versus Anglos experience biased treatment in a setting where documentation is relevant. In an audit experiment, Latino customers were treated differently than a matched team of Anglo customers when making $10 check payments at retail stores. Specifically, Latinos were asked to present an identification card (ID) more frequently than Anglo customers, were quoted a higher minimum-dollar amount for purchasing a gift certificate, and received more negative affect from salespersons. Among those who were asked for identification, a municipal-issued ID card was declined at equal rates from Latinos and Anglos, while an unofficial ID card was declined more from Anglos than Latinos. The association of Latino identity with foreignness and undocumented immigration, and the potential of municipal-ID card programs to serve undocumented immigrants are discussed. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12044 VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - 539 EP - 555 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Wright Mayville, Elena A1 - Purdie-Vaughns, Valerie T1 - Organizational and individual colorblindness approaches to past injustice T2 - Diversity ideologies in organizations N2 - This chapter focuses on diversity ideologies from a different part of the world, and it realizes that much of the extant diversity management knowledge emanates from United States and more recently Western Europe. Indeed, South Africa provides a particularly relevant context for exploring diversity ideology because most scholars conclude it is a deeply segmented society owing to its racial and cultural heterogeneity, complexity and history. South Africa is burdened with the legacy of centuries of racial discrimination and repression of ethnic groups originating in its colonization by two European powers, the British and Dutch. The situation in South Africa is also complicated by the constitution's recognition of traditional laws of different cultural/ethnic and religious groups. The goal of employment equity act is to achieve employment equity by promoting equal opportunity and fair treatment in employment through the elimination of unfair discrimination and implementing affirmative action to redress the disadvantages in employment experienced by designated groups. Y1 - 2014 SN - 9781315852188 SP - 93 EP - 117 PB - Lawrence Erlbaum Associates CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Lagunes, Paul A1 - Levin, Brian M. T1 - Documenting the Undocumented: A Review of the United States' First Municipal ID Program JF - Harvard Journal of Hispanic Policy N2 - The City of New Haven, CT, sought to promote the assimilation of its immigrants by becoming the first American city to provide a government-backed ID, the Elm City Resident Card, to all residents. This article tests the policy's effectiveness in commerce. We find that Hispanics/Latinos are asked to present an ID more than Whites/Anglos, showing that the former are in greater need of documentation, regardless of their citizenship status. When a Hispanic/Latino presented the Elm City Resident Card to a cashier, it fared only as well as an unofficial ID. Thus, we conclude that the card has negligible utility as a form of documentation. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.7916/D8TX3MQS VL - 24 SP - 43 EP - 62 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hässler, Tabea A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - al, et T1 - Needs Satisfaction in Intergroup Contact: A Multinational Study of Pathways Toward Social Change JF - Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: Interpersonal Relations and Group Processes N2 - What role does intergroup contact play in promoting support for social change toward greater social equality? Drawing on the needs-based model of reconciliation, we theorized that when inequality between groups is perceived as illegitimate, disadvantaged group members will experience a need for empowerment and advantaged group members a need for acceptance. When intergroup contact satisfies each group’s needs, it should result in more mutual support for social change. Using four sets of survey data collected through the Zurich Intergroup Project in 23 countries, we tested several preregistered predictions, derived from the above reasoning, across a large variety of operationalizations. Two studies of disadvantaged groups (Ns = 689 ethnic minority members in Study 1 and 3,382 sexual/gender minorities in Study 2) support the hypothesis that, after accounting for the effects of intergroup contact and perceived illegitimacy, satisfying the need for empowerment (but not acceptance) during contact is positively related to support for social change. Two studies with advantaged groups (Ns = 2,937 ethnic majority members in Study 3 and 4,203 cis-heterosexual individuals in Study 4) showed that, after accounting for illegitimacy and intergroup contact, satisfying the need for acceptance (but also empowerment) is positively related to support for social change. Overall, findings suggest that intergroup contact is compatible with efforts to promote social change when group-specific needs are met. Thus, to encourage support for social change among both disadvantaged and advantaged group members, it is essential that, besides promoting mutual acceptance, intergroup contact interventions also give voice to and empower members of disadvantaged groups. Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-39717 SN - 0022-3514 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Alizade, Jeyhun A1 - Dancygier, Rafaela A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. T1 - National Penalties Reversed: The Local Politics of Citizenship and Politician Responsiveness to Immigrants JF - The Journal of Politics N2 - Local politicians can play an important role in promoting citizenship, but their helpfulness varies considerably across local councils. Do politicians discriminate against immigrants seeking to naturalize in ways that public opinion and national citizenship debates would suggest? In two correspondence studies fielded in Germany, we find no evidence that features that are salient in national debates and public opinion predict responsiveness. Specifically, signals of national identification and attachment play no role. Instead, we document a reversed national penalty: politicians are 50% more likely to assist a large low-status group (Turks) than a small high status-group (Canadians). When probing mechanisms via elite interviews, we find that the desire to promote integration and electoral participation can counteract biases that typically generate discrimination. Among politicians, factors associated with group size can therefore help reverse penalties against low-status groups. Research on citizenship and discrimination must consider these disconnects between public perceptions, national debates, and local politics. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1086/711056 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hässler, Tabea A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. T1 - A large-scale test for the link between intergroup contact and social change JF - Nature Human Behaviour N2 - Guided by the early findings of social scientists, practitioners have long advocated for greater contact between groups to reduce prejudice and increase social cohesion. Recent work, however, suggests that intergroup contact can undermine support for social change towards greater equality, especially among disadvantaged group members. Using a large and heterogeneous dataset (12,997 individuals from 69 countries), we demonstrate that intergroup contact and support for social change towards greater equality are positively associated among members of advantaged groups (ethnic majorities and cis-heterosexuals) but negatively associated among disadvantaged groups (ethnic minorities and sexual and gender minorities). Specification-curve analysis revealed important variation in the size—and at times, direction—of correlations, depending on how contact and support for social change were measured. This allowed us to identify one type of support for change—willingness to work in solidarity— that is positively associated with intergroup contact among both advantaged and disadvantaged group members. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0815-z VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 380 EP - 386 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Kopf-Beck, Johannes T1 - The Meaning of Being German: An Inductive Approach to National Identity JF - Journal of Political and Social Psychology N2 - Germany is often cited as a paradigmatic case for an ethnic model of nationalism but in recent years introduced many civic elements into its citizenship policies. The goal of the current article is to explore how German citizens construct their national identity against this backdrop. Using an inductive approach, we asked 987 German citizens to describe what being German means for them. A latent class analysis of content-coded responses revealed four classes: a heritage-based identity class with a strong focus on language and culture (39%), an ideology-based identity class that revolves around democracy, welfare, freedom, and economy and safety (19%), a legal-formalistic identity class that is mostly concerned with the legal requirement for obtaining and holding citizenship of national identity (26%), and a trait-based identity class describing personality-traits that are supposed to be typical for Germans (16%). These findings expand upon and add nuance to the commonly used civic vs. ethnic national identity content typology. Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v7i1.557 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 423 EP - 447 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Samii, Cyrus A1 - Zeitzoff, Thomas T1 - Addressing intergroup conflict from the bottom-up? JF - Social Issues and Policy Review N2 - How might interventions that engage ordinary citizens in settings of violent conflict affect broader conflict dynamics? Given the volume of resources committed every year to citizen-oriented programs that attempt to promote peace, this is an important question. We develop a framework to analyze processes through which individual-level interventions could mitigate violent conflict escalation more broadly. Individual-level interventions may increase positive feelings toward the outgroup, as well as psychological, social, and material resources among participants. These have the potential to influence behaviors such as policing of the ingroup, public advocacy, and political action that can contribute to peace. Yet, the effectiveness of interventions to influence the conflict is moderated by contextual factors like groups’ access to material resources, their positions in society, and political institutions. We use this analytical framework to assess evidence from recent intervention studies. We find that the current evidence base is quite small, does not cover the diversity of relevant contexts, and gives too little attention to resources and capacities that enable people to engage in conflict mitigation behaviors. Researchers and policy makers should go beyond thinking only about improving attitudes to thinking about behavior, resources, and capacities for such behaviors, and contextual conditions that constrain behavior. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12027 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 38 EP - 77 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Purdie-Vaughns, Valerie A1 - Eibach, Richard P. T1 - Heritage and ideology-based national identities and their implications for immigrant citizen relations in the United States and in Germany JF - International Journal of Intercultural Relations N2 - The present research examines the meaning of national identity in the United States and Germany and its implications for immigrant citizen relations. In Study 1, American and German participants responded to the question “What does it mean to be American [German]?” Results revealed that the American national identity is ideology-based as characterized by an endorsement of a core set of transcendent and abstract values. The German national identity is heritage-based as characterized by self-descriptive traits and cultural traditions. In Study 2, American participants were less likely than German participants to express exclusion from national identity in response to an immigrant who gave affective versus pragmatic reasons for becoming a citizen. The reverse was true for German participants. In sum, culture shapes national identity and responses to immigrants. Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.07.002 VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - 395 EP - 405 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dovidio, John F. A1 - Gluszek, Agata A1 - John, Melissa-Sue A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Lagunes, Paul T1 - Understanding bias toward Latinos: Discrimination, dimensions of difference, and experience of exclusion JF - Journal of Social Issues N2 - White–Black relations have historically been the defining form of intergroup relations in the study of prejudice and discrimination. The present article suggests that there are limitations to applying this model to understanding bias toward other groups and proposes that a comprehensive view of the dynamics of the Anglos’ bias toward Latinos requires consideration of the distinctive elements of this form of intergroup relations. In four empirical studies, we experimentally document discrimination against Latinos (Study 1), explore the potential dimensions that underlie bias against Latinos (Study 2), and examine the effect of a particular social identity cue, accentedness, on perceptions of acceptance and belongingness of Latinos and members of other groups (Studies 3 and 4). These studies consider general processes of prejudice and identify how particular facets of bias against Latinos can shape their experiences and, taken together, illustrate how understanding bias against Latinos can reciprocally inform contemporary theories of prejudice. Y1 - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01633.x VL - 66 IS - 1 SP - 59 EP - 78 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Purdie-Vaughns, Valerie A1 - Steele, Claude M. A1 - Davies, Paul G. A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Crosby, Jennifer Randall T1 - Social identity contingencies: How diversity cues signal threat or safety for African Americans in mainstream institutions JF - Journal of Personality and Social Psychology N2 - This research demonstrates that people at risk of devaluation based on group membership are attuned to cues that signal social identity contingencies--judgments, stereotypes, opportunities, restrictions, and treatments that are tied to one's social identity in a given setting. In 3 experiments, African American professionals were attuned to minority representation and diversity philosophy cues when they were presented as a part of workplace settings. Low minority representation cues coupled with colorblindness (as opposed to valuing diversity) led African American professionals to perceive threatening identity contingencies and to distrust the setting (Experiment 1). The authors then verified that the mechanism mediating the effect of setting cues on trust was identity contingent evaluations (Experiments 2 & 3). The power of social identity contingencies as they relate to underrepresented groups in mainstream institutions is discussed. Y1 - 2008 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.615 VL - 94 IS - 4 SP - 615 EP - 630 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Annabring, Ute A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Kempf, Wilhelm T1 - Die kognitive Repräsentation von Nachkriegskonflikten imSpannungsfeld zwischen Mainstream-Diskurs undabweichender Berichterstattung T2 - Nachrichtenmedien als Mediatoren von Demokratisierung, Peace-Building und Versöhnung in Nachkriegsgesellschaften Y1 - 2005 UR - kops.uni-konstanz.de/handle/123456789/10643 SN - 978-3-936014-05-1 PB - Regener CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Turkoglu, Oguzhan A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Firestone, Berenike T1 - Commemorating local victims of past atrocities and far-right support over time JF - PNAS N2 - Does public remembrance of past atrocities lead to decreased support for far-right parties today? Initiatives commemorating past atrocities aim to make visible the victims and crimes committed against them. This runs counter to revisionist actors who attempt to downplay or deny atrocities and victims. Memorials for victims might complicate such attempts and reduce support for revisionist actors. Yet, little empirical evidence exists on whether that happens. In this study, we examine whether exposure to local memorials that commemorate victims of atrocities reduces support for a revisionist far-right party. Our empirical case is the Stolpersteine (“stumbling stones”) memorial in Berlin, Germany. It commemorates victims and survivors of Nazi persecution in front of their last freely chosen place of residence. We employ time-series cross-sectional analyses and a discontinuity design using a panel dataset that matches the location and date of placement of new Stolpersteine with the election results from seven elections (2013 to 2021) at the level of polling station areas. We find that, on average, the presence of Stolpersteine is associated with a 0.96%-point decrease in the far-right vote share in the following election. Our study suggests that local memorials that make past atrocities visible have implications for political behavior in the present. KW - memorials KW - far-right KW - Berlin KW - past atrocities Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2221158120 VL - 120 IS - 28 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stadler, Gertraud A1 - Chesaniuk, Marie A1 - Haering, Stephanie A1 - Roseman, Julia A1 - Straßburger, Vera Maren A1 - Schraudner, Martina A1 - Ahmad, Aisha-Nusrat A1 - Auma, Maisha A1 - Banas, Kasia A1 - Borde, Theda A1 - Buspavanich, Pichit A1 - Dewey, Marc A1 - Di Maio, Sally A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Enarovic, Ilona A1 - Fischer, Marina A1 - Gellert, Paul A1 - Gerstorf, Denis A1 - Grittner, Ulrike A1 - Gutsell, Jennifer A1 - Hagelskamp, Carolin A1 - Henschel, Anna A1 - Herrmann, Wolfram A1 - Hilger, Caren A1 - Horozoglu, Gülru A1 - Hövener, Claudia A1 - Hunter, Emma A1 - Iida, Masumi A1 - Keller, Lena A1 - Kendel, Friederike A1 - Krumbholz, Charlotte Ariane A1 - Licha, Matthias A1 - Mason, Kimberly A1 - Mata, Jutta A1 - Mau, Steffen A1 - Meuwly, Nathalie A1 - Moschko, Tomasz A1 - Müller-Werdan, Ursula A1 - O'Sullivan, Julie Lorraine A1 - Radl, Jonas A1 - Rathmann, Christian A1 - Regitz-Zagrosek, Vera A1 - Rieckmann, Nina A1 - Rommel, Alexander A1 - Salikutluk, Zerrin A1 - Shrout, Patrick E. A1 - Smith, Jamie A1 - Specht, Jule A1 - Stephan, Petra A1 - Stock, Christiane A1 - Wenzel, Mine T1 - Diversified innovations in the health sciences: Proposal for a Diversity Minimal Item Set (DiMIS) JF - Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy N2 - Background Science strives to provide high-quality evidence for all members of society, but there continues to be a considerable gender and diversity data gap, i.e., a systematic lack of data for traditionally underrepresented groups. Gender and other diversity domains are related to morbidity, mortality, and social and economic participation, yet measures as well as evidence regarding how these domains intersect are missing. We propose a brief, efficient Diversity Minimal Item Set (DiMIS) for routine data collection in empirical studies to contribute to closing the diversity and gender data gap. We focus on the example of health but consider the DiMIS applicable across scientific disciplines. Methods To identify items for the DiMIS across diversity domains, we performed an extensive literature search and conducted semi-structured interviews with scientific experts and community stakeholders in nine diversity domains. Using this information, we created a minimal item set of self-report survey items for each domain. Findings Items covering nine diversity domains as well as discrimination experiences were compiled from a variety of sources and modified as recommended by experts. The DiMIS focuses on an intersectional approach, i.e., studying gender, age, socioeconomic status, care responsibilities, sexual orientation, ethnicity, religion, disability, mental and physical health, and their intersections. It allows for data sets with comparable assessments of gender and diversity across multiple projects to be combined, creating samples large enough for meaningful analyses. Interpretation In proposing the DiMIS, we hope to advance the conversation about closing the gender and diversity data gap in science. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2023.101072 VL - 33 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Asimovic, Nejla A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Samii, Cyrus T1 - Estimating the effect of intergroup contact over years: evidence from a youth program in Israel JF - Political Science Research and Methods N2 - We study how an intervention combining youth intergroup contact and sports affects intergroup relations in the context of an active conflict. We first conduct a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of one-year program exposure in Israel. To track effects of a multiyear exposure, we then use machine-learning techniques to fuse the RCT with the observational data gathered on multiyear participants. This analytical approach can help overcome frequent limitations of RCTs, such as modest sample sizes and short observation periods. Our evidence cannot affirm a one-year effect on outgroup regard and ingroup regulation, although we estimate benefits of multiyear exposure among Jewish-Israeli youth, particularly boys. We discuss implications for interventions in contexts of active conflict and group status asymmetry. KW - civil/domestic conflict, ethnicity and nationalism, experimental research, field experiments, quantitative methods Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2024.8 SN - 2049-8470 SP - 1 EP - 19 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Barron, Kai A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Gehrig, Stefan A1 - Schweighofer-Kodritsch, Sebastian T1 - Explicit and Implicit Belief-Based Gender Discrimination: A Hiring Experiment JF - Management Science N2 - This paper studies a key element of discrimination, namely, when stereotypes translate into discriminatory actions. Using a hiring experiment, we rule out taste-based discrimination by design and test for the presence of two types of belief-based gender discrimination. We document evidence of explicit discriminators—individuals who are willing to discriminate even when their hiring choices are highly revealing of their gender-biased beliefs. Crucially, we also identify implicit discriminators—individuals who do not discriminate against women when taking a discriminatory action is highly revealing of their biased beliefs, but do discriminate against women when their biased motive is obscured. Our analysis highlights the central role played by features of the choice environment in determining whether and how discrimination will manifest. We conclude by discussing the implications for policy design. KW - discrimination, hiring decisions, gender, beliefs, experiment, aversive sexism Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.01229 SN - 0025-1909 (print) ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Barron, Kai A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Gehrig, Stefan A1 - Schweighofer-Kodritsch, Sebastian T1 - Explicit and Implicit Belief-Based Gender Discrimination: A Hiring Experiment N2 - This paper studies a key element of discrimination, namely when stereotypes translate into discriminatory actions. Using a hiring experiment, we rule out taste-based discrimination by design and test for the presence of two types of belief-based gender discrimination. We document evidence of explicit discriminators—individuals who are willing to discriminate even when their hiring choices are highly revealing of their gender-biased beliefs. Crucially, we also identify implicit discriminators—individuals who do not discriminate against women when taking a discriminatory action is highly revealing of their biased beliefs, but do discriminate against women when their biased motive is obscured. Our analysis highlights the central role played by features of the choice environment in determining whether and how discrimination will manifest. We conclude by discussing the implications for policy design. T3 - Berlin School of Economics Discussion Papers - 35 Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-53610 UR - https://berlinschoolofeconomics.de/insights/discussion-papers ET - No. 35 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Schweighofer-Kodritsch, Sebastian A1 - Barron, Kai A1 - Ditlmann, Ruth K. A1 - Gehrig, Stefan T1 - Explicit and Implicit Belief-Based Gender Discrimination: A Hiring Experiment T2 - Berlin School of Economics Discussion Papers N2 - This paper studies a key element of discrimination, namely when stereotypes translate into discriminatory actions. Using a hiring experiment, we rule out taste-based discrimination by design and test for the presence of two types of belief-based gender discrimination. We document evidence of explicit discriminators—individuals who are willing to discriminate even when their hiring choices are highly revealing of their gender-biased beliefs. Crucially, we also identify implicit discriminators—individuals who do not discriminate against women when taking a discriminatory action is highly revealing of their biased beliefs, but do discriminate against women when their biased motive is obscured. Our analysis highlights the central role played by features of the choice environment in determining whether and how discrimination will manifest. We conclude by discussing the implications for policy design. T3 - Berlin School of Economics Discussion Papers - 35 Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-53592 UR - https://berlinschoolofeconomics.de/insights/discussion-papers UR - https://doi.org/10.48462/opus4-5361 N1 - This document has been replaced due to an error on the cover page. The new document is available at the following link: https://doi.org/10.48462/opus4-5361 ET - No. 35 ER -