TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Artigas, Alvaro T1 - When trade liberalization turns into regulatory reform: The impact on business–government relations in international trade politics JF - Regulation & Governance N2 - Business–government relations on trade issues are generally characterized as protectionist lobbying or – less often – lobbying for the liberalization of markets. However, with the evolution of the trading system, negotiations today concern not just market opening, but also the regulatory frameworks that structure international trade. This transformation has important consequences for the ways in which private interests can contribute to trade negotiations. Instead of simply trying to exert pressure, businesses and other private actors now form working relationships with governments based on expertise, learning, and information exchange. This article illustrates these new forms of public–private interactions with examples from the USA, the European Union, and Brazil. KW - Brazil KW - European Union KW - lobbying KW - trade KW - United States Y1 - 2007 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5991.2007.00010.x VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - 121 EP - 138 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - National business associations under stress: Lessons from the French case JF - West European Politics N2 - Since its reform in 1998, the national association of French employers and industry, MEDEF, appears to be an example of strong interest organisation. Unlike trade unions, the peak business organisation has been stable and unified, especially in terms of membership density. Through a study of the collective action of businesses in France, this article sheds doubt on such an impression and argues that the national business association has been put severely under stress in recent years. Like all encompassing associations, MEDEF comprises a great variety of interests and constantly has to manage its internal heterogeneity. An analysis of the historical and institutional context of its recent reform demonstrates that MEDEF's forceful media campaign should not be understood as a display of actual strength and coherence; rather it is the last resort of collective action that the association can claim legitimately as its responsibility. Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380600619819 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 489 EP - 512 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Lobbying in the European Union: From sui generis to a comparative perspective JF - Journal of European Public Policy N2 - This article reviews the literature on lobbying in the European Union. After initial surveys of the landscape of non-governmental actor participation, theoretical investigations have focused on the modes of network governance and later on the phenomenon of Europeanization. Yet studies have increasingly moved away from considering EU lobbying as a sui generis phenomenon. Normalizing the study of interest group participation in the EU and understanding the opportunities and constraints that are characteristic for it has led more and more scholars to adopt a comparative perspective. The most interesting parallels exist between Washington and Brussels, but unfortunately there have been very few attempts to explore the connection between the American literature on lobbying and EU studies. This article makes a first step towards such a comparison and points to concepts common in comparative politics that could provide considerable insight into the study of EU lobbying. Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760600560623 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - 456 EP - 469 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Balme, Richard T1 - Europe and the Transformation of French Policy-Making: a Cross-Sectoral Approach JF - Zeitschrift für Staats- und Europawissenschaften N2 - This article sheds light on the “Europeanisation” of French policy-making – defined as the national adjustment to European integration – and asks whether different policy domains experience the same kind of pressure to adjust. Four sectors representing different policy types are examined: monetary and budgetary policies, public services, agricultural policy and equal employment. This cross-sectional approach reveals different degrees of change and patterns of adaptation, whilst in no case the EU fully supplanted national decision-making. The authors’ conclusion suggests that regulative and redistributive policies are less conflicting with European integration than distributive policies at the core of the French welfare state, but that the latter are also strongly resilient and resistant to radical changes. Patterns of policy changes are highly complex and diversified, and their “path-dependency” is rooted in the political feasibility of public policy at the domestic level. N2 - Der Beitrag analysiert die „Europäisierung“ zentraler Politikbereiche in Frankreich, wobei vier Felder im Zentrum stehen: die Geld- und Haushaltspolitik, öffentliche Dienstleistungen, die Agrarpolitik sowie arbeitsrechtliche Gleichstellungspolitiken. In der vergleichenden Untersuchung wird deutlich, dass sowohl die Reichweite des Wandels als auch die Muster der Anpassung unterschiedlich ausgeprägt sind; in keinem Fall finden sich Entscheidungsprozesse vollständig „europäisiert“. Regulative und redistributive Politiken erscheinen in Bezug auf die europäische Integration weniger problematisch als der distributive Kern des französischen Wohlfahrtsstaates, letzterer ist aber grundlegenden Veränderungen gegenüber sehr viel widerstandsfähiger. Europäisierung ist also nicht gleichbedeutend mit einer alleinigen Ausrichtung der Politik an regulativen Leitbildern. Der Wandel verläuft vielmehr nach äußerst komplexen Mustern und ist mit Blick auf die unterschiedliche nationale Umsetzbarkeit in hohem Maße „pfadabhängig“. Y1 - 2005 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/zfse.2005.3.3.388 N1 - Also translated and published as: "从议程设置到弹性:适应欧洲的法国政策决策 [From Agenda-Setting to Resilience: French Policy-Making Adaptation to Europe]”, China Public Administration Review, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2009 pp.50-64. VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - 388 EP - 409 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - La réforme du Medef : chronique des difficultés de l'action collective patronale JF - Revue française de science politique N2 - Depuis sa réforme en 1998, le Mouvement des entreprises de France (Medef) apparaît comme une association puissante et unifiée. En étudiant l’action collective patronale en France, cet article met en doute cette impression. Contrairement aux apparences, l’organisation centrale du patronat français se trouve face à des défis comparables à la désyndicalisation des salariés. En tant que fédération, le Medef est constitué d’une multitude d’intérêts divers et doit gérer cette hétérogénéité interne avant de pouvoir agir politiquement. L’analyse du contexte historique et institutionnel de sa réforme récente montre que la nouvelle stratégie de communication politique du Medef n’atteste pas de la puissance ou de la cohérence de l’organisation ; elle est plutôt le dernier domaine d’action publique que l’association peut assumer pleinement sans perdre sa légitimité aux yeux de ses membres. N2 - Since its reform in 1998, the national association of French employers and industry, Medef, seems to be an example of strong interest organisation. Through a study of the collective action of businesses in France, this article sheds doubt on such an impression and argues that the business association has also been put severely under stress. Like all encompassing associations, Medef comprises a great variety of interests and constantly has to manage its internal heterogeneity. An analysis of the historical and institutional context of its recent reform demonstrates that Medefâ??s forceful media campaign should not be understood as a display of actual strength and coherence ; rather it is the last resort of collective action that the association can claim legitimately as their responsibility. Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3917/rfsp.562.0255 VL - 56 IS - 2 SP - 255 EP - 279 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia ED - Coen, David ED - Richardson, Jeremy T1 - Trade Policy Lobbying in the European Union: Who Captures Whom? T2 - Lobbying the European Union: Institutions, Actors, and Issues N2 - What role do firms play in the making of EU trade policy? This chapter surveys the policy domain and lays out the instruments firms can employ to influence decisions on trade. It underlines that European trade policy is characterized by a high degree of institutional complexity, which firms have to manage in order to be successful. In particular, the European Commission works intensively to solicit business input in order to gain bargaining leverage vis-à-vis third countries and the EU member states. This reverse lobbying creates a two-channel logic of trade policy lobbying in the EU. Corporate actors have a very good chance of working closely with the European Commission if they can propose pan-European trade policy solutions. This can be either trade liberalization or EU-wide regulatory restrictions on trade. Demands for traditional protectionist measures, especially those that reveal national interest divergences, are difficult to defend at the supranational level. Protectionist lobbying therefore goes through the national route, with corporate actors working to block liberalization by affecting the consensus in the Council of Ministers. The chapter illustrates this two-channel logic by studying business–government interactions in agricultural trade, textiles and clothing, financial services, and telecommunication services. Y1 - 2009 UR - https://global.oup.com/academic/product/lobbying-the-european-union-9780199207350?cc=de&lang=en& SN - 978-0-19-920735-0 SP - 277 EP - 297 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia ED - Dehousse, Renaud T1 - La politique de concurrence T2 - Politiques européennes N2 - POLITIQUES EUROPEENNES offre une vue d'ensemble du système institutionnel, des acteurs, du jeu politique et des modes d'action de l’Union, à la fois dans les domaines où son intervention est ancienne et dans ceux où son influence est plus récente. Agriculture, monnaie, concurrence, mais aussi commerce, enseignement supérieur, social, environnement ou même politique étrangère : l’influence de l’Europe se fait sentir dans un grand nombre de domaines, et pourtant son action reste largement méconnue. Fruit d’une coopération entre politistes, juristes, économistes et sociologues, tous enseignants à Sciences Po, ce manuel sans équivalent en langue française donne les clés pour mettre en perspective les dynamiques de la construction européenne depuis ses origines et pour comprendre les défis auxquels elle fait face aujourd’hui. Conçu comme un support pour des enseignements d’introduction à l’intégration européenne, il propose un panorama clair et synthétique des politiques européennes et de leur développement. Enrichi de nombreux encadrés, zooms, documents et références bibliographiques, il s’adresse aux étudiants, chercheurs et enseignants des premiers et deuxièmes cycles en science politique, droit, économie, administration publique et administration économique et sociale. Y1 - 2009 SN - 978-2-7246-1132-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3917/scpo.dehou.2009.03.0171 SP - 171 EP - 188 PB - Presses de Sciences Po CY - Paris ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - The road to external representation: the European Commission's activism in international air transport JF - Journal of European Public Policy N2 - This article argues that the role the Commission plays in European foreign policies goes beyond the execution of the competences delegated by the member states. The Commission is not just the external negotiator of the EU, it can also use its powers as the guardian of the Treaties to expand its foreign policy competences. The case study of international air transport illustrates how the Commission was able to obtain an external negotiation mandate in June 2003 to which member states were originally opposed. The analysis draws particular attention to the Commission's reliance on the European Court of Justice and to a cognitive strategy centred on the United States. By means of these two tools, the Commission was able to affect the default condition of member state preferences and reorient the focal point of intergovernmental negotiations. KW - European Commission KW - European foreign policies KW - external negotiation mandate KW - international air transport KW - open aviation area Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760500380734 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 52 EP - 69 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Vers des compétences externes : l'activisme de la commission européenne en matière d'aviation internationale JF - Politique européenne N2 - Pour analyser le rôle joué par la Commission dans les politiques étrangères européennes, nous montrons comment la Commission peut élargir ses compétences en utilisant ses droits en tant que gardienne des traités. L’étude de cas de la politique européenne en matière d’aviation internationale illustre comment la Commission a pu obtenir un mandat de négociation externe que les Etats membres lui avaient auparavant refusé. Pour cela la Commission s’est appuyée sur des recours juridictionnels et a employé une stratégie cognitive qui inscrit la question de l’aviation civile dans la concurrence avec les Etats-Unis. Par ces deux moyens, la Commission a su changer les préférences des Etats membres et réorienter le point focal des négociations intergouvernementales. Y1 - 2005 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3917/poeu.017.0137 VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - 137 EP - 158 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia ED - Mazour, Amy ED - Appleton, Andrew ED - Brouard, Sylvain T1 - The Demise of Statism? Associations and the Transformation of Interest Intermediation in France T2 - The French Fifth Republic at Fifty. Beyond Stereotypes. Y1 - 2009 UR - https://link.springer.com/book/9780230221246 SN - 9780230221246 SP - 226 EP - 244 PB - Palgrave Macmillan CY - London ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia ED - Jaffrelot, Christophe T1 - Les stratégies des pays émergents au sein de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce T2 - L'enjeu mondial. Les pays émergents. Y1 - 2008 SN - 9782724610871 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3917/scpo.jaffr.2008.01.0273 N1 - Also translated and published as: “Strategies of the Emerging Countries in the World Trade Organization,” in Christophe Jaffrelot (ed.) Emerging States: The Wellspring of a New World Order, Paris: Presses de Sciences Po. ISBN: 9782724686982. SP - 273 EP - 286 PB - Presses de Sciences Po CY - Paris ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Saurugger, Sabine ED - Belot, Céline ED - Magnette, Paul ED - Saurugger, Sabine T1 - Les groupes d’intérêt: l’action collective en Europe T2 - Science politique de l'Union européenne Y1 - 2008 SN - 9782717855708 SP - 223 EP - 248 PB - Economica CY - Paris ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Trade Policy Lobbying in the European Union: Who Captures Whom? T2 - MPIfG Working Paper N2 - What role do firms play in the making of EU trade policy? This article surveys the policy domain and lays out the instruments firms can employ to influence decisions on trade. It underlines that European trade policy is characterized by a high degree of institutional complexity, which firms have to manage in order to be successful. In particular, the European Commission works intensively to solicit business input in order to gain bargaining leverage vis-à-vis third countries and the EU member states. This reverse lobbying creates a two-channel logic of trade policy lobbying in the EU. Corporate actors have a very good chance of working closely with the European Commission if they can propose pan-European trade policy solutions. This can be either trade liberalization or EU-wide regulatory restrictions on trade. Demands for traditional protectionist measures, especially those that reveal national interest divergences, are difficult to defend at the supranational level. Protectionist lobbying therefore goes through the national route, with corporate actors working to block liberalization by affecting the consensus in the Council of Ministers. The chapter illustrates this two-channel logic by studying business-government interactions in agricultural trade, textiles and clothing, financial services, and telecommunication services. N2 - Welchen Einfluss haben Unternehmen auf die europäische Handelspolitik? Durch einen Überblick des Politikfelds analysiert der Artikel Instrumente, mit denen Unternehmen in der EU Lobbyismus betreiben können. Vielen Firmen werden allerdings nicht von sich aus aktiv. Im Gegenteil, die Europäische Kommission bemüht sich aktiv um die Zusammenarbeit der Unternehmen, da sie dadurch ihre Verhandlungsposition vis-à-vis Mitgliedsstaaten und Drittstaaten stärken kann. Dieses umgekehrte Lobbying hat Folgen für die Inhalte der Unternehmensforderungen im Bereich Handelspolitik. Wirtschaftliche Akteure können ein gutes Arbeitsverhältnis mit der Europäischen Kommission aufbauen, wenn sie gesamteuropäische Konzepte verfolgen, sei es Handelsliberalisierung oder EU-weite Regulierung. Nationaler Protektionismus kann europäische Entscheidungsfindung blockieren, so dass merkantilistische Anfragen an die nationalen Regierungen gerichtet werden müssen, die diese dann durch den Rat der Minister voranbringen können. Der Artikel illustriert diese zweigleisige Lobbyingstrategien in der Landwirtschaft, dem Textilhandel, dem Finanzdienstleistungssektor und der Telekommunikation. Y1 - 2006 UR - https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_1233576_8/component/file_3315734/content VL - 06 IS - 7 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Balme, Richard ED - Lequesne, Christian ED - Bulmer, Simon T1 - France: Between Integration and National Sovereignty T2 - The Member States of the European Union N2 - This book is the most comprehensive study of the European member states available. It covers the principal member states in separate chapters, as well as bringing together the smaller member states in comparative groupings, and also includes a chapter on the new member states. The country chapters look at the wider political issues associated with integration and not just policy machinery. In order to help readers understand the interaction of the member states, there are sections which cover analytical and empirical themes such as EU member relations and the European economy. Y1 - 2005 SN - 978-0199252817 SP - 97 EP - 118 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia ED - Genieys, William ED - Smyrl, Marc T1 - Service Trade Liberalization and Corporate Lobbying in the US and the EU T2 - Elites, Ideas, and the Evolution of Public Policy Y1 - 2008 UR - https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230612990#toc SN - 9780230605947 SP - 54 EP - 66 PB - Palgrave Macmillan CY - London ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Sanchez Salgado, Rosa ED - Palier, Bruno ED - Surel, Yves T1 - L'européanisation et les acteurs non étatiques T2 - L'Europe en action. L'européanisation dans une perspective comparée. Y1 - 2007 SN - 9782296024113 SP - 145 EP - 191 PB - L'Harmattan CY - Paris ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia ED - Weidenfeld, Werner ED - Wessels, Wolfgang T1 - Lobbying und Interessenvertretung T2 - Jahrbuch der Europäischen Integration 2006 Y1 - 2006 UR - https://www.cap-lmu.de/publikationen/2006/jahrbuch2006.php SN - 3-8329-2447-7 SP - 301 EP - 304 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Jacquot, Sophie ED - Woll, Cornelia ED - Jacquot, Sophie T1 - Usages et travail politiques : une sociologie compréhensive des usages de l’intégration européenne T2 - Les usages de l’Europe acteurs et transformations européennes Y1 - 2004 SP - 1 EP - 27 PB - L'Harmattan CY - Paris ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - The Difficult Organization of Business Interests: MEDEF and the Political Representation of French Firms T2 - MPIfG Discussion Paper N2 - The national association of French employers and industry, MEDEF, seems to be an example of strong and unifi ed interest organization, especially since its reform in 1998. Through a study of the collective action of fi rms in France, this article sheds doubt on such an impression. In fact, a central employers’ and industry association only constituted itself in France in response to state and trade union activism and struggled throughout history once these external threats lost importance. Like all encompassing business associations, MEDEF comprises a great variety of groups of business actors and constantly has to manage its internal interest heterogeneity. An analysis of the historical and institutional context of its latest reform demonstrates that the recent media campaign should not be understood as a display of actual strength and coherence; rather it is the last resort of collective action that MEDEF can claim legitimately as its responsibility. N2 - Der Dachverband der französischen Industrie, MEDEF, scheint das Musterbeispiel einer starken und geschlossenen Interessengruppe zu sein, insbesondere seit seiner Reform im Jahre 1998. Eine Studie über das kollektive Handeln französischer Firmen stellt diese Annahme in Frage. Tatsächlich war die Gründung eines übergreifenden Industrie und Arbeitgeberverbandes in Frankreich ein sehr langwieriger Prozess, der als Defensive gegen staatliche Eingriffe und die Gewerkschaftsbewegung verstanden werden muss. Sobald diese äußeren Bedrohungen abnehmen, erschwert sich der Zusammenhalt der Organisation. Als Dachverband der französischen Unternehmen besteht MEDEF aus einer Vielzahl sektoraler und regionaler Gruppen. Er muss sich ständig bemühen, seine interne Heterogenität zu bewältigen, was seinen Handlungsspielraum erheblich einschränkt. Eine Analyse des historischen und institutionellen Kontexts der jüngsten Reform von MEDEF zeigt, dass die viel beachtete Medienkampagne nicht mit politischem Einfluss oder innerer Kohärenz verwechselt werden sollte. Ganz im Gegenteil: das medienwirksame Formulieren von politischen Programmen ist vielmehr eines der wenigen Aufgabengebiete, die MEDEF noch als seinen legitimen Verantwortungsbereich behaupten kann. Y1 - 2005 UR - https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_1233860_7/component/file_1233858/content VL - 05 IS - 12 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Corporate Crime and Punishment: The Politics of Negotiated Justice in Global Markets N2 - Over the past decade, many of the world’s biggest companies have found themselves embroiled in legal disputes over corruption, fraud, environmental damage, tax evasion, or sanction violations. Corporations including Volkswagen, BP, and Credit Suisse have paid record-breaking fines. Many critics of globalization and corporate impunity cheer this turn toward accountability. Others, however, question American dominance in legal battles that seem to impose domestic legal norms beyond national boundaries. In this book, Cornelia Woll examines the politics of American corporate criminal law’s extraterritorial reach. As governments abroad seek to respond to US law enforcement actions against their companies, they turn to flexible legal instruments that allow prosecutors to settle a case rather than bring it to court. With her analysis of the international and domestic politics of law enforcement targeting big business, Woll traces the rise of what she calls “negotiated corporate justice” in global markets. Woll charts the path to this shift through case studies of geopolitical tensions and accusations of “economic lawfare,” pitting the United States against the European Union, China, and Japan. She then examines the reactions to the new legal landscape, describing institutional changes in the common law countries of the United Kingdom and Canada and the civil law countries of France, Brazil, and Germany. Through an insightful interdisciplinary analysis of how the prosecution of corporate crime has evolved in the twenty-first century, Woll demonstrates the profound transformation of the relationship between states and private actors in world markets, showing that law is part of economic statecraft in the connected global economy. Y1 - 2023 UR - https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691250328/corporate-crime-and-punishment SN - 9780691250328 PB - Princeton University Press CY - Princeton, New Jersey ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Corporate Prosecutions: American Law Enforcement in Global Markets N2 - Large companies are increasingly on trial. Over the last decade, many of the world’s biggest firms have been embroiled in legal disputes over corruption charges, financial fraud, environmental damage, taxation issues or sanction violations, ending in convictions or settlements of record-breaking fines, well above the billion-dollar mark. For critics of globalization, this turn towards corporate accountability is a welcome sea-change showing that multinational companies are no longer above the law. For legal experts, the trend is noteworthy because of the extraterritorial dimensions of law enforcement, as companies are increasingly held accountable for activities independent of their nationality or the place of the activities. Indeed, the global trend required understanding the evolution of corporate criminal law enforcement in the United States in particular, where authorities have skillfully expanded its effective jurisdiction beyond its territory. This paper traces the evolution of corporate prosecutions in the United States. Analyzing federal prosecution data, it then shows that foreign firms are more likely to pay a fine, which is on average 6,6 times larger. Y1 - 2022 UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4088322 ET - LawFin Working Paper No. 31 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Avoiding the Road Bumps of the Green Transition N2 - Green growth requires strategy and coordination. The green transition entails important costs and will fail politically if we do not address socio-economic inequalities. In this Policy Position, Cornelia Woll proposes three pathways to a net-zero economy by 2050 that ideally should be combined: (i) correcting market signals through taxonomies and taxation; (ii) developing a European industrial policy that supports green innovation but also rewards successful transition plans; (iii) facilitating the funding for companies and financial institutions lending to those invested in green technology. Y1 - 2023 UR - https://www.delorscentre.eu/en/publications/detail/publication/avoiding-the-road-bumps-of-the-green-transition ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - L'Union européenne : une machine à libéraliser ? JF - Politique européenne N2 - Lecture croisée de: Nicolas Jabko, L’Europe par le marché : Histoire d’une stratégie improbable, Paris, Presses de Sciences Po, coll. « Gouvernances », 2009, 288 pages. François Denord et Antoine Schwartz, L’Europe sociale n’aura pas lieu, Paris, Raisons d’Agir, 2009, 138 pages. Y1 - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3917/poeu.031.0215 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - 215 EP - 220 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - A Rejoinder by the Author JF - Accounting, Economics and Law - A Convivium Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/ael-2016-0005 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 85 EP - 92 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Learning to Act on World Trade: Preference Formation of Large Firms in the United States and the European Union T2 - MPIfG Discussion Paper N2 - Lobbying by economic actors constitutes a central element of a large part of the literature on trade policy-making. However, it is mainly considered as "input" into the political system, which then aggregates the demand of different societal interests. As such inputs, the preferences of economic actors are often simply deduced from economic theory. This paper raises doubts about the usefulness of this analytical parsimony and tries to distinguish more clearly between stable interests, preferences and strategic choices. In particular, it suggests a model that clarifies how abstract interests are translated into concrete policy choices. By examining the lobbying carried out by service providers in the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) in telecommunications and air transport, it then shows that the deduction of trade policy preferences from economic theory does not account well for the general support of multilateral trade liberalization by EU service providers. In particular, changes in identity, causal beliefs and strategic environments in the US and the EU create a variety of lobbying choices that goes beyond the material incentives of trade liberalization. By studying the learning process and the constraints on lobbying imposed by political institutions, the paper suggests that even the political preferences of strong economic actors are sometimes more appropriately dealt with as endogenous to the trade policy process. N2 - Wirtschaftslobbying ist ein zentraler Bestandteil der Literatur zur Welthandelspolitik, da man davon ausgeht, dass Unternehmen Regierungsstrategien nachhaltig beeinflussen. Lobbying wird daher im Allgemeinen als "Input" in den politischen Prozess definiert. Unternehmensinteressen bilden einen Teil der "Nachfrage", die von Regierungen aggregiert und in politische Entscheidungen umgewandelt wird. Der Inhalt der wirtschaftspolitischen Interessen von Unternehmen wird dann in den meisten Fällen aus der Ökonomischen Theorie abgeleitet. Die Autorin des vorliegenden Discussion Papers hinterfragt die Zweckmäßigkeit einer solchen analytischen Vereinfachung und versucht, Interessen, Präferenzen und strategische Entscheidungen klarer voneinander abzugrenzen. Zu diesem Zweck wird ein Modell vorgestellt, das erklärt, wie abstrakte Interessen in konkrete politische Entscheidungen übersetzt werden. Eine Untersuchung der Lobbying-Praxis von Dienstleistungsfirmen in den Branchen Telekommunikation und Lufttransport in den USA und der Europäischen Union zeigt, dass rein materielle Anreize nicht ausreichen, die politischen Präferenzen von Dienstleistungsunternehmen der EU zu erklären. Neben den wirtschaftlichen Konsequenzen einer multilateralen Öffnung der Weltmärkte sind Identitätswandel, grundsätzliche Überzeugungen und die strategischen Grundbedingungen im jeweiligen Land für die Präferenzbildung der Unternehmen entscheidend. Das Papier kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass Unternehmenspräferenzen nicht als gegeben angenommen werden können, sondern im Laufe des politischen Prozesses fortentwickelt werden. Y1 - 2005 UR - https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_1233827_5/component/file_1233825/content VL - 05 IS - 1 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Transatlantic Relations as a Catalyst to European Integration. The Activism of the European Commission in the Case of International Aviation. T2 - AICGS/DAAD Working Paper Series Y1 - 2003 UR - https://spire.sciencespo.fr/hdl:/2441/8521/resources/woll.pdf ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Lectures Critiques JF - Politique européenne N2 - Aurélie Campana, Emmanuel Henry et Jay Rowell (dir.) (2007), La construction des problèmes publics en Europe : émergence, formulation et mise en instrument, Strasbourg, Presses universitaires de Strasbourg, coll. « Sociologie politique européenne », 252 pages. Y1 - 2008 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3917/poeu.024.0151 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 151 EP - 153 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Pierre Berthaud, Gérard Kébabdjian (dir.). La question politique en économie internationale Paris, La Découverte, 2006, 320 pages. JF - Critique internationale Y1 - 2008 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3917/crii.038.0201 VL - 38 IS - 1 SP - 201 EP - 205 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Pierre Lascoumes et Patrick Le Galés (dir.), Gouverner par les instrument. Paris, Presses de Sciences Po, 2004, 370p. JF - Pôle Sud Y1 - 2005 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3917/psud.023.0187 VL - 23 IS - 2 SP - 200 EP - 202 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Lectures Critiques. Représentation, contrôle et légitimité démocratique dans l’Europe des vingt-cinq. JF - Revue française de science politique Y1 - 2004 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3917/rfsp.546.1025 VL - 54 IS - 6 SP - 1032 EP - 1035 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia ED - Bevir, Mark T1 - Regulation T2 - Encyclopedia of Governance II Y1 - 2007 UR - https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/encyclopedia-of-governance/book226852#description SN - 978-1-4129-0579-4 SP - 813 EP - 816 PB - SAGE CY - Thousand Oaks ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Cotton: The Fabric that Made the Modern World, by Giorgio Riello 2013. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press JF - Review of International Political Economy Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2014.953355 VL - 21 IS - 5 SP - 1133 EP - 1135 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Jacquot, Sophie ED - Woll, Cornelia ED - Jacquot, Sophie T1 - Conclusion T2 - Les usages de l’Europe acteurs et transformations européennes Y1 - 2004 SN - 9782747564991 SP - 293 EP - 296 PB - L'Harmattan CY - Paris ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia ED - Jacquot, Sophie ED - Ravinet, Pauline T1 - Régulation T2 - Dictionnaire des politiques publiques Y1 - 2004 SN - 978-2-7246-0948-6 SP - 377 EP - 384 PB - Presses de Sciences Po CY - Paris ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - A Symposium on Financial Power JF - Accounting, Economics, and Law: A Convivium Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/ael-2016-0001 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 3 ER -