TY - BOOK A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - The Power of Inaction: Bank Bailouts in Comparison N2 - Bank bailouts in the aftermath of the collapse of Lehman Brothers and the onset of the Great Recession brought into sharp relief the power that the global financial sector holds over national politics, and provoked widespread public outrage. In The Power of Inaction, Cornelia Woll details the varying relationships between financial institutions and national governments by comparing national bank rescue schemes in the United States and Europe. Woll starts with a broad overview of bank bailouts in more than twenty countries. Using extensive interviews conducted with bankers, lawmakers, and other key players, she then examines three pairs of countries where similar outcomes might be expected: the United States and United Kingdom, France and Germany, Ireland and Denmark. She finds, however, substantial variation within these pairs. In some cases the financial sector is intimately involved in the design of bailout packages; elsewhere it chooses to remain at arm's length. Such differences are often ascribed to one of two conditions: either the state is strong and can impose terms, or the state is weak and corrupted by industry lobbying. Woll presents a third option, where the inaction of the financial sector critically shapes the design of bailout packages in favor of the industry. She demonstrates that financial institutions were most powerful in those settings where they could avoid a joint response and force national policymakers to deal with banks on a piecemeal basis. The power to remain collectively inactive, she argues, has had important consequences for bailout arrangements and ultimately affected how the public and private sectors have shared the cost burden of these massive policy decisions. Y1 - 2014 SN - 978-0-8014-7115-5 PB - Cornell University Press ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Jacquot, Sophie T1 - Usage of European Integration - Europeanisation from a Sociological Perspective JF - European Integration online Papers (EIoP) N2 - The effect of European integration on its member states constitutes the new research agenda within the study of European integration. Marked by the "the institutionalist turn" of Anglo-Saxon political sciences, the most dominant theories on europeanisation focus on structural arrangements. Institutional incompatibility between the European and the national level, so the hypothesis, creates pressures for change. Actors are often only considered as mediators of these pressures. Consequentially, few approaches try to explain adaptational change initiated by policy actors in the absence of institutional pressures. Using a political sociology approach, the central concern of this paper is to insist on the political discretion of national actors in translation of European requirements. We believe that understanding not only "adaptation to" but also "usage of" the process of European integration is important to understanding the transformation of European member states. By insisting on usage, we aim at analysing both the strategic interaction of rational actors with the European institutions and the more sociological effect of "usage" - as "daily practice" - on the interest and identities of the actors. Y1 - 2003 UR - https://ssrn.com/abstract=485983 N1 - Also translated and published as: “Implementarea conceptului de integrare europeana sau europenizarea din perspectiva sociologica,” Studii de securitate Vol. 2 No. 3, 2004. VL - 7 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Offshore Finance and State Power. By Andrea Binder. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2023. 240p. JF - Perspectives on Politics Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S153759272510159X VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - 1171 EP - 1172 PB - Cambridge University Press (CUP) ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Firm Interests: How Governments Shape Business Lobbying on Global Trade N2 - Firms are central to trade policy-making. Some analysts even suggest that they dictate policy on the basis of their material interests. Cornelia Woll counters these assumptions, arguing that firms do not always know what they want. To be sure, firms lobby hard to attain a desired policy once they have defined their goals. Yet material factors are insufficient to account for these preferences. The ways in which firms are embedded in political settings are much more decisive. Woll demonstrates her case by analyzing the surprising evolution of support from large firms for liberalization in telecommunications and international air transport in the United States and Europe. Within less than a decade, former monopolies with important home markets abandoned their earlier calls for subsidies and protectionism and joined competitive multinationals in the demand for global markets. By comparing the complex evolution of firm preferences across sectors and countries, Woll shows that firms may influence policy outcomes, but policies and politics in turn influence business demands. This is particularly true in the European Union, where the constraints of multilevel decision-making encourage firms to pay lip service to liberalization if they want to maintain good working relations with supranational officials. In the United States, firms adjust their sectoral demands to fit the government's agenda. In both contexts, the interaction between government and firm representatives affects not only the strategy but also the content of business lobbying on global trade. Y1 - 2008 SN - 9780801446092 PB - Cornell University Press ER - TY - EDBOOK A1 - Clift, Ben A1 - Woll, Cornelia ED - Clift, Ben ED - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Economic Patriotism in Open Economies N2 - The recent financial crisis has demonstrated that governments continuously seek to steer their economies rather than leaving them to free markets. Despite the ambitions of international economic cooperation, such interventionism is decidedly local. Some politicians even proudly evoke "economic patriotism" to justify their choices. This volume links such populism to a specific set of tensions the paradox of neo-liberal democracy and argues that the phenomenon is ubiquitous. The mandate of politicians is to defend the economic interests of their constituents under conditions where large parts of economic governance are no longer exclusively within their control. Economic patriotism is one possible reaction to this tension. As old-style industrial policy and interventionism gained a bad reputation, governments had to become creative to assure traditional economic policy objectives with new means. However, economic patriotism is more than just a fashionable word or a fig leaf for protectionism. This volume employs the term to signal two distinctions: the diversity of policy content and the multiplicity of territorial units it can refer to. Comparing economic interventionism across countries and sectors, it becomes clear that economic liberalism will always be accompanied by counter-movements that appeal to territorial images. This book was published as a special issue of the Journal of European Public Policy. Y1 - 2012 SN - 9780415624749 N1 - Reprinted from special issue: “Economic Patriotism: Political Intervention in Open Economies,” Journal of European Public Policy, special issue, Vol. 19, No. 3, 2012 (with Ben Clift). PB - Taylor & Francis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Emiliano, Grossman A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Saving the Banks: The Political Economy of Bailouts JF - Comparative Political Studies N2 - How much leeway did governments have in designing bank bailouts and deciding on the height of intervention during the 2007-2009 financial crisis? By analyzing the variety of bailouts in Europe and North America, we will show that the strategies governments use to cope with the instability of financial markets does not depend on economic conditions alone. Rather, they take root in the institutional and political setting of each country and vary in particular according to the different types of business–government relations banks were able to entertain with public decision makers. Still, “crony capitalism” accounts overstate the role of bank lobbying. With four case studies of the Irish, Danish, British, and French bank bailout, we show that countries with close one-on-one relationships between policy makers and bank management tended to develop unbalanced bailout packages, while countries where banks negotiated collectively developed solutions with a greater burden-sharing from private institutions. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414013488540 VL - 47 IS - 4 SP - 574 EP - 600 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Bank Rescue Schemes in Continental Europe: The Power of Collective Inaction JF - Government and Opposition N2 - Comparing bank rescue schemes in France and Germany during the banking crisis of 2008–9, this article argues that collective inaction is a little-studied aspect in the exercise of power in business–government relations. Contrary to studies that focus on lobbying, structural power or the influence of beliefs, the comparison highlights that governments depend on contributions from the financial industry during crisis management. In the negotiations to design bank support schemes, some countries, such as France, succeeded in engaging their financial sector collectively. Such public–private burden-sharing arrangements alleviate the public budget and increase mutual surveillance between banks during government support. In other countries, such as Germany, a collectively organized industry response failed, which forced the government to design an entirely public support scheme. The German government reacted to this perceived imbalance by imposing tighter banking regulation to avoid a repetition of the impotence it experienced in 2008. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2014.5 VL - 49 IS - 3 SP - 426 EP - 451 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Thatcher, Mark A1 - Woll, Cornelia ED - Fioretos, Orfeo ED - Falleti, Tulia G. ED - Sheingate, Adam T1 - Evolutionary Dynamics in Internal Market Regulation in the European Union T2 - The Oxford Handbook of Historical Institutionalism N2 - The chapter shows how European internal market regulation expanded and was transformed from a limited and often non-binding set of policies to an integrated and wide-ranging framework. Incremental but profound change was possible because critical junctures, in particular judgments by the European Court of Justice, allowed the European Commission and its allies to advance new policy proposals with new default positions. This affected the preferences of major member states, created new coalitions, and also led to the emergence of new actors. Feedback loops reinforced the orientation of previous agreements and created changes that most observers would have qualified as impossible three or four decades earlier. Y1 - 2016 SN - 9780199662814 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662814.013.30 SP - 504 EP - 516 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Politics in the Interest of Capital: A Not-So-Organized Combat JF - Politics & Society N2 - In recent debates about inequality, many have pointed to the predominant position of the finance. This article highlights that structural power, not lobbying resources, are key to explaining variations across countries. It examines finance-government negotiations over national bank rescue schemes during the recent financial crisis. Given the structural power of finance, the variation in bank bailouts across countries cannot be explained by lobbying differences. Instead of observing organized interest intermediation, we can see that disorganization was crucial for the financial industry to get off the hook and let the government carry the burden of stabilizing the economy. Put differently, structural power is strongest when finance remains collectively inactive. In contrast to traditional accounts of the lobbying influence of finance, the comparison highlights that the lack of organization can have crucial redistributive consequences. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329216655318 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - 373 EP - 391 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia ED - King, Desmond ED - Le Galès, Patrick T1 - State Action in Financial Times T2 - Reconfiguring European States in Crisis N2 - The financial crisis revealed the vulnerability of states with financialized economies, but also the extraordinary measures they had recourse to in order to reign in market forces. This chapter argues that this paradox is based on another contradiction: the ambiguity of government–finance relations. While financial institutions are considered to be the culprits of the recent crisis, they were also necessary to support government action and enable a quick recovery. Undoing the ties between banks and states is thus not only a response to conflicts of interests. Uncoupling banks from states through European financial integration also contains risks for future crisis management. Y1 - 2017 SN - 9780198793373 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198793373.003.0010 SP - 201 EP - 214 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - EDBOOK A1 - Jacquot, Sophie A1 - Woll, Cornelia ED - Jacquot, Sophie ED - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Les usages de l’Europe : acteurs et transformations européennes N2 - Comment s'impose l'Europe? Par sa production législative et politique uniquement ou également grâce aux divers usages qui en sont faits? Ce livre s'attache à analyser qui s'implique dans l'intégration européenne, comment et dans quels buts. En mettant en évidence le rôle des acteurs en tant que vecteurs de transformations et en développant la notion d'usages de l'Europe, ce travail collectif entend apporter une perspective supplémentaire à l'agenda des recherches sur l'européanisation et l'impact de l'intégration européenne. Y1 - 2004 SN - 9782747564991 PB - L’Harmattan CY - Paris ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Johnson, Juliet A1 - Mugge, Daniel A1 - Seabrooke, Leonard A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Grabel, Ilene A1 - Gallagher, Kevin P. T1 - The future of international political economy: Introduction to the 20th anniversary issue of RIPE JF - Review of International Political Economy Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2013.835275 VL - 20 IS - 5 SP - 1009 EP - 1023 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - The brash and the soft-spoken: Lobbying styles in a transatlantic comparison JF - Interest Groups & Advocacy N2 - Lobbying on both sides of the Atlantic has experienced a considerable boom in the last 50 years and one could be led to believe that the two industries look increasingly alike. Lobbyists have become highly professionalized and master a multitude of venues and levels of political authority. Direct representation of companies or other stakeholders co-exists with associational representation in both Washington DC and Brussels, even though peak associations play a greater role in Europe. The use of some instruments is different, however, in particular financial contributions and legal tactics, which are central in the United States (US) and much less common in the European Union (EU). What is more, observers of lobbying in the US and the EU have noted the markedly different lobbying styles: frequently aggressive advocacy approach in the US and a more consensus-oriented informational lobbying in the EU. While US groups and lobbyists oftentimes defend their immediate interest by trying to exert pressure on public officials, EU representatives seem to be more soft-spoken in their approach and are said to work in a more constructive manner with bureaucratic and political representatives. After developing a description of what makes up the respective styles, this article discusses cultural and institutional explanations cited in the literature. Rather than seeing lobbying styles as culture traits, it discusses the institutional constraints affecting lobbying behavior. In particular, the passage rate of proposals, the fragmentation of public media, the electoral structure and the transparency of political negotiations create different incentive structures in the US and the EU. However, lobbying styles are more than the cumulative effect of these different elements. They are linked to the nature of the political system, of which the institutional constraints are a reflection. The US, a fully established federal system, relies on majority decision-making. This creates an adversarial culture and ‘winner-takes-all-politics’. The EU, by contrast, functions as a complex inter-governmental system with a high degree of supranational centralization. The resulting tension between integration and inter-state bargaining creates a system that relies on consensus-building. In this context, the access of private actors to supranational institutions depends on their contribution to the creation of problem-solving policy approaches. As long as the EU has to rely on the acceptance of its policy outputs for its legitimacy, we are bound to find many individual mechanisms that will trigger a more soft-spoken lobbying style in the EU. The differences between the US and the EU styles will thus appear as instances of a particular political culture, even though they are based on a range of institutional mechanisms, which are in turn a consequence of the construction of the respective political system. In conclusion, the article discusses the implications of this distinction for understanding change over time. KW - lobbying styles KW - culture KW - opportunity structures KW - EU KW - US Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1057/iga.2012.10 VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - 193 EP - 214 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Schmidt, Vivien A. ED - Schmidt, Vivien A. ED - Thatcher, Mark T1 - The state: The bête noire of neo-liberalism or its greatest conquest? T2 - Resilient Liberalism in Europe's Political Economy N2 - Neo-liberalism has had one central message for the state: scale back, cut back, cut out, transform. This brings to mind Winston Churchill's reply to an opponent who asked, ‘How much is enough?’ to Churchill's repeated push to spend increasingly more on defence in the 1930s. Churchill's rejoinder came in the form of a story about a Brazilian banker with whom he had just had lunch. The banker had received a cable informing him of the death of his mother-in-law and asking for instructions. He cabled back: ‘embalm, cremate, bury at sea; leave nothing to chance’. This take on neo-liberalism – as burying the state – is certainly exaggerated because neo-liberalism comes in many different forms with many different policy applications. Only the recommendations of the most radical strands come close to the Brazilian banker's response to his mother-in-law's death. Yet the story as a metaphor for neo-liberal views of the state nonetheless somehow rings true. This is largely because neo-liberals have been more anti-state in their rhetoric than in their actions. The state has been neo-liberalism’s bête noire, as its main focus of attack, because neo-liberals – whatever their differences – have viewed the state as consistently doing too much in the wrong ways with the worst consequences not only for the markets but also for democracy, by endangering individual freedom through its interventions. As a provider of public goods, the state had to be scaled back to leave room for the market, which would assure more efficiency. However, the state has also been neo-liberalism’s greatest conquest, as its main locus of action, because it has been primarily through the state that neo-liberals have been able to realize their vision(s). Y1 - 2013 SN - 9781139857086 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139857086 SP - 112 EP - 142 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia ED - Mikler, John T1 - Global Companies as Agenda Setters in the World Trade Organization T2 - The Handbook of Global Companies N2 - This chapter examines business lobbying at the WTO. It argues that the role of companies in multilateral trade is tightly linked to the evolution of the trading system, with the most decisive influence during the creation of the WTO institutions. In an initial phase, business lobbying concentrated on tariff barriers. As the GATT expanded its scope during the Uruguay Round, large US companies became very active participants and crucially shaped the agenda, in particular with respect to service trade and intellectual property rights. In other areas, however, active lobbying was less effective, most notably investment protection and textiles. With the establishment of the WTO, lobbying has begun to partially shift to the supranational level. Some relationships exist between the WTO secretariat and companies, but the most important new pillar of political activity relates to dispute settlement. At the same time, the WTO secretariat tries to reach out to a more diverse set of stakeholders. In many ways, the influence of global companies on WTO affairs is much more indirect today than it was during its creation. Y1 - 2013 SN - 9781118326152 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118326152 SP - 257 EP - 271 PB - John Wiley and Sons, Ltd CY - Chichester ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Open skies, closed markets: Future games in the negotiation of international air transport JF - Review of International Political Economy N2 - How can we explain an international agreement that appears to run counter to the declared objectives of one of the key players? This article examines the US–EU Open Skies agreement signed in 2007 and asks why Europeans accepted the agreement after having rejected a comparable version three years earlier. Theoretical approaches that explain time inconsistency in international negotiations tend to focus on reasons why states can be constrained to accept suboptimal solutions. In multi-level bargaining, principal–agent and bureaucratization theories focus on loss of control and constructivists suggest that governments can become trapped in rhetoric. This article shows that paradoxical agreements can be voluntary and explains them by showing the rationale behind multi-games that include ambiguity about the future. In particular, increasing the flexibility of the agreement allowed negotiators to escape present-day constituent pressures by remaining ambiguous and betting on shifting coalitions. KW - International aviation KW - European Union KW - United States KW - multi-level games KW - historical institutionalism Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2011.633484 VL - 19 IS - 5 SP - 918 EP - 941 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Streeck, Wolfgang A1 - Steiner, Philippe A1 - Fourcade, Marion T1 - Moral categories in the financial crisis JF - Socio-Economic Review N2 - Karl Marx observed long ago that all economic struggles invite moral struggles, or masquerade as such. The reverse may be true, too: deep moral–political conflicts may be waged through the manipulation of economic resources and the design of policy devices. Using the recent financial and Eurozone crises as empirical backgrounds, the short papers presented here by Philippe Steiner, Cornelia Woll, Wolfgang Streeck and Marion Fourcade propose four different perspectives on the play of moral judgments in the economy and call for a broader and more systematic scholarly engagement with this issue. Focusing on executive compensation, bank bailouts and the sovereign debt crisis, the discussion forum builds on a roundtable discussion held at the opening of the Max Planck Sciences Po Center on Coping with Instability in Market Societies (MaxPo) in Paris on November 29, 2012. KW - financial crisis KW - ethics KW - inequality KW - moral norms KW - political economy Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwt012 VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - 601 EP - 627 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Jacquot, Sophie T1 - Using Europe: Strategic action in multi-level politics JF - Comparative European Politics N2 - This article examines the importance of action-theoretical considerations in European studies. By outlining the notion of ‘usage’ of the European Union, we argue for a more systematically sociological consideration of strategic action in the study of European transformations. The recent turns towards constructivism and comparative political sociology allow analyzing the rationality of political actors without falling in the trap of overly reductionist rational choice assumptions. Concentrating on intentional action helps to reveal the importance of three aspects of the multi-level polity: (1) informal and non-constraining procedures; (2) the effects of ways in which actors move in between the different levels of the European political system; and (3) the ambiguous and often surprising coalitions that come together despite often considerable disagreement over their final goals. Y1 - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1057/cep.2010.7 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 110 EP - 126 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Grossman, Emiliano T1 - The French debate over the Bolkestein directive JF - Comparative European Politics N2 - Why did the services directive proposed by Internal Market Commissioner Frits Bolkestein lead to such virulent reactions in France? This article examines several potential explanations focusing on political economy, public opinion and the timing of events. While all of these elements contribute to the difficult political context, they are insufficient to explain the importance of the backlash against the directive in France. We therefore focus on party politics and argue that political elites had an interest in exploiting the directive in the context of a leadership crisis within the French socialist party. The case study bears lessons about the domestic potency of European policy issues: they can pose a real challenge to centrist parties, which have insufficiently addressed them in their party platforms. KW - service liberalization KW - France KW - Euroscepticism KW - constitutional treaty KW - EU referendum Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1057/cep.2010.19 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 344 EP - 366 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Lobbying under Pressure: The Effect of Salience on European Union Hedge Fund Regulation JF - Journal of Common Market Studies N2 - The virulent European Union hedge fund debate led many observers to suspect a paradigmatic battle between liberal market economies and countries in favour of tighter regulation. By contrast, this article points to the economic interests that drove government agendas. However, national preferences were not defined by the aggregate of a country's economic interests, but by very specific stakeholders only, despite the existence of opponents with considerable resources. This article argues that the unequal success of financial lobbyists depended on how their demands fitted into the government's overarching negotiation strategy. The primacy of government objectives, in turn, resulted from the high saliency of financial regulation and hedge funds in particular. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2012.02314.x VL - 51 IS - 3 SP - 555 EP - 572 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Clift, Ben T1 - Economic patriotism: reinventing control over open markets JF - Journal of European Public Policy N2 - We analyse how tensions between international market integration and spatially limited political mandates have led to the phenomenon of economic patriotism. As discrimination in favour of insiders, economic patriotism goes beyond economic nationalism and can include territorial allegiances at the supranational or the local level. We show how this prism helps to understand the evolution of political intervention in open economies and present the ambition of this collection. KW - Economic nationalism KW - European market integration KW - industrial policy KW - intervention KW - mercantilism Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2011.638117 VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 307 EP - 323 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia ED - Abdelal, Rawi ED - Blyth, Mark ED - Parsons, Craig T1 - Firm Interests in Uncertain Times: Business Lobbying in Multilateral Service Liberalization T2 - Constructing the International Economy N2 - Abstract : Many observers agree that the multilateral liberalization of service trade was a response to the intense lobbying efforts of financial service companies. In contrast, many of the firms that were affected by the General Agreement on the Trade of Services did not know where their interests lay in the multilateral negotiations and only began to work with their governments very late in the process. This paper shows that the preference evolution of service companies - both the first movers and the late comers - cannot be explained with reference to material rationality only. As a radically new trade issue, service trade was a realm of great uncertainty for business and they relied on social devices rather than pure economic calculations to determine how to position themselves on liberalization. In times of uncertainty, the differential logic of social embeddedness and the institutional constraints of a firm's national setting are therefore a more appropriate indicator for business demands than material incentives arising from the global economy. Y1 - 2010 UR - https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9780801475887/constructing-the-international-economy/#bookTabs=1 SN - 9780801475887 SP - 137 EP - 154 PB - Cornell University Press CY - New York ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Politics in the Interest of Capital. A Not-So-Organized Combat. T2 - MaxPo Discussion Paper N2 - The rise in inequality has been explained with reference to organized groups and the lobbying of the financial sector. This article argues that the image of politics as organized combat is contradicted by empirical evidence on lobbying in the United States, and does not travel well to Europe. The power of finance does not operate through organized political influence. Rather, politics in the interest of capital unfolds as a structural feature of advanced economies over time. Tellingly, at the height of the financial crisis, one of the most promising strategies of institutions seeking government support was not organizing for combat, but collective inaction. Our challenge, then, is to explain how the power of finance has built up and is playing out in creating inequality. A more structural, less agency-focused perspective highlights how the rise of finance has been supported by actors that few would accuse of being finance-friendly, such as the European center-left parties and consumers. Reconceptualizing the power of finance has important implications for political solutions to rising inequality. Y1 - 2015 UR - http://www.maxpo.eu/pub/maxpo_dp/maxpodp15-2.pdf VL - 15 IS - 2 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Alemanno, Alberto A1 - Bradford, Anu A1 - et al., T1 - European Strategic Autonomy in 2020 N2 - When Ursula von der Leyen spoke about a “Geopolitical Commission” when she took office in 2019, the disruption brought about by the year 2020 could not quite be predicted. Faced with the world’s upheavals, caught up in between Sino-American rivalry, it is essential to assess and question the Union’s position in the world and its perspectives for the future. At the heart of this endeavour is a debate on the meaning of European strategic autonomy. As part of the Groupe d’études géopolitiques’ publications, following a major interview with the French President and a long analysis written by the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, we have asked some twenty scholars, observers and experts from multiple horizons, nationalities and fields of expertise to position themselves on a scale from 0 (“the EU has become less strategically autonomous”) to 5 (“the EU has become more strategically autonomous”), explaining their mark with a short text Y1 - 2020 UR - https://geopolitique.eu/en/2020/12/29/european-strategic-autonomy-in-2020/ VL - 10 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Clift, Ben ED - Morgan, Glenn ED - Whitley, Richard T1 - The Revival of Economic Patriotism T2 - Capitalisms and Capitalism in the Twenty-First Century N2 - In the late twentieth century, the rise of neo-liberal economics appeared to some to signal the withdrawal of the nation state from key areas of economic life in the industrialized world. However, this was always an illusion. The recent financial crisis has demonstrated clearly that states remain the actor of last resort when the business system begins to collapse. International efforts at coordination have been dwarfed by the fiscal policies of states to stimulate their economies. These revival efforts reveal the underlying differences which remain between states and how economic policy-making in crisis responds most directly to threats to the national system. This chapter examines these processes and how they can be combined with continued commitment to a neo-liberal global order and efforts at global coordination. Y1 - 2012 SN - 9780199694761 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199694761.001.0001 SP - 70 EP - 89 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Dewey, Matías A1 - Ronconi, Lucas T1 - The Political Economy of Law Enforcement T2 - MaxPo Discussion Paper N2 - The legal order is the legitimate foundation of liberal democracy. Its incomplete enforcement of the law can therefore appear dysfunctional, reflecting weak institutions, state capture, and corrupt practices. This paper casts doubt on such categorical assessments by systematically examining the reasons for and intentions behind incomplete enforcement. It argues that law enforcement is part of the political process that is deeply affected by the constellation of actors concerned. Choices over law enforcement produce social order that is analytically distinct from the production of legal norms and their formal implementation. By analyzing different types of partial enforcement, its rationales, and intended effects, we propose an approach that studies law enforcement as an integral part of public policy analysis and of the study of socioeconomic orders. Y1 - 2021 UR - http://www.maxpo.eu/pub/maxpo_dp/maxpodp21-1.pdf VL - 21 IS - 1 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Woll, Cornelia ED - Andersson, Jenny ED - Godechat, Olivier T1 - On the Role of Social Sciences: What Crisis Are We Facing? T2 - Destabilizing Orders – Understanding the Consequences of Neoliberalism. Proceedings of the MaxPo Fifth-Anniversary Conference. Paris, January 12–13, 2018. MaxPo Discussion Paper. Y1 - 2018 UR - https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_2591613_7/component/file_2598933/content VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 105 EP - 107 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Who scripts European trade policy? Business–government relations in the EU-Canada partnership negotiations T2 - Europe, Canada and the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement Y1 - 2011 UR - https://www.routledge.com/Europe-Canada-and-the-Comprehensive-Economic-and-Trade-Agreement/Hubner/p/book/9781138215269 SN - 9781138215269 SP - 41 EP - 58 PB - Routledge CY - London ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia ED - Mayntz, Renate T1 - The Defense of Economic Interests in the European Union: The Case of Hedge Fund Regulation T2 - Crisis and Control: Institutional Change in Financial Market Regulation Y1 - 2012 UR - https://www.mpifg.de/pu/books_wz/2012/wz_rm_2012-2 SN - 978-3-593-39505-0 SP - 197 EP - 212 PB - Campus Verlag CY - Frankfurt a.M. ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia ED - Dür, Andreas ED - Zimmermann, Hubert T1 - EU Foreign Economic Policies: autonomy of EU institutions T2 - Key Controversies in European Integration Y1 - 2012 SN - 9781137006141 SP - 184 EP - 189 PB - Palgrave CY - London ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Beyond Ideological Battles: A Strategic Analysis of Hedge Fund Regulation in Europe T2 - Les Cahiers européens de Sciences Po N2 - The highly politicized debate about the recent Alternative Investment Fund Manager (AIFM) Directive of the European Union led many observers to suspect an ideological battle between countries seeking to impose transnational regulation on financial service industries such as hedge funds and liberal market economies insisting on the benefits of market discipline in order to protect their financial centers. The battle that appeared to particularly pit France against the United Kingdom can thus be interpreted as an example of a regulatory paradigm shift in the aftermath of the crisis. This article cautions against such an ideas-centered account of financial regulation and points to the economic interests that drove the French and German agendas. However, contrary to the assumptions of traditional political economy approaches, national preferences were not simply defined by the aggregate of a country’s economic interests. Rather, industry success in shaping government positions on alternative investment regulation crucially depended on how a given industry fit into the government’s overarching geo-political agenda. By highlighting this feedback loop between government strategy and industry lobbying, the paper proposes a strategic analysis of financial regulation, as opposed to accounts that consider positions to be pre-determined by ideas or socioeconomic structures. N2 - La polémique autour de la directive européenne sur les fonds d’investissement alternatif (AIFM) est souvent citée comme exemple d’une bataille idéologique. D’un côté, on trouve les pays membre qui insistent sur une réglementation accrue des marchés financiers, en particulier la France, de l’autre côté, ceux qui souhaitent préserver le marché libre, notamment le Royaume Uni. Nous montrons les limites des récits qui s’intéressent uniquement aux paradigmes de la réglementation financière après la crise et insistons sur les intérêts économiques derrière les différentes positions. En revanche, les positions nationales ne doivent pas être comprises comme simple agrégat des positions de l’industrie financière d’un pays. Le succès de leur lobbying dépend en très grande partie de la compatibilité des demandes particulières avec la stratégie géopolitique du gouvernement. L’objectif de l’article est ainsi de tracer les boucles de rétroaction entre les stratégies des gouvernements et le lobbying de l’industrie financière d’un pays, afin de proposer une analyse stratégique de la négociation intergouvernementale. Y1 - 2011 UR - https://spire.sciencespo.fr/hdl:/2441/eu4vqp9ompqllr09hae2n8o0n/resources/beyond-ideological-battles-a-strategic-analysis-of-hedge-fund-regulation-in-europe1.pdf VL - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Jacquot, Sophie T1 - Action publique Européenne : les acteurs stratégiques face a l'Europe T1 - A Sociological Perspective on Strategic Action in European Integration JF - Politique européenne N2 - Cet article s'intéresse à l'influence de la sociologie dans l'analyse de l'action publique européenne. Nous revenons notamment sur la notion "d'usage" que nous avons développée auparavant et plaidons pour une prise en compte plus systématique de l'action stratégique dans l'analyse des transformations européennes. Nous analysons les évolutions récentes des études européennes vers une prise en compte plus systématique de l'imbrication sociale des acteurs, ce qui permet d'étudier leur rationalité sans tomber dans certains pièges des approches du choix rationnel trop réductrices. L'analyse de l'action intentionnée permet de mettre en lumière trois dimensions spécifiques des transformations européennes : (1) les processus non contraignants et informels, (2) les effets de la circulation des acteurs entre les différents niveaux du système européen, et (3) l’importance des coalitions ambiguës et parfois inattendues qui se forment, souvent malgré des divergences profondes sur les objectifs à atteindre. N2 - Many have noted that European integration theory has moved beyond the theoretical divide between inter-governmentalists and neo-functionalists that marked the 1990s. While some authors simply abandoned theoretical frameworks to concentrate on empirical puzzles, others adopted positions stemming from international relations theory or comparative political science. The most important paradigmatic divide in European Union studies now seems to be between rationalists and constructivists, or rational choice institutionalists and more sociological perspectives on the study of European integration that focus on the role of ideas and representation in the evolution of institutional settings. This paper surveys recent studies that have adopted the latter perspective while at the same time concentrating on the strategic decision making of intentional actors at the center of rational choice approaches. By studying the contributions of such a middle-ground perspective to the study of Europeanization in particular, we argue against a dichotomy between rational and constructivist approaches and highlight the centrality of fluid coalition patterns and power relationships in the study of the European Union. Y1 - 2008 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3917/poeu.025.0161 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 161 EP - 192 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Grossman, Emiliano T1 - Saving the Banks: The Political Economy of Bailouts T2 - Open Forum CES Paper Series N2 - How much leeway did governments have in designing bank bailouts and deciding on the height of intervention during the 2007-2009 financial crisis? This paper analyzes comparatively what explains government responses to banking crises. Why does the type of intervention during financial crises vary to such a great extent across countries? By analyzing the variety of bailouts in Europe and North America, we will show that the strategies governments use to cope with the instability of financial markets does not depend on economic conditions alone. Rather, they take root in the institutional and political setting of each country and vary in particular according to the different types of business-government relations banks were able to entertain with public decision-makers. Still, “crony capitalism” accounts overstate the role of bank lobbying. With four case studies of the Irish, Danish, British and French bank bailout, we show that countries with close one-on-one relationships between policy-makers and bank management tended to develop unbalanced bailout packages, while countries where banks have strong interbank ties and collective negotiation capacity were able to develop solutions with a greater burden sharing from private institutions. Y1 - 2012 UR - https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_1477827_2/component/file_1477825/content VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Leading the Dance? Power and Political Resources of Business Lobbyists JF - Journal of Public Policy N2 - Studies of lobbying try to determine the influence and power of non-governmental actors on public policy. Although influence is very difficult to measure empirically, many continue to push for better research design to solve the problem. Through case studies of business-government relations in the United States and the European Union, this article argues that the difficulties with power and influence concern not only their operationalisation, but they also reflect conceptual confusions. Trying to determine the ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ of a policy issue can be misleading, since power also structures apparently harmonious exchange relationships. The perceived success of business lobbying in the cases studied depended on the governments' receptiveness to their demands, which in turn depended on strategic advantages they saw for themselves in international negotiations. Even when business appears to lead the dance, it is more promising to look at resource distribution and the interdependence of both sides, instead of assuming the domination of business power over policy outcomes. Y1 - 2007 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X07000633 VL - 27 IS - 1 SP - 57 EP - 78 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - From National Champions to Global Players? Lobbying by Network Operators During the WTO's Basic Telecommunication Negotiations JF - Business & Society N2 - Observers generally assume that firms which engage in lobbying know what they want. Business—government relations and especially the corporate political activities of network operators during the basic telecommunication negotiations of the World Trade Organization present a slightly different picture. European monopoly providers benefited from the old international regime and initially ignored trade discussions in their sector. In the course of negotiations, however, they became part of a three-level game, which obliged them to consider national, European, and multilateral objectives simultaneously. In the course of these complex negotiations, their preferences evolved. Because governments advanced independently on the liberalization project, companies adapted their policy stances from reluctance to support for the negotiations. This article thus cautions against treatments of lobbying that consider preferences as exogenously given. KW - lobbying KW - public services KW - telecommunications KW - World Trade Organization KW - European Union Y1 - 2007 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650307301384 VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - 229 EP - 252 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Fourcade, Marion A1 - Steiner, Philippe A1 - Streeck, Wolfgang T1 - Moral Categories in the Financial Crisis T2 - MaxPo Discussion Paper N2 - Karl Marx observed long ago that all economic struggles invite moral struggles, or masquerade as such. The reverse may be true as well: deep moral-political conflicts may be waged through the manipulation of economic resources. Using the recent financial and Eurozone crises as empirical backgrounds, the four papers gathered here propose four different perspectives on the play of moral judgments in the economy, and call for broader and more systematic scholarly engagement with this issue. Focusing on executive compensation, bank bailouts, and the sovereign debt crisis, the symposium builds on a roundtable discussion held at the opening of the Max Planck Sciences Po Center on Coping with Instability in Market Societies (MaxPo) in Paris on November 29, 2012. Y1 - 2013 UR - https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_1854550_1/component/file_1854548/content VL - 13 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Artigas, Alvaro T1 - When trade liberalization turns into regulatory reform: The impact on business–government relations in international trade politics JF - Regulation & Governance N2 - Business–government relations on trade issues are generally characterized as protectionist lobbying or – less often – lobbying for the liberalization of markets. However, with the evolution of the trading system, negotiations today concern not just market opening, but also the regulatory frameworks that structure international trade. This transformation has important consequences for the ways in which private interests can contribute to trade negotiations. Instead of simply trying to exert pressure, businesses and other private actors now form working relationships with governments based on expertise, learning, and information exchange. This article illustrates these new forms of public–private interactions with examples from the USA, the European Union, and Brazil. KW - Brazil KW - European Union KW - lobbying KW - trade KW - United States Y1 - 2007 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5991.2007.00010.x VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - 121 EP - 138 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - National business associations under stress: Lessons from the French case JF - West European Politics N2 - Since its reform in 1998, the national association of French employers and industry, MEDEF, appears to be an example of strong interest organisation. Unlike trade unions, the peak business organisation has been stable and unified, especially in terms of membership density. Through a study of the collective action of businesses in France, this article sheds doubt on such an impression and argues that the national business association has been put severely under stress in recent years. Like all encompassing associations, MEDEF comprises a great variety of interests and constantly has to manage its internal heterogeneity. An analysis of the historical and institutional context of its recent reform demonstrates that MEDEF's forceful media campaign should not be understood as a display of actual strength and coherence; rather it is the last resort of collective action that the association can claim legitimately as its responsibility. Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380600619819 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 489 EP - 512 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Lobbying in the European Union: From sui generis to a comparative perspective JF - Journal of European Public Policy N2 - This article reviews the literature on lobbying in the European Union. After initial surveys of the landscape of non-governmental actor participation, theoretical investigations have focused on the modes of network governance and later on the phenomenon of Europeanization. Yet studies have increasingly moved away from considering EU lobbying as a sui generis phenomenon. Normalizing the study of interest group participation in the EU and understanding the opportunities and constraints that are characteristic for it has led more and more scholars to adopt a comparative perspective. The most interesting parallels exist between Washington and Brussels, but unfortunately there have been very few attempts to explore the connection between the American literature on lobbying and EU studies. This article makes a first step towards such a comparison and points to concepts common in comparative politics that could provide considerable insight into the study of EU lobbying. Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760600560623 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - 456 EP - 469 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Balme, Richard T1 - Europe and the Transformation of French Policy-Making: a Cross-Sectoral Approach JF - Zeitschrift für Staats- und Europawissenschaften N2 - This article sheds light on the “Europeanisation” of French policy-making – defined as the national adjustment to European integration – and asks whether different policy domains experience the same kind of pressure to adjust. Four sectors representing different policy types are examined: monetary and budgetary policies, public services, agricultural policy and equal employment. This cross-sectional approach reveals different degrees of change and patterns of adaptation, whilst in no case the EU fully supplanted national decision-making. The authors’ conclusion suggests that regulative and redistributive policies are less conflicting with European integration than distributive policies at the core of the French welfare state, but that the latter are also strongly resilient and resistant to radical changes. Patterns of policy changes are highly complex and diversified, and their “path-dependency” is rooted in the political feasibility of public policy at the domestic level. N2 - Der Beitrag analysiert die „Europäisierung“ zentraler Politikbereiche in Frankreich, wobei vier Felder im Zentrum stehen: die Geld- und Haushaltspolitik, öffentliche Dienstleistungen, die Agrarpolitik sowie arbeitsrechtliche Gleichstellungspolitiken. In der vergleichenden Untersuchung wird deutlich, dass sowohl die Reichweite des Wandels als auch die Muster der Anpassung unterschiedlich ausgeprägt sind; in keinem Fall finden sich Entscheidungsprozesse vollständig „europäisiert“. Regulative und redistributive Politiken erscheinen in Bezug auf die europäische Integration weniger problematisch als der distributive Kern des französischen Wohlfahrtsstaates, letzterer ist aber grundlegenden Veränderungen gegenüber sehr viel widerstandsfähiger. Europäisierung ist also nicht gleichbedeutend mit einer alleinigen Ausrichtung der Politik an regulativen Leitbildern. Der Wandel verläuft vielmehr nach äußerst komplexen Mustern und ist mit Blick auf die unterschiedliche nationale Umsetzbarkeit in hohem Maße „pfadabhängig“. Y1 - 2005 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/zfse.2005.3.3.388 N1 - Also translated and published as: "从议程设置到弹性:适应欧洲的法国政策决策 [From Agenda-Setting to Resilience: French Policy-Making Adaptation to Europe]”, China Public Administration Review, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2009 pp.50-64. VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - 388 EP - 409 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - La réforme du Medef : chronique des difficultés de l'action collective patronale JF - Revue française de science politique N2 - Depuis sa réforme en 1998, le Mouvement des entreprises de France (Medef) apparaît comme une association puissante et unifiée. En étudiant l’action collective patronale en France, cet article met en doute cette impression. Contrairement aux apparences, l’organisation centrale du patronat français se trouve face à des défis comparables à la désyndicalisation des salariés. En tant que fédération, le Medef est constitué d’une multitude d’intérêts divers et doit gérer cette hétérogénéité interne avant de pouvoir agir politiquement. L’analyse du contexte historique et institutionnel de sa réforme récente montre que la nouvelle stratégie de communication politique du Medef n’atteste pas de la puissance ou de la cohérence de l’organisation ; elle est plutôt le dernier domaine d’action publique que l’association peut assumer pleinement sans perdre sa légitimité aux yeux de ses membres. N2 - Since its reform in 1998, the national association of French employers and industry, Medef, seems to be an example of strong interest organisation. Through a study of the collective action of businesses in France, this article sheds doubt on such an impression and argues that the business association has also been put severely under stress. Like all encompassing associations, Medef comprises a great variety of interests and constantly has to manage its internal heterogeneity. An analysis of the historical and institutional context of its recent reform demonstrates that Medefâ??s forceful media campaign should not be understood as a display of actual strength and coherence ; rather it is the last resort of collective action that the association can claim legitimately as their responsibility. Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3917/rfsp.562.0255 VL - 56 IS - 2 SP - 255 EP - 279 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia ED - Coen, David ED - Richardson, Jeremy T1 - Trade Policy Lobbying in the European Union: Who Captures Whom? T2 - Lobbying the European Union: Institutions, Actors, and Issues N2 - What role do firms play in the making of EU trade policy? This chapter surveys the policy domain and lays out the instruments firms can employ to influence decisions on trade. It underlines that European trade policy is characterized by a high degree of institutional complexity, which firms have to manage in order to be successful. In particular, the European Commission works intensively to solicit business input in order to gain bargaining leverage vis-à-vis third countries and the EU member states. This reverse lobbying creates a two-channel logic of trade policy lobbying in the EU. Corporate actors have a very good chance of working closely with the European Commission if they can propose pan-European trade policy solutions. This can be either trade liberalization or EU-wide regulatory restrictions on trade. Demands for traditional protectionist measures, especially those that reveal national interest divergences, are difficult to defend at the supranational level. Protectionist lobbying therefore goes through the national route, with corporate actors working to block liberalization by affecting the consensus in the Council of Ministers. The chapter illustrates this two-channel logic by studying business–government interactions in agricultural trade, textiles and clothing, financial services, and telecommunication services. Y1 - 2009 UR - https://global.oup.com/academic/product/lobbying-the-european-union-9780199207350?cc=de&lang=en& SN - 978-0-19-920735-0 SP - 277 EP - 297 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia ED - Dehousse, Renaud T1 - La politique de concurrence T2 - Politiques européennes N2 - POLITIQUES EUROPEENNES offre une vue d'ensemble du système institutionnel, des acteurs, du jeu politique et des modes d'action de l’Union, à la fois dans les domaines où son intervention est ancienne et dans ceux où son influence est plus récente. Agriculture, monnaie, concurrence, mais aussi commerce, enseignement supérieur, social, environnement ou même politique étrangère : l’influence de l’Europe se fait sentir dans un grand nombre de domaines, et pourtant son action reste largement méconnue. Fruit d’une coopération entre politistes, juristes, économistes et sociologues, tous enseignants à Sciences Po, ce manuel sans équivalent en langue française donne les clés pour mettre en perspective les dynamiques de la construction européenne depuis ses origines et pour comprendre les défis auxquels elle fait face aujourd’hui. Conçu comme un support pour des enseignements d’introduction à l’intégration européenne, il propose un panorama clair et synthétique des politiques européennes et de leur développement. Enrichi de nombreux encadrés, zooms, documents et références bibliographiques, il s’adresse aux étudiants, chercheurs et enseignants des premiers et deuxièmes cycles en science politique, droit, économie, administration publique et administration économique et sociale. Y1 - 2009 SN - 978-2-7246-1132-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3917/scpo.dehou.2009.03.0171 SP - 171 EP - 188 PB - Presses de Sciences Po CY - Paris ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - The road to external representation: the European Commission's activism in international air transport JF - Journal of European Public Policy N2 - This article argues that the role the Commission plays in European foreign policies goes beyond the execution of the competences delegated by the member states. The Commission is not just the external negotiator of the EU, it can also use its powers as the guardian of the Treaties to expand its foreign policy competences. The case study of international air transport illustrates how the Commission was able to obtain an external negotiation mandate in June 2003 to which member states were originally opposed. The analysis draws particular attention to the Commission's reliance on the European Court of Justice and to a cognitive strategy centred on the United States. By means of these two tools, the Commission was able to affect the default condition of member state preferences and reorient the focal point of intergovernmental negotiations. KW - European Commission KW - European foreign policies KW - external negotiation mandate KW - international air transport KW - open aviation area Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760500380734 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 52 EP - 69 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Vers des compétences externes : l'activisme de la commission européenne en matière d'aviation internationale JF - Politique européenne N2 - Pour analyser le rôle joué par la Commission dans les politiques étrangères européennes, nous montrons comment la Commission peut élargir ses compétences en utilisant ses droits en tant que gardienne des traités. L’étude de cas de la politique européenne en matière d’aviation internationale illustre comment la Commission a pu obtenir un mandat de négociation externe que les Etats membres lui avaient auparavant refusé. Pour cela la Commission s’est appuyée sur des recours juridictionnels et a employé une stratégie cognitive qui inscrit la question de l’aviation civile dans la concurrence avec les Etats-Unis. Par ces deux moyens, la Commission a su changer les préférences des Etats membres et réorienter le point focal des négociations intergouvernementales. Y1 - 2005 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3917/poeu.017.0137 VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - 137 EP - 158 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia ED - Mazour, Amy ED - Appleton, Andrew ED - Brouard, Sylvain T1 - The Demise of Statism? Associations and the Transformation of Interest Intermediation in France T2 - The French Fifth Republic at Fifty. Beyond Stereotypes. Y1 - 2009 UR - https://link.springer.com/book/9780230221246 SN - 9780230221246 SP - 226 EP - 244 PB - Palgrave Macmillan CY - London ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia ED - Jaffrelot, Christophe T1 - Les stratégies des pays émergents au sein de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce T2 - L'enjeu mondial. Les pays émergents. Y1 - 2008 SN - 9782724610871 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3917/scpo.jaffr.2008.01.0273 N1 - Also translated and published as: “Strategies of the Emerging Countries in the World Trade Organization,” in Christophe Jaffrelot (ed.) Emerging States: The Wellspring of a New World Order, Paris: Presses de Sciences Po. ISBN: 9782724686982. SP - 273 EP - 286 PB - Presses de Sciences Po CY - Paris ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Saurugger, Sabine ED - Belot, Céline ED - Magnette, Paul ED - Saurugger, Sabine T1 - Les groupes d’intérêt: l’action collective en Europe T2 - Science politique de l'Union européenne Y1 - 2008 SN - 9782717855708 SP - 223 EP - 248 PB - Economica CY - Paris ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Woll, Cornelia T1 - Trade Policy Lobbying in the European Union: Who Captures Whom? T2 - MPIfG Working Paper N2 - What role do firms play in the making of EU trade policy? This article surveys the policy domain and lays out the instruments firms can employ to influence decisions on trade. It underlines that European trade policy is characterized by a high degree of institutional complexity, which firms have to manage in order to be successful. In particular, the European Commission works intensively to solicit business input in order to gain bargaining leverage vis-à-vis third countries and the EU member states. This reverse lobbying creates a two-channel logic of trade policy lobbying in the EU. Corporate actors have a very good chance of working closely with the European Commission if they can propose pan-European trade policy solutions. This can be either trade liberalization or EU-wide regulatory restrictions on trade. Demands for traditional protectionist measures, especially those that reveal national interest divergences, are difficult to defend at the supranational level. Protectionist lobbying therefore goes through the national route, with corporate actors working to block liberalization by affecting the consensus in the Council of Ministers. The chapter illustrates this two-channel logic by studying business-government interactions in agricultural trade, textiles and clothing, financial services, and telecommunication services. N2 - Welchen Einfluss haben Unternehmen auf die europäische Handelspolitik? Durch einen Überblick des Politikfelds analysiert der Artikel Instrumente, mit denen Unternehmen in der EU Lobbyismus betreiben können. Vielen Firmen werden allerdings nicht von sich aus aktiv. Im Gegenteil, die Europäische Kommission bemüht sich aktiv um die Zusammenarbeit der Unternehmen, da sie dadurch ihre Verhandlungsposition vis-à-vis Mitgliedsstaaten und Drittstaaten stärken kann. Dieses umgekehrte Lobbying hat Folgen für die Inhalte der Unternehmensforderungen im Bereich Handelspolitik. Wirtschaftliche Akteure können ein gutes Arbeitsverhältnis mit der Europäischen Kommission aufbauen, wenn sie gesamteuropäische Konzepte verfolgen, sei es Handelsliberalisierung oder EU-weite Regulierung. Nationaler Protektionismus kann europäische Entscheidungsfindung blockieren, so dass merkantilistische Anfragen an die nationalen Regierungen gerichtet werden müssen, die diese dann durch den Rat der Minister voranbringen können. Der Artikel illustriert diese zweigleisige Lobbyingstrategien in der Landwirtschaft, dem Textilhandel, dem Finanzdienstleistungssektor und der Telekommunikation. Y1 - 2006 UR - https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_1233576_8/component/file_3315734/content VL - 06 IS - 7 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Balme, Richard ED - Lequesne, Christian ED - Bulmer, Simon T1 - France: Between Integration and National Sovereignty T2 - The Member States of the European Union N2 - This book is the most comprehensive study of the European member states available. It covers the principal member states in separate chapters, as well as bringing together the smaller member states in comparative groupings, and also includes a chapter on the new member states. The country chapters look at the wider political issues associated with integration and not just policy machinery. In order to help readers understand the interaction of the member states, there are sections which cover analytical and empirical themes such as EU member relations and the European economy. Y1 - 2005 SN - 978-0199252817 SP - 97 EP - 118 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia ED - Genieys, William ED - Smyrl, Marc T1 - Service Trade Liberalization and Corporate Lobbying in the US and the EU T2 - Elites, Ideas, and the Evolution of Public Policy Y1 - 2008 UR - https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230612990#toc SN - 9780230605947 SP - 54 EP - 66 PB - Palgrave Macmillan CY - London ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Sanchez Salgado, Rosa ED - Palier, Bruno ED - Surel, Yves T1 - L'européanisation et les acteurs non étatiques T2 - L'Europe en action. L'européanisation dans une perspective comparée. Y1 - 2007 SN - 9782296024113 SP - 145 EP - 191 PB - L'Harmattan CY - Paris ER -