TY - GEN A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus A1 - Traxler, Christian A1 - Karch, Heribert ED - Hurrelmann, Klaus ED - Traxler, Christian ED - Karch, Heribert T1 - Jugend, Vorsorge, Finanzen: Zwischen Eigenverantwortung und Regulierung – Lösungsansätze in Deutschland und Europa N2 - Die Studie gibt Aufschluss darüber, wie Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene über das Geld von heute und die Rente von morgen denken. Sie macht eindringlich klar: Die nachhaltige Alterssicherung ist in Gefahr – und zwar nicht nur in Deutschland. Wer heute in das Berufsleben eintritt, soll sich vom ersten Tag an um seine Alterssicherung kümmern. Wer das nicht tut, ist später von Altersarmut bedroht. Wohl noch nie stand eine junge Generation so stark im Spannungsfeld von eigener Verantwortung und staatlicher Regulierung. Die Studie gibt Aufschluss darüber, welche Einstellungen Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene zu Vorsorge und Finanzthemen haben. Ergänzt wird sie durch Beiträge europäischer Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler. Sie analysieren die Lösungsansätze in verschiedenen Ländern und machen eindringlich klar: Nicht nur in Deutschland ist die nachhaltige Alterssicherung in Gefahr. KW - Soziologie KW - Rente KW - Jugend Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-3-7799-3369-4 PB - Beltz Juventa CY - Weinheim ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus A1 - Karch, Heribert A1 - Traxler, Christian ED - Hurrelmann, Klaus ED - Karch, Heribert ED - Traxler, Christian T1 - Die Generation Y und die Altersvorsorge. Ein Überblick über den Stand der Forschung T2 - Jugend, Vorsorge, Finanzen! Zwischen Eigenverantwortung und Regulierung – Lösungsansätze in Deutschland und Europa N2 - Die Studie gibt Aufschluss darüber, wie Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene über das Geld von heute und die Rente von morgen denken. Sie macht eindringlich klar: Die nachhaltige Alterssicherung ist in Gefahr – und zwar nicht nur in Deutschland. Wer heute in das Berufsleben eintritt, soll sich vom ersten Tag an um seine Alterssicherung kümmern. Wer das nicht tut, ist später von Altersarmut bedroht. Wohl noch nie stand eine junge Generation so stark im Spannungsfeld von eigener Verantwortung und staatlicher Regulierung. Die Studie gibt Aufschluss darüber, welche Einstellungen Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene zu Vorsorge und Finanzthemen haben. Ergänzt wird sie durch Beiträge europäischer Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler. Sie analysieren die Lösungsansätze in verschiedenen Ländern und machen eindringlich klar: Nicht nur in Deutschland ist die nachhaltige Alterssicherung in Gefahr. KW - Soziologie KW - Rente KW - Jugend Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-3-7799-3369-4 SP - 14 EP - 28 PB - Beltz Juventa CY - Weinheim ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus A1 - Karch, Heribert A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Jugend, Vorsorge Finanzen. Zwischen Eigenverantwortung und Regulierung Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-3-7799-3369-4 PB - Beltz Juventa CY - Weinheim ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus A1 - Traxler, Christian ED - Hurrelmann, Klaus ED - Karch, Heribert ED - Traxler, Christian T1 - Eigeninitiative oder sanfter Paternalismus? Die Rolle von Nudging für die Altersvorsorge T2 - Jugend, Vorsorge Finanzen. Zwischen Eigenverantwortung und Regulierung – Lösungsansätze in Deutschland und Europa N2 - Die Studie gibt Aufschluss darüber, wie Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene über das Geld von heute und die Rente von morgen denken. Sie macht eindringlich klar: Die nachhaltige Alterssicherung ist in Gefahr – und zwar nicht nur in Deutschland. Wer heute in das Berufsleben eintritt, soll sich vom ersten Tag an um seine Alterssicherung kümmern. Wer das nicht tut, ist später von Altersarmut bedroht. Wohl noch nie stand eine junge Generation so stark im Spannungsfeld von eigener Verantwortung und staatlicher Regulierung. Die Studie gibt Aufschluss darüber, welche Einstellungen Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene zu Vorsorge und Finanzthemen haben. Ergänzt wird sie durch Beiträge europäischer Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler. Sie analysieren die Lösungsansätze in verschiedenen Ländern und machen eindringlich klar: Nicht nur in Deutschland ist die nachhaltige Alterssicherung in Gefahr. KW - Soziologie KW - Rente KW - Jugend Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-23325 SN - 978-3-7799-3369-4 SP - 77 EP - 87 PB - Beltz Juventa CY - Weinheim ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Die Generation Y und die Altersvorsorge. Ein Überblick über den Stand der Forschung T2 - Jugend, Vorsorge Finanzen. Zwischen Eigenverantwortung und Regulierung Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-3-7799-3369-4 SP - 14 EP - 25 PB - Beltz Juventa CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engel, Christoph A1 - Goerg, Sebastian A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Intensified support for juvenile offenders on probation: Evidence from Germany JF - Journal of Empirical Legal Studies N2 - This paper studies a probation program in Cologne, Germany. The program, which has a clear rehabilitative focus, offers intensified personal support to serious juvenile offenders over the first 6 months of their probation period. To evaluate the program's impact on recidivism, we draw on two research designs. Firstly, a small-scale randomized trial assigns offenders to probation with regular or intensified support. Secondly, a regression discontinuity design exploits a cutoff that defines program eligibility. The results suggest that the program reduces recidivism. The effect seems persistent over at least 3 years. Our evidence further indicates that the drop in recidivism is strongest among less severe offenders. KW - youth crime KW - recidivism KW - probation KW - randomized control trial KW - regression discontinuity design Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jels.12311 VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 447 EP - 490 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Traxler, Christian A1 - Altmann, Steffen A1 - Weinschenk, Philip T1 - Deadlines and Memory Limitations N2 - This paper studies the behavioral consequences of deadlines. In cooperation with a dental clinic, we conduct two natural field experiments that exogenously vary deadlines and associated rewards for arranging check-up appointments. Our data show strong and systematic effects of deadlines on patients’ behavior. Imposing relatively tight deadlines induces patients to act earlier and at a persistently higher frequency than without a deadline. Several of our findings suggest that individuals’ responses to deadlines are shaped by limitations in memory and attention. KW - Deadlines KW - Memory limitations KW - limited attention KW - field experiment Y1 - 2020 UR - https://hertieschool-f4e6.kxcdn.com/fileadmin/5_WhoWeAre/1_People_directory/Faculty_downloads/Traxler/Publications/ATW_Deadlines.pdf N1 - Also published here: Steffen Altmann, Christian Traxler, Philipp Weinschenk (2021) Deadlines and Memory Limitations, in: Management Science. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.4227 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Traxler, Christian A1 - Linek, Maximilian T1 - Framing and Social Information Nudges at Wikipedia N2 - We analyze a series of trials that randomly assignedWikipedia users in Germany to different web banners soliciting donations. The trials varied content or framing of social information about how many other users are donating. Framing of a given number of donors in a negative way increased donation rates. Variation in social information had no detectable effects. The findings are consistent with the results from a survey experiment. In line with donations being strategic substitutes, the survey documents that the negative framing lowers beliefs about others’ donations. In contrast, the provided social information is ineffective in changing average beliefs. The ineffectiveness seems to be due to the limited salience rather than the limited credibility of the social information. KW - Donations KW - social information KW - framing KW - Wikipedia KW - beliefs Y1 - 2021 UR - https://hertieschool-f4e6.kxcdn.com/fileadmin/5_WhoWeAre/1_People_directory/Faculty_downloads/Traxler/Publications/LinekTraxler_Wikipedia_2021-05-21-web.pdf ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dušek, Libor A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Learning from Law Enforcement JF - Journal of the European Economic Association N2 - This paper studies how punishment affects future compliance behavior and isolates deterrence effects mediated by learning. Using administrative data from speed cameras that capture the full driving histories of more than a million cars over several years, we evaluate responses to punishment at the extensive (receiving a speeding ticket) and intensive margins (tickets with higher fines). Two complementary empirical strategies—a regression discontinuity design and an event study—coherently document strong responses to receiving a ticket: The speeding rate drops by a third and re-offense rates fall by 70%. Higher fines produce a small but imprecisely estimated additional effect. All responses occur immediately and are persistent over time, with no backsliding toward speeding even two years after receiving a ticket. Our evidence rejects unlearning and temporary salience effects. Instead, it supports a learning model in which agents update their priors on the expected punishment in a coarse manner. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://academic.oup.com/jeea/article/20/2/739/6366238 U6 - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvab037 SN - 1542-4766 VL - 2 SP - 739 EP - 777 ET - 20 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bauernschuster, Stefan A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Tempolimit 130 auf Autobahnen: Eine evidenzbasierte Diskussion der Auswirkunge JF - Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik N2 - Welche Effekte würde ein allgemeines Tempolimit auf deutschen Autobahnen mit sich bringen? Stefan Bauernschuster und Christian Traxler versuchen, sich dieser oft emotional diskutierten Frage empirisch zu nähern. Die Autoren stoßen dabei rasch an Grenzen: Die Datenlage ist dürftig und kausale Evidenz ist rar. Gleichwohl skizzieren sie in ihrem Beitrag auf Basis der vorhandenen Daten und der internationalen Literatur eine Einschätzung, wie sich die Einführung eines Tempolimits 130 unter anderem auf Verkehrssicherheit, Emissionen und Zeitverluste auswirkt. Vieles spricht dafür, dass der Nutzen eines Tempolimits die möglichen Kosten übersteigt. Die Autoren rufen zu einer Stärkung der evidenzbasierten Verkehrspolitik auf. KW - Tempolimit KW - Verkehr Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/pwp-2021-0023 VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - 86 EP - 102 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Traxler, Christian A1 - Dušek, Libor A1 - Pardo, Nicolas T1 - Salience and Timely Compliance: Evidence from Speeding Tickets JF - Journal of Policy Analysis and Management N2 - This paper studies the enforcement of fines, and, in particular, the effects of simplification and salience nudges on timely payments. In a randomized controlled trial, we add cover letters to 80,000 payment notifications for speeding. The letters increase the salience of the payment deadline, the late penalty, or both. Emphasizing only the deadline is not effective. Stressing the late penalty significantly and persistently increases payment rates. The effect is largest if both parameters are made salient. The most effective treatment yields a net revenue gain that covers approximately 25 percent of the labor costs of the ticket administration personnel. A survey experiment documents how the salience nudges alter prior (mis)perceptions about the communicated parameters. The survey results rationalize the differential effects of the treatments and, together with the evidence from the RCT, offer a broader framework for explaining why certain nudges are effective in some contexts but fail in others. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.22387 VL - 2 SP - 426 EP - 449 ET - 41 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Linek, Maximilian A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Framing and Social Information Nudges at Wikipedia JF - Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization N2 - We analyze a series of trials that randomly assigned Wikipedia users in Germany to different web banners soliciting donations. The trials varied framing or content of social information about how many other users are donating. Framing a given number of donors in a negative way increased donation rates. Variations in the communicated social information had no detectable effects. The findings are consistent with the results from a survey experiment. In line with donations being strategic substitutes, the survey documents that the negative framing lowers beliefs about others’ donations. Varying the social information, in contrast, is ineffective in changing average beliefs. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.06.033 SN - 0167-2681 N1 - See also: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.11128.pdf VL - 188 SP - 1269 EP - 1279 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Altmann, Steffen A1 - Traxler, Christian A1 - Weinschenk, Philipp T1 - Deadlines and Memory Limitations JF - Management Science N2 - This paper presents the results of two natural field experiments at a dental clinic. Guided by a simple theoretical model, we exogenously vary deadlines and associated rewards for arranging check-up appointments. Our data show strong and systematic effects of deadlines on patients’ behavior. Imposing deadlines induces patients to act earlier and at a persistently higher frequency than without a deadline. We further document that individuals systematically respond to deadlines, even if these are not tied to explicit rewards. Several of our findings suggest that individuals’ responses to deadlines are shaped by limitations in memory and attention. Our results illustrate that deadlines can be a powerful management tool to encourage timely task completion and to increase the cost effectiveness of performance-contingent rewards. KW - Deadlines KW - memory limitations KW - limited attention KW - field experiment Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.4227 N1 - published online as article in advance on 15.12.2021 VL - 68 IS - 9 SP - 6733 EP - 6750 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Traxler, Christian A1 - Karch, Heribert A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus T1 - Jugend, Vorsorge, Finanzen. MetallRente Studie 2022. Zwischen sozialstaatlichem Anspruch und Individualisierung N2 - Die MetallRente Jugendstudie ist die umfassendste repräsentative Untersuchung zum Finanz- und Vorsorgeverhalten junger Menschen in Deutschland. Die fünfte Studie analysiert auch Einflüsse der Corona-Pandemie auf die Bereitschaft junger Menschen zur Zukunftsplanung und ihr Vorsorgeverhalten. Trauen 17- bis 27-Jährige dem Staat eine zukunftsfeste Alterssicherung für ihre Generation zu? Wie stehen sie zu immer neuen politischen Vorschlägen? Wie schauen sie auf Sicherheit und Rendite? Angesichts Niedrigzinsen, Überalterung und mangelnden Reformen orientiert sich eine ganze Generation neu. Y1 - 2022 UR - https://jugendstudie.info/downloads/dl/magazin-zur-metallrente-jugendstudie-2022 SN - 978-3-7799-6743-9 PB - Juventa Verlag GmbH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Behavioural Insights for Health Governance T2 - The Governance Report 2019: Health Governance Y1 - 2019 UR - https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-governance-report-2019-9780198821502?q=The%20Governance%20Report%202019&lang=en&cc=de# SN - 9780198821502 SP - 135 EP - 148 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Dušek, Libor A1 - Pardo, Nicolas A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Salience, Incentives, and Timely Compliance: Evidence from Speeding Tickets T2 - MPI Collective Goods Discussion Paper N2 - This paper studies the enforcement of fines. We randomly assign 80,000 speeding tickets to treatments that increase the salience of the payment deadline, late penalties, or both. Stressing the penalties significantly and persistently increases payment rates. Emphasizing only the deadline is not effective. The findings from the RCT are consistent with a survey experiment which documents the treatments' impact on priors about parameters of the compliance problem. Exploiting discontinuous variation in fines, we then document a strong price responsiveness: a 1% increase in the payment obligation induces a 0.23 percentage point decrease in timely compliance. This semi-elasticity suggests that the impact of the salience nudges is equivalent to the effect of a 4-9% reduction in fines. Y1 - 2020 UR - https://ssrn.com/abstract=3600770 ET - No. 2020/9 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Traxler, Christian A1 - Wegrich, Kai T1 - Attitudes on Urban Mobility Policies. Results from a Survey in Berlin N2 - Urban mobility policies and the discussion around them have gained traction in many European cities, including Berlin. This policy brief presents survey evidence examining the preferences of citizens of Berlin city on mobility policy changes. The survey covers the expansion of bike infrastructure, the creation of traffic-calmed neighborhoods (Kiezblocks akin to Barcelona’s superblocks), the implementation of a 30km/h speed limit on main roads, increased parking fees, and introduction of congestion charges. The results indicate majority support for more cycle paths and a further roll out of Kiezblocks. In contrast, only a third of respondents support an increase in parking fees and the introduction of a congestion charge. Support and opposition is strongly correlated with education, political attitudes and car (vs bike) ownership. KW - Mobility Transition Y1 - 2023 UR - https://www.hertie-school.org/en/news/detail/content/survey-majority-of-berliners-in-favour-of-expanding-bike-paths-and-low-traffic-neighbourhoods PB - Hertie School CY - Berlin ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Traxler, Christian A1 - Dušek, Libor T1 - Fines, Non-Payment, and Revenues: Evidence from Speeding Tickets N2 - We estimate the effect of the level of fines on payment compliance and revenues collected from speeding tickets. Exploiting discontinuous increases in fines at speed cutoffs, we implement a regression discontinuity design. The results document small payment responses: a 10 percent increase in the fine (i.e. the payment obligation) induces a 1 percentage point decline in timely payments. The implied revenue elasticity is about 0.9. Expressed in absolute terms, a one euro increase in the fine translates into a roughly 60 cent increase in payments collected. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4281384 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Traxler, Christian A1 - Dušek, Libor A1 - Pardo, Nicolas T1 - Jak zlepšit výběr pokut? Experiment se zjednodušením informací Y1 - 2023 UR - https://www.prf.cuni.cz/aktuality/jak-zlepsit-vyber-pokut-experiment-se-zjednodusenim-informaci IS - Studie 2/2023 PB - Legal Data Hub ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Traxler, Christian A1 - Dušek, Libor T1 - Fines, nonpayment, and revenues: evidence from speeding tickets JF - The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization N2 - We estimate the effect of the level of fines on payment compliance and revenues collected from speeding tickets. Exploiting discontinuous increases in fines at speed cutoffs and reform-induced variation in these discontinuities, we implement two complementary regression discontinuity designs. The results consistently document small payment responses: a 10% increase in the fine (i.e., the payment obligation) induces a 1.2 percentage point decline in timely payments. The implied revenue elasticity is about 0.9. Expressed in absolute terms, a one-dollar increase in the fine translates into a roughly 60-cent increase in payments collected within 15 days (JEL H27, H26, K42). Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ewad025 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Haan, Peter A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - An Evaluation of Montenegro's 2022 Minimum Wage and Income Tax Reform N2 - Between 2018 and 2022, Montenegro introduced a series of significant policy reforms. The reforms affected economic, educational, and social policies, ranging from the introduction of a universal child allowance to major changes in its labour market regulations and tax rules. From an economic policy perspective, the most significant reform package was implemented in January 2022. It was composed of a huge increase in Montenegro’s statutory minimum wage, alongside a new income tax regime and the abolishment of mandatory health insurance contributions. According to the Government, the reform package aimed at increasing the living standards of citizens and promoting a more sustainable and inclusive growth model. This report evaluates the conjoint impact of this reform package. KW - Economics Y1 - 2023 UR - https://www.esap.online/docs/213/ilo-esap-2-an-evaluation-of-montenegros-2022-minimum-wage-and-income-tax-reform SN - 9789220402009 PB - International Labour Organization CY - Geneva ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Albrecht, Felix A1 - Kube, Sebastian A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Cooperation and norm enforcement - The individual-level perspective JF - Journal of Public Economics N2 - We explore the relationship between individuals' disposition to cooperate and their inclination to engage in peer punishment as well as their relative importance for mitigating social dilemmas. Using a modified strategy-method approach we identify individual punishment patterns and link them with individual cooperation patterns. Classifying N = 628 subjects along these two dimensions documents that cooperation and punishment patterns are aligned for most individuals. However, the data also reveal a sizable share of free-riders that punish pro-socially and conditional cooperators that do not engage in punishment. Analyzing the interplay between types in an additional experiment, we show that pro-social punishers are important for achieving cooperation. Incorporating information on punishment types explains large amounts of the between- and within-group variation in cooperation. KW - Strategy-method KW - Punishment patterns KW - Type classification KW - Conditional cooperation KW - Public-good games Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-25853 N1 - This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Journal of Public Economics. The final authenticated version is available online at: DOI 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.06.010 Document includes Appendix. VL - 165 SP - 1 EP - 16 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Traxler, Christian A1 - Westermaier, Franz A1 - Wohlschlegel, Ansgar T1 - Bunching on the Autobahn? Speeding responses to a ‘notched’ penalty scheme JF - Journal of Public Economics N2 - This paper studies drivers’ responses to a ‘notched’ penalty scheme in which speeding penalties are stepwise and discontinuously increasing in speed. We present survey evidence suggesting that drivers in Germany are well aware of the notched penalty structure. Based on a simple analytical framework, we analyze the impact of the notches on drivers’ optimal speed choices. The model’s predictions are confronted with data on more than 150,000 speeding tickets from the Autobahn and 290,000 speed measures from a traffic monitoring system. The data provide evidence on modest levels of bunching, despite several frictions working against it. We analyze the normative implications and assess the scope for welfare gains from moving from a simple, notched penalty scheme to a more complex but less salient Pigouvian scheme. KW - Notches KW - Speeding tickets KW - Stepwise penalty function KW - Salience KW - Simplicity Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-25867 N1 - This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Journal of Public Economics. The final authenticated version is available online at: DOI 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2017.11.006 Document includes appendix. VL - 157 SP - 78 EP - 94 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Glöckner, Andreas A1 - Towfigh, Emanuel A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Empirische Untersuchung zur Benotung in der staatlichen Pflichtfachprüfung und in der zweiten juristischen Staatsprüfung in Nordrhein-Westfalen von 2006 bis 2016 BT - Projektbericht für das Justizministeriums NRW, December 2017 N2 - Anhand der Analysen von bis zu 18.000 Ergebnissen der ersten und zweiten juristischen Staatsprüfungen in Nordrhein-Westfalen (NRW) aus den Jahren 2006 bis 2016 wurde untersucht, inwieweit Unterschiede in der Benotung von (a) Männern und Frauen und (b) von Personen mit bzw. ohne Indikatoren für einen Migrationshintergrund bestehen. Frauen erzielen sowohl in der ersten juristischen Prüfung als auch im zweiten Staatsexamen schlechtere Noten als Männer. Ein klarer zeitlicher Trend in diesen Geschlechterunterschieden lässt sich nicht finden. Die Unterschiede in beiden Examen sind ähnlich stark ausgeprägt. Die Unterschiede im zweiten Examen bleiben nach Kontrolle für die Note aus dem 1. Examen – auf einem niedrigen Niveau – statistisch signifikant. Frauen erreichen sowohl im ersten als auch im zweiten Examen mit deutlich geringerer Wahrscheinlichkeit als Männer eine Prädikatsnote. In den mündlichen Noten sind größere Geschlechterunterschiede zu beobachten als in den schriftlichen Noten (zweites Examen). Diese Unterschiede bleiben auch bestehen, wenn für die Note aus dem schriftlichen Teil und/oder aus dem ersten Examen kontrolliert wird. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit, mit einer guten mündlichen Note die relevante Schwelle für eine Gesamtnote über der nächsten Noten-Stufe (z.B. über 9,0 Punkte) zu erreichen, ist – selbst bei identischen schriftlichen Noten – bei Männern deutlich höher als bei Frauen. Dieser Geschlechterunterschied verschwindet jedoch, wenn mindestens eine Frau Teil der Prüfungskommission in der mündlichen Prüfung ist. Die Zusammensetzung der Kommission hat damit einen ausgleichenden Effekt auf das Erreichen der nächsten Noten-Stufe. Der Effekt ist jedoch lokal, d.h. auf die mündliche Note rund um die jeweiligen Schwellenwerte begrenzt; auf die Geschlechtsunterschiede in der durchschnittlichen Gesamtnote hat die Zusammensetzung der Kommission der mündlichen Prüfung keinen statistisch signifikanten Effekt. Differenziert man im Datensatz anhand der Indikatoren für Migrationshintergrund, so ergeben sich die folgenden zentralen Ergebnisse: Alle Indikatoren eines Migrationshintergrunds (d.h. Geburtsort im Ausland, keine deutsche Staatsangehörigkeit, Namensursprung im Ausland) weisen einen deutlichen negativen Zusammenhang mit den Noten im ersten und zweiten Examen auf. Die Effektgrößen sind in beiden Examen ähnlich stark ausgeprägt und bestehen im zweiten Examen tendenziell auch nach Kontrolle für die Note aus dem ersten Examen. Es ist wiederum kein klarer zeitlicher Trend in den Notenunterschieden zu beobachten. Der Einfluss der Migrationsindikatoren ist dabei deutlich größer als der Geschlechtereffekt. Ähnlich wie bei den Geschlechtsunterschieden zeigen sich stärkere negative Effekte bei den mündlichen als bei den schriftlichen Noten. Die Unterschiede in den mündlichen Noten bleiben auch bei Kontrolle für die Noten aus dem schriftlichen Teil und/oder dem ersten Examen bestehen. Personen mit Migrationshintergrund erreichen sowohl im ersten als auch im zweiten Examen mit deutlich geringerer Wahrscheinlichkeit ein Prädikat. Sie weisen ferner eine deutlich geringere Wahrscheinlichkeit auf, mit einer guten mündlichen Note die Schwelle für eine Gesamtnote in der nächsthöheren Noten-Stufe zu erreichen. Vergleiche zwischen Migranten der ersten und zweiten (bzw. höheren) Generation liefern vor allem für das erste Examen schwache Evidenz für positive Integrationseffekte. Gleichzeitig deuten einige Resultate auf strukturelle, gruppenspezifische Effekte (Herkunft) hin. Aufgrund der eingeschränkten Fallzahlen (zwar haben rd. 14% der beobachteten Studierenden einen Migrationshintergrund, eine Differenzierung innerhalb dieser Gruppe führt jedoch zu sehr kleinen Subgruppen) sind diesbezüglich aber keine verlässlichen Aussagen möglich. Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-25878 UR - https://www.justiz.nrw/JM/schwerpunkte/juristenausbildung/180331-v_fin-Abschlussbericht-korr1.pdf ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reuben, Ernesto A1 - Traxler, Christian A1 - van Winden, Frans T1 - Advocacy and political convergence under preference uncertainty JF - European Economic Review N2 - We study the formation of advocacy groups and how they can impact policy outcomes by revealing information about voters׳ preferences to uninformed political candidates. We conduct a laboratory experiment based on a two-candidate spatial electoral competition setting where the policy preferences of voters are (initially) unknown and change over time. In the control treatment candidates learn about the preferred policy of the median voter through the voting outcome of elections. In the advocacy treatments, voters can organize themselves into advocacy groups in order to reveal their policy preferences. We find that voters often overcome the collective action problem of forming an advocacy group. In fact, we observe the formation of both informative advocacy groups, which convey new information, and uninformative advocacy groups, which do not. Overall, advocacy groups significantly speed up the convergence to the preferred policy of the median voter. However, advocacy does not lead to higher earnings as the gains from faster convergence are offset by the costs of group formation. KW - Advocacy groups KW - Information transmission KW - Political convergence KW - Voting KW - Median voter Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-19681 N1 - This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in European Economic Review. The final authenticated version is available online at: DOI 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.07.003 VL - 78 SP - 16 EP - 36 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Altmann, Steffen A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Nudges at the Dentist JF - European Economic Review N2 - We implement a randomized field experiment to study the impact of reminders on dental health prevention. Patients who are due for a check-up receive no reminder, a neutral reminder postcard, or reminders including additional information on the benefits of prevention. Our results document a strong impact of reminders. Within one month after receiving a reminder, the fraction of patients who make a check-up appointment more than doubles. The effect declines slightly over time, but remains economically and statistically significant. Including additional information in the reminders does not increase response rates. In fact, the neutral reminder has the strongest impact for the overall population as well as for important subgroups of patients. Finally, we document that being exposed to reminders repeatedly does neither strengthen nor weaken their effectiveness. KW - field experiments KW - reminders KW - nudges KW - memory limitations KW - prevention Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-19694 N1 - This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in European Economic Review. The final authenticated version is available online at: DOI 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2014.07.007 VL - 72 SP - 19 EP - 38 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fellner, Gerlinde A1 - Sausgruber, Rupert A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Testing Enforcement Strategies in the Field: Threat, Moral Appeal and Social Information JF - Journal of the European Economic Association N2 - We run a large-scale natural field experiment to evaluate alternative strategies to enforce compliance with the law. The experiment varies the text of mailings sent to potential evaders of TV license fees. We find a strong effect of mailings, leading to a substantial increase in compliance. Among different mailings, a threat treatment which makes a high detection risk salient has a significant deterrent effect. Neither appealing to morals nor imparting information about others’ behavior enhances compliance on aggregate. However, the information condition has a weak positive effect in municipalities where evasion is believed to be common. KW - field experiments KW - enforcement strategies KW - compliance KW - perceptions Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-19704 N1 - This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Journal of the European Economic Association. The final authenticated version is available online at: DOI 10.1111/jeea.12013| VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - 634 EP - 660 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Glöckner, Andreas A1 - Towfigh, Emanuel A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Development of legal expertise JF - Instructional Science N2 - In a comprehensive empirical investigation (N = 71,405) we analyzed the development of legal expertise in a critical 1-year period of academic legal training in which advanced law students start practicing to solve complex cases. We were particularly interested in the functional form of the learning curve and inter-individual differences in learning. Performance increases monotonically with the number of practice exams following a slightly concave learning curve without any considerable kinks. Considering the performance development over time, however, the curve is not monotonic and shows intermediate drops in performance. We provide evidence which suggests that these drops are due to cyclic drops in motivation. There are about equally sized marginal effects of practicing law exams in general and practicing exams in the specific area of law. However, students with high (vs. low) initial performance profit more from practicing exams within a specific area of law whereas students with low initial performance profit more from practicing exams in general. The concave increase in performance with the number of practicing exams is mainly driven by individuals with low initial performance. Those with high initial performance mainly display a linear learning trend. We discuss the practical implications of these findings for academic legal training. KW - Expertise KW - Legal decision making KW - Training KW - Learning curves Y1 - 2013 VL - 41 IS - 6 SP - 989 EP - 1007 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Towfigh, Emanuel A1 - Traxler, Christian ED - Kemmerer, et al., Alexandra T1 - Nudges polarize! T2 - Choice Architecture in Democracies: Exploring the Legitimacy of Nudging KW - Nudging Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-3-8487-2288-4 SN - 978-3-8452-6393-9 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845263939-321 SP - 321 EP - 328 PB - Hart/Nomos ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Deterrence of economic crimes: Tax evasion T2 - Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice KW - Tax evasion KW - Economic crimes Y1 - 2014 SP - 1005 EP - 1014 PB - Springer ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Towfigh, Emanuel A1 - Traxler, Christian A1 - Glöckner, Andreas T1 - Zur Benotung in der Examensvorbereitung und im ersten Examen: Eine empirische Analyse JF - Zeitschrift für Didaktik der Rechtswissenschaft N2 - Bislang gibt es zu den Erfolgsfaktoren des staatlichen Teils der Ersten Juristischen Staatsprüfung wenig gesicherte, empirisch belastbare Erkenntnisse. Lediglich die von den Landesjustizprüfungsämtern jährlich veröffentlichten Überblicksdaten über das allgemeine Abschneiden der Kandidatinnen und Kandidaten sind bekannt. Das ver- wundert vor allem mit Blick darauf, dass die Staatsexamina seit Jahrzehnten und in allen Bundesländern in ähnlicher Form geprüft werden, dass sie für die spätere be- rufliche Entwicklung von Heerscharen von Juristen große Bedeutung haben, dass sich Jahr für Jahr Tausende Kandidatinnen und Kandidaten dieser Prüfung unter- ziehen und dass es mit den privaten Repetitorien eine ganze Industrie kommerzieller Examensvorbereiter gibt. Auch aus didaktischer Sicht ist der Mangel an Evidenz unbefriedigend. Gibt es identifizierbare Faktoren, die für den Erfolg in der Examens- prüfung eine Rolle spielen? Sind etwa „kluge Köpfe“ mit gutem Abitur auch die in der Staatsprüfung erfolgreicheren Juristen (B. II.)? Lohnt sich das Schreiben von Probeklausuren (B. I. 1.), und erwirbt man dabei fachspezifische Fähigkeiten, oder wirkt der Lernfortschritt fächerübergreifend; wie sieht die Lernkurve aus? Gibt es Unterschiede zwischen den Fakultäten (B. III. 2.)? Gibt es Unterschiede zwischen Männern und Frauen (B. I. 2. und II. 3.), Deutschen und Ausländern (B. II. 4.)? KW - Benotung Y1 - 2014 VL - 1/2014 SP - 8 EP - 27 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Majority voting and the welfare implications of tax avoidance JF - Journal of Public Economics KW - tax avoidance KW - welfare analysis KW - majority voting KW - median voter equilibrium Y1 - 2012 UR - http://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/32229/1/605805970.pdf VL - 96 IS - 1-2 SP - 1 EP - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riener, Gerhard A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Norms, moods, and free lunch: Longitudinal evidence on payments from a Pay-What-You-Want restaurant JF - The Journal of Socio-Economics KW - Pay-What-You-Want KW - Moods KW - Weather KW - Social norms Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2011.07.003 VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - 476 EP - 483 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Traxler, Christian A1 - Winter, Joachim T1 - Survey evidence on conditional norm enforcement JF - European Journal of Political Economy KW - Norm enforcement KW - Law violation KW - Survey evidence KW - Social norms Y1 - 2012 UR - http://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/104279/1/lmu-mdp_2009-01.pdf N1 - Free online Access / Freier online Zugriff: http://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/104279/1/lmu-mdp_2009-01.pdf VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 390 EP - 398 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rincke, Johannes A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Enforcement Spillovers JF - Review of Economics and Statistics KW - Enforcement externalities KW - Law enforcement Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00128 N1 - Available as e-publication in your Hertie Library. Als elektronische Ausgabe in der Hertie Bibliothek verfügbar. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eoh&AN=1274037&site=eds-live VL - 93 IS - 4 SP - 1224 EP - 1234 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kube, Sebastian A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - The interaction of legal and social norm enforcement JF - Journal of Public Economic Theory KW - social sanctions KW - public goods KW - norm enforcement KW - laboratory experiment KW - legal sanctions Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-19884 N1 - Free online Access / Freier online Zugriff: http://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/38978/1/630012946.pdf This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Journal of Public Economic Theory. The final authenticated version is available online at: DOI 10.1111/j.1467-9779.2011.01515.x VL - 13 IS - 5 SP - 639 EP - 660 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Konsumieren, Wirtschaften, Vorsorgen – Ergebnisse der 3. MetallRente Jugendstudie JF - BetrAV Y1 - 2016 SN - 0005-9951 VL - 71 IS - 6 SP - 490 EP - 493 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Traxler, Christian A1 - Berger, Melissa A1 - Fellner-Röhling, Gerlinde A1 - Sausgruber, Rupert T1 - Higher Taxes, more Evasion? Evidence from Border Differentials in TV License Fees JF - Journal of Public Economics N2 - This paper studies the evasion of TV license fees in Austria. We exploit border differentials to identify the effect of fees on evasion. Comparing municipalities at the low- and high-fee side of state borders reveals that higher fees trigger significantly more evasion. Our preferred estimator indicates that a one percent increase in fees raises the evasion rate by 0.3 percentage points. The positive effect of fees on evasion is confirmed in different parametric and non-parametric approaches and survives several robustness checks. KW - Evasion KW - TV license fees KW - Border tax differentials KW - Regression discontinuity design Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-21571 SN - 0047-2727 N1 - This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Journal of Public Economics. The final authenticated version is available online at: DOI 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2016.01.007 VL - 135 SP - 74 EP - 86 PB - Elsevier B.V. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Traxler, Christian A1 - Spichtig, Mathias T1 - Social Norms and the Indirect Evolution of Conditional Cooperation JF - Journal of Economics N2 - This paper develops a model of social norms and cooperation in large societies. Within this framework we use an indirect evolutionary approach to study the endogenous formation of preferences and the coevolution of norm compliance. Thereby we link the multiplicity of equilibria, which emerges in the presence of social norms, to the evolutionary analysis: Individuals face situations where many others cooperate as well as situations where a majority free-rides. The evolutionary adaptation to such heterogenous environments will favor conditional cooperators, who condition their pro-social behavior on the others' cooperation. As conditional cooperators react flexibly to their social environment, they dominate free-riders as well as unconditional cooperators. KW - Conditional Cooperation KW - Indirect Evolution KW - Heterogenous Environments KW - Social Norms Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-21582 SN - 0931-8658 VL - 102 IS - 3 SP - 237 EP - 262 PB - Springer Vienna ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Traxler, Christian A1 - Slemrod, Joel T1 - Optimal Observability in a Linear Income Tax JF - Economics Letters N2 - We study the optimal observability of the tax base within the standard linear income tax problem, where observability is determined by the government's investment into the accurate measurement of the tax base. KW - Optimal linear income taxation KW - Observability KW - Tax enforcement Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-21590 SN - 0165-1765 N1 - This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Economics Letters. The final authenticated version is available online at: DOI 10.1016/j.econlet.2010.04.044 VL - 108 IS - 2 SP - 105 EP - 108 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Social Norms and Conditional Cooperative Taxpayers JF - European Journal of Political Economy N2 - This paper incorporates tax morale into the Allingham and Sandmo (1972) model of income tax evasion. Tax morale is modeled as a social norm for tax compliance. The strength of the norm is shaped endogenously, depending on the share of evaders in the society. Taxpayers act conditionally cooperative as their evasion depends on the others' compliance. We characterize the equilibrium which accounts for this interdependence and study the implications for tax and enforcement policies. The analysis is extended to the case of a society consisting of heterogenous communities. Individual evasion decisions are then embedded in a complex social structure and behavior is influenced by the norm compliance among morale reference groups. Within this framework, we highlight the role of belief management as an alternative policy tool. KW - Tax evasion KW - Social norms KW - Multiple equilibria KW - Conditional cooperation KW - Belief management Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-21603 SN - 0176-2680 N1 - This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in European Journal of Political Economy. The final authenticated version is available online at: DOI 10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2009.11.001 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 89 EP - 103 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Traxler, Christian A1 - Trautmann, Stefan T1 - Reserve Prices as Reference Points : Evidence from Auctions for Football Players at Hattrick.org JF - Journal of Economic Psychology N2 - We study the impact of sellers’ reserve prices on transfer prices in online auctions of virtual football players at Hattrick.org. We introduce an empirical model that distinguishes between two separate effects from public reserve prices: (1) a mechanical effect, which is driven by the design of the English auction and (2) a psychological reference-dependence effect through reserve prices serving as reference points. The psychological effect has recently been introduced in behavioral models of situations where agents are uncertain about their own willingness-to-pay, while the mechanical effect is well captured by standard auction theory. Controlling for censoring when players are not sold, both effects are observed. Once we account for the potential endogeneity of reserve prices, however, we do not find evidence for reference dependence in Hattrick auctions. KW - Reserve prices KW - Reference dependence KW - Auctions KW - Online games Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-21619 SN - 0167-4870 N1 - This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Journal of Economic Psychology. The final authenticated version is available online at: DOI 10.1016/j.joep.2009.08.004 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - 230 EP - 240 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Voting over Taxes : The Case of Tax Evasion JF - Public Choice N2 - This paper studies majority voting on taxes when tax evasion is possible. We characterize the voting equilibrium where the agent with median taxed income is pivotal. Since the ranking of true incomes does not necessarily correspond to the ranking of taxed incomes, the decisive voter can differ from the median income receiver. In this case, we find unconventional patterns of redistribution, e.g., from the middle class to the poor and the rich. KW - Majority Voting KW - Tax Evasion KW - Welfare Analysis KW - Redistribution Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-21624 SN - 0048-5829 VL - 140 IS - 1-2 SP - 43 EP - 58 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Traxler, Christian A1 - Stöwhase, Sven T1 - Tax Evasion and Auditing in a Federal Economy JF - International Tax and Public Finance N2 - This paper analyzes the relation between tax auditing and fiscal equalization in the context of fiscal competition. We incorporate a model of tax evasion by firms into a standard tax competition framework where regional governments use their audit rates as a strategic instrument to engage in fiscal competition. We compare the region's choice of audit policies for three different cases: A scenario of unconfined competition without interregional transfers, a scenario with a gross revenue equalization (GRS) scheme and finally, a scenario with net revenue sharing (NRS), where not only the revenues from taxation but also the regions auditing costs are shared. Without regional transfers, fiscal competition leads to audit rates which are inefficiently low for revenue-maximizing governments. While in general GRS aggravates the inefficiency, NRS makes the decentralized choice of auditing policies more efficient. KW - tax evasion KW - fiscal competition KW - fiscal equalization KW - auditing Y1 - 2005 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-005-1542-0 SN - 0927-5940 VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - 515 EP - 531 PB - Kluwer Academic Publishers ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Traxler, Christian A1 - Ludwig, Jens A1 - Entorf, Horst T1 - Special Issue on the Economics of Crime: Editorial JF - German Economic Review Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2012.00581.x SN - 1468-0475 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - 363 EP - 365 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Towfigh, Emanuel A1 - Traxler, Christian A1 - Glöckner, Andreas T1 - Geschlechts- und Herkunftseffekte bei der Benotung juristischer Staatsprüfungen JF - ZDRW Zeitschrift für Didaktik der Rechtswissenschaft Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-27385 SN - 2196-7261 VL - Jahrgang 5 IS - 2 SP - 115 EP - 142 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus A1 - Karch, Heribert A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Jugend, Vorsorge, Finanzen BT - MetallRente Studie 2019 N2 - Die vorliegende MetallRente Studie untersucht, welchen Einfluss sozialer Hintergrund, Geschlecht und Bildung auf Einstellungen und Handlungen junger Menschen haben, wenn es um die wichtigen Themen Finanzen und Vorsorge geht. Nach bisher drei Erhebungswellen in den Jahren 2010, 2013 und 2016 ist dies die vierte Auflage der bundesweit repräsentativen Jugendstudie „Jugend, Vorsorge, Finanzen“. 2 500 Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene im Alter von 17 bis 27 Jahren wurden befragt. Erneut wurden auch Gastautorinnen und Gaustautoren aus Wissenschaft, Institutionen und Wirtschaft eingeladen, die Befragungsergebnisse mit ihren Analysen und Kommentaren zu ergänzen. Wie bewältigen junge Menschen das Spannungsfeld von eigener Verantwortung und staatlicher Regulierung? Welche Veränderungen werden gebraucht für eine zukunftsfeste Alterssicherung, die zur Lebenswirklichkeit der jungen Menschen passt? Auch die vierte MetallRente Studie geht mit dem Anspruch ans Werk, nicht nur zu analysieren, sondern Schlussfolgerungen zu formulieren sowie Forderungen und Vorschläge zu adressieren. KW - Altersvorsorge, Jugend, Finanzen Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-7799-3967-2 PB - Beltz Juventa CY - Weinheim ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Traxler, Christian ED - Hurrelmann, Klaus ED - Karch, Heribert ED - Traxler, Christian T1 - Boosting und Nudging in der Altersvorsorge - Eine verhaltensökonomische Einordnung der Studienergebnisse BT - MetallRente Studie 2019 T2 - Jugend, Vorsorge, Finanzen N2 - Die MetallRente Studie 2019 zeichnet ein zwiespältiges Bild. Zum einen betont mittlerweile jeder zweite junge Erwachsene, im „Hier und Heute“ zu leben – was die Zukunft bringt, wisse ohnehin niemand; im Jahr 2010 stimmte nur jeder Dritte dieser Aussage zu (siehe Kapitel 1 in diesem Buch, Abb. 10). Konsistent damit sinkt auch der Anteil jener, die die Altersvorsorge als Grund zum Sparen angeben. Unter den regelmäßig Sparenden, d. h., bei jungen Erwachsenen, deren ökonomische Situation das Sparen ermöglicht, war die Altersversorge im Jahr 2010 noch für 66 % der Befragten ein wichtiges Sparmotiv, während dieser Wert 2019 um zehn Prozentpunkte gesunken ist (siehe Kapitel 1, Abb. 15). Zum anderen scheint bei jungen Erwachsenen sehr wohl ein klares und immer starker ausgeprägtes Problembewusstsein vorhanden zu sein: 82 % der Befragten erkennen, dass der demografische Wandel die gesetzlichen Rentenkassen zunehmend unter Druck setzt; 85 % rechnen damit, noch weit über ihr 67. Lebensjahr arbeiten zu müssen, und 86 % stimmen der Aussage zu, dass ohne eine eigenständige private Vorsorge deutlich mehr Menschen von Altersarmut betroffen sein werden (siehe Kapitel 1, Abb. 23). Damit, so konnte man meinen, ist den Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen die Bedeutung der dritten Säule in der Altersvorsorge klar. Die Studienergebnisse zeigen jedoch, dass die private Altersvorsorge weiterhin an Attraktivität einbüßt. KW - Altersvorsorge, Jugend, Finanzen Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-7799-3967-2 SP - 77 EP - 85 PB - Beltz Juventa CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Drago, Francesco A1 - Mengel, Friederike A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Compliance Behavior in Networks: Evidence from a Field Experiment JF - American Economic Journal: Applied Economics N2 - This paper studies the spread of compliance behavior in neighborhood networks in Austria. We exploit a field experiment that varied the content of mailings sent to potential evaders of TV license fees. The data reveal a strong treatment spillover: untreated households are more likely to switch from evasion to compliance in response to mailings received by their network neighbors. Digging deeper into the properties of the spillover, we find that it is concentrated among close neighbors of the targets and increases with the treated households' diffusion centrality. Local concentration of equally treated households implies a lower spillover. KW - Economics KW - Consumer Economics KW - Economic Sociology Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-33890 SN - 1945-7782 (Print) / 1945-7790 (Online) N1 - This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. The final authenticated version is available online at DOI: 10.1257/app.20170690 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - 96 EP - 133 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Traxler, Christian A1 - Dušek, Libor T1 - Fines, Non-Payment, and Revenues: Evidence from Speeding Tickets T2 - Berlin School of Economics Discussion Papers N2 - We estimate the effect of the level of fines on payment compliance and revenues collected from speeding tickets. Exploiting discontinuous increases in fines at speed cutoffs and reform induced variation in these discontinuities, we implement two complementary regression discontinuity designs. The results consistently document small payment responses: a 10% increase in the fine (i.e. the payment obligation) induces a 1.2 percentage point decline in timely payments. The implied revenue elasticity is about 0.9. Expressed in absolute terms, a one dollar increase in the fine translates into a roughly 60 cent increase in payments collected within 15 days. T3 - Berlin School of Economics Discussion Papers - 23 Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-50461 UR - https://berlinschoolofeconomics.de/insights/bse-discussion-papers ET - No. 23 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Dušek, Libor A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Swiftness and Delay of Punishment T2 - Berlin School of Economics Discussion Papers N2 - This paper studies how the swiftness and delay of punishment affect behavior. Using rich administrative data from automated speed cameras, we exploit two (quasi-)experimental sources of variation in the time between a speeding offense and the sending of a ticket. At the launch of the speed camera system, administrative challenges caused delays of up to three months. Later, we implemented a protocol that randomly assigned tickets to swift or delayed processing. We identify two different results. First, delays have a negative effect on payment compliance: the rate of timely paid fines diminishes by 7 to 9% when a ticket is sent with a delay of four or more weeks. We also find some evidence that very swift tickets – sent on the first or second day following the offense – increase timely payments. These results align with the predictions of expert scholars that we elicited in a survey. Second, speeding tickets cause a strong, immediate, and persistent decline in speeding. However, we do not detect any robust, differential effects of swiftness or delay on speeding. This challenges widely held beliefs, as reflected in our survey. Yet, we document large mechanical benefits of swift punishment and provide a theoretical framework of learning and updating that explains our findings. T3 - Berlin School of Economics Discussion Papers - 32 KW - Economics Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-52391 UR - https://berlinschoolofeconomics.de/insights/discussion-papers ET - No. 32 ER -