TY - JOUR A1 - Costello, Cathryn T1 - Safe Country? Says Who? JF - International Journal of Refugee Law N2 - In 1991, Professor Guy S Goodwin-Gill reflected on the emerging safe country of origin (SCO) practices in an editorial in the International Journal of Refugee Law, entitled ‘Safe Country? Says Who?’. This article reflects on developments regarding SCO practices since his prescient editorial, focusing on both Europe, where they originated, and Canada. The article first explores how SCO practices have developed in European law and practice since their inception, including the role of European courts in assessing their legality. This European experience is then contrasted with Canada’s short-lived experiment with its analogous Designated Country of Origin (DCO) system, which, in 2015, was deemed unconstitutional by the Federal Court of Canada. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eew042 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 601 EP - 622 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Costello, Cathryn A1 - Foster, Michelle T1 - Non-refoulement as custom and jus cogens? Putting the prohibition to the test T2 - Netherlands Yearbook of International Law N2 - The norm of non-refoulement is at the heart of the international protection of refugees yet there remains a lack of consensus as to its status. In this contribution, we examine the question whether it has attained the status of a jus cogens norm. Adopting the methodology of ‘custom plus’ we first examine whether non-refoulement has attained the status of custom, concluding that widespread state practice and opinio juris underpin the view that it is clearly a norm of customary international law. Moreover, much of this evidence also leads to the conclusion that it is ripe for recognition as a norm of jus cogens, due to its universal, non-derogatory character. In other words, it is a norm accepted and recognised by the international community of states as a whole as a norm from which no derogation is permitted. The chapter then examines the consequences for its recognition as jus cogens, exploring some of the many ways in which jus cogens status may have meaningful implications for the norm of non-refoulement. Y1 - 2015 UR - https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-6265-114-2_10 VL - 46 SP - 273 EP - 327 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Costello, Cathryn A1 - Mouzourakis, Minos T1 - EU law and the detainability of asylum-seekers JF - Refugee Survey Quarterly N2 - This article examines detention of asylum-seekers, more specifically how European Union (EU) law simultaneously constructs the asylum-seeker as a detainable subject, whilst also limiting states’ powers of detention. The power to detain is limited by international refugee and human rights law, but EU law sets more stringent standards. While international refugee law regards the asylum-seeker as a presumptive refugee, EU law seems to take a different view. Nowadays, the legal and physical rite of passage from irregular migrant to asylum-seeker to refugee defines the predicament of refugees who seek protection in the EU. Asylum-seekers are vulnerable to detention as irregular entrants, when they are in transit in search of effective protection, and if they become deportable under the Dublin System. Coercive forms of detention are, too glibly in our view, assumed to be permitted to ensure they cooperate with identification and registration processes. The chapter aims to problematise this detainability of asylum-seekers, examining in particular how their increasing deportability and transferability may increase their detainability. Drawing on empirical examples from the treatment of refugees arriving in the EU in 2015, it suggests that the EU limits on detention need further implementation and institutionalisation. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdv020 VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - 47 EP - 73 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Costello, Cathryn T1 - Immigration Detention: The Grounds Beneath our Feet JF - Current Legal Problems N2 - Detention as part of migration control is sometimes portrayed as a ‘necessary adjunct’ of the state’s power to control immigration. This characterization is a masking device, obscuring the grounds of detention (or the lack thereof) from proper scrutiny. It has convincingly been argued that human rights law fails to scrutinize the necessity of immigration detention. Many scholars have pointed out the anomalous approach to assessing the legal justifications for immigration detention, compared with other forms of deprivation of liberty, which are more powerfully constrained by human rights law. Yet, cogent as this critique is, it sometimes fails to interrogate the related questions concerning the legal grounds of detention. A ground is a particular form of legal reason, which both explains and justifies the official action in question. By examining the question of grounds, this article aims to elucidate the manner in which immigration law itself produces reasons to detain, and by doing so creates detainable subjects, migrants. Basic liberty-protective principles and practices developed in other areas of law are notably absent. This state of affairs is not inevitable, and legal alternatives are within reach. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/clp/cuv015 VL - 68 IS - 1 SP - 143 EP - 177 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Costello, Cathryn T1 - The Ruling of the Court of Justice in NS/ME on the fundamental rights of asylum seekers under the Dublin Regulation: Finally, an end to blind trust across the EU? JF - Asiel- en Migrantenrecht Y1 - 2012 SP - 83 EP - 92 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Costello, Cathryn T1 - Courting Access to Asylum in Europe: Recent Supranational Jurisprudence Explored JF - Human Rights Law Review N2 - This article explores access to refugee protection, which in practice means access to a place of refuge, in light of various barriers to protection erected by European States. First, European States increasingly extend their border controls beyond their territorial borders and co-operate in order to prevent those seeking protection from reaching their territory. Yet, legal obligations, in particular the principle of non-refoulement, may continue to apply to these activities, as the concept of ‘jurisdiction’ in human rights law develops. Second, they engage a further, diametrically opposed move, where they purport to act as a single zone of protection, and allocate responsibility for asylum claimants in a manner that also hinders access to protection. The aim of this article is to explore the recent responses of Europe’s two supranational courts, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR or ‘Strasbourg’) and the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU or ‘Luxembourg’), in confronting these attempts to limit and manage access to protection in the EU. Its focus is the ECtHR ruling in Hirsi Jamaa v Italy (condemning Italy’s pushback of migrants intercepted on boats in the Mediterranean to Libya), as well as that in MSS v Belgium and Greece (concerning the Dublin system for allocation of responsibility for processing asylum claims) and the subsequent CJEU ruling in NS/ME. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngs011 VL - 287 SP - 287 EP - 339 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Costello, Cathryn T1 - Human Rights and the Elusive Universal Subject: Immigration Detention under International Human Rights and EU Law JF - Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies N2 - The right to liberty is ubiquitous in human rights instruments, in essence protecting all individuals from arbitrary arrest and detention. Yet, in practice, immigration detention is increasingly routine, even automatic, across Europe. Asylum seekers in particular have been targeted for detention. While international human rights law limits detention, its protections against immigration detention are weaker than in other contexts, as the state's immigration control prerogatives are given sway. In spite of the overlapping authority of international and regional human rights bodies, the caselaw in this field is diverse. Focusing on the U.N. Human Rights Committee, the European Court of Human Rights, and the Court of Justice of the European Union, this Article explores how greater interaction between these bodies could produce more rights-protective standards. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2979/indjglolegstu.19.1.257 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - 257 EP - 303 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Costello, Cathryn T1 - Metock: Free Movement and “Normal Family Life” in the Union JF - Common Market Law Review N2 - This article examines the ECJ’s ruling, following an exceptional accelerated procedure, in Case C–127/08 Metock, of 25 July 2008. The article praises the Court’s boldness in abandoning the “prior lawful residence” requirement for residence rights of third–country national (TCN) family members of migrant EU Citizens, explicitly overruling Akrich on this issue. Its reasoning is bold, yet economical, grounded in the 2004 Citizenship Directive and right to free movement of EU citizens. However, the article is critical of the failure to publish the Opinion of AG Maduro and the sparse reasoning in the case. The ECJ’s fundamental rights reticence is particularly striking, in particular as its conception of the residence rights inherent in “normal family life” diverges from the analogous protections under Article 8 ECHR. Although Metock was an easy transborder case concerning migrant EU citizens resident in another EU Member State, the article also argues that the denial of the EC dimension to the family reunification claims of static EU citizens against their home Member States is increasingly untenable. Y1 - 2009 UR - https://kluwerlawonline.com/journalarticle/Common+Market+Law+Review/46.2/COLA2009024 VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - 587 EP - 622 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Costello, Cathryn A1 - Davies, Gareth T1 - The Case Law of the Court of Justice in the Field of Sex Equality Since 2000 JF - Common Market Law Review N2 - This article examines developments in EC sex equality law from 1 April 2000 to 4 October 2006, continuing this journal’s tradition of periodic reviews of developments in this field. We focus on the case law of the European Court of Justice, along with one judgment of the EFTA court, taking into account the changing legislative and constitutional context. In the period under review, this context has changed in several ways. Y1 - 2006 UR - https://kluwerlawonline.com/journalarticle/Common+Market+Law+Review/43.6/COLA2006125 VL - 43 IS - 6 SP - 1567 EP - 1616 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Costello, Cathryn T1 - The Bosphorus Ruling of the European Court of Human Rights: Fundamental Rights and Blurred Boundaries in Europe JF - Human Rights Law Review N2 - The recent case of Bosphorus Airlines v Ireland provided the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) with an opportunity to refine further its relationship with the EU. In particular, the ECtHR was called upon to clarify when States could be held responsible for actions taken under the banner of the EU. This article examines the status quo prior to the Bosphorus judgment, and then scrutinises the judgment itself, focusing particularly on the use and scope of the doctrine of ‘equivalent protection’ to determine State responsibility. The doctrine as outlined in Bosphorus is applied to some likely scenarios involving EU action and its relative merits and disadvantages are discussed. The article also briefly addresses the further global implications of the judgment, namely for the legal accountability of the UN Security Council and the ongoing issue of responsibility of international organisations under international law. Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngi038 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 87 EP - 130 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Costello, Cathryn T1 - The Human Rights of Migrants and Refugees in European Law N2 - This book examines key aspects of European Union (EU) law on immigration and asylum, where EU standards overlap with human rights protections and international refugee law. It focuses on questions of migration status and security of residence, family migration, refugee protection, and immigration detention. The uniting theme is the interaction between established human rights norms, in particular the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and EU law. It thus provides a scholarly analysis of EU and ECHR migration and refugee law, including the post-Amsterdam legislative measures and their recasts, and the Court of Justice’s key post-Amsterdam rulings and corresponding Strasbourg case law. In so doing, it provides important insights into the roles of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) as generators of migrant rights, aiding understanding of their positions and interactions with each other. Integrating doctrinal, empirical, and theoretical material on social membership, global justice, and the construction of ‘illegality’ in migration law into the EU context, it provides a panoramic account of the EU’s role in determining who may reside in the EU, and under what terms. Y1 - 2015 SN - 9780199644742 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199644742.001.0001 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Bogg, Alan A1 - Costello, Cathryn A1 - Davies, A.C.L. A1 - Mellon, Andrew W. T1 - Research Handbook on EU Labour Law N2 - Research Handbook on EU Labour Law features contributions from leading scholars in the field. Part I addresses cross-cutting themes, such as the relationship between EU law and national law, the role of human rights in EU labour law, and the impact of austerity measures. In Part II, the contributors focus on topics in individual and collective labour law at EU level, including working time and job security. Finally, Part III offers a comprehensive overview of the EU’s interventions in equality law. Y1 - 2016 SN - 9781783471119 PB - Edward Elgar Publishing CY - Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA ER - TY - EDBOOK A1 - Costello, Cathryn A1 - Freedland, Mark T1 - Migrants at Work: Immigration and Vulnerability in Labour Law N2 - This collection has its origins in the recognition that there is a highly significant and under-considered intersection and interaction between migration law and labour law. It is the culmination of a collaborative project on ‘Migrants at Work’ funded by the John Fell Fund, the Society of Legal Scholars and the Research Centre at St John’s College, Oxford. The collection aims to shed light on the interactions between immigration, migration law, and labour law, in particular how migration status has a bearing on labour relations and the world of work. Contributors to the volume identify the many ways that migration law, as currently designed, divides the objectives of labour law, privileging employers’ interests in the supply of labour over worker-protective concerns. In addition, migration law creates a particular form of status, which affects labour relations, thereby dividing the subjects of labour law. While several contributions focus on the UK, other countries examined include Australia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Germany, Sweden, and the US. References are also made to discrete practices in Brazil, France, Greece, New Zealand, Mexico, Poland, and South Africa. The collection identifies how migration law as currently configured jeopardizessome of the values and institutions of labour law. Y1 - 2014 SN - 9780198714101 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198714101.001.0001 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Bogg, Alan A1 - Costello, Cathryn A1 - Davies, A.C.L. A1 - Adams-Prassl, Jeremias T1 - The Autonomy of Labour Law N2 - To what extent is labour law an autonomous field of study? This book is based upon the papers written by a group of leading international scholars on this theme, delivered at a conference to mark Professor Mark Freedland’s retirement from his teaching fellowship in Oxford. The chapters explore the boundaries and connections between labour law and other legal disciplines such as company law, competition law, contract law and public law; labour law and legal methodologies such as reflexive governance and comparative law; and labour law and other disciplines such as ethics, economics and political philosophy. In so doing, it represents a cross-section of the most sophisticated current work at the cutting edge of labour law theory. Y1 - 2015 SN - 9781782254645 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5040/9781474200899 PB - Hart Publishing CY - Oxford ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Costello, Cathryn ED - Costello, Cathryn ED - Barry, Eilis T1 - Equality in Diversity: The New EC Equality Directives Y1 - 2003 UR - https://eige.europa.eu/library/resource/eige.000417606 SN - 9781897606360 PB - Irish Centre for European Law CY - Dublin ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Costello, Cathryn ED - Costello, Cathryn T1 - Fundamental Social Rights: Current Legal Protection and the Challenge of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights Y1 - 2001 SN - 9781897606315 PB - Irish Centre for European Law CY - Dublin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Costello, Cathryn A1 - Mann, Itamar T1 - Border Justice: Migration and Accountability for Human Rights Violations JF - German Law Journal N2 - This introductory Article sets out the premise of the Special Issue, the entrenched and pervasive nature of human rights violations in the context of migration control and the apparent lack of accountability for such violations. It sets out features of contemporary migration control practices and their legal governance that contribute to this phenomenon, namely the exceptional treatment of migration in international law; the limited scope of international refugee law; and the pervasive use of externalized, delegated migration controls, in particular by the EU and its Member States. The roots of the current condition are traced back to the containment practices that emerged at the end of the Cold War, with the 2015 “crisis” framed both as an illustration of the failures of containment, and a source of further stasis. Following an overview of the contributions that make up the Special Issue, this Article identifies five emergent themes, and suggests further lines of inquiry. These are: the promise and limits of strategic human rights limitations; the role of both international criminal law, and domestic (and regional) tort law in securing accountability; the turn to positive obligations to challenge entrenched features of containment; and the role of direct action in support of and solidarity with those challenging migration controls most directly, refugees and migrants themselves. Rather than offering panaceas, the Article concludes with the identification of further new challenges, notably the role of new technologies in further dissipating lines of accountability for decisions to exclude. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2020.27 VL - 21 IS - 1 SP - 311 EP - 334 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Costello, Cathryn T1 - Overcoming Refugee Containment and Crisis JF - German Law Journal N2 - Imagine a system in which you had to break the law and risk your life in order to enjoy its key right, a right to live lawfully in a political and legal community. That is the open secret at the heart of the so-called “Common European Asylum System” (“CEAS”). The EU and its Member States systematically erect barriers for those who would enter to claim asylum, forming part of the system of the containment of refugees in the Global South. Refugee containment is not only a European practice, but many of the policies and practices that are central to refugee containment are of fairly recent European origin. This Article identifies the costs of this refugee containment, not only for refugees and asylum-seekers, but also for Europe itself, its politics, and its adherence to the rule of law in particular. Containment contributed to the events styled as the 2015 refugee crisis in Europe, yet the crisis has generated a more intensified set of containment practices, also likely to backfire. This Article first sets out the costs of containment, and second suggests how Europe might overcome the containment-induced crisis and work to dismantle at least some aspects of containment. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2019.89 VL - 21 IS - 1 SP - 17 EP - 22 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Costello, Cathryn T1 - Refugees and (Other) Migrants: Will the Global Compacts Ensure Safe Flight and Onward Mobility for Refugees? JF - International Journal of Refugee Law N2 - Conclusion: Hannah Arendt’s 1943 essay, ‘We Refugees’, begins: ‘In the first place, we don’t like to be called “refugees”. We ourselves call each other “newcomers” or “immigrants”’. The essay demonstrates that for the refugees, of whom she was one, the label ‘immigrant’ was preferable. It reflected a desire to get on and integrate, rather than neediness. That impulse to avoid the ‘refugee’ label may still be common today, particularly from those keen to avoid rights restriction or stigmatization. However, the ‘refugee’ label today is also instrumentalized to downplay the protection needs of others – those who may not be recognized as refugees (even though they ought to be), and those who are not refugees in any sense, but nonetheless require international protection. The New York Declaration and the bifurcated Global Compacts risk endorsing an unduly narrow conception of refugeehood, and failing to root out the refugee containment that taints the global refugee regime. However, I also offer a more constructive reading, emphasizing the overarching concept of international protection, and obligations to avoid harm in migration governance. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eey060 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - 643 EP - 649 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Costello, Cathryn A1 - Groenendijk, Kees A1 - Halleskov Storgaard, Louise T1 - Realising the Right to Family Reunification of Refugees in Europe N2 - This issue paper examines family reunification for refugees as a pressing human rights issue. Without it, refugees are denied their right to respect for family life, have vastly diminished integration prospects and endure great additional unnecessary suffering, as do their family members. The Commissioner for Human Rights calls on all Council of Europe member states to uphold their human rights obligations and ensure the practical effectiveness of the right to family reunification for refugees and other international protection beneficiaries. To do so, states should (re-)examine their laws, policies and practices relating to family reunification for refugees. This issue paper contains 36 recommendations to that end. Y1 - 2017 UR - http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a0d5eae4.html ER -