TY - JOUR A1 - Snower, Dennis A1 - Bosworth, Steven J. A1 - Singer, Tania T1 - Cooperation, Motivation and Social Balance JF - Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization N2 - This paper examines the reflexive interplay between individual decisions and social forces to analyze the evolution of cooperation in the presence of “multi-directedness,” whereby people's preferences depend on their psychological motives. People have access to multiple, discrete motives. Different motives may be activated by different social settings. Inter-individual differences in dispositional types affect the responsiveness of people's motives to their social settings. The evolution of these dispositional types is driven by changes in the frequencies of social settings. In this context, economic policies can influence economic decisions not merely by modifying incentives operating through given preferences, but also by influencing people's motives (thereby changing their preferences) and by changing the distribution of dispositional types in the population (thereby changing their motivational responsiveness to social settings). KW - Motivation Reflexivity Cooperation Social dilemma Endogenous preferences Dispositions Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2015.12.005 VL - 126 IS - June 2016 SP - 72 EP - 94 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chierchia, Gabriele A1 - Przyrembel, Marisa A1 - Lesemann, Franca Parianen A1 - Bosworth, Steven A1 - Snower, Dennis A1 - Singer, Tania T1 - Navigating Motivation: A Semantic and Subjective Atlas of 7 Motives JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Research from psychology, neurobiology and behavioral economics indicates that a binary view of motivation, based on approach and avoidance, may be too reductive. Instead, a literature review suggests that at least seven distinct motives are likely to affect human decisions: “consumption/resource seeking,” “care,” “affiliation,” “achievement,” “status-power,” “threat approach” (or anger), and “threat avoidance” (or fear). To explore the conceptual distinctness and relatedness of these motives, we conducted a semantic categorization task. Here, participants were to assign provided words to one of the motives. By applying principal component analysis to the categorization assignments we represent the semantic inter-relations of these motives on a two-dimensional space, a “semantic atlas.” This atlas suggests that, while care and affiliation are conceptually close, affiliation is closer to threat avoidance (or fear); opposite to these motives we find achievement, consumption and power, with the latter lying closer to threat approach (or anger). In a second study, we asked participants to rate how well the motive-specific words obtained in the first study described their currently experienced feelings. We find that semantically close motives are also more likely to be experienced together, that is, we replicate most of the semantic relations in the “subjective atlas.” We discuss our findings in comparison to other multi-dimensional models of motivation, which show clear similarities. In addition to these motivational atlases, we provide a database of motive-specific words, together with the valence and arousal scores. These can be used for future research on the influence of motives on decision making. KW - - KW - affiliation KW - care KW - motives KW - motivation psychology KW - semantic categorization KW - economic decision making Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568064 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 11 PB - Frontiers Media S.A. ER -