TY - JOUR A1 - Hassel, Anke A1 - Höpner, Martin A1 - Kurdelbusch, Antje A1 - Rehder, Britta A1 - Zugehör, Rainer T1 - Zwei Dimensionen der Internationalisierung: Eine empirische Analyse deutscher Grossunternehmen JF - Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie N2 - Um den Einfluß wirtschaftlicher Internationalisierung auf nationale Institutionengefüge zu überprüfen, werden geeignete Messverfahren zur Messung von Internationalisierung benötigt. Der Beitrag stellt ein Verfahren zur Messung der Internationalisierung von Unternehmen vor. Dabei wird davon ausgegangen, dass die Internationalisierung von Unternehmen mehrere unterscheidbare Dimensionen hat. Die realwirtschaftliche Dimension beschreibt die güter- und produktionswirtschaftliche grenzüberschreitende Expansion der Unternehmen, während die kapitalmarktbezogene Dimension die Orientierung der Unternehmen an internationalen Kapitalmärkten abbildet. Anhand einer Untersuchung über den Internationalisierungsgrad der 100 größten deutschen Unternehmen werden beide Internationalisierungsdimensionen empirisch überprüft. Die Faktorenanalyse unterstützt die Annahme, dass sich beide Dimensionen empirisch deutlich voneinander unterscheiden lassen. Anhand der vorgestellten Messmethoden lassen sich die Unternehmen eindeutig in stark und schwach internationalisierte Unternehmen einteilen. Y1 - 2000 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-000-0070-2 VL - 52 IS - 3 SP - 500 EP - 519 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hassel, Anke A1 - Höpner, Martin A1 - Kurdelbusch, Antje A1 - Rehder, Britta A1 - Zugehör, Rainer ED - Morgan, Glenn T1 - Two Dimensions of the Internationalization of Firms JF - Journal of Management Studies N2 - The paper argues that there are two dimensions of internationalization: one which refers to the production activities of firms abroad and one which focuses on the corporate governance dimension of firms. While the first one is well known in the literature on internationalization, the financial dimension has not yet been addressed empirically. At the same time there are indicators that financial internationalization is gaining importance. Using a sample of the 100 largest German companies it shows that both dimensions, the real and the financial dimension, do not co‐vary and therefore cannot be combined into one index. Y1 - 2003 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00357 VL - 40 IS - 3 SP - 705 EP - 723 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Di Carlo, Donato A1 - Hassel, Anke A1 - Höpner, Martin T1 - Growth Coalitions Within a Corporatist Setting: How Manufacturing Interests Dominated the German Response to the Energy Crisis JF - Politics & Society N2 - Since the introduction of the euro, German growth has been primarily based on exports. Signs of an exhaustion of Germany's export-led growth model were already evident before the energy crisis of 2022–23, which hit the country hard. German elites could have capitalized on the shock to rebalance their growth strategy. But the opposite happened: the government's adjustment strategy has aimed at doubling down on export-led growth and protecting the core export industries. This article investigates the politics of Germany's economic policymaking in hard times. We show that the government's economic policy responses were driven largely by an export sector growth coalition led by cross-class alliances in the chemical, metalworking, and engineering sectors. In contrast to previous corporatist decision-making, which aimed to include broader societal concerns in peak-level concertation, German corporatism has undergone a functional transformation toward the predominance of export sector distributive coalitions. This article's findings contribute to the emerging literature on the politics of growth models in comparative political economy. Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/00323292241292920 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Di Carlo, Donato A1 - Hassel, Anke A1 - Höpner, Martin T1 - Germany’s coordinated policy response to the energy crisis: shielding the export-led model at all costs T2 - LUHNIP Working Paper Series N2 - Executive Summary: ▪ The German government has taken decisive actions in response to the dual economic shocks linked to the Covid-19 pandemic and Russian gas supplies’ cut-off – with the main objective of protecting its export-oriented industrial economy. ▪ By engaging in "competitive corporatism," the coalitional government has worked closely with the social partners – especially representatives from the chemical and metalworking-engineering export sectors – to restore domestic firms’ cost competitiveness while providing social compensation to vulnerable households and individuals. ▪ The government's concerted threefold strategy to uphold the export-led growth regime includes: (1) measures aimed at reducing firms’ energy costs; (2) in/direct measures aimed at controlling the rise of labour costs to prevent a wage-price spiral; (3) substantial state aid provided to ailing firms. ▪ The scope of state intervention in Germany's economy is unparalleled, entailing significant fiscal outlays for protective measures, made possible by Germany’s advantageous sovereign refinancing capacity. Germany’s economic activism risks jeopardising the EU single market due to extensive state aid, especially since Germany resists joint fiscal resource pooling for EU-wide industrial policy. Y1 - 2023 UR - https://leap.luiss.it/publication-research/publications/d-di-carlo-a-hassel-m-hopner-germanys-coordinated-policy-response-to-the-energy-crisis-shielding-the-export-led-model-at-all-costs/ PB - Luiss Institute for European Analysis and Policy CY - Rome ET - 1/2023 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Höpner, Martin A1 - Di Carlo, Donato A1 - Hassel, Anke T1 - Shielding competitiveness: Germany’s wage policy during the inflation shock years in comparative perspective JF - Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research N2 - We analyse wage developments in Germany during the inflation shock years of 2021–2023 from three perspectives: cost of living, supply-side cost pressure, and relational. With an export-led growth model, Germany is dependent on a favourable real effective exchange rate. Because of its above-average exposure to the energy crisis and low unemployment, Germany was particularly vulnerable to strong wage demands, putting at risk its cost competitiveness. In response to the inflation crisis, moderate collective bargaining outcomes have resulted from widespread use of one-off payments, longer duration of collective agreements, and ‘zero-month’ clauses, which have delayed wage increases. As in all other eurozone countries, employees have suffered real wage losses, but nominal wage increases at the lower end of the labour market fared better than average. Major competitiveness shifts have occurred in the eurozone, particularly to the detriment of Eastern European countries and the Baltics, but not Germany. Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/10242589241300114 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Hassel, Anke A1 - Di Carlo, Donato A1 - Höpner, Martin T1 - The return of inflation and three meanings of wage restraint T2 - LSE Blog EUROPP N2 - The sharp increase in inflation across Europe over the last two years has led to calls from some actors for a policy of wage restraint to prevent a vicious circle of price rises. Yet as Martin Höpner, Anke Hassel and Donato Di Carlo write, the fact that “wage restraint” can be understood in multiple different ways has created confusion about the link between wages and prices. Y1 - 2023 UR - https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2023/10/16/the-return-of-inflation-and-three-meanings-of-wage-restraint/ UR - https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-000D-CE05-6 ER -