TY - JOUR A1 - Graf, Lukas T1 - Leveraging Regional Differences and Cross‐border Collective Institutions: The Case of Skill Formation and Employment in the Border Region of France, Germany, and Switzerland JF - Swiss Political Science Review N2 - European cross‐border regions often display substantial political and economic activity. A key example is the French‐German‐Swiss Upper Rhine region, where three distinct national governance models come together. In this dynamic cross‐border industry cluster, traditional political‐administrative units often do not meet the functional needs of employers and (future) employees. This comparative institutional analysis refers to Varieties of Capitalism and Local Production Systems perspectives to explore the operations of this cluster. It finds two main patterns through which education and training are embedded in the cross‐border context: on the one hand, the leveraging of distinct institutional advantages in the different parts of the region and, on the other, the creation of cross‐border collective competition goods in the form of jointly provided educational institutions. Through these two strategies, local actors within the cross‐border industry cluster can turn their peripheral location into an institutional advantage. KW - - KW - Local Production Systems KW - Varieties of Capitalism KW - Industry Clusters KW - Internationalization of Education and Training KW - Cross‐border Labor Markets Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-40302 SN - 1662-6370 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - 369 EP - 389 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Freudlsperger, Christian A1 - Weinrich, Martin T1 - Decentralized EU Policy Coordination in Crisis? The Case of Germany JF - JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies N2 - Abstract Europeanization research found no general convergence towards centralized EU policy coordination, despite decentralized systems' comparatively slow and ineffective position‐taking. Does this finding hold against the threat, urgency, and uncertainty exerted by recent years' polycrisis? We posit that decentralized systems indeed persist, albeit in a three‐step reactive sequence in which situational centralization during crises dialectically reinforces decentralization in the long run. First, the prime minister's office harnesses a crisis to acquire hierarchical control of position‐taking. Second, to exploit the deep expertise of the bureaucracy and maximize its bargaining power on the EU‐level, it co‐opts a lead ministry. Third, due to the institutional underpinnings of the decentralized system, the lead ministry, rather than the prime minister's office, eventually retains the administrative capacities created in crisis. We illustrate this causal mechanism in a comparison of the German government's EU policy coordination during the Eurozone and Schengen crises. KW - - KW - European Union KW - crisis KW - policy coordination KW - reactive sequence KW - decentralization KW - Germany Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13159 SP - n/a EP - n/a ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Filip, Alexandru T1 - The Dahrendorf Quandary, Crisis Severity, and Country Performance JF - Global Policy N2 - Abstract Dahrendorf´s Quandary, an early formulation of the Rodrik Trilemma, stipulates that maintaining economic competitiveness requires countries either to adopt measures detrimental to the cohesion of civil society, or to restrict civil liberties and political participation. The global financial and economic crisis of 2008–09 offers a test case for the applicability of the Quandary. We do so by examining economic, political and social stressors afflicting countries during the period of 2009–2014 relative to the severity and type of crises they experienced, and the ensuing political consequences for economy policy, democracy and society prevalent in 2019. We find that the Quandary does not apply uniformly across advanced market economies. Instead we detect distinct clusters that vary in their intensity of the tension the Quandary stipulates. We also find a consistent and positive relationship between Quandary intensity and crisis severity, yet obtain inconclusive results when looking at the relationship with current trends. The findings suggest that the crisis preparedness and the actual governance capability of countries to address the negative effects of economic globalization are key to managing the tensions inherent in the Dahrendorf Quandary and the Rodrik Trilemma. KW - - Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12901 VL - 3 SP - 298 EP - 312 PB - John Wiley & Sons Ltd. CY - New Jersey ET - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chierchia, Gabriele A1 - Przyrembel, Marisa A1 - Lesemann, Franca Parianen A1 - Bosworth, Steven A1 - Snower, Dennis A1 - Singer, Tania T1 - Navigating Motivation: A Semantic and Subjective Atlas of 7 Motives JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Research from psychology, neurobiology and behavioral economics indicates that a binary view of motivation, based on approach and avoidance, may be too reductive. Instead, a literature review suggests that at least seven distinct motives are likely to affect human decisions: “consumption/resource seeking,” “care,” “affiliation,” “achievement,” “status-power,” “threat approach” (or anger), and “threat avoidance” (or fear). To explore the conceptual distinctness and relatedness of these motives, we conducted a semantic categorization task. Here, participants were to assign provided words to one of the motives. By applying principal component analysis to the categorization assignments we represent the semantic inter-relations of these motives on a two-dimensional space, a “semantic atlas.” This atlas suggests that, while care and affiliation are conceptually close, affiliation is closer to threat avoidance (or fear); opposite to these motives we find achievement, consumption and power, with the latter lying closer to threat approach (or anger). In a second study, we asked participants to rate how well the motive-specific words obtained in the first study described their currently experienced feelings. We find that semantically close motives are also more likely to be experienced together, that is, we replicate most of the semantic relations in the “subjective atlas.” We discuss our findings in comparison to other multi-dimensional models of motivation, which show clear similarities. In addition to these motivational atlases, we provide a database of motive-specific words, together with the valence and arousal scores. These can be used for future research on the influence of motives on decision making. KW - - KW - affiliation KW - care KW - motives KW - motivation psychology KW - semantic categorization KW - economic decision making Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568064 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 11 PB - Frontiers Media S.A. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anders, Therese ED - Fariss, Christopher J. ED - Lo, James T1 - Territorial control in civil wars: Theory and measurement using machine learning JF - Journal of Peace Research N2 - Territorial control is a central variable for civil war research – yet, we lack sufficiently detailed data to capture subnational dynamics and offer cross-country coverage. This article advances a new measurement strategy for territorial control in asymmetric civil wars. Territorial control is conceptualized as an unobserved latent variable that can be estimated via observed variation in rebel tactics. The strategy builds on a theoretical model of rebel tactics, by which rebels use terrorism less when they control a given area – preferring conventional tactics, which require higher levels of territorial control. The latent variable, territorial control, is estimated via a Hidden Markov Model (HMM). As an observable indicator for rebel tactics, I leverage geo-coded event data and a function of the relative frequency of terrorist attacks and conventional war acts, weighted by time and distance. The model yields estimates of territorial control for asymmetric civil wars at a resolution of 0.25 decimal degree minimum diameter hexagonal grid cells. Validation of estimates for the Colombian and Nigerian civil wars suggests HMMs as a fruitful avenue to estimate spatiotemporal variation in territorial control. KW - - KW - civil war KW - event data KW - latent variables KW - territorial control Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343320959687 SN - 0022-3433 SN - 1460-3578 VL - 57 IS - 6 SP - 701 EP - 714 PB - SAGE Publications CY - Sage UK: London, England ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maricut‐Akbik, Adina T1 - Q&A in legislative oversight: A framework for analysis JF - European Journal of Political Research N2 - Abstract Parliamentary questions are an essential tool of legislative oversight. However, the extent to which they are effective in controlling the executive remains underspecified both theoretically and methodologically. This article advances a systematic framework for evaluating the effectiveness of parliamentary questions drawing on principal–agent theory, the public administration literature on accountability and communication research. The framework is called the ‘Q&A approach to legislative oversight’ based on the premise that the study of parliamentary questions (Q) needs to be linked to their respective answers (A) and examined together (Q&A) at the micro‐level as an exchange of claims between legislative and executive actors. Methodologically, the Q&A approach to legislative oversight offers a step‐by‐step guide for qualitative content analysis of Q&A that can be applied to different legislative oversight contexts at different levels of governance. It is argued that the effectiveness of Q&A depends on the strength of the questions asked and the responsiveness of answers provided, which are correspondingly operationalised. To illustrate the merits of the approach, the article includes a systematic case study on the relationship between the European Parliament and the European Central Bank in banking supervision (2013–2018), showing the connection between specific institutional settings and the effectiveness of parliamentary questions. KW - - KW - legislative oversight KW - parliamentary questions KW - principal–agent problems KW - European Parliament KW - European Central Bank Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12411 SP - n/a EP - n/a ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Foroughi, Hamid A1 - Coraiola, Diego M. A1 - Rintamäki, Jukka A1 - Mena, Sébastien A1 - Foster, William M. ED - Kolb, Darl ED - Huysman, Marleen ED - Dery, Kristine ED - Metiu, Anca T1 - Organizational Memory Studies JF - Organization Studies N2 - This paper provides an overview and discussion of the rapidly growing literature on organizational memory studies (OMS). We define OMS as an inquiry into the ways that remembering and forgetting shape, and are shaped by, organizations and organizing processes. The contribution of this article is threefold. We briefly review what we understand by organizational memory and explore some key debates and points of contestation in the field. Second, we identify four different perspectives that have been developed in OMS (functional, interpretive, critical and performative) and expand upon each perspective by showcasing articles published over the past decade. In particular, we examine four papers previously published in Organization Studies to show the distinctiveness of each perspective. Finally, we identify a number of areas for future research to facilitate the future development of OMS. KW - - KW - memory KW - collective memory KW - forgetting KW - historical organization studies KW - mnemonics KW - remembering KW - rhetorical history KW - social memory KW - literature review KW - organizational learning Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840620974338 SN - 0170-8406 SN - 1741-3044 VL - 41 IS - 12 SP - 1725 EP - 1748 PB - SAGE Publications CY - Sage UK: London, England ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gläßel, Christian A1 - González, Belén A1 - Scharpf, Adam T1 - Grist to the mill of subversion: strikes and coups in counterinsurgencies JF - European Journal of International Relations N2 - Why are acts of organized resistance associated with coups? Inspired by the Arab Spring, a large literature suggests that militaries confronted with civil resistance tend to side with protesters and oust their government. In the historically most coup-prone environment of insurgencies, however, alliances between the military and protesters are implausible because soldiers suspect insurgents behind social dissent. Disentangling different types of resistance, this article analyzes whether and how strikes, demonstrations, riots, and guerrilla attacks affect the military’s disposition and ability to stage a coup during counterinsurgencies. We argue that only strikes trigger coup attempts. Soldiers interpret strikes as manifestations of a strengthening subversive enemy that threatens their victory over insurgents, while economic elites support a coup in the hope that the military will terminate costly walkouts. This interest alignment fosters military takeovers. We provide case-study evidence from Cold War Argentina and Venezuela to show our suggested mechanism at work. Demonstrating the scope of our argument, we quantitatively analyze coup attempts in counterinsurgency worldwide (1950–2005). Results show that strikes increase wartime coup risk, whereas demonstrations, riots, and guerrilla attacks do not. The findings highlight the backfiring potential of nonviolent resistance with important implications for post-coup political orders and democratization prospects. KW - - KW - Military coup KW - nonviolent resistance KW - elite collusion KW - bureaucratic authoritarianism KW - Argentina KW - Venezuela Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066120923028 SN - 1354-0661 SN - 1460-3713 VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 1032 EP - 1060 PB - SAGE Publications CY - Sage UK: London, England ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Migliorati, Marta T1 - The Post‐agencification Stage between Reforms and Crises. A Comparative Assessment of EU agencies' Budgetary Development JF - JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies KW - - KW - EU agencies KW - agencification KW - budget KW - EU governance Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13044 SP - 1 EP - 20 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rohde-Liebenau, Judith T1 - Raising European Citizens? European Identity in European Schools JF - JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies N2 - Abstract Citizens' identification with Europe could consolidate European integration. European Schools, created for children of EU officials, should mirror the EU's vision of citizens of member states united in (national) diversity. Instead, this study reveals that European School students construct an explicitly European in‐group and deviate from EU visions by differentiating themselves from a more national and less mobile lifestyle. The article draws on qualitative content analysis of in‐depth and focus group interviews with teachers and 101 students in European Schools in Germany, Luxembourg and England. This elucidates the relationship between European schooling and this peculiar but ultimately European identity. In a dual mechanism, by ‘doing Europe’, students actively nourish a transnational social network in school; by ‘telling Europe’, students are more passively exposed to European and diverse national narratives. Both the analysis of how their European identity emerges and descriptive underpinnings show the complexity of European identity construction even under most favourable conditions. KW - - KW - European identity KW - European Schools KW - in‐group/out‐group KW - causal mechanism Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13050 SP - 1 EP - 19 ET - 2020 ER -