TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Spieß, Katharina A1 - Wagner, Gert T1 - Kinderbetreuungspolitik in Deutschland: Möglichkeiten nachfrageorientierter Steuerungs- und Finanzierungsinstrumente JF - Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft N2 - Die institutionelle Kinderbetreuung in Deutschland ist ein Beispiel der Steuerung sozialer Dienste zwischen „Markt und Staat“. Kinderbetreuung wird nicht nur primär aus kommunalen Mitteln finanziert, sondern auf kommunaler Ebene durch Vertreter freier und öffentlicher Träger geplant und reguliert. Diese Strukturelemente sind rechtlich in Form des Subsidiaritätsprinzips und der kommunalen Finanzierung verankert. In diesem Beitrag argumentieren wir, dass die finanzielle Abhängigkeit vom kommunalen Budget und eine undurchsichtige Bedarfsplanung wesentliche Hemmnisse für eine bedarfsgerechte Versorgung mit Kinderbetreuungsplätzen darstellen. Dem derzeitigen „Mix“ aus öffentlichen und öffentlich finanzierten Kindertageseinrichtungen stellen wir das System einer nachfrageorientierten Steuerung des Angebots gegenüber. Am Beispiel von einem „Gutscheinmodell“ stellen wir konkrete Überlegungen und Umsetzungsbeispiele eines derartigen Systems für Deutschland vor. Y1 - 2002 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11618-002-0016-8 SN - 1434-663X VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - 201 EP - 221 PB - Springer VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften CY - Berlin [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - Parity Specific Birth Rates for West Germany: An Attempt to Combine Survey Data and Vital Statistics JF - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaften N2 - In this paper, we combine vital statistics and survey data to obtain parity specific birth rates for West Germany. Since vital statistics do not provide birth parity information, one is confined to using estimates. The robustness of these estimates is an issue, which is unfortunately only rarely addressed when fertility indicators for (West) Germany are reported. In order to check how reliable our results are, we estimate confidence intervals and compare them to results from survey data and estimations conducted by the German Statistical Office. Although our estimations show a similar trend, the magnitude of some fertility indicators differs substantially from the ones reported in other studies. However, estimations from other studies do not give a consistent picture of German fertility, either. KW - Germany KW - Fertility Y1 - 2002 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9838 SN - 0340-2398 VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - 327 EP - 357 PB - Leske + Budrich CY - Opladen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Konietzka, Dirk T1 - The performance of migrants in occupational labour markets: evidence from 'Aussiedler' in Germany JF - European Societies N2 - Since the breakdown of communism, Germany has experienced a major influx of Aussiedler who are basically migrants originating from Eastern European countries. In this article, we use data from the German Socio-Economic Panel of the year 1998 to analyse the labour market performance of this group of migrants. Our key hypothesis guiding the empirical investigations is that in occupational labour markets, such as the German one, migrants are faced with specific problems when transferring their educational and vocational skills acquired in other countries. Only if they gain access to their trained occupations are they able to perform well in the labour market. Otherwise, occupational closure hinders them from receiving returns to their educational and vocational qualifications. KW - Communism KW - Migrant labor KW - Labor market KW - Vocational education KW - Training KW - Immigration Y1 - 2002 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/14616690220130991 SN - 1461-6696 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 53 EP - 78 PB - Taylor and Francis CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Konietzka, Dirk T1 - Women's employment and non-marital child-bearing: A comparison between East and West Germany in the 1990s JF - Population N2 - In contrast to West Germany, where marriage and childbirth have been strongly coupled, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) displayed high rates of non-marital childbearing. Researchers attributed this pattern to “misguided” GDR family policies that encouraged women to remain unmarried after childbirth. With German unification, East Germany’s legal and political institutions — including family policies — were replaced by those of West Germany. Against this background, it was widely expected that east German non-marital birth rates would soon fall to west German levels. After unification, however, they increased even further. This article argues that the enormous east-west differences in non-marital childbearing in the 1990s can be attributed to differences in women’s work orientation. Despite unfavourable labour market constraints and social policies that encourage women’s withdrawal from the labour force after childbirth, east German women, compared with their west German counterparts, are still more likely to be in full-time employment, and to re-enter the labour force sooner after childbirth. Our empirical investigation, drawing on data from the German 1997 micro-census, reveals a strong effect of women’s education and employment on marriage in west Germany, whereas in east Germany the probability of living in a marital union is hardly correlated at all with women’s employment characteristics. We conclude that a generally strong female work orientation and the wide availability of public day care facilities are the most important factors weakening the economic incentives for east German women to get married at childbirth. Y1 - 2002 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9812 UR - http://www.persee.fr/doc/pop_1634-2941_2002_num_57_2_18395 SN - 0032-4663 VL - 57 IS - 2 SP - 331 EP - 357 PB - Institut national d'études démographiques (I.N.E.D.) CY - Paris ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - Time-squeeze, partner effect or self-selection?: An investigation into the positive effect of women's education on second birth risks in West Germany JF - Demographic Research N2 - This paper investigates the role of women’s education in the transition to the second child using data from the 1997 German micro-census. We begin our analysis with a simple model, which shows a positive effect of woman’s education on the transition rate to the second child for West German women. We argue that this effect is most likely confounded by various factors. Firstly, we assume that there is a time-squeeze effect, which increases the transition rate to the second child for more highly educated women. Secondly, titled as the partner hypothesis, we argue that more highly educated women often live with more highly educated partners who have the earning potential to afford a large family. Thirdly, titled as the selection hypothesis, we argue that the positive effect of women’s education can be attributed to a selection effect, i.e. familyoriented college graduates are more likely to select themselves into the group of women at risk of second birth. The empirical investigations particularly support the second and third hypotheses. After controlling for the partner’s characteristics and including unobserved heterogeneity factors, the positive effect of female education becomes strongly negative. KW - Education KW - Female employment KW - Fertility KW - Germany KW - Second births Y1 - 2002 UR - http://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol7/2/7-2.pdf U6 - https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2002.7.2 VL - 7 SP - 15 EP - 48 PB - Max-Planck Institut für demografische Forschung CY - Rostock ER -