TY - JOUR A1 - Sewerin, Sebastian A1 - Kaack, Lynn A1 - Küttel, Joel A1 - Sigurdsson, Fride A1 - Martikainen, Onerva A1 - Esshaki, Alisha A1 - Hafner, Fabian T1 - Towards understanding policy design through text-as-data approaches: The policy design annotations (POLIANNA) dataset JF - Scientific Data N2 - Despite the importance of ambitious policy action for addressing climate change, large and systematic assessments of public policies and their design are lacking as analysing text manually is labour-intensive and costly. POLIANNA is a dataset of policy texts from the European Union (EU) that are annotated based on theoretical concepts of policy design, which can be used to develop supervised machine learning approaches for scaling policy analysis. The dataset consists of 20,577 annotated spans, drawn from 18 EU climate change mitigation and renewable energy policies. We developed a novel coding scheme translating existing taxonomies of policy design elements to a method for annotating text spans that consist of one or several words. Here, we provide the coding scheme, a description of the annotated corpus, and an analysis of inter-annotator agreement, and discuss potential applications. As understanding policy texts is still difficult for current text-processing algorithms, we envision this database to be used for building tools that help with manual coding of policy texts by automatically proposing paragraphs containing relevant information. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02801-z VL - 10 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Lindner, Johannes A1 - Nguyen, Thu A1 - Hansum, Romy T1 - What does it cost? Financial implications of the next enlargement N2 - Despite a broad consensus in the EU on the necessity of enlargement, it is far from a done deal. Especially the financial implications a Ukraine accession pose uncertainties. In our policy paper, Johannes Lindner, Thu Nguyen and Romy Hansum show that the next enlargement round would have less of an impact on the EU budget than is generally assumed. This is largely because the EU’s multiannual financial framework (MFF) has inherent adaptation mechanisms to mitigate significant fluctuations. At the same time, we stress that is impossible to predict precisely what the EU’s MFF, under which accession will happen, will look like as the rules and allocations are subject to political negotiations. Lastly, enlargement is not the only issue adding pressure on the EU budget in a Union that faces huge challenges. Y1 - 2023 UR - https://www.delorscentre.eu/en/publications/financial-implications-of-the-next-enlargement ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Guijarro May, Alvaro Jose ED - Sandor, Laura ED - Kinney, Charles T1 - Datatification: The rise of the Data Steward Y1 - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-51468 U6 - https://doi.org/10.48462/opus4-5146 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Jansen, Jannik T1 - When Europe talks climate, it needs to think jobs N2 - Europe’s climate and green industrial policies have faced criticism over lack of funding and coordination, but a shortage of skilled workers could be the key stumbling block for meeting the EU’s green ambitions. This policy brief shines a light on the challenges posed by this shortage. First, it provides an overview of the EU’s aspirational clean tech objectives. Second, it seeks to present a more nuanced perspective on the specific skill and labor requirements for producing and deploying key clean technologies, by providing an initial estimate for the workforce needed to meet the Union’s climate and industrial targets by 2030. Finally, it delves into the factors contributing to potential labor market bottlenecks and underscores the urgent need for targeted and coordinated policy actions. Y1 - 2023 UR - https://www.delorscentre.eu/en/publications/skilled-workers-in-the-green-transition ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Findeisen, Francesco T1 - Conditional support: How the EU can solve the geo-economics dilemma of the Green Deal N2 - A European Green Deal that can withstand external shocks and navigate the twists and turns of geo-politics rests on diversified sources of critical imports. However, diversification is a matter for corporate decisions on where to find supplies and place investment and European firms, grappling with cost-push inflation, are reluctant to bear the costs these entail. In this policy position, Francesco Findeisen makes three suggestions about how the EU can help its firms achieve economic resilience through conditional industrial policy support and public procurement. Y1 - 2023 UR - https://www.delorscentre.eu/en/publications/detail/publication/conditional-support-how-the-eu-can-solve-the-geo-economics-dilemma-of-the-green-deal ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Eisenack, Klaus T1 - Why local governments set climate targets: Effects of city size and political costs T2 - Berlin School of Economics Discussion Papers N2 - Cities increasingly address climate change, e.g. by pledging city-level emission reduction targets. This is puzzling for the provision of a global public good: what are city governments’ reasons for doing so, and do pledges actually translate into emission reductions? Empirical studies have found a set of common factors which relate to these questions, but also mixed evidence. What is still pending is a theoretical framework to explain those findings and gaps. This paper thus develops an abstract public choice model. The model features economies of scale and distinguishes urban reduction targets from actual emission reductions. It is able to support some stylized facts from the empirical literature and to resolve some mixed evidence as special cases. Two city types result. One type does not achieve its target, but reduces more emissions than a free-riding city. These relations reverse for the other type. The type determines whether cities with lower abatement costs more likely set targets. A third type does not exist. For both types, cities which set targets and have higher private costs of carbon are more ambitious. If marginal net benefits of mitigation rise with city size, then larger cities gain more from setting climate targets. Findings are contrasted with an alternative model where targets reduce abatement costs. Some effects remain qualitatively the same, while others clearly differ. The model can thus guide further empirical and theoretical work. T3 - Berlin School of Economics Discussion Papers - 29 KW - Economics KW - Local provision of public goods KW - public choice Y1 - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-51998 UR - https://berlinschoolofeconomics.de/insights/discussion-papers U6 - https://doi.org/10.48462/opus4-5199 ET - No. 29 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Ostanina, Sascha T1 - To guarantee its security, the EU should arm Ukraine through a self-defence agreement N2 - Current security guarantees for Ukraine range from unavailable to ineffective, writes Sascha Ostanina. She proposes a middle-ground solution to provide collective security for Ukraine through a binding self-defence agreement between the EU and Ukraine. Such an agreement would provide Ukraine with access to weapons and ammunition in the event of Russian aggression. Y1 - 2023 UR - https://www.delorscentre.eu/en/publications/detail/publication/to-guarantee-its-security-the-eu-should-arm-ukraine-through-a-self-defence-agreement ER - TY - THES A1 - Lindemann, Korinna O. T1 - The Indelible Past: The Effects of Authoritarianism on Political Behaviour T3 - Dissertations submitted to the Hertie School - 11/2023 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-51975 U6 - https://doi.org/10.48462/opus4-5197 N1 - Shelf mark: 2023D011 + 2023D011+1 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bobić, Ana ED - Dawson, Mark T1 - Constructive Constitutional Conflict as an Accountability Device in Monetary Policy T2 - Substantive Accountability in Europe’s New Economic Governance Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009228800.012 SP - 197 EP - 316 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Akbik, Adina ED - Dawson, Mark T1 - The Economic Dialogues with the Eurogroup: Substantive Accountability Claimed, but Unmet T2 - Substantive Accountability in Europe’s New Economic Governance N2 - As the most powerful executive actor in the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), the Eurogroup has faced continuous demands to improve its accountability record since the euro crisis. One reform introduced to meet these demands were the Economic Dialogue – a regular exchange of views between the European Parliament and the President of the Eurogroup designed to ‘ensure greater transparency and accountability’ in the EMU. This chapter investigates the practical functioning of the Economic Dialogues with the Eurogroup between 2013 and the 2019 European Parliament elections. Applying the theoretical framework of the introduction, the purpose is to examine the extent to which the Parliament focuses on procedural or substantive accountability when questioning the Eurogroup President. Moreover, the chapter investigates the reasoning of parliamentary questions in line with the four accountability goods identified at the outset (openness, non-arbitrariness, effectiveness, and publicness). The findings show that Members of the European Parliament are eager to question the extent to which Eurogroup decisions are substantively open and effective, and to a lesser extent whether they are arbitrary or protect EU interests more generally. The analysis is based on fourteen transcripts of Economic Dialogues with the Eurogroup President, which took place between 2013 and 2019. KW - Accountability; Eurogroup; European Parliament; Council of the EU; Economic Dialogue; European Semester; ESM Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009228800.010 SP - 154 EP - 176 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Akbik, Adina A1 - Dawson, Mark ED - Dawson, Mark T1 - From Procedural to Substantive Accountability in EMU Governance T2 - Substantive Accountability in Europe’s New Economic Governance N2 - This chapter provides the volumes general conceptual framework. It begins by addressing why new approaches to accountability are needed, arguing that accountability literature has reached a stalemate as a result of an impasse between deductive and inductive approaches to accountability in the EU. It then argues that overcoming the stalemate requires developing a generalised framework of what accountability is for, deriving four accountability goods to be used in subsequent chapters. The chapter argues that each of the goods can be delivered in procedural or substantive ways, focusing either on the process by which decisions are made or the substantive worth of decisions themselves. The chapter concludes by discussing the strengths and weaknesses of both varieties of accountability before mapping out how the concepts will be applied across policy fields and institutions in subsequent chapters. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009228800.003 SP - 19 EP - 44 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Dawson, Mark ED - Dawson, Mark T1 - Introduction: The Accountability Impasse of the EU’s New Economic Governance T2 - Substantive Accountability in Europe's New Economic Governance N2 - This chapter serves as the general introduction to the volume. It discusses two major impasses plaguing EMU in the 2020s: the first, a clash between politicization of EMU decisions, on the one hand, and an institutional structure designed to reject political conflict, on the other; the second, a scholarly impasse between those analysing EMU accountability comparatively and those doing so through EMU specific standards. The chapter briefly introduces the core concepts used in the volume as a means of overcoming this impasse: the distinction between procedural and substantive accountability as well as the normative goods framework developed in Chapter 1. It finally provides an overview of the structure and content of the volume, concluding with a plea to focus scholarly attention on EMUs substantive accountability deficits. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009228800.001 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Angelini, Antonella A1 - Zena, Al-Esia A1 - Yorgancioglu, Ayse A1 - Bartley, Tim A1 - Bernaz, Nadia A1 - Bianchini, Flaviano A1 - Biro, Flora Panna A1 - Bruder, Ignas A1 - Cavara, Rachele A1 - Cezarino, Luciana Oranges A1 - Crane, Andrew A1 - Giuliani, Elisa A1 - Gustafsson, Maria-Therese A1 - Tamara, Horbachevska A1 - Iatridis, Kostas A1 - Macchi, Chiara A1 - Mair, Johanna A1 - Mena, Sébastien A1 - Moretti, Anna A1 - Murray, John A1 - Nieri, Federica A1 - Pavlovic, Andjela A1 - Rullani, Francesco A1 - Uvarova, Olena A1 - Zirpoli, Francesco T1 - Rebalancing disruptive business of multinational corporations and global value chains within democratic and inclusive citizenship processes N2 - The purpose of this working paper is to conduct a comprehensive review of existing literature that explores the relationship between business organizations and democracy. This review draws from various fields, including management, business ethics, sociology, international law, and other relevant disciplines for this Project and has several objectives. Firstly, it aims to provide insight into prior research on how democratic institutions regulate economic actors and how these actors, particularly large multinational corporations (MNCs), resist such regulation. Additionally, it examines how these economic actors develop behaviors and economic models that pose challenges to democratic governance, such as business-related human rights violations. In the initial part of the review, we delve into the historical and contemporary aspects of the relationship between business and democracy. Furthermore, the report explores how companies can contribute to shaping a more democratic future by addressing gaps in governance, especially in cases where populist governments fail to protect the rights of their citizens. It also considers the development of alternative business models, such as social enterprises and cross-sector partnerships. Moreover, it looks into how businesses can actively engage in democratic governance and promote principles of participation. The final section of the working paper involves a bibliometric analysis, including co authorship, co-citation, and keyword co-occurrence maps. This analysis is based on key references used by team members in their literature reviews and is designed to examine the connections that exist among various strands of research that support the research questions of the Rebalance Project. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4569268 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Çalı, Başak T1 - The Present and the Future of Infringement Proceedings: Lessons Learned from Kavala v. Türkiye N2 - The Council of Europe is headed to its fourth summit under the shadow, most likely, of the unimplemented infringement proceedings judgment in the case of Kavala v. Türkiye. The aim of this article is to investigate what this persistent non-implementation teaches us for the present as well as for the future reform of infringement proceedings monitoring. Strengthening this is of inestimable importance for the future credibility of the Council of Europe, as well as the authority of the European Court of Human Rights in general. The lack of a clear strategy for handling non-implementation of infringement proceedings will have a dissuasive effect on the further use of such proceedings by the Committee of Ministers, it removes any teeth proceedings were ever intended to have. In this article I argue that the future of the effective monitoring of judgments resulting from infringement proceedings depends on: a) the foreseeable proceduralisation of the mechanisms to exert pressure on non-implementing states and, b), further judicialisation of the ECtHR’s handling of the remedies required to implement judgments resulting from infringement proceedings. In conclusion, I reflect on possible objections to this double call of proceduralisation and judicialisation as the basis of reform. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4424579 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Finnerty, Joseph T1 - When is a State’s ‘Hidden Agenda’ Proven? The Role of the Merabishvili’s Three-Legged Evidentiary Test in the Article 18 Strasbourg Case Law JF - European Convention on Human Rights Law Review N2 - The increasingly litigated Article 18 ECHR aims at unmasking the ‘hidden agenda’ pursued by states that proclaim to be restricting human rights for legitimate reasons, but in fact do so for an ‘ulterior purpose’. These complaints generate complex evidentiary challenges. This article investigates the evidentiary regime of Article 18 since the delivery of the Grand Chamber Merabishvili v Georgia judgment in 2017. It shows that this regime is composed of a three-legged evidentiary test requiring: (1) that the Article 18 complaint is a fundamental aspect of the case, (2) the identification of an ‘ulterior purpose’, and (3) the predominance of this purpose in the state’s overall motivation. The article argues that this three-stage test is sui generis, despite borrowing elements from evidentiary regimes, both from other Convention provisions and externally, and that it lacks clarity and coherency: facilitating a higher standard of proof for the provision, which largely burdens applicants. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1163/26663236-bja10077 SN - 2666-3228 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scharpf, Adam A1 - Gläßel, Christian A1 - Edwards, Pearce T1 - International sports events and repression in autocracies: Evidence from the 1978 FIFA World Cup JF - American Political Science Review N2 - How do international sports events shape repression in authoritarian host countries? International tournaments promise unique gains in political prestige through global media attention. However, autocrats must fear that foreign journalists will unmask their wrongdoings. We argue that autocracies solve this dilemma by strategically adjusting repression according to the spatial-temporal presence of international media. Using original, highly disaggregated data on the 1978 World Cup, we demonstrate that the Argentine host government largely refrained from repression during the tournament but preemptively cleared the streets beforehand. These adjustments specifically occurred around hotels reserved for foreign journalists. Additional tests demonstrate that (1) before the tournament, repression turned increasingly covert, (2) during the tournament, targeting patterns mirrored the working shifts of foreign journalists, (3) after the tournament, regime violence again spiked in locations where international media had been present. Together, the article highlights the human costs of megaevents, contradicting the common whitewashing rhetoric of functionaries. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055422000958 VL - 117 IS - 3 SP - 909 EP - 926 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gibson, Rachel A1 - Bon, Esmeralda A1 - Römmele, Andrea T1 - Operationalizing data-driven campaigning: designing a new tool for mapping and guiding regulatory intervention JF - Policy Studies N2 - Since the Cambridge Analytica scandal, governments are increasingly concerned about the way in which citizens’ personal data are collected, processed and used during election campaigns To develop the appropriate tools for monitoring and controlling this new mode of “data-driven campaigning” (DDC) regulators require a clear understanding of the practices involved. This paper provides a first step toward that goal by proposing a new organizational and process-centred operational definition of DDC from which we derive a set of empirical indicators. The indicators are applied to the policy environment of a leading government in this domain – the European Union (EU) – to generate a descriptive “heat map” of current regulatory activity toward DDC. Based on the results of this exercise, we argue that regulation is likely to intensify on existing practices and extend to cover current “cold spots”. Drawing on models of internet governance, we argue that this expansion is likely to occur in one of two ways. A “kaleidoscopic” approach, in which current legislation extends to absorb DDC practices and a more “designed” approach that involves more active intervention by elites, and ultimately the generation of a new regulatory regime. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2023.2259333 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bunde, Tobias ED - Mayer, Sebastian T1 - Social constructivism T2 - Research Handbook on NATO N2 - From a social constructivist perspective, NATO is not just another alliance or security institution, but the institutional embodiment of the transatlantic security community, which is based on a collective identity of liberal democracies. This collective identity serves as the main explanatory factor for social constructivist research dealing with NATO’s creation, its specific institutional design and its unique culture of consultation. It also helps understand NATO’s persistence after the end of the Cold War, its enlargement and its (liberal) out-of-area operations and missions in the post-Cold War period. Constructivism has become one of the key theoretical approaches in NATO research, offering a broader view of the Alliance and accounting for empirical anomalies that competitors fail to explain. Still, constructivist research has arguably not yet reached its full potential and could offer additional insights into NATO’s past, presence and future. These lacunae are addressed in the chapter. KW - NATO KW - Social constructivism KW - Transatlantic security community KW - Security cooperation KW - Identity KW - Liberal-democratic values Y1 - 2023 SN - 9781839103384 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839103391.00014 SP - 69 EP - 83 PB - Edward Elgar Publishing Limited CY - Cheltenham ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Giray, Burak T1 - Do UN Missions Have an Expiration Date? Ideational Commitment to UN Peacekeeping and the Length of Missions JF - International Peacekeeping N2 - Private interests might occasionally influence the decisions of troop-providers when contributing to UN peacekeeping missions. However, the pursuit of private benefits impacts how the mandates of peacekeeping missions are fulfilled. Drawing upon the conflict-of-interest theory, I argue that the effectiveness of UN peacekeeping operations is compromised when troop-providers lack ideational commitment to the principles of UN peacekeeping. This article explores the impact of troop-providers’ ideational commitment to UN peacekeeping on the duration of UN missions. To achieve this, a duration analysis is conducted over all completed and ongoing peacekeeping operations from April 1991 to December 2019. The results reveal that conflicting interests within peacekeeping operations lead to an increased time required for concluding UN missions. In essence, by establishing a connection between the raison d’étre of troop-providers and the duration of missions, this article outlines significant policy implications for the United Nations. KW - peacekeeping/peacebuilding KW - United Nations KW - foreign policy Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2023.2246362 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Nah, Alice M. T1 - Refugee Recognition Regime Country Profile: Malaysia N2 - This report focuses primarily on the actions of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) because of its central and contested role in refugee protection. Drawing on primary and secondary data, it reviews how UNHCR has developed a range of protection interventions, some non-ideal, in response to the actions of state and non-state actors who maintain a hostile environment for migrants with irregular status. T3 - RefMig Working Paper Series - 06 KW - Malaysia profile; RSD; Refugee recognition institutions; Refugee recognition regime; UNHCR Y1 - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-51754 UR - https://www.refmig.org/working-papers U6 - https://doi.org/10.48462/opus4-5175 ET - No. 06 ER -