TY - CHAP A1 - Arlinghaus, Johanna A1 - Calder, Jennifer A1 - Danielson, Lisa A1 - Ellis, Jane A1 - Paciorek, Aleksandra A1 - Perry, Edward T1 - Better protecting Mexico’s environment T2 - Getting it Right Strategic Priorities for Mexico N2 - . Y1 - 2018 SN - 9789264292055 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264292062-en SP - 117 EP - 126 PB - OECD Publishing CY - Paris ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar A1 - Flachsland, Christian T1 - Eckpunkte einer CO2-Preisreform für Deutschland N2 - . Y1 - 2018 UR - https://www.pik-potsdam.de/de/institut/abteilungen/klimaoekonomie-und-politik/mcc-dokumente-archiv/2018_mcc_working_paper_1_co2-preisreform.pdf PB - Potsdam-Institut für Klimafolgenforschung & Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC) gemeinnützige GmbH ET - MCC Working paper 1/2018 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - OECD, A1 - Arlinghaus, Johanna A1 - Van Dender, Kurt T1 - Taxing Energy Use 2018: Companion to the Taxing Energy Use Database N2 - Emissions from energy use cause environmental and health damages and they also contribute to climate change. By charging for these damages, taxes on energy use can reduce excessive emissions, while raising revenue that can be used to fund vital government services. This report assesses the magnitude and coverage of taxes on energy use - carbon taxes and other specific taxes on energy use - in 2015, across different countries and selected country groups, six sectors and five main fuel groups. It also considers change in effective tax rates on energy use between 2012 and 2015. The analysis is based on the OECD’s Taxing Energy Use database, a unique dataset to compare coverage and magnitude of specific taxes on energy use across 42 OECD and G20 economies, which together represent approximately 80% of global energy use and CO2-emissions associated with energy use. Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-92-64-28943-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264289635-en PB - OECD Publishing CY - Paris ER - TY - RPRT A1 - OECD, A1 - Perret, Sarah A1 - Salins, Véronique A1 - Arlinghaus, Johanna A1 - Buydens, Stéphane A1 - Hanappi, Tibor A1 - Kennedy, Sean T1 - Tax Policy Reforms 2018: OECD and Selected Partner Economies N2 - This third edition covers the latest tax policy reforms in all OECD countries, as well as in Argentina, Indonesia and South Africa. Monitoring tax policy reforms and understanding the context in which they were undertaken is crucial to informing tax policy discussions and to supporting governments in the assessment and design of tax reforms. KW - Taxation, Tax policy, Consumption taxes, Country tax policy reviews and advice Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-92-64-30445-1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264304468-en PB - OECD Publishing CY - Paris ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina A1 - Martínez Barranco Kukutschka, Roberto ED - Anheier, Helmut K. ED - Haber, Matthias ED - Kayser, Mark A. T1 - Can a civilisation know its own institutional decline? A tale of indicators. T2 - Governance Indicators: Approaches, Progress, Promise Y1 - 2018 SN - 9780198817062 SP - 71 EP - 99 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maricut-Akbik, Adina T1 - The dynamics of institutional behaviour in EU justice and home affairs: roles, representative claims, and varying policy positions JF - Journal of European Integration N2 - This article investigates the reasons behind varying institutional positions in the European Union’s (EU) area of justice and home affairs (JHA). It argues that such instances of institutional behaviour cannot be fully understood without examining how each institution seeks to legitimize its role in the EU political system. A novel theoretical framework on institutional behaviour is advanced, connecting individual policy positions and governance choices to (1) institutional roles developed within different types of organizational structure, and (2) the representative claims made by officials involved in decision-making. The framework draws on insights from organizational theory regarding institutional role expectations and a constructivist approach to representation borrowed from the work of Michael Saward. Using three cases of JHA legislation from the post-Lisbon period, it is shown that the framework can explain varying patterns of institutional behaviour by exploring lines of justification present in the institutional discourse. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2017.1415334 SN - Print: 0703-6337 Online: 1477-2280 VL - 40 IS - 2 SP - 161 EP - 176 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maricut, Adina A1 - Puetter, Uwe T1 - Deciding on the European Semester: the European Council, the Council and the enduring asymmetry between economic and social policy issues JF - Journal of European Public Policy N2 - This contribution investigates the asymmetrical relationship between economic and social aspects under the European Semester by looking at the roles of the European Council and the Council between 2010 and 2016. Drawing on the theories of deliberative and new intergovernmentalism, this asymmetry is associated with an uneven evolution of the co-ordination infrastructure, notably the varying degree to which key policy issues are subject to informal policy dialogue. Not only are finance ministers better placed to conduct policy dialogue, they also control the European Semester policy priorities more effectively than their colleagues in the Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs Council (EPSCO). Finance ministers also are more closely linked to discussions at the highest political level, the European Council. Social affairs committees and the Commission managed to gain a greater role at the expert level and to integrate more social issues into policy recommendations. Yet, these successes are not matched by higher level political endorsement. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1363271 SN - Print: 1350-1763, Online: 1466-4429 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 193 EP - 211 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bobić, Ana T1 - A Dynamic Analysis of Judicial Behaviour: The Auto-Correct Function of Constitutional Pluralism T2 - The Court of Justice of the European Union: Multidisciplinary Perspectives Y1 - 2018 UR - https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-multidisciplinary-perspectives/index SN - 9781509919086. 9781509938278. 9781509919093. 9781509919109. U6 - https://doi.org/10.5040/9781509919116.ch-003 SP - 35 EP - 52 PB - Hart Publishing Ltd CY - Oxford ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Marques, Marcelo A1 - Zapp, Mike A1 - Powell, Justin J.W. T1 - European Educational Research (Re)Constructed. Institutional Change in Germany, the United Kingdom, Norway and the European Union N2 - This book examines contemporary educational research and its governance, addressing key questions via a multidisciplinary theoretical framework of comparative institutional analysis with original data and applying multiple methods. The authors explore and explain important changes in the governance of educational research and the contents of scholarship in education and related disciplines across Europe since the 1990s. This volume synthesizes findings from a multi-year comparative research project, including in-depth empirical case studies of three distinct educational research cultures evolving in Germany, Norway, and the United Kingdom. The authors reconstruct and compare changing conceptualizations of educational research, embedded in increasingly internationalized contexts of research, and examine shifts in its governance, including patterns of funding, publication, and evaluation. They examine the producers of European educational research and the distinct role of the European Union in constructing a European Educational Research Area, in establishing cross-border networks, and in (re)shaping educational research agendas. Through innovative empirical analysis of programs of research on various levels and education researchers' collaborations in scientific networks, they provide insights into (supra)national dynamics in education-related scholarship. Theory-guided content analysis of research projects funded by leading national funding agencies and by the most highly developed supranational research funding instrument - the EU Framework Programme - enables the authors to embed findings on Germany, the United Kingdom, and Norway in a broader European perspective. Y1 - 2018 SN - 9781910744024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.15730/books.102 PB - Symposium Books Ltd CY - Oxford ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Woll, Cornelia ED - Andersson, Jenny ED - Godechat, Olivier T1 - On the Role of Social Sciences: What Crisis Are We Facing? T2 - Destabilizing Orders – Understanding the Consequences of Neoliberalism. Proceedings of the MaxPo Fifth-Anniversary Conference. Paris, January 12–13, 2018. MaxPo Discussion Paper. Y1 - 2018 UR - https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_2591613_7/component/file_2598933/content VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 105 EP - 107 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaack, Lynn A1 - Vaishnav, Parth A1 - Granger Morgan, M A1 - Azevedo, Inês A1 - Rai, Srijana T1 - Decarbonizing intraregional freight systems with a focus on modal shift JF - Environmental Research Letters N2 - Road freight transportation accounts for around 7% of total world energy-related carbon dioxide emissions. With the appropriate incentives, energy savings and emissions reductions can be achieved by shifting freight to rail or water modes, both of which are far more efficient than road. We briefly introduce five general strategies for decarbonizing freight transportation, and then focus on the literature and data relevant to estimating the global decarbonization potential through modal shift. We compare freight activity (in tonne-km) by mode for every country where data are available. We also describe major intraregional freight corridors, their modal structure, and their infrastructure needs. We find that the current world road and rail modal split is around 60:40. Most countries are experiencing strong growth in road freight and a shift from rail to road. Rail intermodal transportation holds great potential for replacing carbon-intense and fast-growing road freight, but it is essential to have a targeted design of freight systems, particularly in developing countries. Modal shift can be promoted by policies targeting infrastructure investments and internalizing external costs of road freight, but we find that not many countries have such policies in place. We identify research needs for decarbonizing the freight transportation sector both through improvements in the efficiency of individual modes and through new physical and institutional infrastructure that can support modal shift. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aad56c VL - 13 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cejudo, Guillermo M. A1 - Michel, Cynthia L. A1 - Sobrino, Armando A1 - Vázquez, Marcela T1 - Observing and Measuring Government Openness. A conceptual discussion and application to Mexico JF - Gobernar: The Journal of Latin American Public Policy and Governance N2 - Open government has become a goal for countries all over the world, but it remains an elusive concept. Despite innovative methodologies to assess open government policies, action plans, and interventions in different countries, scholarly research and practical decisions are hindered by the lack of a precise concept and an operationalization. In this paper, we make two contributions to this discussion. First, we argue that the discussions about open government would benefit from taking the grammatical structure of the concept seriously (open is an adjective, government a noun). Second, we propose that, in order to be conceptually and practically useful, open government should be observable. We present the methodology, application and results of an effort to observe and measure open government in Mexico, based on a study of 908 government offices in terms of transparency and participation. KW - Open government, transparency, citizen participation, openness, measurement Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.22191/gobernar/vol2/iss1/1 VL - 2 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ischinger, Wolfgang T1 - Conflict Management: Go Big or Go Home JF - Peace Lab Blog KW - Foreign Policy Y1 - 2018 UR - https://peacelab.blog/2018/07/conflict-management-go-big-or-go-home ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riordan, Rónán T1 - Popular sovereignty in the Irish context: The deployment of the Referendum to resolve disputes, uphold decisions, and legitimate state acts in the eyes of Citizens JF - UCD S.L.S. Law Journal Y1 - 2018 SN - 1649-1327 SP - 103 EP - 108 ET - UCD SLS 80 years of Bunreacht na hÉireann ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Costello, Cathryn A1 - Betts, Alexander A1 - Zaun, Natascha T1 - A Fair Share: Refugees and Responsibility-Sharing, Report and Policy Brief N2 - Developing countries account for a large majority of global refugee reception. 3.5 million out of Syria's 4 million refugees have sought refuge in three countries - Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan. Is it possible to achieve a fair distribution of protection seekers? This Delmi report examines the division of responsibilities for those in need of protection from a global perspective. It analyses past and present models and discusses its feasibility in practice. Y1 - 2018 UR - https://www.delmi.se/en/publications/report-and-policy-brief-2017-10-a-fair-share-refugees-and-responsibility-sharing/ ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Salazar-Morales, Diego A1 - Hallerberg, Mark T1 - The Role of Fiscal Coordination and Partisanship in the Spanish Fiscal Federalist System: Lessons for European Union reforms N2 - An issue that the European Union continues to face is how to coordinate the economic and fiscal policies of its member states. Recent reforms that created the European Semester require additional information concerning member states’ fiscal plans for the Commission and Council to review more rigorously. Spain has developed similar provisions for its regions. In this paper, Mark Hallerberg and Diego Salazar-Morales consider the possible lessons arising from the emerging federation in Spain for the European framework. They analyse the performance of Spain’s fiscal federalist framework with a special emphasis on its coordination and political relationship with the autonomous regions. Their findings suggest that coordination agreements are negatively correlated with balances, indicating that such agreements are indicators of fiscal problems and also that they did not contribute to lower deficits. Moreover, they find that politics, rather than fiscal rules and frameworks, led to differing fiscal performance. The paper concludes with lessons from Spain’s experience for the European Union. KW - Spain KW - European Union KW - fiscal policy KW - coordination KW - shared goals Y1 - 2018 UR - https://www.dahrendorf-forum.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Spanish-Fiscal-Federalism.pdf ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Costello, Cathryn T1 - Refugees and (Other) Migrants: Will the Global Compacts Ensure Safe Flight and Onward Mobility for Refugees? JF - International Journal of Refugee Law N2 - Conclusion: Hannah Arendt’s 1943 essay, ‘We Refugees’, begins: ‘In the first place, we don’t like to be called “refugees”. We ourselves call each other “newcomers” or “immigrants”’. The essay demonstrates that for the refugees, of whom she was one, the label ‘immigrant’ was preferable. It reflected a desire to get on and integrate, rather than neediness. That impulse to avoid the ‘refugee’ label may still be common today, particularly from those keen to avoid rights restriction or stigmatization. However, the ‘refugee’ label today is also instrumentalized to downplay the protection needs of others – those who may not be recognized as refugees (even though they ought to be), and those who are not refugees in any sense, but nonetheless require international protection. The New York Declaration and the bifurcated Global Compacts risk endorsing an unduly narrow conception of refugeehood, and failing to root out the refugee containment that taints the global refugee regime. However, I also offer a more constructive reading, emphasizing the overarching concept of international protection, and obligations to avoid harm in migration governance. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eey060 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - 643 EP - 649 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haas, Jörg T1 - Europe’s problem is not (just) Germany JF - Green European Journal N2 - Germany has been accused of transforming the EU into a “bad International Monetary Fund” by promoting conditionality and competitiveness. In a response to Hans Kundnani, Jörg Haas argues that insisting on rules and reforms is actually a constructive contribution to the debate about the EU’s future. The real issue with Germany is that it seems unwilling to comply with the laws it has shaped. This is part of a broader problem: the ever-growing influence of national governments in the EU makes it easy for powerful states to circumvent rules. We need an EU that ensures fair treatment for strong and weak members alike. Y1 - 2018 UR - https://www.greeneuropeanjournal.eu/europes-problem-is-not-just-germany/ ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Effland, Alexander A1 - Hölzel, Michael A1 - Klatzer, Teresa A1 - Kobler, Erich A1 - Landsberg, Jennifer A1 - Neuhäuser, Leonie A1 - Pock, Thomas A1 - Rumpf, Martin ED - Maier (et al.), Andreas T1 - Variational Networks for Joint Image Reconstruction and Classification of Tumor Immune Cell Interactions in Melanoma Tissue Sections T2 - Bildverarbeitung für die Medizin 2018. Informatik aktuell. N2 - Immunotherapy is currently revolutionizing the treatment of cancer. Detailed analyses of tumor immune cell interaction in the tumor microenvironment will facilitate an accurate prediction of a patient’s clinical response. The automatic and reliable pre-screening of histological tissue sections for tumor infiltrating immune cells (TILs) will support the development of TIL-based predictive biomarkers for checkpoint immunotherapy. In this paper, a learning approach for image classification is presented, which allows various pattern inquires for different types of tissue section images. The underlying trainable reaction diffusion model combines classification and denoising. The model is trained using a stochastic generation of training data. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated for immunofluorescent and for Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained melanoma section images. A particular focus is on the classification of TILs in the proximity to melanoma cells in an experimental melanoma mouse model and in human melanoma. This new learning approach for images of melanoma tissue sections will refine the strategy for the practical clinical application of biomarker research. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56537-7_86 SN - 978-3-662-56537-7 SP - 334 EP - 340 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin, Heidelberg ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kreilinger, Valentin T1 - Nationale Parlamente T2 - Jahrbuch der Europäischen Integration 2018 Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-3-8452-9103-1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845291031-135 SP - 135 EP - 140 PB - Nomos Verlag CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kossow, Niklas T1 - Blockchain: viel Potential, begrenzte Umsetzbarkeit T2 - Digitalisierung und Teilhabe KW - Sozialwesen KW - Aktivität KW - Teilnahme KW - Beteiligung KW - Wohlfahrtspflege Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-3-8487-5250-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845294308-97 SP - 97 EP - 112 PB - Nomos Verlag CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Terzi, Alessio A1 - Peruzzi, Michele T1 - Growth Accelerations Strategies N2 - Setting a country’s structural growth rate on a higher path, i.e. sparking and sustaining a growth acceleration can have quantitatively huge implications for national income and, more broadly, for people’s wellbeing. We develop a novel statistical framework to identify systematically the set of binding constraints that were unlocked before the 135 growth acceleration episodes that took place between 1962 and 2002 worldwide. We employ this information to characterise the acceleration process, which tends to be preceded by a deep recession and major economic policy changes. Once we combined this information with a set of counterfactual analyses, we find however that successful acceleration strategies should not contain off-the-shelf approaches or necessarily all-encompassing “shock therapy” solutions. On the other hand, they call for a careful tailoring to local conditions. Richer countries tend to experience fewer accelerations, but once these have been ignited, they are better positioned to make the most out of them. Despite standard growth determinants doing a fairly good job at characterising successful accelerations, we note how take-offs remain extremely hard to engineer with a high degree of certainty. KW - growth accelerations KW - economic growth KW - economic reform KW - structural breaks Y1 - 2018 UR - https://growthlab.cid.harvard.edu/files/growthlab/files/cidrfwp91.pdf ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bünder, Tobias T1 - How Common Is the East African Community’s Common External Tariff Really? The Influence of Interest Groups on the EAC’s Tariff Negotiations JF - Sage Open N2 - Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda founded a Customs Union in 2004 and apply a Common External Tariff (CET) on imports to the region. However, the CET has been increasingly destabilized by countries using unilateral exemptions on a wide range of strongly traded goods. This instability undermines progress in regional integration and creates an uneven playing field for business. The article discusses evidence for the influence of interest groups on the observed instability. This study takes a political economy perspective and tracks lobbying behavior from the domestic to the regional level. It looks at the influence of business membership organizations and other interest groups on CET negotiations. The article applies an exploratory, qualitative approach predominantly drawing on data gathered by the author in 25 interviews with experts in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda in January 2016. KW - East African Community KW - Customs Union KW - Common External Tariff KW - interest groups KW - business membership organizations Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017748235 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Terzi, Alessio T1 - Macroeconomic Adjustment in the Euro Area N2 - Macroeconomic adjustment in the euro area periphery was more recessionary than pre-crisis imbalances would have warranted. To make this claim, this paper uses a Propensity Score Matching Model to produce counterfactuals for the Eurozone crisis countries (Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Cyprus, Spain) based on over 200 past macroeconomic adjustment episodes between 1960-2010 worldwide. At its trough, between 2010 and 2015 per capita GDP had contracted on average 11 percentage points more in the Eurozone periphery than in the standard counterfactual scenario. These results are not dictated by any specific country experience, are robust to a battery of alternative counterfactual definitions, and stand confirmed when using a parametric dynamic panel regression model to account more thoroughly for the business cycle. Zooming in on the potential causes, the lack of an independent monetary policy, while having contributed to a deeper recession, does not fully explain the Eurozone’s specificity, which is instead to be identified in a sharper-than-expected contraction in investment and fiscal austerity due to high funding costs. Reading through the overall findings, there are reasons to believe that an incomplete Eurozone institutional setup contributed to aggravate the crisis through higher uncertainty. KW - macroeconomic adjustment KW - financial crisis KW - Eurozone KW - propensity score matching KW - growth Y1 - 2018 UR - https://growthlab.cid.harvard.edu/files/growthlab/files/terzi_cidwp88.pdf ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hustedt, Thurid A1 - Seyfried, Markus T1 - Inside the EU Commission: Evidence on the perceived relevance of the Secretariat General in Climate Policy-Making JF - JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies N2 - This article studies the perception of the EU Commission's Secretariat General in policy‐making. Recently, research on EU institutions devotes increasing attention to analyzing structures and procedures of decision‐making in EU institutions, most notably the EU Commission. Conventionally, the EU Commission is portrayed as a fragmented organization, divided along the lines of staff nationality, sectoral responsibilities and cabinets and General Directorates (DGs). The Secretariat General has long been viewed a weak actor that is hardly able or motivated to steer internal decision‐making. However, recent research indicates a changing role of the Secretariat General as a pro‐active broker and last arbiter. This article studies how the Secretariat General is perceived by the DGs in policy coordination and argues that this perception depends on the pattern of political authority, bureaucratic roles and the relevance and the alternatives prevailing in the policy field. The article is based on data from a survey among Commission officials. KW - EU Commission, Secretariat General, co‐ordination, centralization, climate policies Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12605 SN - 1468-5965 VL - 56 IS - 2 SP - 368 EP - 384 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Leininger, Arndt A1 - Rudolph, Lukas A1 - Zittlau, Steffen T1 - How to Increase Turnout in Low-Salience Elections: Quasi-Experimental Evidence on the Effect of Concurrent Second-Order Elections on Political Participation JF - Political Science Research and Methods N2 - Voter turnout in second-order elections is on a dramatic decline in many modern democracies. This article investigates how electoral participation can be substantially increased by holding multiple of these less important elections simultaneously. Leading to a relative decrease in voting costs, concurrent elections theoretically have economies of scale to the individual voter and thus should see turnout levels larger than those obtained in any stand-alone election. Leveraging as-if-random variation of local election timing in Germany, we estimate the causal effect of concurrent mayoral elections on European election turnout at around 10 percentage points. Exploiting variation in treatment intensity, we show that the magnitude of the concurrency effect is contingent upon district size and the competitiveness of the local race. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2016.38 SN - 2049-8489 IS - 6(3) SP - 509 EP - 526 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haußner, Stefan A1 - Leininger, Arndt T1 - Die Erfolge der AfD und die Wahlbeteiligung: Gibt es einen Zusammenhang? JF - Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen N2 - Seit die Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) erstmals zur Bundestagswahl 2013 antrat, nahm sie an allen darauffolgenden Landtagswahlen sowie der Europawahl 2014 teil und erzielte dabei teils beachtliche Erfolge. Gleichzeitig stieg die Wahlbeteiligung bei einigen dieser Wahlen deutlich an. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt sich die Frage, ob die AfD von der gestiegenen Wahlbeteiligung profitiert hat und sogar dazu beitrug, die Wahlbeteiligung zu steigern? Ganz allgemein gefragt, welche Konsequenzen hat das Aufkommen populistischer Parteien für das politische System? Die Analyse der Wahlergebnisse in Bundestags-, Landtags- und Europawahlen auf Landkreisebene zeigt keinen eindeutigen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Erstarken der AfD und der Wahlbeteiligung. Nur in Einzelfällen wie der Bundestagswahl 2017 und bei Landtagswahlen 2016 lässt sich eine moderate mobilisierende Wirkung der AfD feststellen. Vielmehr deuten die Ergebnisse auf eine verstärkte Polarisierung der politischen Beteiligung hin. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/0340-1758-2018-1-69 SN - 0340-1758 IS - 49(1) SP - 69 EP - 90 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hustedt, Thurid ED - Shaw, Richard ED - Eichbaum, Chris T1 - Germany: Smooth and silent emergence of advisory roles T2 - Ministers, Minders and Mandarins: An International Study of Relationships at the Executive Summit of Parliamentary Democracies N2 - These days leadership staff units in German federal ministries perform a distinct advisory role. Over time the former small assistance units have developed into fully fledged staff units, the heads of which, in particular, serve as close and confidant advisers to ministers. That is, although not appointed under special conditions or introduced by a formal reform process, they serve as the functional equivalents to the special or ministerial advisers found elsewhere. This chapter explores the emergence, contribution and role of the staff units and argues that the institutionalization of the relationship between politics and administration accounts for the smooth and silent emergence of the advisory role. Y1 - 2018 SN - 9781786431684 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786431691.00010 SP - 72 EP - 90 PB - Edward Elgar CY - London ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hustedt, Thurid ED - Howlett, Michael ED - Mukherjee, Ishani T1 - Policy design and policy advisory systems T2 - Routledge Handbook of Policy Design KW - Policy sciences, policy planning, public administration Y1 - 2018 SN - 9781351252928 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351252928 SP - 201 EP - 211 PB - Routledge CY - New York/London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - The United Nations and Civil Society in Times of Change: Four Propositions JF - Global Policy N2 - The United Nations and organized civil society in the form of international NGOs have yet to find an optimal mode of engagement that works for both sides. This has many reasons, but foremost it is caused by a formalized and politicized administrative process with, in the end, rather limited participation opportunities for NGOs. The current regime fails to live up to its potential – a deficit that is becoming more acute as both the UN and NGOs face legitimacy pressures and have to brave geopolitical and resource uncertainties. In response, the article proposes a more differentiated cooperation model based on functional roles and new organizational formats. Such an approach could enable a mutually beneficial relationship to emerge between the United Nations system and international civil society. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12555 SN - 1758-5880 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 291 EP - 300 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreilinger, Valentin T1 - Scrutinising the European Semester in national parliaments: what are the drivers of parliamentary involvement? JF - Journal of European Integration N2 - How exactly are national parliaments involved in the European Semester? The stronger coordination of fiscal and economic policies in the European Union (EU) in reaction to the sovereign debt crisis has forced national parliaments to adapt their procedures. This article examines how the European Semester is scrutinised and what factors have driven parliamentary activities in the French National Assembly, the German Bundestag, the Irish Dáil and the Portuguese Assembleia between 2012 and 2017. Particularly noteworthy is that legal provisions for a parliamentary debate on the Stability Programme can be ignored in France, that the German Bundestag is much less active in the European Semester than in EU affairs or in the budget process and that the weakness of Ireland’s parliament in the annual budget procedure affects its role in the European Semester. This article therefore suggests defining minimum standards for parliamentary involvement and strengthening interparliamentary cooperation. KW - National Parliaments KW - European Semester KW - economic and monetary union KW - democratic legitimacy KW - parliamentary oversight Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2018.1450402 SN - 1477-2280 IS - 40(3) SP - 325 EP - 340 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jugl, Marlene T1 - Finding the Golden Mean: Country Size and the Performance of National Bureaucracies JF - Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory N2 - This article contributes to the debate on environmental determinants of public service performance by analyzing the effect of country size (population size) on public service effectiveness. It theoretically describes and empirically tests a size-induced trade-off between economies and diseconomies of scale in national bureaucracies. The main argument is that public service performance increases with size due to economies of scale, but it decreases after the optimal country size when bureaucracies become too large and cumbersome to manage. The hypothesized curvilinear effect is tested for the first time empirically in cross-sectional regression models and multilevel within-between RE models that isolate the theoretically relevant between-country effect. The results support the expected inverse U-shaped relation on a global scale and in the subsample of democracies. The findings and their implication for research and practice are discussed: Public management must adapt theoretically and practically to country size as it is a contextual factor beyond the control of managers. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muy044 SN - 1477-9803 IS - 29(1) SP - 118 EP - 132 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreilinger, Valentin T1 - From procedural disagreement to joint scrutiny? The Interparliamentary Conference on Stability, Economic Coordination and Governance JF - Perspectives on Federalism N2 - The provision of Article 13 TSCG to create an Interparliamentary Conference was the starting point for long discussions after which national parliaments and the European Parliament eventually reached a compromise. This article pursues a two-fold objective: It first examines the different phases of interparliamentary negotiations from 2012 to 2015. On the basis of a distinction between three competing models for interparliamentary cooperation, the article shows that the two models of EP-led scrutiny and creating a collective parliamentary counterweight did not prevail: Parliaments agreed that the new Interparliamentary Conference on Stability, Economic Coordination and Governance (SECG) would follow the ‘standard’ interparliamentary conference (COSAC model). In terms of national parliaments’ actual participation, the lowest common denominator compromise has not changed the numbers of participating MPs: Attendance records are stable over time, the size of national delegations continues to vary and participating MPs are still twice as likely to be members of Budget or Finance committees than to be members of European affairs committees. KW - European Union KW - national parliaments KW - Economic Governance KW - interparliamentary cooperation Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2478/pof-2018-0035 SN - 2036-5438 IS - 10(3) SP - 155 EP - 183 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Claassen, Casper Hendrik A1 - Dumon, Andre A1 - Lee, Jin-Sang T1 - Reinvigorating John Rawls on Social Justice JF - Journal of the Korean Association of African Studies N2 - John Rawls featured prominently in the philosophical debate on social justice, bringing issues of individual freedom, civil rights and equal opportunity to the forefront. When considering the conceptualisation of social justice in South Africa, one is struck with the wealth of very ‘Rawlsian’ liberal democratic ideals suffused into the country’s constitution, alongside its dream of constitutional transformation. This is juxtaposed to the ideology and policies of the African National Congress, with its proclivities that are an antithesis to a veritable liberal constitutional democracy. Herein is found a dialectic in which the topic of justice is situated and analysed using the philosophy of Rawls as a benchmark. One is then faced with the confusion surrounding social justice in South Africa, what it means and how it is to be achieved. Concomitantly, the role and place of the individual is brought to the fore, begging the question of what citizens owe each other. KW - social justice KW - democracy KW - constitutionalism KW - South Africa KW - rawls Y1 - 2018 UR - http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A105553241 IS - 54 SP - 89 EP - 121 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hassel, Anke A1 - Wagner, Bettina T1 - Die Reform der Entsenderichtlinie: Notwendige Voraussetzung für einen besseren Binnenmarkt JF - ifo Schnelldienst N2 - Gleicher Lohn für gleiche Arbeit am gleichen Ort: Künftig sollen Arbeitnehmer aus dem EU-Ausland nicht nur den gültigen Mindestlohn, sondern auch die gültigen Tariflöhne erhalten, wenn sie in einem anderen EU-Land arbeiten. Zudem werden die Einsätze erstmals befristet und dürfen in der Regeln nicht länger als ein Jahr dauern, mit Sonderantrag ist eine Verlängerung auf 18 Monate möglich. Werden mit dieser Regelung Beschäftigte besser vor Lohn- und Sozialdumping geschützt? Oder wird durch eine Abschottung der Arbeitsmärkte das freie Angebot von Dienstleistungen in der EU behindert? Nach Ansicht von Matthias Dauner, cep – Centrum für Europäische Politik, Freiburg, bedeutet der Reformvorschlag eine »Kriegserklärung an die liberalen Verfechter des Binnenmarktes und ein Angriff auf das Geschäftsmodell vieler Unternehmen aus den Mitgliedstaaten Mittel- und Osteuropas, deren Wettbewerbsvorteil insbesondere in vergleichsweise niedrigen Lohn- und Lohnnebenkosten besteht«. Zwar würden auf den ersten Blick die Rechte von entsandten Arbeitnehmern gestärkt. Faktisch sei aber davon auszugehen, dass die Zahl der Entsendungen abnehmen dürfte. Leidtragende dürften die entsendenden Unternehmen und deren Mitarbeiter aus den neuen Mitgliedstaaten sein. Auch Ingo Kramer, Bundesvereinigung der Deutschen Arbeitgeberverbände, sieht einen »unnötigen Angriff auf den Binnenmarkt«. Eine verschärfte Entsenderichtlinie wäre nicht die Verwirklichung eines funktionierenden Binnenmarkts, sondern Protektionismus und für die deutschen Unternehmen ein massiver Kostentreiber. Für Anke Hassel, WSI, und Bettina Wagner, Hertie School of Governance, ist die Reform der Entsenderichtlinie dagegen eine notwendige Voraussetzung für einen besseren Binnenmarkt. Denn nur wenn Rechtssicherheit bestehe und Regulierungsarbitrage eingedämmt werde, könne ein produktiver Wettbewerb entstehen. Y1 - 2018 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10419/175160 VL - 71 IS - 3 SP - 3 EP - 12 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Hassel, Anke A1 - Schroeder, Wolfgang T1 - Gewerkschaftliche Mitgliederpolitik: Schlüssel für eine starke Sozialpartnerschaft T2 - WSI-Mitteilungen Y1 - 2018 VL - 71 IS - 6 SP - 485 EP - 496 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schulze Buschoff, Karin A1 - Hassel, Anke ED - Zohlnhöfer, Reimut ED - Saalfeld, Thomas T1 - Beschäftigungsrekorde bei zunehmender Ungleichheit auf dem Arbeitsmarkt Arbeitsmarktentwicklung und -politik in der dritten Regierung Merkel (2013 bis 2017) T2 - Zwischen Stillstand, Politikwandel und Krisenmanagement: Eine Bilanz der Regierung Merkel 2013-2017 Y1 - 2018 SP - 397 EP - 414 PB - Springer ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hassel, Anke T1 - Die linke Antwort: Migration regulieren T2 - Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik Y1 - 2018 UR - www.ankehassel.de/downloads/201810_deb_hassel-2.pdf IS - 10/2018 SP - 33 EP - 36 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wortham, Robert H. A1 - Bryson, Joanna ED - Prescott (et al.), Tony J. T1 - Communication T2 - Living Machines: A Handbook of Research in Biomimetic and Biohybrid Systems N2 - From a traditional engineering perspective, communication is about effecting control over a distance, and its primary concern is the reliability of transmission. This chapter reviews communication in nature, describing its evolution from the perspective of the selfish gene. Communication in nature is ubiquitous and generally honest, and arises as much from collaboration as manipulation. We show that context and relevance allow effective communication with little information transfer, particularly between organisms with similar capacities and goals. Human language differs fundamentally from the non-verbal communication we share with other animals; robots may need to accommodate both. We document progress in AI capacities to generate synthetic emotion and to sense and classify human emotion. Communication in contemporary biomimetic systems is between robots in swarm robotics, but also between robot and human for both autonomous and collaborative systems. We suggest increased future emphasis on capacities to receive and comprehend signs, and on the pragmatic utility of communication and cooperation. Y1 - 2018 SN - 9780199674923 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0033 SP - 312 EP - 326 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rauwolf, Paul A1 - Bryson, Joanna T1 - Expectations of Fairness and Trust Co-Evolve in Environments of Partial Information JF - Dynamic Games and Applications N2 - When playing one-shot economic games, individuals often blindly trust others, accepting partnerships without any information regarding the trustworthiness of their partner. Consequently, they risk deleterious pacts. Oddly, when individuals do have information about another, they reject partnerships that are not fair, despite the fact that such offers are profitable—individuals costly punish. Why would one reject profitable partnerships on the one hand, but risk unknown offers on the other? Significant research has gone into explaining the contexts where blind trust or costly punishment provides an evolutionary advantage; however, both behaviours are rarely considered in tandem. Here we demonstrate that both behaviours can simultaneously be revenue maximizing. Further, given the plausible condition of partially obscured information and partner choice, trust mediates the generation of costly punishment. This result is important because it demonstrates that the evolutionary viability of trust, fairness, and costly punishment may be linked. The adaptive nature of fairness expectations can best be explained in concert with trust. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13235-017-0230-x VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - 891 EP - 917 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bryson, Joanna T1 - Patiency Is Not a Virtue: The Design of Intelligent Systems and Systems of Ethics JF - Ethics and Information Technology N2 - The question of whether AI systems such as robots can or should be afforded moral agency or patiency is not one amenable either to discovery or simple reasoning, because we as societies constantly reconstruct our artefacts, including our ethical systems. Consequently, the place of AI systems in society is a matter of normative, not descriptive ethics. Here I start from a functionalist assumption, that ethics is the set of behaviour that maintains a society. This assumption allows me to exploit the theoretical biology of sociality and autonomy to explain our moral intuitions. From this grounding I extend to consider possible ethics for maintaining either human- or of artefact-centred societies. I conclude that while constructing AI systems as either moral agents or patients is possible, neither is desirable. In particular, I argue that we are unlikely to construct a coherent ethics in which it it is ethical to afford AI moral subjectivity. We are therefore obliged not to build AI we are obliged to. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-018-9448-6 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 15 EP - 26 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Wilson, Holly A1 - Bryson, Joanna A1 - Theodorou, Andreas T1 - Perceptions of Moral Dilemmas in a Virtual Reality Car Simulation N2 - The prevalence of artificial intelligent agents carrying out morally salient decisions is growing. The decisions made by such agents as autonomous cars or weapon systems, may have life and death consequences. We argue that the decision-making algorithms of all agents whose decisions have high societal impact should be transparent [6]; to ensure human-agent interaction is fully informed, consensual, and of maximum benefit to the society. Importantly, the literature also indicates we may perceive and respond to morally salient decisions made by a machine differently to the same decision made by a human [5, 4, 3]. We present here a virtual reality simulation of a self-driving car we developed, in which users experience moral dilemmas. In our two studies, we investigate the perceptions of a morally salient decision; first as moderated by the type of the agent, artificial or natural (human), and then with the implementation of transparency. Specifically, inspired by the Moral Machine research programme [2, 1], we used social value as a moral framework. The agent chooses to hit a pedestrian on either the left or right side of a zebra crossing dependent on dimensions of occupation, body-size and gender. Participants gave feedback after each scenario. Contrary to past findings, participants in this current study were distressed at the principle of decision-making based on attributes such as social value. In questionnaire responses and postexperiment conversation the majority reported preferring such decisions to be made at random. This raises important insights into how we implement moral frameworks. We suggest that the disparity between preferences from the current study and past work is due to the virtual reality methodology we used. Specifically, we note a distinction between emotional vs. rational decisionmaking, which was supported by an extension survey we conducted. Consistent with expectations, the self-driving car was perceived as significantly less morally culpable and human-like than the human-driver. The transparency implementation led to a further significant reduction in perceived human-likeness, and also to reduced perceptions of intentionality. The reduction in moral culpability has disturbing possible connotations, though it may also be helpful for correct attribution of accountability. Promisingly, our transparency implementation significantly improved participants’ understanding of the self-driving cars decision. We suggest companies implementing moral frameworks do not take crowd-sourced preferences at face value, but explore the methodology used. Additionally, our work supports transparency as a mechanism to calibrate our mental models of autonomous agents. Y1 - 2018 UR - https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/publications/perceptions-of-moral-dilemmas-in-a-virtual-reality-car-simulation ET - Paper presented at IA Symposium ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gaudl, Swen E. A1 - Bryson, Joanna T1 - The extended ramp model: A biomimetic model of behaviour arbitration for lightweight cognitive architectures JF - Cognitive Systems Research N2 - In this article, we present an idea for a more intuitive, low-cost, adjustable mechanism for behaviour control and management. One focus of current development in virtual agents, robotics and digital games is on increasingly complex and realistic systems that more accurately simulate intelligence found in nature. This development introduces a multitude of control parameters creating high computational costs. The resulting complexity limits the applicability of AI systems. One solution to this problem it to focus on smaller, more manageable, and flexible systems which can be simultaneously created, instantiated, and controlled. Here we introduce a biologically inspired systems-engineering approach for enriching behaviour arbitration with a low computational overhead. We focus on an easy way to control the maintenance, inhibition and alternation of high-level behaviours (goals) in cases where static priorities are undesirable. The models we consider here are biomimetic, based on neuro-cognitive research findings from dopaminic cells responsible for controlling goal switching and maintenance in the mammalian brain. The most promising model we find is applicable to selection problems with multiple conflicting goals. It utilizes a ramp function to control the execution and inhibition of behaviours more accurately than previous mechanisms, allowing an additional layer of control on existing behaviour prioritization systems. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2018.02.001 VL - 50 SP - 1 EP - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hassel, Anke A1 - Naczyk, Marek T1 - Warum es kaum Pensionsfonds in Deutschland gibt. Kapitalmarktrisiken, Finanzindustrie und die Politik der Mindestverzinsung JF - Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie N2 - Die Literatur zur Entwicklung privater Renten konzentriert sich traditionsgemäß auf die sozialpolitischen Effekte im Hinblick auf die Verteilung von Risiken und Kosten auf Anspruchsberechtigte und Arbeitgeber. Es gibt jedoch noch eine weitere Dimension der Privatisierung der Altersvorsorge, die diese im Kontext der Finanzmärkte und – im weiteren Sinn – des Wirtschaftssystems betrachtet. Hier spielen insbesondere Mindestverzinsungen eine große Rolle, weil sie für Fondsmanager einen Anreiz dafür setzen, größere Tranchen der Portfolios in festverzinsliche Wertpapiere statt in Aktien zu investieren. Während in den verschiedenen Segmenten der Finanzindustrie unterschiedliche Präferenzen im Hinblick auf garantierte Mindestverzinsungen vorherrschen, befindet sich die Politik in einem Dilemma: Sollte man kalkulierbaren Renditen oder aber der Entwicklung der Aktienmärkte Priorität einräumen? Das Beispiel der Riester-Rente in Deutschland zeigt, dass die Verknüpfung der Einführung privater Rentenpläne mit Einschnitten bei der staatlichen Rente durch die Politik dazu führte, dass Versicherungsunternehmen im Verbund mit Gewerkschaften auf Mindestleistungen bestanden und dadurch die Expansion der Aktienmärkte in Deutschland eingeschränkt wurde. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-018-0538-6 VL - 70 SP - 65 EP - 88 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Hassel, Anke A1 - Verschuer, Sophia von A1 - Helmerich, Nicole T1 - Workers' voice and good corporate governance N2 - The scientific final report describes the topics that have been worked on by the Böckler expert group on Workers Voice: Good scientific arguments for anchoring it more strongly and legally binding to the benefit of "good corporate governance". In the supervisory and executive bodies of cross-border operating companies in Europe. Y1 - 2018 UR - https://www.boeckler.de/6299.htm?produkt=HBS-007031&chunk=1# SN - 978-3-86593-325-6 PB - Hans Böckler Stiftung ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Hassel, Anke A1 - Schroeder, Wolfgang T1 - Gewerkschaften 2030. Rekrutierungsdefizite, Repräsentationslücken und neue Strategien der Mitgliederpolitik T2 - WSI Report Y1 - 2018 UR - https://www.boeckler.de/wsi_5356.htm?produkt=HBS-007034&chunk=1&jahr= SN - 2366-7079 ET - 44 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hassel, Anke A1 - Eichhorst, Werner ED - Theodoropoulou, Sotiria T1 - Are There Austerity‐Related Policy Changes in Germany? T2 - Labour Market Policies in the Era of Pervasive Austerity: A European Perspective Y1 - 2018 SN - 9781447335863 PB - Policy Press CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hassel, Anke T1 - Worüber die SPD mal dringend nachdenken sollte BT - 12. Zukunft der SPD? Nur aus der Mitte der Gesellschaft und nur mit Kompetenz JF - Tagesspiegel Y1 - 2018 UR - https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/arbeitsplan-fuer-die-grosse-koalition-anke-hassel-ein-deutscher-bernie-sanders-hilft-der-spd-nicht/23305268-12.html ET - 04.11.2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hassel, Anke T1 - Die Wirklichkeit nicht ignorieren. Die Linke muss verhindern, dass die Arbeiterklasse unter Zuwanderung leidet JF - IPG Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft Journal Y1 - 2018 UR - https://www.ipg-journal.de/rubriken/soziale-demokratie/artikel/die-wirklichkeit-nicht-ignorieren-3068/ ET - 09.11.2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hassel, Anke T1 - Hoch die Eurosolidarität JF - der Freitag Y1 - 2018 UR - https://www.freitag.de/autoren/der-freitag/hoch-die-eurosolidaritaet IS - 43/2018 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Goldzweig, Rafael A1 - Wachinger, Marie A1 - Stockmann, Daniela A1 - Römmele, Andrea T1 - Beyond Regulation: Approaching the challenges of the new media environment T2 - Dahrendorf Forum IV N2 - The spread of false information and hate speech has increased with the rise of social media. This paper critically examines this phenomenon and the reactions of governments and major corporations in Europe. Policymakers have turned towards national regulation as a means to manage false information and hate speech. This article looks into the legislative frameworks on the issue in Germany, France, the UK, the Czech Republic, and Italy and compares them. In response to such regulatory pressure, tech companies have been changing aspects of their platforms to deal with this trend, for example through content moderation. We propose tentative alternatives to this current approach towards reinforcing boundaries for freedom of expression. Y1 - 2018 UR - https://www.dahrendorf-forum.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Beyond-Regulation_Final.pdf VL - Working Paper No. 06 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Selb, Peter A1 - Munzert, Simon T1 - Examining a Most Likely Case for Strong Campaign Effects: Hitler’s Speeches and the Rise of the Nazi Party, 1927–1933 JF - American Political Science Review N2 - Hitler’s rise to power amidst an unprecedented propaganda campaign initiated scholarly interest in campaign effects. To the surprise of many, empirical studies often found minimal effects. The predominant focus of early work was on U.S. elections, though. Nazi propaganda as the archetypal and, in many ways, most likely case for strong effects has rarely been studied. We collect extensive data about Hitler’s speeches and gauge their impact on voter support at five national elections preceding the dictatorship. We use a semi-parametric difference-in-differences approach to estimate effects in the face of potential confounding due to the deliberate scheduling of events. Our findings suggest that Hitler’s speeches, while rationally targeted, had a negligible impact on the Nazis’ electoral fortunes. Only the 1932 presidential runoff, an election preceded by an extraordinarily short, intense, and one-sided campaign, yielded positive effects. This study questions the importance of charismatic leaders for the success of populist movements. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055418000424 VL - 112 IS - 4 SP - 1050 EP - 1066 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Göbel, Sascha A1 - Munzert, Simon T1 - Political Advertising on the Wikipedia Marketplace of Information JF - Social Science Computer Review N2 - We point to a popular yet underresearched platform of political information, the online encyclopedia Wikipedia. Considering the supply side of the marketplace, we argue that personal biographies on the platform are an attractive medium for politicians to enhance their appearance. We trace changes to biographies coming from the parliament using data that cover the entire edit histories for biographies on all German members of parliament for the three last legislative periods. Our findings show editing of personal biographies to be a persistent phenomenon. Moreover, type, timing, and driving factors of editing behavior highlight the importance politicians’ attribute to Wikipedia for pursuing reelection. Our results speak to the domains of political professionalization, voting behavior, and the general measurement of communicative patterns. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439317703579 VL - 36 IS - 2 SP - 157 EP - 175 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cingolani, Luciana T1 - The role of state capacity in development studies JF - Journal of Development Perspectives N2 - The role that state capacity plays in development has been the subject of growing cross-disciplinary research. The state capacity concept has faced criticism on numerous fronts, with scholars recently devoting serious efforts to overcome it. This article offers a rich overview of the concepts’ journey in terms of its theoretical roots, its uses by different disciplines, its definitions and measurements, and the empirical evidence around the impact of state capacity on development outcomes. It argues in favor of an optimistic view of the field’s advances by showing: (a) convergence in conceptualizations and (b) high-quality innovations in measurements. The article also contributes to the field by offering a definition of state capacity that consolidates all elements of the dominant strand and further tackles a number of issues that remain weak and should take priority in a future agenda. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5325/jdevepers.2.1-2.0088 VL - 2 IS - 1-2 SP - 88 EP - 114 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Munzert, Simon ED - Blätte (et al.), Adreas T1 - Auf dem Weg zu einer fundierten Softwareausbildung in der Politikwissenschaft T2 - Computational Social Science. Die Analyse von Big Data Y1 - 2018 SN - ISBN print: 978-3-8487-4393-3, ISBN online: 978-3-8452-8655-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845286556-379 SP - 379 EP - 402 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Çalı, Başak T1 - Coping with Crisis: Whither the Variable Geometry in the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights JF - Wisconsin International Law Journal N2 - This article offers a new take on the diagnosis of the crisis of the European human rights system by focusing on the diversification of the attitudes towards the European Court of Human Rights by national compliance audiences, namely domestic executives, parliaments, and judiciaries. This diagnosis holds that national compliance audiences of the European Court of Human Rights can no longer be characterized as lending overall support to the human rights acquis of Europe, that centers around the European Court of Human Rights as the ultimate authoritative interpreter of the Convention. Instead, alongside states that continue to lend overall support to the Court’s authority over the interpretation of the Convention, two new attitudes have developed towards the Convention across the Council of Europe. First, there are now national compliance audiences that demand co-sharing of the interpretation task with the European Court of Human Rights. Second, there are national compliance audiences that flaunt well-established Convention standards, not merely by error, or lack of knowledge of adequate application, but with suspect grounds of intentionality and lack of respect for the overall Convention acquis. Following this diagnosis, I argue that instead of holding on to a business as usual attitude, the Court has also developed coping strategies in order to handle this fragmentation by investing in a human rights jurisprudence of a variable geometry, recognizing differentiation in the individual circumstances of states as a basis for human rights review. Y1 - 2018 VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 237 EP - 276 ER - TY - JFULL A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Eichengreen, Barry A1 - Lombardi, Domenico A1 - Malkin, Anton A1 - Hallerberg, Mark A1 - Markgraf, Jonas A1 - Zettelmeyer, Jeromin A1 - Knight, Malcolm D. A1 - Davies, Howard A1 - Zhivitskaya, Maria A1 - Véron, Nicolas A1 - Buchheit, Lee C. A1 - Gulati, G. Mitu A1 - Haley, James A. ED - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Ten Years after the Global Financial Crisis: Lessons Learned, Opportunities Missed T2 - Global Policy Y1 - 2018 VL - 9 IS - S1 SP - 1 EP - 79 PB - University of Durham and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ruhnau, Oliver A1 - Bannik, Sergej A1 - Otten, Sydney A1 - Praktiknjo, Aaron A1 - Robinius, Martin T1 - Direct or indirect electrification? A review of heat generation and road transport decarbonisation scenarios for Germany 2050 JF - Energy N2 - Energy scenarios provide guidance to energy policy, not least by presenting decarbonisation pathways for climate change mitigation. We review such scenarios for the example of Germany 2050, with a focus on the decarbonisation of heat generation and road transport. In this context, we characterize the role of renewable electricity and contrast two rivalling narratives: direct and indirect electrification. On the one hand, electricity directly provides heat and transport, using electric heat pumps, electric heaters, and battery electric vehicles. On the other hand, electricity, heat, and transport are indirectly linked, using gas heat pumps, gas heaters, fuel cell electric vehicles, and internal combustion engine vehicles, in combination with power-to-gas and power-to-liquid processes. To reach climate policy targets, our findings imply that energy stakeholders must (1) plan for the significant additional demand for renewable electricity for heat and road transport, (2) pave the way for system-friendly direct heat electrification, (3) be aware of technological uncertainties in the transport sector, (4) clarify the vision for decarbonisation, particularly for road transport, and (5) use holistic and more comparable scenario frameworks. Y1 - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-31063 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.10.114 SN - 0360-5442 N1 - This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Energy. The final authenticated version is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.10.114 VL - 166 IS - 1 SP - 989 EP - 999 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Hirth, Lion A1 - Glismann, Samuel T1 - Congestion Management: From Physics to Regulatory Instruments T2 - EconStor Preprints 189641 Y1 - 2018 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10419/189641 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Henke, Marina T1 - Tony Blair’s Gamble: The Middle East Peace Process and British Participation in the Iraq Campaign in 2003 JF - British Journal of Politics and International Relations N2 - Tony Blair tried throughout the preparatory phase of the US-led Iraq intervention in 2003 to influence US policy on the Middle East Peace Process (MEPP). This article tries to understand how Blair fared in this endeavor. Using newly declassified documents, it examines the circumstances under which the US administration listened and engaged with British ideas regarding the MEPP and when and why it ignored British requests. The study shows that Blair was able to extract the greatest US concessions on the MEPP in moments when Great Britain’s participation in the Iraq campaign was the most uncertain. The findings promote fresh thinking on how, when and why the UK can influence US decision-making. KW - Tony Blair, Middle East, Peace, Iraq Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148118784708 VL - 20 SP - 1 EP - 17 ER - TY - EDBOOK ED - Hertie School, The T1 - The Governance Report 2018 N2 - The year 2018 marks the tenth anniversary of the full outbreak of what would come to be known as the global financial and economic crisis (GFC). Most of the countries that were impacted by the crisis have recovered economically, but traces of it still remain in terms of high public debt burdens, distrust in many institutions, and many other aspects. Now ten years on, this edition of the Governance Report offers an opportunity to look at these developments and consider how such financial and other global crises can be prevented or better managed. The Governance Report 2018 is the sixth in an annual series about the changing conditions of governance, the challenges and opportunities involved, and the implications and recommendations that present themselves to analysts and policy-makers. The Governance Report is an interdisciplinary effort to examine state-of-the-art governance. In doing so, it enlists experts from the Hertie School of Governance in Berlin as well as from other institutions. Special attention is paid to institutional designs and approaches, changes, and innovations that both state and non-state actors have adopted in response to shifts that have been occurring. Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-0-19-882149-6 N1 - Copy available at the Hertie School library. PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford, United Kingdom ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ruhnau, Oliver A1 - Bannik, Sergej A1 - Otten, Sydney A1 - Praktiknjo, Aaron A1 - Robinius, Martin T1 - Direct or indirect electrification? A review of heat generation and road transport decarbonisation scenarios for Germany 2050 JF - Energy N2 - Energy scenarios provide guidance to energy policy, not least by presenting decarbonisation pathways for climate change mitigation. We review such scenarios for the example of Germany 2050, with a focus on the decarbonisation of heat generation and road transport. In this context, we characterize the role of renewable electricity and contrast two rivalling narratives: direct and indirect electrification. On the one hand, electricity directly provides heat and transport, using electric heat pumps, electric heaters, and battery electric vehicles. On the other hand, electricity, heat, and transport are indirectly linked, using gas heat pumps, gas heaters, fuel cell electric vehicles, and internal combustion engine vehicles, in combination with power-to-gas and power-to-liquid processes. To reach climate policy targets, our findings imply that energy stakeholders must (1) plan for the significant additional demand for renewable electricity for heat and road transport, (2) pave the way for system-friendly direct heat electrification, (3) be aware of technological uncertainties in the transport sector, (4) clarify the vision for decarbonisation, particularly for road transport, and (5) use holistic and more comparable scenario frameworks. Y1 - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-30602 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.10.114 SN - 0360-5442 VL - 166 IS - 1 SP - 989 EP - 999 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Snower, Dennis T1 - Beyond capital and wealth JF - Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal N2 - The world is economically integrated, but socially fragmented. Thus economic progress can become decoupled from social progress. As long as social progress is closely linked to and flows from economic progress, it is appropriate for government to focus attention on economic policy to promote economic growth. Indeed, for at least the first four decades of the postwar period, there are good reasons to believe that this was broadly the case for most developed economies. Then, starting in the 1980s and accelerating after the financial crisis of 2008, we argue that social progress in these countries became progressively decoupled from economic progress. The result has been the phenomenon of misery in the midst of plenty: despite continued economic growth, we witness rising dissatisfaction among large segments of the public, declining trust in most public and private institutions, rising nationalism and populism, rising discontent with globalization, increasing unwillingness to accept migrants and refugees, and growing ethnic and religious conflicts. This paper argues that the prevailing thinking about government policy is an outgrowth of the Age of Coupling. In the Age of Decoupling, however, a radically different approach to government policy is required, one that focuses not just on material wellbeing and its distribution, but also on promoting people’s sense of empowerment and social solidarity. KW - G20; governance; international cooperation; empowerment and solidarity Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2018-21 VL - 12 IS - 21 SP - 1 EP - 10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Snower, Dennis T1 - The G20 at a crossroads: the future of global governance JF - Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal KW - G20; governance; international cooperation; empowerment and solidarity Y1 - 2018 UR - http://www.economics-ejournal.org/economics/journalarticles/2018-22 VL - 12 IS - 21 SP - 1 EP - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Genschel, Philipp A1 - Jachtenfuchs, Markus T1 - From Market Integration to Core State Powers. The Eurozone Crisis, the Refugee Crisis and Integration Theory JF - Journal of Common Market Studies N2 - The Eurozone crisis and the refugee crisis are showcases of the problems associated with the EU's shift from market integration to the integration of core state powers. The integration of core state powers responds to similar demand factors as market integration (interdependence, externalities and spillover) but its supply is more tightly constrained by a high propensity for zero‐sum conflict, a functional requirement for centralized fiscal, coercive and administrative capacities, and high political salience. We show how these constraints structured the initial design of Economic and Monetary Union and of Schengen, made them vulnerable to crisis, and shaped policy options during the crises: they made horizontal differentiation unattractive, re‐regulation ineffective, centralized risk and burden‐sharing unfeasible, and the externalization of adjustment burdens to non‐EU actors necessary by default. In conclusion, we explore possible escape routes from the trap. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12654 VL - 56 IS - 1 SP - 178 EP - 196 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hallerberg, Mark A1 - Markgraf, Jonas T1 - The Corporate Governance of Public Banks before and after the Global Financial Crisis JF - Global Policy N2 - During the 2008–09 financial crisis, many states were forced to nationalize faltering private banks. But also public banks ran into trouble and market actors continue to worry about their stability and crisis resilience. During the crisis, German public Landesbanken and Spanish public Cajas were hit hard. Yet, German public Sparkassen emerged strengthened from the crisis. This calls for a closer examination of the regulatory framework and corporate governance of public banks. We compare how corporate governance choices affected the financial crisis performance of public banks in three countries. Italy that had privatized its extensive public banking sector over the past decades; Spain that had problems with its savings banks during the crisis, which were eventually privatized or shut down; and Germany whose public savings banks navigated the financial crisis relatively well while its public Landesbanken got into serious trouble, and where calls for privatizing public banks resurface periodically. The paper considers the question whether Italy's banking crisis is partly rooted in the legacies of its formerly public banks and how the privatization of public banks in Spain and Italy can inform the debate in Germany and in other European Union countries with significant public banking sectors. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12562 SN - 1758-5899 VL - 9 IS - Special Issue SP - 43 EP - 53 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stockmann, Daniela T1 - Shuwei Shidai de Jiaxinwen (What is Fake News in the Digital Age?) JF - Hanxue Yanjiu Tongxun (Newsletter for Research in Chinese Study) KW - Fake News KW - Digital Governance KW - Media Y1 - 2018 SP - 7 EP - 13 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - Maloney, William F. A1 - McKenzie, David John T1 - Improving Management with Individual and Group-Based Consulting: Results from a Randomized Experiment in Colombia N2 - Differences in management quality are an important contributor to productivity differences across countries. A key question is then how to best improve poor management in developing countries. We test two different approaches to improving management in Colombian auto parts firms. The first uses intensive and expensive one-on-one consulting, while the second draws on agricultural extension approaches to provide consulting to small groups of firms at approximately one-third of the cost of the individual approach. Both approaches lead to improvements in management practices of a similar magnitude (8-10 percentage points), so that the new group-based approach dominates on a cost-benefit basis. Moreover, authors find some evidence that the group-based intervention led to increases in firm size over the next 1.5 years, including a statistically significant increase in employment, while the impacts on firm outcomes are smaller and statistically insignificant for the individual consulting. The results point to the potential of group-based approaches as a pathway to scaling up management improvements. Y1 - 2018 UR - http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/121371546237097316/Improving-Management-with-Individual-and-Group-Based-Consulting-Results-from-a-Randomized-Experiment-in-Colombia ER - TY - EDBOOK A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. A1 - Haber, Matthias A1 - Kayser, Mark A. ED - Anheier, Helmut K. ED - Haber, Matthias ED - Kayser, Mark A. T1 - Governance Indicators: Approaches, Progress, Promise N2 - As difficult as it might seem to define governance, it appears to be that much more difficult to measure it. Since the World Bank Institute launched the Worldwide Governance Indicators in the late 1990s, the governance indicators field has flourished and experienced significant advances in terms of methodology, data coverage and quality, and policy relevance. Other major initiatives have added to a momentum that propelled research on governance indicators seen in few other academic fields in the economic and social sciences. Given these developments and the prominence and policy relevance the field of governance indicator research has achieved, the time is ripe to take stock and ask what has been accomplished, what the shortcomings and potentials might be, and what steps present themselves as a way forward. This volume—the fifth edition in an annual series tackling different aspects of governance around the world—assesses what has been achieved, identifies strengths and weaknesses of current work, and points to issues that need to be tackled in order to advance the field, both in its academic importance as well as in its policy relevance. In short, the contributions to this volume explore the scope of existing governance indices and indicator frameworks, elaborate on current challenges in measuring and analysing governance, and consider how to overcome them. Y1 - 2018 SN - 9780198817062 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817062.001.0001 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Bach, Tobias A1 - Wegrich, Kai ED - Bach, Tobias ED - Wegrich, Kai T1 - The Blind Spots of Public Bureaucracy and the Politics of Non‐Coordination Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-3319766713 SN - 978-3-319-76672-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76672-0 PB - Palgrave Macmillan ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shaikh, Mujaheed A1 - Miraldo, Marisa A1 - Renner, Anna-Theresa T1 - Waiting time at health facilities and social class: Evidence from the Indian caste system JF - Plos One N2 - Waiting time for non-emergency medical care in developing countries is rarely of immediate concern to policy makers that prioritize provision of basic health services. However, waiting time as a measure of health system responsiveness is important because longer waiting times worsen health outcomes and affect utilization of services. Studies that assess socio-economic inequalities in waiting time provide evidence from developed countries such as England and the United States; evidence from developing countries is lacking. In this paper, we assess the relationship between social class i.e. caste of an individual and waiting time at health facilities—a client orientation dimension of responsiveness. We use household level data from two rounds of the Indian Human Development Survey with a sample size of 27,251 households in each wave (2005 and 2012) and find that lower social class is associated with higher waiting time. This relationship is significant for individuals that visited a male provider but not so for those that visited a female provider. Further, caste is positively related to higher waiting time only if visiting a private facility; for individuals visiting a government facility the relationship between waiting time and caste is not significant. In general, caste related inequality in waiting time has worsened over time. The results are robust to different specifications and the inclusion of several confounders. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205641 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 13 IS - 10 SP - 1 EP - 16 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Tobias A1 - Shaikh, Mujaheed T1 - Your retirement and my health behavior: Evidence on retirement externalities from a fuzzy regression discontinuity design JF - Journal of Health Economics N2 - This paper presents evidence on intra-household retirement externalities by assessing the causal effect of spousal retirement on various health behaviors and health status across 19 European countries. We identify partner's and own retirement effects by applying a fuzzy regression discontinuity design using retirement eligibility as exogenous instruments for spousal and own retirement status. We find significant increases in the frequency and intensity of alcohol consumption combined with a significant decrease in moderate physical activities as a response to partner's retirement. In line with the existing literature, we find that own retirement has significant positive effects on engaging in moderate and vigorous physical activities but also leads to a significant increase in the frequency of alcohol intake. Overall, subjective health is negatively affected by spousal retirement and positively by own retirement. KW - Retirement externalities Health behavior Fuzzy regression discontinuity design Y1 - 2018 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.10.005 SN - 0167-6296 VL - 57 SP - 45 EP - 59 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mair, Johanna T1 - Scaling innovative ideas to create inclusive labour markets JF - Nature Human Behaviour Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0352-1 SN - ISSN 2397-3374 (online) VL - 2 SP - 884 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romme, Georges A1 - Ansell, Chris A1 - Buck, John A1 - Choi, Younghoon A1 - van der Eyden, Rob A1 - Figueroa Huencho, Verónica A1 - John, Edwin A1 - Kunkler, Tracy A1 - Mair, Johanna A1 - Meijer, Albert A1 - Meyer, Renate A1 - Stephenson, Karen A1 - Välikangas,, Liisa A1 - Whitestone, Nathaniel A1 - Yu, Cordelia T1 - United People: Designing a New Model of Global Governance JF - Journal of Asian Scientific Research Y1 - 2018 UR - http://www.aessweb.com/pdf-files/JASR-2018-8(4)-152-170.pdf U6 - https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.2.2018.84.152.170 SN - 2223-1331 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - 152 EP - 170 ER - TY - JOUR ED - Anheier, Helmut K. ED - Haley, James A. T1 - Global Policy Journal - Special Issue - Ten Years after the Global Financial Crisis: Lessons Learned, Opportunities Missed N2 - The Global Financial Crisis was a truly momentous shock to the global economy. By the autumn of 2008, global output, employment and trade were in free fall as financial markets around the world seized‐up in dysfunction and credit ceased to flow. Ten years after the crisis, the papers in this special issue provide important insights into critical policy issues and can help guide efforts to strengthen international economic and financial governance. Success in this regard is critical to ensuring that the global economy remains a common wellspring of economic and social development for people around the globe. KW - Global Financial Crisis Y1 - 2018 UR - https://globalpolicyjournal.com/journal-issue/special-issue-ten-years-after-global-financial-crisis-lessons-learned-opportunities VL - 9 IS - Supplement 1 ER - TY - JOUR ED - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Philanthropic Foundations in Comparative Perspectives: Assessments from Twelve Countries T2 - American Behavioral Scientist KW - American Behavioral Scientist KW - Philanthropic Foundations Y1 - 2018 UR - https://journals.sagepub.com/toc/absb/62/12 VL - 62 IS - 13 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. T1 - Philanthropic Foundations in Cross-National Perspective: A Comparative Approach JF - American Behavioral Scientist - Philanthropic Foundations in Comparative Perspectives: Assessments from Twelve Countries (Part I) N2 - Comparative studies on philanthropic foundations are still in their infancy. To advance the comparative understanding, the article proposes to use two countries—the United States and Germany—as comparative cases against which to assess the main contours of foundations in other countries. Both countries have large foundations communities; yet both are rather distinct in terms of their historical development as well as in terms of their institutional characteristics, patterns, and activities. Looking at the positioning, roles, advantages, and disadvantages of foundations, the article offers a framework for their comparative study using the varieties of capitalism, welfare regimes, and the social origins classifications. KW - philanthropic foundations KW - comparative analysis KW - varieties of capitalism KW - welfare regimes KW - social origins theory Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764218773453 VL - 62 IS - 12 SP - 1591 EP - 1602 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - Campos, Francisco A1 - Frese, Michael A1 - Goldstein, Markus A1 - Johnson, Hillary A1 - McKenzie, David A1 - Mensmann, Mona T1 - Personal Initiative Training Leads to Remarkable Growth of Women-Owned Small Businesses in Togo T2 - Gender innovation lab policy brief N2 - Standard business training programs aim to boost the incomes of the millions of self-employed business owners in developing countries, by teaching accounting, marketing and other basic business skills. However, research shows limited impacts of this traditional business training approach. Through an experiment in Togo, we introduced the personal initiative training program, a new and effective psychology-based entrepreneurship training that outperforms traditional business training. The personal initiative training increased firm profits in Togo by 30 percent relative to a control group, compared to no significant impacts from a traditional business training. Personal initiative training led to more than just a boost in profits for micro entrepreneurs. After the training business owners were more innovative, introduced new products, borrowed more and made larger investments. The personal initiative training was particularly effective for female entrepreneurs, for whom traditional training has often been in effective. Women who received personal initiative training saw their profits increase by 40 percent, compared to 5 percent for traditional business. This study’s findings make a strong case for the role of psychology in better influencing how small business training programs are taught in West Africa and beyond. It shows the importance of developing an entrepreneurial mindset in addition to learning the business practices of successful entrepreneurs. Based on these promising results, the personal initiative training is being implemented in programs in Mozambique, Mauritania, Ethiopia, Jamaica, and Mexico. Y1 - 2018 UR - http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/635311516194319062/Personal-initiative-training-leads-to-remarkable-growth-of-women-owned-small-businesses-in-Togo PB - World Bank Group CY - Washington, D. C. ET - 22 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - Calderón, Gabriela A1 - MacGregor, Cristina T1 - Participating or Not? Characteristics of Female Entrepreneurs Participating in and Completing an Entrepreneurial Training Program JF - AEA Papers and Proceedings N2 - Who are the female entrepreneurs who end up starting and completing entrepreneurial training programs? In this paper, relying on a large set of baseline characteristics collected before the entrepreneurs are selected into an entrepreneurial training program in Mexico, we analyze how the women entrepreneurs who complete the training program differ from those who do not take it up, as well as how those who take it up but drop off before completing differ from those who do not even start. We uncover large differences in performance and non-cognitive skills but no differences in inputs used. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20181023 IS - 108 SP - 246 EP - 251 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - Campos, Francisco A1 - Frese, Michael A1 - Goldstein, Markus A1 - Johnson, Hillary C A1 - McKenzie, David A1 - Mensmann, Mona T1 - Is Personal Initiative Training a Substitute or Complement to the Existing Human Capital of Women? Results from a Randomized Trial in Togo JF - AEA Papers and Proceedings N2 - Personal initiative training—a psychology-based mindset training program—delivers lasting improvements for female business owners in Togo. Which types of women benefit most? Theories of dynamic complementarity would suggest training should work better for those with higher pre-existing human capital, but there are also reasons why existing human capital might inhibit training participation or substitute for its effects. We examine the heterogeneity in treatment impact according to different types of human capital. We find little evidence of either complementarities or substitutability, suggesting this new business training approach can work for a wide range of human capital levels. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20181026 IS - 108 SP - 256 EP - 261 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - Coutino, Pablo Gordillo A1 - Pereira-López, Mariana T1 - Robots at the Tropics N2 - In recent years, a growing concern has emerged regarding the potential effects of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and robotization on firms, and even more specifically on workers and the risks for their displacement (Brynjolfsson and McAfee, 2014; Acemoglu and Restrepo, 2017; Graetz and Michaels, 2015, among others). The emphasis of current research studies has been driven by the rapid decrease in the prices of robots, that according to Graetz and Michaels (2015) fell by 2005 to one fifth of its 1990 level adjusting for quality. Consequently, utilization of robots has increased in a wide range of different industries, with the operational stock of robots doubled between 2005 and 2016, reaching 1,828,024 units by the end of 2016 and expected to reach three millions by 2020 (International Federation of Robotics, 2017). The evidence on the impact of robots on the global economy is still very limited and the results of recent studies exhibit great differences. For example, while Frey and Osborne (2017) indicate that the number of jobs that are in risk of automation could account for around 50%, Arntz et al.(2017) argue that this figure is overestimated due to the fact that the heterogeneity of tasks within occupations is not considered, which would reduce this number to around 9%. Y1 - 2018 UR - http://jobsanddevelopmentconference.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/liacovone_s1rB.pdf ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - Sanchez-Bayardo, Luis Fernando A1 - Gonzalez, Alvaro T1 - Micro-level analysis of Mexican retail markets and their response to changes in market structure and competition policies T2 - Policy Research working paper N2 - This paper develops the following price indicators to measure the relative efficiency (functioning) of markets: (a) price dispersion, (b) price volatility, and (c) price transmission (speed, completeness, and symmetry). The paper uses these indicators to study trends and conditions of the outlet level in retail prices for common commodities sold throughout Mexico. The analysis examines price patterns for each indicator across commodities, regions, and time. The descriptive results indicate that although there is (expected) heterogeneity in the behavior of these indicators across commodities, location variables explain the most variation in the indicators. There are clear and persistent regional- and commodity-specific effects. Thus, the study concludes that Mexico is not one, well-integrated national market. The study tested whether changes in these indicators (increased efficiency) have the expected correlation with measures affecting the functioning of markets. It considered changes in competition and entry of large retail stores in the local retail market. These changes affect market efficiency in the way theory would predict. The results suggest that these indicators are good measures of the relative efficiency (functioning) of markets. The findings also suggest that efforts to monitor markets using these indicators may be useful. For example, for policy makers who are concerned about the distributional effects of liberalizing trade, the indicators may predict where price impacts will be felt the most and by whom. In addition, the indicators provide preliminary information about relative competition levels, which may be helpful in saving the time and effort of the competition authorities and possibly making them more effective. Y1 - 2018 UR - http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/110401515422368009/Micro-level-analysis-of-Mexican-retail-markets-and-their-response-to-changes-in-market-structure-and-competition-policies PB - World Bank Group CY - Washington, D. C. ET - WPS 8294 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - Pereira-López, Mariana T1 - ICT Adoption and Wage Inequality: Evidence from Mexican Firms T2 - Policy Research working paper N2 - This paper uses a panel of firms from the Mexican Economic Censuses and analyzes at the microeconomic level how labor markets adapt to the adoption of information and communication technologies. The paper studies the effects of the adoption of information and communication technologies over the labor structure of the firm and wages. Thus, it assesses whether increasing the use of information and communication technologies leads to an increasing demand for skilled relative to low-skilled labor, and, thus, analyzes its effects on the wage gap between the two groups. The results of this analysis show that there is indeed an effect of the adoption of information and communication technologies over the demand for higher-skilled workers. However, for the manufacturing and services sectors, instead of increasing the wage gap between skilled and unskilled workers, the wage gap decreases. The results for the manufacturing sector appear to be driven by an increasing sophistication of blue-collar workers due to the organizational adjustments derived from the adoption of information and communication technologies. Y1 - 2018 UR - http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/295511515507675734/ICT-adoption-and-wage-inequality-evidence-from-Mexican-firms CY - Washington, D.C. ET - WPS 8298 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - Cruz, Marcio A1 - Bussolo, Maurizio T1 - Organizing knowledge to compete: Impacts of capacity building programs on firm organization JF - Journal of International Economics N2 - A growing literature aiming at explaining differences in productivity and access to global export markets across firms has focused on the internal organization of firms. This paper contributes to this literature by evaluating the impact of a program that aims at enhancing competitiveness of small and medium enterprises in Brazil by providing coaching and consulting on management and production practices. Specifically, the paper tests whether the program induces treated firms to reorganize knowledge by adding more layers of different skills and competencies to their workforces. Using a unique firm-level data set, the number of layers of knowledge of the firms are compared before and after the program. The impact of the program is identified by relying on an instrumental variable approach, exploiting the quasi-experimental roll-out of its implementation, which was carried out at different times across Brazilian regions. The analysis finds that the program had an effect and that this effect is heterogeneous. The program is particularly effective in promoting the reorganization of small and medium firms. The results confirm another finding of the literature, namely that in re-organized firms wage inequality increases. Finally, these results are used to discuss how the change in firms' organization is positively correlated with export performance. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2017.12.001 IS - 111 SP - 1 EP - 20 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - Frese, Michael A1 - Campos, Francisco A1 - Goldstein, Markus A1 - Johnson, Hillary A1 - McKenzie, David A1 - Mensmann, Mona T1 - Closing the Gender Gap – Personal Initiative Training and Female Business Performance JF - Academy of Management Proceedings N2 - While female entrepreneurship has important impacts on economic development, female-owned businesses obtain lower profits and lower growth rates than male- owned businesses. We conduct a randomized controlled field experiment with 1196 entrepreneurs in Lomé, Togo, to determine whether personal initiative training constitutes a way to enhance female entrepreneurs’ business success and to close this gender gap. Basing our argumentation on social role theory and the process model of entrepreneurial action, we argue that because of their social gender roles female entrepreneurs perceive that entrepreneurial action incurs higher risks and lower returns. We hypothesize that personal initiative training leads female entrepreneurs to decrease perceived risks of entrepreneurial action by increasing their entrepreneurial self-efficacy and error competence and to increase their perceived returns of entrepreneurial action by increasing entrepreneurial passion, which ultimately leads to female entrepreneurs’ business success. The results largely support our hypotheses. This study contributes to the literature on the gender gap in entrepreneurship and has important implications for entrepreneurial training interventions. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2018.10669abstract VL - 2018 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Iacovone, Leonardo A1 - Crespi, Gustavo A1 - Bowen, J David A1 - Marcolin, Luca T1 - Decomposing firm-level productivity growth and assessing its determinants: evidence from the Americas JF - The Journal of Technology Transfer N2 - This paper provides novel empirical evidence on productivity growth in the manufacturing sector in Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. Relying on plant-level data, we first decompose productivity and productivity growth into plant-level growth and market allocation forces. While the average productivity of the survivors is higher than the overall contribution of reallocation forces, during recessions the inverse is true and reallocation gives a positive, albeit small, contribution to aggregate productivity growth. Next we analyze how policy measures can determine allocative efficiency levels and growth, and find important scope for action on education, financial regulation, and structural reforms. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-018-9678-0 VL - 43 IS - 6 SP - 1571 EP - 1606 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Cingolani, Luciana T1 - A Decade Long Grievance? The Global and Financial Economic Crisis' Impact on Institutional Trust T2 - The Governance Report 2018 Y1 - 2018 SN - 9780198821496 SP - 65 EP - 85 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Fazekas, Mihály A1 - Cingolani, Luciana A1 - Tóth, Bence ED - Anheier, Helmut K. ED - Haber, Matthias ED - Kayser, Mark A. T1 - Innovations in objectively measuring corruption in public procurement T2 - Governance Indicators: Approaches, Progress, Promise Y1 - 2018 SN - 9780198817062 SP - 154 EP - 185 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawson, Mark A1 - Augenstein, Daniel A1 - Thielbörger, Pierre T1 - The UNGPs in the European Union: The Open Coordination of Business and Human Rights? JF - Business and Human Rights Journal N2 - The article examines the implementation of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) in the European Union via National Action Plans (NAPs). We argue that some of the shortcomings currently observed in the implementation process could effectively be addressed through the Open Method of Coordination (OMC) – a governance instrument already used by the European Union (EU) in other policy domains. The article sketches out the polycentric global governance approach envisaged by the UNGPs and discusses the institutional and policy background of their implementation in the EU. It provides an assessment of EU member states’ NAPs on business and human rights, as benchmarked against international NAP guidance, before relating experiences with the existing NAP process to the policy background and rationale of the OMC and considering the conditions for employing the OMC in the business and human rights domain. Building on a recent opinion of the EU Fundamental Rights Agency, the article concludes with a concrete proposal for developing an OMC on business and human rights in the EU. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/bhj.2017.30 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 22 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stefan, Pfenninger A1 - Hirth, Lion A1 - Schlecht, et. al., Ingmar T1 - Opening the black box of energy modelling: Strategies and lessons learned JF - Energy Strategy Reviews N2 - The global energy system is undergoing a major transition, and in energy planning and decision-making across governments, industry and academia, models play a crucial role. Because of their policy relevance and contested nature, the transparency and open availability of energy models and data are of particular importance. Here we provide a practical how-to guide based on the collective experience of members of the Open Energy Modelling Initiative (Openmod). We discuss key steps to consider when opening code and data, including determining intellectual property ownership, choosing a licence and appropriate modelling languages, distributing code and data, and providing support and building communities. After illustrating these decisions with examples and lessons learned from the community, we conclude that even though individual researchers' choices are important, institutional changes are still also necessary for more openness and transparency in energy research. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2017.12.002 VL - 19 SP - 63 EP - 71 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Pisani-Ferry, Jean ED - Allen, Franklin ED - Carletti, Elena ED - Gulati, Mitu T1 - Euro area reform: Reflections on an initiative T2 - Institutions and the Crisis Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2870/421536 SP - 1 EP - 27 PB - European University Institute CY - Florence ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pisani-Ferry, Jean T1 - Should we give up on global governance? JF - Bruegel Policy Contribution 17 N2 - The high point of global governance was reached in the mid-1990s around the creation of the World Trade Organisation. It was hoped that globalisation would be buttressed by a system of global rules and a network of specialised global institutions. Two decades later these hopes have been dashed by a series of global governance setbacks, the rise of economic nationalism and the dramatic change of attitude of the United States administration. From trade to the environment, a retreat from multilateralism is observable. The 2008 elevation of the G20 to leaders’ level was an exception to this trend. But the G20 is no more than a political steering body. The reasons for this retreat partially arise from political developments in individual countries. But such factors hide a series specific roadblocks to global governance: the growing number and diversity of countries involved; the mounting rivalry between the US and China; doubts about globalisation and the distribution of the associated benefits; the obsolescence of global rules and institutions; imbalances within the global governance regime; and increased complexity. What, then, should be the way forward? The demand for global governance has not diminished, but support for binding multilateral arrangements has. There is a need for alternative governance technologies that better accommodate the diversity of players, provide for more flexibility and rely less on compulsion. From competition to financial regulation, such arrangements have been developed in a series of fields already. They are often hailed as providing a solution to the governance conundrum. But their effectiveness should be assessed critically. Can they overcome the free-rider curse and enforcement problems? Usual game theory suggests not. Not all games are similar, however, and some collective action problems can be tackled without recourse to coercion. Against this background, multilateralists hesitate over the choice of a strategy. One option would be to seek to preserve the existing order to the greatest extent possible. Its downside is that it does not address the underlying problems. An alternative option is to try to redesign international arrangements, putting the emphasis on flexibility and voluntary participation. Its downside is that it risks overlooking the intrinsic problems of international or global collective action. A potentially more promising approach would be to define the minimum conditions that the multilateral framework must fulfil to provide a strong-enough basis for flexible, variable-geometry and possibly informal arrangements. In the end, we should neither cultivate the nostalgia of yesterday’s order nor invest our hopes in ineffective international cooperation. The narrow path ahead is to establish a sufficient, critical multilateral base for flexible arrangements and to equip policymakers with a precise toolkit for determining, on a field-by-field basis, the minimum requirements for effective collective action. Y1 - 2018 UR - http://bruegel.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/PC-17-2018.pdf ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pisani-Ferry, Jean A1 - Demertzis, Maria A1 - Sapir, André A1 - Wieser, Thomas A1 - Wolff, Guntram T1 - One size does not fit all: European integration by differentiation JF - Policy Brief N2 - THE ISSUE Reforming the governance of the European Union has become urgent for three reasons: to better deal with politically-sensitive topics, to manage greater external challenges mand because future EU enlargement will increase the diversity of the bloc’s membership. The answer to disagreement typically has been qualified majority voting, but on sensitive topics, the EU has increasingly moved to unanimity and heavy European Council involvement, which has often not delivered results. The alternative answer has been a Europe of multiple speeds of integration with one shared goal for all, increasing political tensions. A different approach is now needed to move Europe forward. POLICY CHALLENGE Two options would be a Europe of concentric circles and a Europe of ‘clubs’, but the former would cement tensions between the inner and the outer circles, while the latter would lead to unclear structures and an end to cohesion. However, a governance model could combine the two approaches. The model would be based on a strong ‘bare-bones EU’ formed by the single market, trade and accompanying policies, the European institutions, treaties, rule of law and a commitment to fundamental EU values. Three policy areas would be completely moved into ‘clubs’ while remaining based on the bare-bones legal and institutional structure: economic and monetary union; Schengen and asylum policy; and foreign and security policy and neighbourhood policy. Club membership would be optional but once in, countries would have to accept the rules and there would be high hurdles to leaving. Finally, a ring of friends would surround the bare-bones EU, based on very close economic relationships and some multilateral discussion elements, but no formal votes. Y1 - 2018 UR - http://bruegel.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PB-2018_03_final3.pdf VL - 3 SP - 1 EP - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pisani-Ferry, Jean T1 - Euro area reform: An anatomy of the debate JF - CEPR Policy Insight No. 95 Y1 - 2018 UR - http://bruegel.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/201809_Eurodebate_CEPR_PolicyInsight_95.pdf ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bénassy-Quéré, Agnès A1 - Brunnermeier, Markus A1 - Enderlein, Henrik A1 - Pisani-Ferry, Jean A1 - Farhi, Emmanuel A1 - Fratzscher, Marcel A1 - Fuest, Clemens A1 - Gourinchas, Pierre-Olivier A1 - Martin, Philippe A1 - Rey, Hélène A1 - Schnabel, Isabel A1 - Véron, Nicolas A1 - Weder di Mauro, Béatrice A1 - Zettelmeyer, Jéromin T1 - Reconciling risk sharing with market discipline: A constructive approach to Eurozone reform JF - CEPR Policy Insight No. 91 KW - banking union, capital markets, European governance, eurozone governance, finance & financial regulation, fiscal policy, monetary union, Sovereign debt Y1 - 2018 UR - https://cepr.org/active/publications/policy_insights/viewpi.php?pino=91 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina T1 - Fostering good governance through trade Agreements: An evidence-based review T2 - Paper was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on International Trade Y1 - 2018 UR - http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/603867/EXPO_STU(2018)603867_EN.pdf U6 - https://doi.org/10.2861/203713 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina ED - Nowotny, Ewald ED - Ritzberger-Grünwald, Doris ED - Schuberth, Helene T1 - Europeanization meets transformation: a political economy approach to transition T2 - Structural Reforms for Growth and Cohesion Y1 - 2018 SN - 9781788971133 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788971140.00022 SP - 180 EP - 189 PB - Edward Elgar Publishing CY - Cheltenham, UK / Northampton, MA, USA ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina T1 - Seven Steps to Control of Corruption: The Road Map JF - Daedalus Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00500 VL - 147 IS - 3 SP - 20 EP - 34 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina A1 - Martínez B. Kukutschka, Roberto ED - Anheier, Helmut K. ED - Haber, Matthias ED - Kayser, Mark A. T1 - Can a civilization know its own institutional decline? A tale of indicators T2 - Governance Indicators: Approaches, Progress, Promise Y1 - 2018 SN - 9780198817062 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina T1 - Romania's Italian-Style Anticorruption Populism JF - Journal of Democracy Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2018.0048 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 104 EP - 116 ER -