TY - JOUR A1 - Béchara, Hannah A1 - Orăsan, Constantin A1 - Parra Escartín, Carla A1 - Zampieri, Marcos A1 - Lowe, William T1 - The Role of Machine Translation Quality Estimation in the Post-Editing Workflow JF - Informatics N2 - As Machine Translation (MT) becomes increasingly ubiquitous, so does its use in professional translation workflows. However, its proliferation in the translation industry has brought about new challenges in the field of Post-Editing (PE). We are now faced with a need to find effective tools to assess the quality of MT systems to avoid underpayments and mistrust by professional translators. In this scenario, one promising field of study is MT Quality Estimation (MTQE), as this aims to determine the quality of an automatic translation and, indirectly, its degree of post-editing difficulty. However, its impact on the translation workflows and the translators’ cognitive load is still to be fully explored. We report on the results of an impact study engaging professional translators in PE tasks using MTQE. To assess the translators’ cognitive load we measure their productivity both in terms of time and effort (keystrokes) in three different scenarios: translating from scratch, post-editing without using MTQE, and post-editing using MTQE. Our results show that good MTQE information can improve post-editing efficiency and decrease the cognitive load on translators. This is especially true for cases with low MT quality. KW - machine translation quality estimation; post-editing Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics8030061 VL - 8 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wehner, Joachim A1 - Hallerberg, Mark T1 - Regimes, Leaders, and Lockdowns: Who Responded More Quickly to the COVID-19 Pandemic? N2 - Explanations of the speed of policy responses to COVID-19 highlight two sets of arguments. One focuses on regime type. Did autocracies, with fewer institutional constraints and high coercive power, lock down more quickly than democracies? The second concerns the “type” of health policymaker. Did governments led by doctors or natural scientists respond more quickly, and did men and populists delay lockdown? We examine these relationships with a global dataset of political regimes and relevant traits of 188 political leaders and health ministers in office at the start of the pandemic. Our setup addresses concerns about reciprocal causation and sample selection bias and proves robust to potential confounders. We find autocracies locked down more slowly than democracies, while leader traits appear not to matter. However, medical doctors in the health portfolio are associated with lower likelihood of lockdown, suggesting they may have provided cover for leaders hesitant to do so. KW - COVID-19, Democracy, Education, Gender, Leaders, Lockdown, Pandemic, Populism, Public health, Science Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/9pazw ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schumacher, Julian A1 - Trebesch, Christoph A1 - Enderlein, Henrik T1 - Sovereign defaults in court JF - Journal of International Economics N2 - For centuries, defaulting governments were immune from legal action by foreign creditors. This paper shows that this is no longer the case. Building a dataset covering four decades, we find that creditor lawsuits have become an increasingly common feature of sovereign debt markets. The legal developments have strengthened the hands of creditors and raised the cost of default for debtors. We show that legal disputes in the US and the UK disrupt government access to international capital markets, as foreign courts can impose a financial embargo on sovereigns. The findings are consistent with theoretical models with creditor sanctions and suggest that sovereign debt is becoming more enforceable. We discuss how the threat of litigation affects debt management, government willingness to pay, and the resolution of debt crises. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2020.103388 SN - 0022-1996 VL - 131 PB - Elsevier BV ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chelotti, Nicola A1 - Dasandi, Niheer A1 - Jankin Mikhaylov, Slava T1 - Do Intergovernmental Organizations Have a Socialization Effect on Member State Preferences? Evidence from the UN General Debate JF - International Studies Quarterly N2 - The question of whether intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) have a socialization effect on member state preferences is central to international relations. However, empirical studies have struggled to separate the socializing effects of IGOs on preferences from the coercion and incentives associated with IGOs that may lead to foreign policy alignment without altering preferences. This article addresses this issue. We adopt a novel approach to measuring state preferences by applying text analytic methods to country statements in the annual United Nations General Debate (UNGD). The absence of interstate coordination with UNGD statements makes them particularly well suited for testing socialization effects on state preferences. We focus on the European Union (EU), enabling us to incorporate the pre-accession period—when states have the strongest incentives for foreign policy alignment—into our analysis. The results of our analysis show that EU membership has a socialization effect that produces preference convergence, controlling for coercion and incentive effects. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqab069 SN - 0020-8833 VL - 66 IS - 1 PB - Oxford University Press (OUP) ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - Causal Modelling in Fertility Research: A Review of the Literature and an Application to a Parental Leave Policy Reform JF - Comparative Population Studies N2 - This paper reviews empirical studies that have examined the causal determinants of fertility behaviour. In particular, we compare the approaches adopted in the different disciplines to improve our understanding of how birth dynamics are influenced by changes in female employment and changes in family policies. The wide array of panel data that have become available in recent years provide great potential for advanced causal modelling in this field. Event history modelling has been a dominant approach in sociology and demography. However, researchers are increasingly turning to other methods to unravel causal effects, such as fixed-effects modelling, the regression discontinuity approach, and statistical matching. We summarise selected studies, and discuss the advantages and the shortcomings of the different approaches. In an empirical section, we analyse the impact of the German 2007 policy reform on birth behaviour to illustrate the difficulties involved in isolating policy effects. The final chapter concludes by underscoring that even simple modelling strategies may be beneficial for improving our understanding of how policy effects shape demographic behaviour, and for laying the groundwork for more fine-grained causal investigations. * This article belongs to a special issue on “Identification of causal mechanisms in demographic research: The contribution of panel data”. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.12765/cpos-2021-10 SN - 1869-8999 VL - 46 PB - German Federal Institute for Population Research ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Göbel, Sascha A1 - Munzert, Simon T1 - The Comparative Legislators Database JF - British Journal of Political Science N2 - Knowledge about political representatives' behavior is crucial for a deeper understanding of politics and policy-making processes. Yet resources on legislative elites are scattered, often specialized, limited in scope or not always accessible. This article introduces the Comparative Legislators Database (CLD), which joins micro-data collection efforts on open-collaboration platforms and other sources, and integrates with renowned political science datasets. The CLD includes political, sociodemographic, career, online presence, public attention, and visual information for over 45,000 contemporary and historical politicians from ten countries. The authors provide a straightforward and open-source interface to the database through an R package, offering targeted, fast and analysis-ready access in formats familiar to social scientists and standardized across time and space. The data is verified against human-coded datasets, and its use for investigating legislator prominence and turnover is illustrated. The CLD contributes to a central hub for versatile information about legislators and their behavior, supporting individual-level comparative research over long periods. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123420000897 SN - 0007-1234 N1 - Published online 23 February 2021 Göbel, S., & Munzert, S. (2022). The Comparative Legislators Database. British Journal of Political Science, 52(3), 1398–1408. doi:10.1017/S0007123420000897 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wriedt, Vera T1 - Rezension: The Prohibition of Collective Expulsion in International Law JF - Kritische Justiz Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/0023-4834-2021-2-247 SN - 0023-4834 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - 255 EP - 259 PB - Nomos Verlag ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Miraldo, Marisa A1 - Sassi, Franco A1 - Shaikh, Mujaheed A1 - Simmons, Bryony A1 - Vrinten, Charlotte T1 - The development and market launch of orphan drugs from 1980 – 2019: a quantitative analysis Y1 - 2021 UR - https://download2.eurordis.org/rare2030/deliverables/D5.3%20R%26D%20and%20market%20launch%20of%20orphan%20drugs.pdf PB - Rare2030 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bunde, Tobias T1 - Defending European integration by (symbolically) integrating European defence? Germany and its ambivalent role in European security and defence policy JF - Journal of European Integration N2 - For many German policymakers, a commitment to European integration in defence is a necessary means to further the end of European integration in general – in stark contrast to French leaders who see European integration as the means to reach the end of a stronger European defence. Although there is general support for European defence cooperation and even integration among the German public and state elites, other ideational factors, most notably wide-spread anti-militarist attitudes, military planners’ traditional embeddedness in NATO planning procedures, and a deep commitment to parliamentary control of the armed forces, present manifest hurdles for real capacity-building on the supranational level. As a result, German efforts to integrate defence policy within the EU have been largely symbolic, while real progress takes place in other (bilateral or minilateral and often German-led) frameworks. Berlin has thus contributed considerably to the increasing institutional fragmentation and territorial differentiation in European defence. KW - Germany KW - European Union KW - defence KW - integration KW - military Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2021.1877693 VL - 43 IS - 2 SP - 243 EP - 259 ER - TY - JFULL ED - Freudlsperger, Christian ED - Jachtenfuchs, Markus T1 - A member state like any other? Germany and the European integration of core state powers T2 - Journal of European Integration Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/geui20/43/2 SN - Print ISSN: 0703-6337, Online ISSN: 1477-2280 VL - 43 IS - 2 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schaeffer, Doris A1 - Berens, Eva-Maria A1 - Vogt, Dominique A1 - Gille, Svea A1 - Griese, Lennert A1 - Klinger, Julia A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus T1 - Gesundheitskompetenz in Deutschland: Ergebnisse einer repräsentativen Folgebefragung JF - Deutsches Ärzteblatt T2 - Health literacy in Germany—findings of a representative follow-up survey Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0310 N1 - This article is also available in English at: https://www.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/221711 VL - 118 SP - 723 EP - 729 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schaeffer, Doris A1 - Gille, Svea A1 - Berens, Eva-Maria A1 - Griese, Lennert A1 - Klinger, Julia A1 - Vogt, Dominique A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus T1 - Digitale Gesundheitskompetenz der Bevölkerung in Deutschland Ergebnisse des HLS-GER 2 JF - Gesundheitswesen N2 - Ziel Durch die Digitalisierung gewinnen digitale Informationen zum Thema Gesundheit zunehmend an Bedeutung. Neben vielfältigen Chancen bringt diese Entwicklung auch Herausforderungen mit sich, denn mit dem wachsenden Angebot steigt zugleich der Bedarf an digitaler Gesundheitskompetenz (DGK). Im nachfolgenden Beitrag werden das Ausmaß der DGK in der Bevölkerung in Deutschland, zentrale Determinanten der DGK und Folgen für die Nutzung digitaler gesundheitsbezogener Informationsangebote analysiert. Methodik Die Analyse basiert auf Daten des zweiten Health Literacy Survey Germany (HLS-GER 2), bestehend aus einer repräsentativen Stichprobe mit n=2151. Die Erfassung der DGK, der Determinanten sowie der Nutzung digitaler gesundheitsbezogener Informationsangebote erfolgte mit einem im Rahmen der internationalen Vergleichsstudie HLS19 erarbeiteten Fragebogens. Es wurden bivariate und multivariate Analysen durchgeführt. Ergebnisse Insgesamt verfügen 75,8% der Bevölkerung über eine geringe DGK. Vor allem geringe literale Fähigkeiten, ein höheres Alter, eine niedrige Bildung sowie ein niedriger Sozialstatus gehen mit einer geringen DGK einher. Die multivariate Analyse weist zudem auf einen starken Zusammenhang zwischen DGK und allgemeiner Gesundheitskompetenz (GK) hin. Geringe DGK ist folgenreich und führt zu einer geringeren Nutzung digitaler gesundheitsbezogener Informationsangebote. Schlussfolgerung Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Wichtigkeit der Förderung von DGK der Bevölkerung und besonders von Gruppen mit geringer DGK. Entsprechende Bemühungen sollten die allgemeine GK einbeziehen, denn sie steht in engem Zusammenhang mit der DGK. Auch um die noch geringe Nutzung digitaler Informationsangebote in Deutschland zu erhöhen und generell, um der zunehmenden Digitalisierung des Gesundheitswesens zu entsprechen, stellt die Stärkung der DGK eine gesellschaftlich wichtige Aufgabe dar. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1670-7636 VL - 84 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schaeffer, Doris A1 - Klinger, Julia A1 - Berens, Eva-Maria A1 - Gille, Svea A1 - Griese, Lennert A1 - Vogt, Dominique A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus T1 - Gesundheitskompetenz in Deutschland vor und während der Corona-Pandemie JF - Gesundheitswesen N2 - Ziel Im Mittelpunkt des Artikels stehen neue Befunde zur Gesundheitskompetenz (GK), die einen Vergleich der GK der Bevölkerung in Deutschland vor dem Ausbruch der Corona-Pandemie und während ihres Anhaltens ermöglichen. Verglichen werden die allgemeine und die digitale GK. Daneben werden Veränderungen der GK in unterschiedlichen Bevölkerungsgruppen untersucht. Methodik Die Analysen basieren auf bevölkerungsrepräsentativen Querschnittsdaten, die 2019/2020 vor und 2020 während der Pandemie erhoben wurden. Dabei kam ein international weiterentwickelter und abgestimmter Fragebogen (HLS19) zur Messung der GK zum Einsatz, in dem erstmals in diesem Kontext auch die digitale GK in Deutschland erhoben wurde. Verände-rungen in den Gruppen wurden bivariat analysiert. Ergebnisse Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die GK der Bevölkerung in Deutschland während der Pandemie gegenüber der Zeit davor tendenziell verbessert hat. Dieser Effekt ist besonders bei der Beurteilung von Gesundheitsinformationen und der digitalen GK zu sehen. Er ist bei Frauen, Menschen mit niedriger und mittlerer Bildung, jüngeren Bevölkerungsgruppen und Personen mit eigener Migrationserfahrung besonders stark ausgeprägt. Bei älteren Personen ist keine Veränderung zu verzeichnen und bei Personen mit mehreren chronischen Erkrankungen weisen die Ergebnisse sogar auf eine Verschlechterung hin. Schlussfolgerung Die systematische Auseinandersetzung mit den klar strukturierten, häufig wiederholten Gesundheitsinformationen während der Corona-Pandemie hat in Deutschland offenbar dazu geführt, dass sich die Gesundheitskompetenz verbessert hat und der Umgang mit gesundheitsbezogenen Informationen subjektiv als weniger schwierig eingeschätzt wird. Vor allem die Kompetenz zum Umgang mit digitalen Informationen ist gestiegen. Dabei gibt es teils große Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Bevölkerungsgruppen. T2 - Health Literacy in Germany before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1560-2479 VL - 83 IS - 10 SP - 781 EP - 788 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina T1 - Corruption risk in Albanian public procurement (2017 – 2019) Y1 - 2021 UR - http://ais.al/new/en/corruption-risk-in-albania-public-procurement-2017-2019-a-document-prepared-by-heritie-school-of-governance-and-the-albanian-institute-of-sciences-ais-may-2021/ ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schaeffer, Doris A1 - Gille, Svea A1 - Vogt, Dominique A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus T1 - National Action Plan Health Literacy in Germany origin, development and structure JF - Journal of Public Health N2 - Aim Health literacy has gained increasing importance worldwide. As a result of several studies indicating low health literacy levels in large parts of the population, strategies and action plans promoting health literacy were developed in many countries. The article analyses the origin, development and structure of the German Health Literacy Action Plan. Subject and methods In 2016, a civil society initiative was formed, aiming at developing a national action plan in an expert-based and collaborative manner. A group of 15 experts elaborated the core elements of the action plan, based on a literature review on existing health literacy approaches, action plans and empirical evidence. These core elements were further developed collaboratively in workshops with key stakeholders, self-help and patient organizations and individual consultation meetings. Afterwards, the National Action Plan was reviewed and previously formulated recommendations were refined before being published. Results and conclusion The National Action Plan Health Literacy in Germany presents 15 recommendations in four areas of action for promoting health literacy in Germany. This bottom-up strategy and the expert-based yet at the same time collaborative approach have proved to be successful when developing a national action plan. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-021-01616-9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ravens-Sieberer, Ulrike A1 - Kaman, Anne A1 - Otto, Christiane A1 - Adedeji, Adekunle A1 - Napp, Ann-Kathrin A1 - Becker, Marcia A1 - Blanck-Stellmacher, Ulrike A1 - Löffler, Constanze A1 - Schlack, Robert A1 - Hölling, Heike A1 - Devine, Janine A1 - Erhart, Michael A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus T1 - Seelische Gesundheit und psychische Belastungen von Kindern und Jugendlichen in der ersten Welle der COVID-19-Pandemie – Ergebnisse der COPSY-Studie JF - Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-021-03291-3 VL - 64 SP - 1512 EP - 1521 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ravens‑Sieberer, Ulrike A1 - Kaman, Anne A1 - Erhart, Michael A1 - Otto, Christiane A1 - Devine, Janine A1 - Löffler, Constanze A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus A1 - Bullinger, Monika A1 - Barkmann, Claus A1 - Siegel, Nico A. A1 - Simon, Anja M. A1 - Wieler, Lothar H. A1 - Schlack, Robert A1 - Hölling, Heike T1 - Quality of life and mental health in children and adolescents during the first year of the COVID‑19 pandemic: results of a two‑wave nationwide population‑based study JF - European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry N2 - Background The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the lives of children and adolescents worldwide. The German COPSY study is among the first population-based longitudinal studies to examine the mental health impact of the pandemic. The objective of the study was to assess changes in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and mental health in children and adolescents and to identify the associated risk and resource factors during the pandemic. Methods A nationwide longitudinal survey was conducted with two waves during the pandemic (May/June 2020 and December 2020/January 2021). In total, n = 1923 children and adolescents aged 7 to 17 years and their parents participated (retention rate from wave 1 to wave 2: 85%). The self-report and parent-proxy surveys assessed HRQoL (KIDSCREEN-10), mental health problems (SDQ with the subscales emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity, and peer problems), anxiety (SCARED), depressive symptoms (CES-DC, PHQ-2) and psychosomatic complaints (HBSC-SCL). Mixed model panel regression analyses were conducted to examine longitudinal changes in mental health and to identify risk and resource factors. Results The HRQoL of children and adolescents decreased during the pandemic, and emotional problems, peer-related mental health problems, anxiety, depressive and psychosomatic symptoms increased over time, however the change in global mental health problems from wave 1 to wave 2 was not significant, and some changes were negligible. Socially disadvantaged children and children of mentally burdened parents were at particular risk of impaired mental health, while female gender and older age were associated with fewer mental health problems. A positive family climate and social support supported the mental health of children and adolescents during the pandemic. Discussion Health promotion, prevention and intervention strategies could support children and adolescents in coping with the pandemic and protect and maintain their mental health Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01889-1 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Shah, Syed Attique A1 - Yahia, Sadok Ben A1 - McBride, Keegan A1 - Jamil, Akhtar A1 - Draheim, Dirk T1 - Twitter Streaming Data Analytics for Disaster Alerts T2 - 2021 2nd International Informatics and Software Engineering Conference (IISEC) N2 - In today's world, disasters, both natural and manmade, are becoming increasingly frequent, and new solutions are of a compelling need to provide and disseminate information about these disasters to the public and concerned authorities in an effective and efficient manner. One of the most frequently used ways for information dissemination today is through social media, and when it comes to real-time information, Twitter is often the channel of choice. Thus, this paper discusses how Big Data Analytics (BDA) can take advantage of information streaming from Twitter to generate alerts and provide information in real-time on ongoing disasters. The paper proposes TAGS (Twitter Alert Generation System), a novel solution for collecting and analyzing social media streaming data in realtime and subsequently issue warnings related to ongoing disasters using a combination of Hadoop and Spark frameworks. The paper tests and evaluates the proposed solution using Twitter data from the 2018 earthquake in Palu City, Sulawesi, Indonesia. The proposed architecture was able to issue alert messages on various disaster scenarios and identify critical information that can be utilized for further analysis. Moreover, the performance of the proposed solution is assessed with respect to processing time and throughput that shows reliable system efficiency. Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-1-6654-0759-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/IISEC54230.2021.9672370 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - IEEE ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Breaugh, Jessica A1 - McBride, Keegan A1 - Kleinaltenkamp, Moritz A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard T1 - Beyond Diffusion: A Systematic Literature Review of Innovation Scaling JF - Sustainability Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413528 VL - 13 IS - 24 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - De Coninck, Joyce A1 - Vander Maelen, Carl A1 - Bex, Fauve A1 - Van De Velde-van Rumst, Paulien A1 - Dua, Odile A1 - Finnerty, Joseph A1 - Inghelbrecht, Febe T1 - Actualités/News JF - Journal européen des droits de l'homme - European Journal of Human Rights (JEDH) Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.jurisquare.be/en/journal/jedh/index.html VL - 2021 IS - 1 SP - 129 EP - 129 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - De Coninck, Joyce A1 - Vander Maelen, Carl A1 - Bex, Fauve A1 - Van De Velde-van Rumst, Paulien A1 - Dua, Odile A1 - Finnerty, Joseph A1 - Inghelbrecht, Febe T1 - Actualités/News JF - Journal européen des droits de l'homme - European Journal of Human Rights (JEDH) Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.jurisquare.be/en/journal/jedh/index.html VL - 2021 IS - 2 SP - 206 EP - 206 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - De Coninck, Joyce A1 - Vander Maelen, Carl A1 - Bex, Fauve A1 - Dua, Odile A1 - Finnerty, Joseph T1 - Actualités/News JF - Journal européen des droits de l'homme - European Journal of Human Rights (JEDH) Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.jurisquare.be/en/journal/jedh/index.html VL - 2021 IS - 3 SP - 308 EP - 308 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - De Coninck, Joyce A1 - Vander Maelen, Carl A1 - Bex, Fauve A1 - Dua, Odile A1 - Finnerty, Joseph A1 - Inghelbrecht, Febe T1 - Actualités/News JF - Journal européen des droits de l'homme - European Journal of Human Rights (JEDH) Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.jurisquare.be/en/journal/jedh/index.html VL - 2021 IS - 4-5 SP - 424 EP - 424 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auz, Juan T1 - 'So, this is Permanence': The Inter-American Human Rights System as Liminal Space for Climate Justice JF - Melbourne Journal of International Law Y1 - 2021 UR - https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/4126000/Auz.pdf SN - 1444-8602 VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - 187 EP - 220 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auz, Juan T1 - Situating the Inter-American Human Rights System in the Oscillation of International Law JF - Journal of Law and Political Economy N2 - This article considers the Inter-American Human Rights System (IAHRS) as a response to the general assessments of some critical scholarship on international law. It employs the concept of “oscillation of international law” to organize different views of the international human rights and environmental law (IHREL) scholarship, two legal regimes that speak loudest to the IAHRS’ interests. These views are distributed within a spectrum that goes from utopian demands placed on IHREL, to apologist defenses of these legal regimes. I put forward a third strand of critical intervention by framing the IAHRS as a space of political and legal contention that promises to address some of the IHREL’s shortcomings. I caution, however, that, although the IAHRS functions as an enabling platform for subaltern polities that redraw the boundaries of legal meanings, the system may fall short in tackling challenges that are contingent on global capitalist logics. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5070/LP62155395 VL - 2 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nikiforova, Anastasija A1 - McBride, Keegan T1 - Open government data portal usability: A user-centred usability analysis of 41 open government data portals JF - Telematics and Informatics N2 - Open government data, as a phenomena, may be considered an important and influential innovation that has the potential to drive the creation of public value via enabling the prevention of corruption, increase in accountability and transparency, and driving the co-creation of new and innovative services. However, in order for open government data to be fully taken advantage of, it must be found, understood, and used. Though many countries maintain open government data portals, the usability of said portals can vary greatly; this is important to understand as the usability of a portal likely impacts the eventual reuse of the data made available there. Acknowledging the importance of portal usability to the data reuse process, this paper helps to elucidate some initial insights by asking two questions: “How can the usability of open government data portals be evaluated and compared across contexts?” and “What are the most commonly missing usability aspects from open government data portals?”. In order to answer these research questions, a subset of 41 national open government data portals were selected for an in-depth usability analysis drawing on the feedback from 40 individual users. As a result of this analysis, the paper is able to make three primary contributions: (1) the validation of a framework for open government data portal usability analysis, (2) develops an initial comparative international ranking of open government data portal usability, and (3) identifies commonly occurring portal usability strengths and weaknesses across contexts. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101539 VL - 58 IS - May 2021, 101539 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - McBride, Keegan A1 - van Noordt, Colin A1 - Misuraca, Gianluca A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard T1 - Towards a Systematic Understanding on the Challenges of Procuring Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector T2 - SocArXiv Papers N2 - There is an increased interest amongst governments and public sector organisations about how to best integrate artificial intelligence into their day-to-day business processes. Yet, a large majority of technical know how is concentrated within the private sector, requiring most public sector organisations to rely on public procurement for AI systems. While many governments may have experience with traditional forms of public technological procurement, this paper argues that the public procurement of AI is different and new insight is needed to understand this differentiation and procure AI better. This paper offers an initial contribution to the public administration and management literature by describing this difference, and identifying the challenges associated with the public procurement of AI. In order to achieve this contribution, the research studied guidelines in four European countries (Estonia, Netherlands, Serbia, and the United Kingdom) to generate insight into the challenges faced, and potential solutions to these challenges, during the public procurement of AI process. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/un649/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/un649 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baranowska, Grażyna T1 - The Rights of the Families of Missing Persons: Going Beyond International Humanitarian Law JF - Israel Law Review N2 - The main aim of the article is to test how states implement international humanitarian law (IHL) with regard to the families of missing persons. The article shows relevant IHL shortcomings and compares them with rules applicable in cases of enforced disappearance. The national legislation collected in the section titled ‘The Missing and Their Families’ of the National Implementation Database of the International Committee of the Red Cross is then examined. The analysis addresses three core questions that are particularly relevant for families of missing persons: (1) Who is considered a missing person under each law? Approaching this question allows the testing of whether states follow the understanding of ‘missing persons’ under IHL treaty law. The second and third questions address two issues that are crucial for families of missing persons that are not addressed in IHL: (2) How is the legal status of the missing person regulated? (3) Are family members provided with measures of reparation and/or assistance? This approach reveals that states rarely apply the IHL understanding of ‘missing persons’ and predominantly exceed IHL by addressing some of the identified shortcomings. It further shows that states provide families of missing persons either with reparation measures – in cases of human rights violations – or, less often, with measures of assistance in post-conflict situations. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/israel-law-review/article/rights-of-the-families-of-missing-persons-going-beyond-international-humanitarian-law/A9C19122F8CEE80E705869EC919AC640 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021223721000182 VL - 55 IS - 1 SP - 25 EP - 49 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Galand, Alexandre Skander T1 - Revision of Judgment: International Criminal Courts and Tribunals T2 - Max Planck Encyclopedias of International Law Y1 - 2021 UR - https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law-mpeipro/e3387.013.3387/law-mpeipro-e3387 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Turkut, Emre T1 - The Venice Commission and Rule of Law Backsliding in Turkey, Poland and Hungary JF - European Convention on Human Rights Law Review N2 - How did the Council of Europe cope with its member states that engaged in rule of law backsliding? This article analyses the responses of the Venice Commission, the Council of Europe’s expert body on constitutional matters, to Turkey, Hungary, and Poland as their governments eliminated key checks and balances on their power, curtailed judicial independence, and undermined political pluralism and civil society. It finds that the Venice Commission managed to address a set of particularly vital issues that get to the heart to rule of law backsliding in these countries. Despite the breadth of the Venice Commission’s forthright involvement, these case studies display the limitations on the part of other Council of Europe bodies in forming a coordinated approach and response to rule of law backsliding. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1163/26663236-bja10028 VL - 2 SP - 209 EP - 240 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Turkut, Emre T1 - On the Collateral Impact of Turkey’s Authoritarian Turn: Re-securitization of the Kurdish Issue and the Kurds’ Struggle for Minority Recognition and Self-Determination JF - The Commentaries N2 - Since the collapse of the peace process in 2015, the Turkish Government has sought to turn every move towards Kurdish rights into an existential threat – a process led to the re-securitization of the Kurdish question. Ever since the descent of Turkey into an authoritarian polity has begun in the aftermath of the June 2015 elections, the Kurdish minority has suffered a brutal crackdown marked by high of political imprisonment and greater restrictions on freedom of assembly and association and on electoral aspects of self-determination. This commentary will take a closer look at the dire consequences of the collateral impact of Turkey’s authoritarian turn on the Kurdish political movement from the perspectives of minority rights and self-determination. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.33182/tc.v1i1.2001 VL - 1 IS - Vol. 1 No. 1 (2021) SP - 97 EP - 104 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Turkut, Emre A1 - Phillips, Thomas T1 - Non-discrimination, minority rights and self-determination : Turkey’s post-coup state of emergency and the position of Turkey’s Kurds T2 - Human rights in Turkey : assaults on human dignity N2 - States of emergency are often declared due to underlying problems of minority group accommodation, and the extraordinary limitation of rights arising from them tends to have a particularly striking effect on such groups. This was true, for instance, with the emergency measures adopted by the British authorities in the context of the ‘Troubles’ in Northern Ireland. The same appears true in respect of the Turkish state of emergency in the aftermath of the failed military coup of 15 July 2016 vis-à-vis the position of Turkey’s Kurds. In spite of the fact that the declaration of the state of emergency constituted a response to an attempted coup which was, allegedly, orchestrated by the Gülen Movement, it is clear that the resulting derogating measures have also targeted ‘other individuals and organizations’, mainly those allegedly connected to the PKK (Kurdistan Workers’ Party), and thus extended to Turkey’s Kurdish periphery. This chapter seeks to map the impact of the Turkish post-coup derogation measures on Turkey’s Kurds and to test them against the non-discrimination principle, minority rights, and the right of self-determination. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57476-5_5 SP - 109 EP - 129 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Welfens, Natalie T1 - Stierl, Maurice. 2019. Migrant Resistance in Contemporary Europe. Routledge: Oxfordshire and New York. 234 pp. JF - International Migration Y1 - 2021 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/imig.12927 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12927 SP - 242 EP - 244 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Migliorati, Marta A1 - Vignoli, Valerio T1 - When politicization meets ideology: the European Parliament and free trade agreements JF - Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana Di Scienza Politica N2 - Since the Lisbon Treaty, the European Parliament (EP) has considerably increased its competencies in European Union (EU) trade policy. At the same time, a ‘new generation’ of free trade agreements (FTAs), including the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) with the United States, Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) with Canada, and the agreement with Japan, have been negotiated by the European Commission. Although existing literature has tackled the process of the EP's institutional self-empowerment in this policy area, there is no systematic research investigating the lines of conflict within the EP over FTAs. Through a newly collected dataset of all EP plenary debates between 2009 and 2019 on six relevant FTAs, we extract EP Members’ (MEPs) preferences by means of a manual textual analysis. We then test the explanatory power of the two traditional lines of cleavages within the EP over MEPs stated preferences: position on the left-right axis and support for EU integration. We find that both these dimensions fundamentally shape the conflict in the EP over FTAs. The impact of these two ideological cleavages is magnified in the context of politicized FTAs, namely the TTIP and CETA. Through these findings, the paper significantly contributes to the research on competition in the EP and, more broadly, to the understanding of EU trade policy and its emerging politicization dynamics. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/italian-political-science-review-rivista-italiana-di-scienza-politica/article/when-politicization-meets-ideology-the-european-parliament-and-free-trade-agreements/411E516ABE8955AD982AD0F349C18730 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/ipo.2021.50 SN - 0048-8402 (Print), 2057-4908 (Online) SP - 1 EP - 16 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Migliorati, Marta T1 - Postfunctional differentiation, functional reintegration: the Danish case in Justice and Home Affairs JF - Journal of European Public Policy N2 - Previous research shows that Differentiated Integration (DI) in areas of core state powers works according to a postfunctional logic, in response to concerns about national autonomy and sovereignty. Against this backdrop, scholars usually expect that the policies and practices ensuing from formal DI are equally differentiated. This article presents theoretical and empirical evidence to suggest otherwise. It argues that, while postfunctionalism explains the emergence of formal DI, its practical consequences are driven by functional pressures. The interdependencies produced by the integration process create functional incentives for states with opt-outs to work towards ‘reintegration’ by converging with EU policies. The result of this process is a decoupling between differentiated rules and similar practices. The plausibility of this argument is tested by applying process tracing techniques to the case of Denmark in Justice and Home Affairs. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13501763.2021.1921831 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2021.1921831 SN - Print ISSN: 1350-1763 Online ISSN: 1466-4429 VL - 29 IS - 7 SP - 1112 EP - 1134 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Nguyen, Thu T1 - Time to be honest: The future will not be decided by the Conference on the Future of Europe N2 - The Conference on the Future of Europe will not be the place where the future of the EU will be decided. For that, there are too many obstacles standing in its way: First, it comes at the wrong time. Secondly, it is too short and its governance structures are too heavy. And lastly, it lacks the necessary support at member state level to bring about concrete policy changes. But it also does not have to. The future of EU democracy will be decided in national and European parliamentary elections. Instead of overpromising on the Conference, EU institutions and national governments should ensure that their results are translated into concrete action at EU level. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.delorscentre.eu/en/publications/detail/publication/time-to-be-honest-the-future-will-not-be-decided-by-the-conference-on-the-future-of-europe ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Rasche, Lucas T1 - The EU talent pool: An opportunity for skills-based pathways to protection N2 - Following the proposal for an EU Talent Pool under the New Pact on Asylum and Migration, the Commission is currently conceptualising a skills-matching mechanism to attract qualified migrants. This presents an ideal opportunity to account for the diverse skill sets of refugees, who possess qualifications needed to fill member states’ shortage occupations in both lower and high-skilled professions. In light of the need to diversify and increase the number of safe and legal pathways for refugees, this Visions Paper proposes to incorporate a designated Refugee Track into the envisioned Talent Pool and outlines three ways of linking it with complementary pathways. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.delorscentre.eu/en/publications/detail/publication/the-eu-talent-pool-an-opportunity-for-skills-based-pathways-to-protection ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Mack, Sebastian T1 - Beyond Wirecard - All of Europe needs independent financial supervisors N2 - Financial supervisory authorities in the EU are not sufficiently independent of political and economic influence. As the financial scandal surrounding Wirecard shows, this entails the risks of conflicts of interest that undermine the integrity of the European financial system and harm the goal of an integrated banking and capital markets union. That is why in his Policy Brief, Sebastian Mack proposes European-wide requirements for the independence, accountability and transparency of national financial regulators. Ten years after the establishment of the European System of Financial Supervision, it is high time to regulate the governance of national supervisory authorities across Europe and thereby strengthen financial supervision throughout the EU. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.delorscentre.eu/en/publications/detail/publication/beyond-wirecard ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Redeker, Nils T1 - The Politics of Stashing Wealth: The Decline of Labor Power and the Global Rise in Corporate Savings JF - The Journal of Politics N2 - This article investigates the political roots of the global rise in corporate savings. In recent years, firms throughout advanced economies have started to accumulate enormous savings. Instead of using their revenues to reinvest or raise wages, many companies now stash their profits within financial markets, contributing to sluggish growth, financial fragilities, and rising inequality. I argue that political institutions that determine the balance of power between firms and employees play an important role in shaping this trend. The stronger unions are, the more they pressure firms into using revenues for pay increases and investment. The more unions’ influence erodes, the stronger the rise of savings. Using panel data from 25 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries as well as a regression discontinuity design leveraging the German law on codetermination, I find robust and causal evidence supporting this claim. These results have implications for our broader understanding of how political institutions affect financial imbalances and economic inequality. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/716298 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1086/716298 SN - ISSN: 0022-3816, E-ISSN: 1468-2508 VL - 84 IS - 2 SP - 975 EP - 991 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Redeker, Nils A1 - Rommel, Tobias T1 - Misremembering Weimar: Hyperinflation, the Great Depression, and German collective economic memory JF - Economics & Politics N2 - The well-known German aversion to inflation has attracted a lot of interest and is often attributed to a specific historical memory: Weimar. Yet we do not know much about why hyperinflation seems to overshadow the Great Depression in German collective economic memory. To answer this question, we study what exactly it is that Germans believe to remember about their past. Using original survey data, we show that many Germans do not distinguish between hyperinflation and the Great Depression, but see them as two dimensions of the same crisis. They conflate Weimar economic history into one big crisis, encompassing both rapidly rising prices and mass unemployment. Additionally, more educated and politically interested Germans are more likely to commit this fallacy. Our finding thus nuances ideational explanations for Germany's economic policy stance in the European Union. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/ecpo.12182 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/ecpo.12182 SN - 1468-0343 VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 664 EP - 686 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Gnath, Katharina A1 - Guttenberg, Lucas A1 - Redeker, Nils T1 - Deutschland und die Stabilität der Wirtschafts-und Währungsunion T2 - Handbuch zur deutschen Europapolitik N2 - Die Corona-Pandemie stellt die zweite große Bewährungsprobe für die Eurozone seit ihrem Bestehen dar. Nachdem die Wirtschafts-und Währungsunion (WWU) aus der Eurokrise der Jahre 2010 bis 2015 mit einigen Narben, aber doch weitestgehend intakt und handlungsfähig hervorgegangen ist, sah sie sich ab Anfang 2020 erneut einer potenziell existenzgefährdenden Krise ausgesetzt. Die Antworten, die die Mitgliedstaaten bis Ende Juli 2020 auf die Pandemie gefunden haben, unterscheiden sich von der Politik in der Eurokrise: Während der Fokus zur Krisenrettung zuvor auf der Vergabe von Krediten gegen Auflagen und einem punktuellen Umbau der Euro-Architektur im Bereich der Bankenaufsicht und-abwicklung lag, stand im Sommer 2020 ein umfassendes schuldenfinanziertes EU-Wiederaufbauinstrument im Zentrum der Krisenbekämpfung. Es ging nicht mehr um Kredite, sondern um gemeinsame … Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/9783748909514-287/deutschland-und-die-stabilitaet-der-wirtschafts-und-waehrungsunion?page=1 SN - ISBN print: 978-3-8487-6852-3, ISBN online: 978-3-7489-0951-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748909514-287 SP - 287 EP - 300 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Freudlsperger, Christian A1 - Jachtenfuchs, Markus T1 - A member state like any other? Germany and the European integration of core state powers JF - Journal of European Integration N2 - The EU has integrated core state powers in a largely unsustainable manner. Why is this? In this introduction to a special issue on Germany, we take an in-depth look at national preference-formation. We trace the impact of state elites, as emphasised by functionalist theories, and mass publics and political parties, as stressed by postfunctionalism. We find that across policy fields and with striking continuity over time, Germany acts as a normal member state. The country prefers the regulation of national capacities over the creation of European capacities, and (increasingly) the intergovernmental rather than supranational control of those capacities. Only in existential crises, Germany supports European capacity-building under intergovernmental control. This leads to unstable integration but is not an indicator of hegemonic dominance. Crucial from both a practical and theoretical perspective, there exists no major gap between state elites and political parties or public opinion on German preferences. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2021.1877695 SN - Print ISSN: 0703-6337, Online ISSN: 1477-2280 VL - 43 IS - 2 SP - 117 EP - 135 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Obendiek, Anke S. T1 - The Risks of Conceptualizing Data as a Silver Bullet in the COVID-19 Pandemic N2 - Suggesting that wide-ranging access to personal data will fix the shortcomings in the liberal countries’ pandemic response has significant drawbacks, as Anke Obendiek analyses in her blog post. On the one hand, this idea risks playing into a corporate narrative that advocates technological responses to any social problem – despite limited success. On the other hand, it ignores that, as public actors choose to delegate their responsibilities to private tech companies, increased data access is likely to undermine accountability principles. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.scripts-berlin.eu/blog/Blog-31-The-risks-of-conceptualizing-data-as-a-silver-bullet-in-the-COVID-19-pandemic/index.html ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Obendiek, Anke S. T1 - Take back control? Digital sovereignty and a vision for Europe N2 - Digital sovereignty has been the buzzword of recent policy debates on digitalization, regulatory policies, and geostrategic positioning in the EU. This policy brief suggests that while the lofty concept of digital sovereignty is flawed, the debate points to a key weakness in digital policy: The EU’s current approach lacks consistency and vision. The EU needs lasting guiding principles for its regulatory, economic, and normative digital future that form the baseline for any kind of digital decision-making. The EU’s commitment to regulation needs to be backed up by heavy public investment. This should establish conditions that foster the development of digital infrastructure, innovation systems, and tools that reflect European values and human rights. Rather than trying to catch up by excluding the outside, the EU should play to its strengths and entrench its position as a normative champion on the global level. KW - digital sovereignty KW - digital future KW - geopolitics Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-45401 UR - https://www.delorscentre.eu/de/publikationen/detail/publication/take-back-control-digital-sovereignty-and-a-vision-for-europe ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maricut-Akbik, Adina T1 - Speaking on Europe’s behalf: EU discourses of representation during the refugee crisis JF - Journal of European Integration N2 - This article aims to understand the lack of consensus at the European Union (EU) level during the refugee crisis based on the discursive polarization of the main governmental and institutional actors involved in decision-making. Drawing on de Wilde’s representative claims analysis, the goal is to trace competing claims of representation made on ‘Europe’s behalf’ by multiple actors claiming to defend EU values or the interests of citizens. The analysis covers Politico Europe articles published during 2015–16, capturing the height of the crisis. The findings illustrate the self-understandings of actors on a humanitarian-communitarian axis that became intertwined with concerns for internal EU solidarity and the survival of the Schengen Area. The analysis contributes to the literature on EU politicization and discursive framing during the refugee crisis, showing how the actors involved in EU decision-making had very different conceptions of what was at stake in the episode. KW - refugee crisis, European Union, discourse, institution, politicization Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2020.1855157 VL - 43 IS - 7 SP - 781 EP - 798 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Freudlsperger, Christian A1 - Jachtenfuchs, Markus T1 - Wendepunkt Corona-Krise? Deutsche Präferenzen zur europäischen Integration staatlicher Kerngewalten seit Maastricht JF - integration N2 - Did the Covid-19 crisis prompt a turn in German EU policy? Investigating the long-term development of German preferences on the European integration of core state powers, we find striking continuity. German governments persistently seek to minimise their costs from and maximise their control over integration. Consequently, they back supranational capacity-building primarily as a last resort in existential systemic crises. The Corona recovery fund, which is temporary and placed under intergovernmental control, is in line with this general long-term preference and does little to alleviate the structural flaws of the Euro area. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/0720-5120-2021-2-81 VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - 81 EP - 96 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Genschel, Philipp A1 - Jachtenfuchs, Markus T1 - Postfunctionalism reversed: solidarity and rebordering during the COVID-19 pandemic JF - Journal of European Public Policy N2 - Postfunctionalism posits a tradeoff between the functional scale of governance and the territorial scope of community: functional scale is large and transnational for efficiency reasons; community is small-scale and (sub-)national for reasons of social trust and collective identification. COVID-19 has turned this tradeoff upside down: it has shrunk functional scale to the (sub-)national level in the name of security, while lifting expectations of community to the grand transnational scale in the name of solidarity. This reversal of scales has resulted in a rapid rebordering of the Single Market and the Schengen area on the one hand, and a significant debordering of fiscal risk and burden sharing on the other. We reconstruct the evolution of this double-movement from January to August 2020, contrast it to historical trends in the scale-community tradeoff of European integration, and discuss implications for postfunctionalist theory. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2021.1881588 SN - Print ISSN: 1350-1763, Online ISSN: 1466-4429 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 350 EP - 369 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Papageorge, Nicholas W. A1 - Zahn, Matthew V. A1 - Belot, Michèle A1 - van den Broek-Altenburg, Eline A1 - Choi, Syngjoo A1 - Jamison, Julian C. A1 - Tripodi, Egon T1 - Socio-demographic factors associated with self-protecting behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic JF - Journal of Population Economics N2 - Given the role of human behavior in the spread of disease, it is vital to understand what drives people to engage in or refrain from health-related behaviors during a pandemic. This paper examines factors associated with the adoption of self-protective health behaviors, such as social distancing and mask wearing, at the start of the Covid-19 pandemic in the USA. These behaviors not only reduce an individual’s own risk of infection but also limit the spread of disease to others. Despite these dual benefits, universal adoption of these behaviors is not assured. We focus on the role of socioeconomic differences in explaining behavior, relying on data collected in April 2020 during the early stages of the Covid-19 pandemic. The data include information on income, gender and race along with unique variables relevant to the current pandemic, such as work arrangements and housing quality. We find that higher income is associated with larger changes in self-protective behaviors. These gradients are partially explained by the fact that people with less income are more likely to report circumstances that make adopting self-protective behaviors more difficult, such as an inability to tele-work. Both in the USA and elsewhere, policies that assume universal compliance with self-protective measures—or that otherwise do not account for socioeconomic differences in the costs of doing so—are unlikely to be effective or sustainable. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-020-00818-x VL - 34 SP - 691 EP - 738 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Belot, Michèle A1 - Syngjoo, Choi A1 - Tripodi, Egon A1 - Jamison, Julian C. A1 - Papageorge, Nicolas W. A1 - van den Broek-Altenburg, Eline T1 - Unequal Consequences of Covid 19: representative evidence from six countries JF - Review of Economics of the Household N2 - Covid-19 and the measures taken to contain it have led to unprecedented constraints on work and leisure activities, across the world. This paper uses nationally representative surveys to document how people of different ages and incomes have been affected in the early phase of the pandemic. The data was collected in six countries (China, South Korea, Japan, Italy, UK, and US) in the third week of April 2020. First, we document changes in job circumstances and social activities. Second, we document self-reported negative and positive consequences of the crisis on well-being. We find that young people have experienced more drastic changes to their life and have been most affected economically and psychologically. There is less of a systematic pattern across income groups. While lower income groups have been more affected economically, higher income groups have experienced more changes in their social life and spending. A large fraction of people of low and high income groups report negative effects on well-being. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-021-09560-z VL - 19 SP - 769 EP - 783 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tripodi, Egon A1 - Meyer, Christian J. T1 - Image concerns in pledges to give blood: Evidence from a field experiment JF - Journal of Economic Psychology N2 - We use a field experiment to study how social image concerns affect a commonly used strategy to attract new donors: pledges to engage in a charitable activity. While waiting for their appointment, visitors to a local government office are offered sign-ups for blood donations in a crowded waiting room. We randomly vary the visibility of the pledge to donate and the organization for which blood donations are solicited (charitable vs. commercial). Our setting provides natural variation in who observes the pledge. We do not find that visibility increases pledges to donate. Exploring heterogeneity in treatment effects, we find that visibility increases pledges when participants are observed by friends or family. Almost all subjects renege on their pledge. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2021.102434 VL - 87 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Welfens, Natalie T1 - Whose (In)Security Counts in Crisis? Selection Categories in Germany’s Humanitarian Admission Programmes before and after 2015 JF - International Politics N2 - This article investigates refugee categorisations in humanitarian admission programmes. Official selection categories and the way they are enacted at the frontline have significant implications for refugees’ unequal (im)mobility and (in)security as they determine who can safely and legally travel to Europe. Based on original ethnographic data, the analysis examines how different political actors mobilise humanitarian and security ‘orders of worth’ to justify how selection categories prioritise some refugees’ security and mobility over others’ in times of perceived crisis. Contrasting Germany’s admission programmes from Lebanon (2013-2015) to those from Turkey (2016-) demonstrates a shift from an overall humanitarian, to a combination of humanitarian and state security orders of worth. The focus on categorisation and justification practices advances a grounded understanding of how inequalities in refugees’ (in)security and (im)mobility emerge and shift in the course of changing crisis definitions. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-44944 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-021-00311-6 VL - 59 SP - 505 EP - 524 ER - TY - JFULL A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Diehl, Claudia A1 - Kroh, Martin A1 - Giesecke, Johannes T1 - Employment and Family Behaviour after Migration T2 - Journal of Family Research Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.20377/jfr-2021-33-2 VL - Special Issue IS - 33 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Dawson, Mark T1 - Chapter 4: The role of law in multilevel governance: Four conceptualizations T2 - A Research Agenda for Multilevel Governance N2 - This chapter examines the role played by law and legal institutions in systems of multi-level of governance. While the de-centring of state institutions has been a common concern in legal and political science literature in the last three decades, there remains a lack of attention to how literature on multilevel governance can be better coupled with related work in comparative public law. The chapter attempts to fill this gap by sketching four possible conceptualizations of law’s role in multilevel governance systems. Law may either demarcate (by dividing authority), facilitate (by ensuring systems of shared rule), catalyze (by undermining hierarchical systems) or colonize multilevel governance (by shifting power from other spheres in society towards the legal system itself). These conceptualizations are intended to provide a framework on how patterns in the role of law across multilevel governance systems can be analyzed in future work across the social sciences. Y1 - 2021 SN - 9781789908367 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789908374.00011 SP - 77 EP - 93 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Walper, Sabine A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Beblo, Miriam A1 - Hahlweg, Kurt A1 - Nebe, Katja A1 - Schuler-Harms, Margarete A1 - Fegert, Jörg M. A1 - für Familienfragen, Wissenschaftliche Beirat T1 - Gemeinsam getrennt erziehen. Gutachten des Wissenschaftlichen Beirats für Familienfragen beim Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend N2 - Gemeinsam getrennt erziehen“ ist das Thema des heute veröffentlichten Gutachtens des Wissenschaftlichen Beirats für Familienfragen beim BMFSFJ. Das Gutachten gibt einen umfassenden Überblick über Trennungsfamilien in Deutschland. Immer mehr Eltern wünschen sich vor, aber auch nach einer Trennung ihre Kinder gemeinsam zu betreuen. Deshalb legt das Gutachten den Fokus auf Familien, die eine geteilte (asymmetrische wie symmetrische) Betreuung leben. Internationale Vergleiche zeigen, wie geteilte Betreuung anderswo gelebt wird und wo es Reformbedarf gibt. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.bmfsfj.de/resource/blob/186694/14f09ddddab459a2e2cefaab6b45c630/gemeinsam-getrennt-erziehen-wissenschaftlicher-beirat-data.pdf ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Munzert, Simon A1 - Jankin, Slava A1 - et al., T1 - The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future JF - The Lancet N2 - The Lancet Countdown is an international collaboration that independently monitors the health consequences of a changing climate. Publishing updated, new, and improved indicators each year, the Lancet Countdown represents the consensus of leading researchers from 43 academic institutions and UN agencies. The 44 indicators of this report expose an unabated rise in the health impacts of climate change and the current health consequences of the delayed and inconsistent response of countries around the globe—providing a clear imperative for accelerated action that puts the health of people and planet above all else. The 2021 report coincides with the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change 26th Conference of the Parties (COP26), at which countries are facing pressure to realise the ambition of the Paris Agreement to keep the global average temperature rise to 1·5°C and to mobilise the financial resources required for all countries to have an effective climate response. These negotiations unfold in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic—a global health crisis that has claimed millions of lives, affected livelihoods and communities around the globe, and exposed deep fissures and inequities in the world’s capacity to cope with, and respond to, health emergencies. Yet, in its response to both crises, the world is faced with an unprecedented opportunity to ensure a healthy future for all. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01787-6 SP - 1619 EP - 1662 ET - 10311 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Marques, Marcelo T1 - How do policy instruments generate new ones? Analysing policy instruments feedback and interaction in educational research in England, 1986-2014 JF - Research Policy N2 - The study of research funding arrangements and the production of scientific knowledge has been marked by a lack of understanding about how research funding instruments interact and how these instruments shape policy-making and research fields. To fill this research gap, this study is theoretically supported by policy feedback and policy instruments’ interaction studies. It investigates the effects of the UK's research assessment exercise in the creation of the most emblematic national thematic research program for the field of educational research in the country – the Teaching and Learning Research Programme (TLRP). Based on qualitative analysis of policy documents and semi-structured interviews with policy-makers and boundary-spanners, this paper shows how the research assessment exercise contributed to the creation of the TLRP and how the interaction between the two policy instruments shaped the field of educational research in England. In particular, the results show a) how the institutionalisation of the research assessment led to frame a “quality problem” in educational research that legitimated several policy initiatives, including the creation of the national thematic research programme (interpretative effects) and a shift in resources allocation (resource/incentive effects); and b) how the interaction between the two policy instruments contributed to methodological and epistemic drifts in the field of educational research. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2021.104367 VL - 50 IS - 10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Marques, Marcelo A1 - Zapp, Mike A1 - Powell, Justin J.W. T1 - Blurring the boundaries. University actorhood and institutional change in global higher education JF - Comparative Education N2 - Higher education (HE) scholarship often focuses on the so-called ‘entrepreneurial’ university as a consequence of new public management reforms. Simultaneously, the remarkable expansion of private HE is said to fragment, specialize, and diversify HE systems. Such diagnoses are misleading as they ignore wider environmental pressures and simultaneous changes in both public, non-profit and for-profit HE. We argue that putative diversity in HE operates as a ceremonial façade behind which large-scale isomorphic change across national HE systems, sectors, and organizational forms occurs. Multiple causes trigger such change originating in the increasingly global HE environment, including a burgeoning international HE regime, accounting and accountability practices, increased permeability of HE systems facilitated by open borders, education markets, and global science as well as (neo)liberal ideologies stressing human capital and human rights. As other organizations, those in HE become subject to these pressures turning universities into more rationalized, standardized, and strategic actors. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2021.1967591 VL - 57 IS - 4 SP - 538 EP - 559 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Marques, Marcelo A1 - Zapp, Mike A1 - Dusdal, Jennifer A1 - Powell, Justin J.W. ED - Huisman, Jeroen ED - Tight, Malcolm T1 - Higher Education Organizations as Strategic Actors in Networks: Institutional and Relational Perspectives Meet Social Network Analysis T2 - Theory and Method in Higher Education Research N2 - Informed by multiple disciplines, theories, and methods, higher education scholars have developed a robust and diverse literature in many countries. Yet, some important (organizational) sociological perspectives, both more established and more recent, are insufficiently linked. In particular, we identify two theoretical strands – institutional and relational – that, when joined, help to explain contemporary developments in global higher education and yield new organizational insights. We review relevant literature from each perspective, both in their general formulations and with specific reference to contemporary higher education research. Within the broad institutional strand, we highlight strategic action fields, organizational actorhood, and associational memberships. Within the relational strand, we focus on ties and relationships that are especially crucial as science has entered an age of (inter)national research collaboration. Across these theories, we discuss linkages between concepts, objects, and levels of analysis. We explore the methodological approach of social network analysis as it offers great potential to connect these strands and, thus, to advance contemporary higher education research in a collaborative era. Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-1-80262-442-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1108/S2056-375220210000007004 VL - 7 SP - 55 EP - 73 PB - Emerald Publishing Limited CY - Bingley ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Marques, Marcelo ED - Jules, Tavis D. ED - Shields, Robin ED - Thomas, Matthew A.M. T1 - One Structural-Functionalism in Comparative and International Education. Antecedents, Development and Applications. T2 - The Bloomsbury Handbook of Theory in Comparative and International Education N2 - Developed throughout the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century, structural-functionalism profoundly shaped social sciences thinking, including Comparative and International Education. This school of thought analyzes the functions of the interrelated parts that constitute society, including education, to explain how they contribute to maintaining order and harmony in society. The first part of the chapter provides an overview of the antecedents and developments of the structural-functionalism by making reference to the main scholars and ideas that contributed to its elaborations. The second part of the chapter explores its applications in the field of comparative international education by providing several examples of how structural-functionalism influenced the analyses of early comparativists. The chapter ends with a conclusion, a list of further reading, and a mini-case study. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/the-bloomsbury-handbook-of-theory-in-comparative-and-international-education/chone-structural-functionalism-in-comparative-and-international-education SP - 23 EP - 36 PB - Bloomsbury CY - New York ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Woll, Cornelia A1 - Dewey, Matías A1 - Ronconi, Lucas T1 - The Political Economy of Law Enforcement T2 - MaxPo Discussion Paper N2 - The legal order is the legitimate foundation of liberal democracy. Its incomplete enforcement of the law can therefore appear dysfunctional, reflecting weak institutions, state capture, and corrupt practices. This paper casts doubt on such categorical assessments by systematically examining the reasons for and intentions behind incomplete enforcement. It argues that law enforcement is part of the political process that is deeply affected by the constellation of actors concerned. Choices over law enforcement produce social order that is analytically distinct from the production of legal norms and their formal implementation. By analyzing different types of partial enforcement, its rationales, and intended effects, we propose an approach that studies law enforcement as an integral part of public policy analysis and of the study of socioeconomic orders. Y1 - 2021 UR - http://www.maxpo.eu/pub/maxpo_dp/maxpodp21-1.pdf VL - 21 IS - 1 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. ED - Hooton, Brett ED - Koning, Robin ED - Thurston, Meaghan T1 - A Swing to the Right? Socio-political Changes in the Western World (1981), Ral Dahrendorf. Introduction T2 - With the world to choose from N2 - The Beatty Lecture, established in 1952 in honour of former Canadian Pacific Railway president and McGill chancellor Sir Edward Beatty, is McGill University's most anticipated annual event. Some of the series'greatest lectures, delivered by Nobel Prize laureates, world leaders, and cultural icons, have been forgotten, carefully stowed away in the McGill Archives.To help us understand some of the most significant moments and discoveries of our time, With the World to Choose From spotlights fifteen outstanding Beatty Lectures, spanning seven decades. Readers can discover – or rediscover – these important and inspiring lectures, all in print for the first time. One of the twentieth century's most influential visionaries, the economist Barbara Ward, opens this anthology with her future-looking 1955 lecture. Lectures from acclaimed biologist Robert Sinsheimer, former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, Nobel Prize laureate Muhammad Yunus, philosopher Charles Taylor, and author and social commentator Roxane Gay carry readers through the decades that followed and up to the present, treating subjects from the tensions of Cold War politics and the implications of genetic engineering to the origins of life in the universe and the watershed #MeToo movement. Some of today's leading academics add contextual and biographical information to each chapter, and an introduction sheds light on the history of the Beatty Lecture and the life of its notable namesake.Illustrated with a selection of photographs and ephemera, With the World to Choose From provides a historical and behind-the-scenes look at one of Canada's longest-running lecture series. Y1 - 2021 SN - 9780228008002 SP - 125 EP - 140 PB - McGill-Queen's University Press CY - Montreal & Kingston, London, Chicago ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Toepler, Stefan A1 - Anheier, Helmut K. ED - Donnelly-Cox, Gemma ED - Meyer, Michael ED - Wijkström, Filip T1 - Regulatory governance of nonprofit organizations: legal frameworks and voluntary self-regulation T2 - Research Handbook on Nonprofit Governance N2 - This multi-perspective Research Handbook provides a clear pathway through the nonprofit governance research field, pushing beyond the borders of current theory to expand and deepen the analytical framework for nonprofit governance. It offers an analysis of the basics including definitions, organizational forms and levels of governance, and takes a critical approach towards the normative and prescriptive tendencies in much of contemporary governance scholarship. Divided into four distinctly thematic parts, contributors provide an in-depth review of the last 20 years, building on the foundations of classical contributions and further exploring new theoretical approaches, while examining the governance challenges of diverse types of organizations, including those from both developed and developing countries. Future challenges including multilevel governance are expertly addressed, and insights leading towards a unified theory are proposed. This thoroughly engaging Research Handbook will be an excellent resource for scholars in business and strategic management, nonprofit management and civil society, interested in topics such as nonprofit governance practice and boards of directors, governance theory, stakeholder management, membership organizations, foundations and hybrid organizations. Teachers of nonprofit management will also find this invaluable as it addresses both the core concepts and the most recent developments. Y1 - 2021 SN - 9781788114905 SP - 116 EP - 139 PB - Edward Elgar Publishing CY - Cheltenham, UK ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pineda, Pedro A1 - Salazar Morales, Diego A1 - Celis, Jorge T1 - School Choice, Institutional Environments, and the Precarisation of Teachers’ Working Conditions in Not-For-Profit Charter Schools JF - British Journal of Sociology of Education N2 - This article explores the effects of charter schools on teachers’ working conditions in Bogota (Colombia). By employing a semi-experimental approach involving Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Difference-in-Differences (DID), we find that in the close vicinity (postcode area) of where they are established, charter schools more than double teachers’ workload for a comparatively small increase in salaries. In light of a neo-institutional approach, we argue that those advocating for the diversification of school types in Colombia have decoupled the presumed benefits of charter schools’ competition from their actual negative effects for teachers. Moreover, we also point out that despite charter schools in Colombia (Bogota) having a not-for-profit status, existing labour flexibilisation policies have exerted isomorphic pressures on them, forcing them to adopt short-term contracts and thus leading to ravaging competition practices among teachers. Overall, we contend that the introduction of charter schools in Colombia (Bogota) has led to a general precarisation of teachers’ working conditions. KW - teacher employment KW - employment problems KW - temporary employment KW - semi experimental KW - charter schools Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2021.2011707 VL - 43 IS - 2 SP - 237 EP - 259 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mejia, Cristina Samper A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela T1 - Marriage migration and women's entry into the German labour market JF - Journal of Family Research N2 - Objective: We analyse the employment patterns of childless first-generation migrants to Germany. In particular, we focus on the behaviour of female "marriage migrants". Marriage migrants are defined as individuals who married after their spouse had moved to Germany. Background: Demographic studies have illustrated that marriage migrants have particularly high childbirth rates upon arrival. There is, however, little empirical evidence on how the childbearing behaviour of migrant women is related to their employment behaviour. Method: We use event history techniques to study women's labour market entry after migration in relation to their childbearing behaviour. We draw on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP). The analytical sample is restricted to immigrant women who moved while childless to Germany between 1990 and 2016 (n=981). Results: Compared to other groups, marriage migrants have very low chances of entering the labour market. Only 32 per cent of the migrants in our sample had ever participated in the labour market in the five-year period after their arrival in Germany. A large share of the differences between these migrants and other migrants can be attributed to the socio-demographic composition of these women, and to their tendency to transition to parenthood soon after their arrival. Conclusion: We argue that the low employment rates of female marriage migrants must also be viewed in the context of Germany’s migration policies, which do not provide many routes for female third-country nationals to move to Germany. One of the few available channels is that of marriage migration. We conclude by discussing the social policy implications of these findings at a time when Germany is gradually becoming a dual-earner society. KW - female employment KW - Germany KW - event history KW - migration KW - labor market Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.20377/jfr-491 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 439 EP - 466 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mejia, Cristina Samper T1 - The Interplay Between the Early Work and Family Trajectories of Young Adult Women Born in West Germany: Differences by Parental Origins. JF - Journal of International Migration and Integration N2 - Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), this paper employs sequence analysis to identify “typical” early (observation window limited to ages 15 to 30) employment and family formation trajectories among female second-generation migrants in Germany. For the employment domain of the life course, four types of employment trajectories were identified according to their modal states: “long education,” “full-time employment,” “part-time employment,” and “non-employment.” For the family domain of the life course, three types of family trajectories were identified: “postponement of family formation,” “early family formation,” and “early single motherhood.” For the analysis on cluster affiliation, a multinomial logistic regression was used to investigate how parental origin relates to jointly determined employment and family trajectories. As expected, the descriptive results showed that trajectories of low labor market participation are highly related to trajectories of early family formation. The categorization by parental origins shows that there were few differences in the trajectories of most native and G2 women groups. One pattern that stood out was that compared to other origin groups, G2 women of Turkish parental origin were more likely to be on an early family formation path, and they were more likely to be on a path with multiple non-employment spells. In the modeling strategy, the remaining differences in the women’s patterns were partially explained by the differences in their socioeconomic backgrounds (compulsory school track and the father’s professional degree) and their maternal employment role models (the mother’s employment when the woman was age 15). Y1 - 2021 UR - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12134-021-00882-6#citeas ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Mejia, Cristina Samper ED - Sachverständigenkommission des Neunten Familienberichts, T1 - Intentions to work of refugee women in Germany: Evidence from the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees T2 - Eltern sein in Deutschland. Materialien zum Neunten Familienbericht. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.dji.de/fileadmin/user_upload/bibs2021/Expertisenband_Neunter_Familienbericht.pdf SP - 111 EP - 138 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kupi, Maximilian A1 - McBride, Keegan ED - Edelmann, ‪Noella T1 - Agile Development for Digital Government Services: Challenges and Success Factors T2 - Electronic Participation ePart 2021, Lecture Notes in Computer Science N2 - Many governments have problems with developing digital government services in an effective and efficient manner. One proposed solution to improve governmental digital service development is for governments to utilize agile development methods. However, there is currently a lack of understanding on two important and related topics. First, whether or not agile development might help to overcome common failure reasons of digital government projects. Second, what the challenges and success factors of agile digital government service development are. This paper addresses both of these gaps. By gathering insights from six cases where agile methods were used in the development of new digital services, it identifies five core categories of challenges and success factors encountered when utilizing agile development methods for governmental digital service development: organizational, methodological, end-user-related, technological, and regulatory. Furthermore, based on these findings, it makes initial recommendations on when and how to best use agile methods for digital government service development. KW - Agile development KW - Digital government KW - Public administration KW - e-government KW - Public services Y1 - 2021 UR - https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-82824-0_11#Abs1 VL - 12849 SP - 139 EP - 150 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Walper, Sabine A1 - Kreyenfeld, Michaela A1 - Beblo, Miriam A1 - Hahlweg, Kurt A1 - Nebe, Katja A1 - Schuler-Harms, Margarete A1 - Fegert, Jörg M. T1 - Gemeinsam getrennt erziehen. Gutachten des Wissenschaftlichen Beirats für Familienfragen beim Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.bmfsfj.de/bmfsfj/service/publikationen/gemeinsam-getrennt-erziehen-186696 CY - Berlin ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Patz, Ronny A1 - Stede, Manfred A1 - Glaser, Luis T1 - UNSC-NE: A Named Entity Extension to the UN Security Council Debates Corpus Y1 - 2021 UR - http://angcl.ling.uni-potsdam.de/pdfs/glaser-etal-2021.pdf ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Patz, Ronny A1 - Stede, Manfred T1 - The Climate Change Debate and Natural Language Processing T2 - Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on NLP for Positive Impact N2 - The debate around climate change (CC)—its extent, its causes, and the necessary responses—is intense and of global importance. Yet, in the natural language processing (NLP) community, this domain has so far received little attention. In contrast, it is of enormous prominence in various social science disciplines, and some of that work follows the ”text-as-data” paradigm, seeking to employ quantitative methods for analyzing large amounts of CC-related text. Other research is qualitative in nature and studies details, nuances, actors, and motivations within CC discourses. Coming from both NLP and Political Science, and reviewing key works in both disciplines, we discuss how social science approaches to CC debates can inform advances in text-mining/NLP, and how, in return, NLP can support policy-makers and activists in making sense of large-scale and complex CC discourses across multiple genres, channels, topics, and communities. This is paramount for their ability to make rapid and meaningful impact on the discourse, and for shaping the necessary policy change. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.nlp4posimpact-1.2 SP - 8 EP - 18 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Patz, Ronny A1 - Thorvaldsdottir, Svanhildur A1 - Goetz, Klaus H. T1 - Mandate or Donors? Explaining the UNHCR’s Country-Level Expenditures from 1967 to 2016 JF - Political Studies N2 - In recent decades, many international organizations have become almost entirely funded by voluntary contributions. Much existing literature suggests that major donors use their funding to refocus international organizations’ attention away from their core mandate and toward serving donors’ geostrategic interests. We investigate this claim in the context of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), examining whether donor influence negatively impacts mandate delivery and leads the organization to direct expenditures more toward recipient countries that are politically, economically, or geographically salient to major donors. Analyzing a new dataset of UNHCR finances (1967–2016), we find that UNHCR served its global mandate with considerable consistency. Applying flexible measures of collective donor influence, so-called “influence-weighted interest scores,” our findings suggest that donor influence matters for the expenditure allocation of the agency, but that mandate-undermining effects of such influence are limited and most pronounced during salient refugee situations within Europe. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321720974330 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Patz, Ronny A1 - Thorvaldsdottir, Svanhildur T1 - Explaining sentiment shifts in UN system annual reporting: a longitudinal comparison of UNHCR, UNRWA and IOM JF - International Review of Administrative Sciences N2 - Annual reports are a central element of international bureaucracies' accountability communication to member states and other stakeholders. Most UN system bureaucracies produce reports of significant length and detail. International agencies use these reports to draw attention to particular challenges or successes. Hitting the right tone with their diverse stakeholders is crucial to maintain continued support. UN agencies do so by employing differentiated sentiment-loaded language alongside factual reporting. We argue that agencies' operational focus, administrative structures and resource mobilization needs have a significant impact on how they use sentiment to communicate with different stakeholder groups. Drawing on a dictionary-based sentiment analysis of three text corpora of annual reports produced by three UN system agencies—UNRWA (reports published from 1951 to 2019), UNHCR (1953–2019) and IOM (2000–2019)—we show a general trend toward increased positive sentiment use across all three agencies, coinciding with a period of stronger donor orientation. At the same time, we find a more volatile and agency-specific use of negative sentiment in response to field-level challenges that are communicated to stakeholders in line with agencies' evolving mandates. Through a text-as-data perspective, this contribution enhances our comparative understanding of the diverse and context-dependent language of international bureaucracies. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/00208523211029804 VL - 87 IS - 4 SP - 794 EP - 812 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mair, Johanna A1 - Wolf, Miriam ED - Donnelly-Cox, Gemma ED - Meyer, Michael ED - Wijkström, Filip T1 - Hybrid Organizations as Sites for Reimagining Organizational Governance. T2 - Research Handbook on Nonprofit Governance. Research Handbooks in Business and Management series. N2 - In this chapter we argue that hybrid organizations, i.e., organizations pursuing dual goals, are an important site for rethinking and potentially recasting our perspective on organizational governance. We give an overview of the specific governance challenges hybrid organizations face and probe conventional and more novel approaches and their potential to understand governance in hybrid organizations. Introducing empirical findings from a large-scale qualitative and quantitative study about governance in social enterprises, we propose to complement the reactive approach dominant in the governance literature with a more proactive approach: drawing on the work of Philip Selznick, we introduce a governance approach focused on purpose, commitment and new ways of coordination. We propose that these three interlocking governance mechanisms allow hybrid organizations such as social enterprises to mitigate governance challenges such as the risk of mission drift in a proactive rather than reactive manner. Y1 - 2021 SN - 9781788114905 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788114912.00027 SP - 311 EP - 325 PB - Edward Elgar Publishing CY - Cheltenham ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Clutton-Brock, Peter A1 - Rolnick, David A1 - Donti, Priya L. A1 - Kaack, Lynn T1 - Climate Change and AI. Recommendations for Government Action BT - Global Partnership on AI Report. In collaboration with Climate Change AI and the Centre for AI & Climate N2 - The report, Climate Change and AI: Recommendations for Government, highlights 48 specific recommendations for how governments can both support the application of AI to climate challenges and address the climate-related risks that AI poses. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.gpai.ai/projects/responsible-ai/environment/climate-change-and-ai.pdf ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaack, Lynn T1 - Machine learning enables global solar-panel detection JF - Nature N2 - An inventory of the world’s solar-panel installations has been produced with the help of machine learning, revealing many more than had previously been recorded. The results will inform efforts to meet global targets for solar-energy use. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02875-y VL - 598 IS - 7882 SP - 567 EP - 568 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Breaugh, Jessica A1 - Hammerschmid, Gerhard ED - Steijn, Bram ED - Knies, Eva T1 - Different systems, different civil service, different HRM: a comparison of HRM approaches in Anglo-Saxon and Rechtsstaat systems T2 - Research Handbook on HRM in the Public Sector N2 - This chapter presents a comparative analysis of the Anglo-Saxon and Rechtsstaat traditions with respect to their human resources management (HRM) policies and practices. It begins with a comparative analysis of the two traditions by examining their history, understanding of employment relations, and overall structure. In then discusses each tradition’s approach to the field of HRM and how public sector reforms have impacted the way their public personnel are managed. Following this, it compares the HRM cyle between the two systems with emphasis on: recruitment and selection, employment conditions, performance management, training, and promotion as well as leadership and the management of the senior civil service. The chapter ends by discussing future research avenues in comparative public administration including an emphasis on the necessity of understanding context and linking public administration traditions to behaviour outcomes, such as current challenges related to managing crises, diversity and inclusion and the future of public service in a digitalised world. Y1 - 2021 SN - 9781789906615 ; 9781789906622 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789906622.00031 SP - 292 EP - 306 PB - Edward Elgar Publishing Limited CY - Cheltenham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bobić, Ana ED - Farahat, Anuscheh ED - Arzoz, Xabier T1 - (Re)Turning to Solidarity in EU Economic Governance: A Normative Proposal T2 - Contesting Austerity: A Socio-Legal Inquiry Into Resistance to Austerity Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-42330 UR - https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/contesting-austerity-9781509942824/ SN - 9781509942824 SP - 115 EP - 134 PB - Bloomsbury Publishing CY - London, UK ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawson, Mark A1 - Maricut-Akbik, Adina T1 - Accountability in the EU's para-regulatory state: The case of the Economic and Monetary Union JF - Regulation & Governance N2 - This article revisits Majone's famous argument about accountability in the regulatory state in reference to the European Union's (EU) Economic and Monetary Union. We show that the EU has entered the stage of a “para-regulatory state” marked by increasing EU regulation in areas linked to core state powers. Despite the redistributive and politicized nature of these policy areas, the EU's “para-regulatory state” has continued to rely on its regulatory model of accountability, focused on decisionmaking processes, and interest mediation. In line with Majone, we describe the model as procedural and contrast it to substantive accountability – which is necessary when regulation has clear redistributive implications. Using two case studies from fiscal policy and monetary affairs, we illustrate the predominance of procedural accountability as exercised by the European Parliament and EU Courts. We complement the empirical analysis with a normative discussion of how substantive accountability could potentially be rendered in both fields. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-42704 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12442 SP - 1 EP - 16 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Mack, Sebastian T1 - Don’t change horses in midstream – How to make NGEU bonds the euro area’s safe asset N2 - The bonds financing the European Union’s recovery remain short of being the much-hoped-for safe asset of EU monetary union (EMU). However, with the right reforms they could well turn out to be just that. To earn safe asset status, the volume of EU debt should increase, EU borrowing made permanent, and the ECB treat supranational EU bonds in a more favourable manner. The flaws associated with failing to be a eurozone-only instrument are offset by remarkable fiscal and democratic benefits. So, if the NextGenerationEU (NGEU) pilot project – limited in time and tailored specifically to fighting the coronavirus pandemic – turns out to be to everybody’s benefit, then member states should seize the opportunity and extend it before debt is repaid as of 2028. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-42361 UR - https://www.delorscentre.eu/en/publications/detail/publication/safe-asset ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Mack, Sebastian T1 - Big tech: Closing the blind spot in Europe's financial market rules N2 - The technology giants Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon and Microsoft are on the rise, recently also in the financial services business. This poses new challenges not only for competition regulators and consumer protection agencies, but also for financial market supervisors. The European financial market rules have a blind spot with regard to big tech and this endangers financial market stability. To prevent technology giants from flying under the radar of financial supervision, Sebastian Mack argues in this policy position for making group supervision of financial conglomerates fit for the digital age. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-42377 UR - https://www.delorscentre.eu/en/publications/detail/publication/big-tech ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Stahl, Anna T1 - Public opinion on an ever more differentiated EU N2 - European integration has been accompanied by differentiation and debates on it are not new. Differentiated integration has received wide scholarly attention and there is a rich and diverse academic literature related to the concept. At the same time, there is the growing belief among European policymakers that more flexibility is needed within the complex EU machinery. To deal with the EU’s unprecedented internal and external challenges, several European leaders have argued that differentiation could contribute to a stronger EU. With the exception of a few studies, the discussion has, however, paid little attention to public opinion. Drawing on the results of an opinion poll conducted between August and September 2020 in the 27 EU member states and four non-EU states, this policy paper addresses this gap in the current political debate. It examines the preferences on European integration among citizens in order to formulate options for differentiated integration as a policy choice. Against this background, the paper proposes a set of three policy recommendations for European policymakers: (i) foster knowledge of differentiated integration among European citizens, (ii) promote and reform the Schengen area and (iii) adopt a tailor-made approach to external differentiation. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-42387 UR - https://euidea.eu/2021/09/01/public-opinion-on-an-ever-more-differentiated-eu/ ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Stahl, Anna T1 - What will the EU’s Indo-Pacific Strategy deliver? N2 - In April, the EU’s member states approved the formulate a European strategy for the Indo-Pacific region. To implement this new strategy, the EU has worked on a communication on cooperation in the Indo-Pacific. What can be reasonably expected from this long-awaited policy document? In this policy position, Anna Stahl argues why the EU needs an Indo-Pacific strategy and explains what it can deliver. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-42399 UR - https://www.delorscentre.eu/en/publications/detail/publication/indo-pacific-strategy ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Nguyen, Thu T1 - How Much Money is a Lot of Money? The Recovery Fund and the Battle over Rule of Law in Poland N2 - On 7 September 2021, the European Commission announced that it will ask the European Court of Justice to impose financial penalties against Poland for not complying with the Court’s order for interim measures. More specifically, Commissioner Reynders said that the request was for a fine €1 million for each day that the Disciplinary Chamber of the Polish Supreme Court would continue to operate. And while at first glance, a penalty of 1€ million a day sounds like a lot, Thu Nguyen argues in this policy position that this sum only shows how little harm the EU penalties usually do to national budgets – especially if compared to the leverage the Commission can yield with a completely new instrument: the withholding of funds under the Recovery and Resilience Facility. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-42402 UR - https://www.delorscentre.eu/en/publications/detail/publication/how-much-money-is-a-lot-of-money-the-recovery-fund-and-the-battle-over-rule-of-law-in-poland ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Guttenberg, Lucas A1 - Nguyen, Thu T1 - Nach der Wahl: Wie weiter mit der Rechtstaatlichkeit in der EU? N2 - Der Rechtsstaat ist in vielen Mitgliedstaaten der EU unter Druck. Insbesondere Polen und Ungarn stellen durch eine immer systematischere Aushöhlung rechtsstaatlicher Prinzipien den Grundkonsens der EU als Rechtsgemeinschaft zur Disposition. Mit dem Urteil des polnischen Verfassungstribunals vom 7. Oktober 2021 erreichte diese Entwicklung ihren bisherigen Höhepunkt. Dieser Policy Brief erklärt die Hintergründe des Konflikts, zeigt Handlungsmöglichkeiten für die Europäische Kommission auf und erläutert, welche Rolle die nächste Bundesregierung bei der Wahrung der Rechtsstaatlichkeit in der EU spielen kann. KW - German 2021 elections; rule of law Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-42457 UR - https://www.delorscentre.eu/en/publications/detail/publication/rule-of-law ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Koenig, Nicole T1 - After the German election: What's next in EU foreign and security policy? N2 - The EU should appear more capable of acting, more capable of global politics and more sovereign. That is what the election manifestos of the leading German parties and future coalition partners say. But if you take a closer look, you often find vague formulations, old proposals or ones that will probably collect dust on the shelf. In this policy brief, Dr Nicole Koenig addresses the questions that the next federal government in Germany will have to face in the area of EU foreign and security policy to get a little closer to the promise of an EU capable of acting in foreign policy. KW - German 2021 elections; EU foreign policy; EU security policy Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-42442 UR - https://www.delorscentre.eu/en/publications/detail/publication/foreign-and-security-politics ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Mack, Sebastian A1 - Guttenberg, Lucas T1 - After the German election: What's next in EU economic governance? N2 - The new German government will face a number of unresolved issues of varying urgency when it comes to EU economic governance. In the case of the fiscal rules, there is an urgent need for a decision on how to proceed after 2022. In the medium term, the future of EU finances and economic policy coordination is open; both have undergone drastic changes as a result of the Recovery Instrument. Last but not least, the new German government must decide whether and how to break the deadlock in negotiations on completing the banking union and breathe new life into the capital markets union. KW - German 2021 elections; economic governance Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-42434 UR - https://www.delorscentre.eu/en/publications/detail/publication/what-next-in-european-fiscal-politics ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Rasche, Lucas T1 - After the German election: What's next in EU migration policy? N2 - In the election campaign, the topic of migration has been conspicuous mainly by its absence. However, this should not obscure the fact that the new federal government has difficult questions to answer: What model of responsibility-sharing is it seeking at the EU level to advance the stalled asylum reform? What about the EU-Turkey agreement? And what options are there to expand legal escape routes? In this policy brief, Lucas Rasche writes that an answer to these questions first needs a credible narrative of what a "European solution" in migration policy can look like. KW - migration Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-42420 UR - https://www.delorscentre.eu/en/publications/detail/publication/what-next-in-european-migration-politics ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Redeker, Nils T1 - After the German election: What's next in EU industrial policy? N2 - The green and digital transformation of industry was one of the central issues in the German election campaign. However, many fundamental decisions on industrial policy can only be taken at the European level. The new German government must therefore turn its attention to Brussels as soon as possible and provide answers to specific questions: How can an investment-oriented industrial policy be organized in the single market? What European regulatory framework does the transformation of European industry to climate neutrality require? And finally, how much geopolitics can European industrial policy take? Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-42413 UR - https://www.delorscentre.eu/en/publications/detail/publication/what-next-in-european-industrial-politics ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Rasche, Lucas T1 - Migrationskrise mit Belarus Realitätscheck & Handlungsoptionen für die neue Bundesregierung N2 - Für die neue Bundesregierung ist die Krise an der EU-Außengrenze zu Belarus eine erste Bewährungsprobe für den angekündigten Paradigmenwechsel ihrer Migrationspolitik. Im Fokus steht dabei die Frage, wie Deutschland und die EU einer instrumentalisierten Migrationsbewegung entgegentreten können. Die EU-Kommission hat dazu jüngst eine Anpassung des Schengener Grenzkodex sowie eine neue „Instrumentalisierungs-Verordnung“ vorge� schlagen. Angesichts dieser Entwicklungen erörtert dieser Policy Brief, welche Handlungsoptionen der neuen Bundesregierung offenstehen, um die Vorhaben des Koalitionsvertrags auf europäischer Ebene umzusetzen. KW - migration crisis; Belarus Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-42483 UR - https://www.delorscentre.eu/en/publications/detail/publication/migration-crisis-belarus ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Mack, Sebastian T1 - Never waste a good crisis: European banking regulation in the pandemic N2 - The regulatory framework for banks introduced in the aftermath of the global financial crisis was designed to provide financial stability in good and bad times. Given an external shock, capital buffers are meant to cushion losses and prevent banks from pro-cyclical deleveraging. However, insufficient accumulation of easily releasable buffers ahead of the pandemic, combined with banks‘ unwillingness to use the available ones, made European decision-makers tweak hard banking law during the pandemic. In his policy brief, Sebastian Mack shows that microprudential, monetary and fiscal policy measures together averted a credit crunch. But Europe should revise its macroprudential framework so that it is fully functional in the next crisis. KW - banking regulation; pandemic Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-42474 UR - https://www.delorscentre.eu/en/publications/detail/publication/never-waste-a-good-crisis ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Koenig, Nicole T1 - From Strategic Compass to Common Course: Key deliverables and implementation paths N2 - The Strategic Compass for Security and Defence should concretise the EU’s level of ambition as a security provider. In November 2021, a first draft was presented to the member states. It is now up to them to negotiate the final document until March 2022. The need for consensus and long-standing divides could tempt them to either dilute the draft or postpone the more controversial decisions to the implementation phase. With this paper, we seek to counteract these temptations. We identify eight key deliverables, point towards possible implementation challenges and propose ways to address them. KW - visions for Europe; strategic compass Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-42468 UR - https://www.delorscentre.eu/en/publications/detail/publication/strategic-compass ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Guttenberg, Lucas T1 - A political enigma: Four open questions about the Conference on the Future of Europe N2 - The Conference on the Future of Europe remains an enigma just five months before its projected end. In this policy brief, Lucas Guttenberg outlines the four main open questions that will determine the outcome of the conference and whether it will be judged a success: What level of ambition will the conference aim for? Who is calling the shots when it comes to the conference’s outcome document? What will happen next after the end of the conference? And how will the conference impact the EU’s institutional fabric in the long run? KW - Conference on the Future of Europe Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-42528 UR - https://www.delorscentre.eu/en/publications/detail/publication/a-political-enigma ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Mack, Sebastian T1 - The final piece of the Basel III jigsaw fits - Banks and unrated corporates can handle the output floor N2 - The European Commission has proposed implementing the outstanding elements of the international banking reforms agreed in the wake of the global financial crisis. The final Basel III rules are designed to curb any underestimating of risks by banks when using internal models. The introduction of the output floor as lower bound for determining banks’ capital requirements will foster fair competition between banks using internal models and those that do not. The output floor will predominantly affect loans to large unrated corporates. Sebastian Mack assumes that the resulting capital increase will be digestible for the banks with only limited effects on the real economy. Requiring all EU corporates to seek an external credit rating would not reduce the impact of the output floor as only a fraction of these firms demonstrates high creditworthiness. However, increasing the rating coverage of EU corporates would provide banks with additional information on borrowers and thus improve their risk management capabilities. In the absence of any public European rating agency, national central banks should follow the example of the Banque de France and establish public rating registers for large EU corporates. KW - Basel 3; unrated corporates; banking reforms Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-42510 UR - https://www.delorscentre.eu/en/publications/detail/publication/output-floor ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Nguyen, Thu T1 - The holy trinity of EU elections: Transnational lists, Spitzenkandidaten procedure and a stronger European Parliament N2 - The next European Parliament elections in May 2024 are approaching faster than it might seem. In this Visions for Europe Policy Paper, Thu Nguyen takes a critical look at two ideas to reform the elections ahead of 2024 and assesses their potential to enhance EU democracy in light of the EU’s institutional set-up: Transnational lists and the Spitzenkandidaten procedure. It is argued both could enhance the European dimension of the elections, but they are no silver bullets. Any such reforms should therefore be accompanied by a third component: a stronger role for the European Parliament. KW - European Parliament; transnational lists Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-42506 UR - https://www.delorscentre.eu/en/publications/detail/publication/holy-trinity-of-eu-elections ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Rasche, Lucas T1 - The French EU Council Presidency: How to proceed on resettlement & humanitarian admission? N2 - Given the recent crises in Belarus and Afghanistan, President Macron has declared protecting the EU’s external borders as a main priority of the upcoming French Council Presidency. Yet, in this policy brief, Lucas Rasche argues that the French Council Presidency should move beyond a restrictive approach to reform the EU’s asylum and migration policy. A less politicised approach can thereby help focus on solving technical issues to make progress where it is severely needed. This is especially the case when it comes to enhancing the number of safe and legal pathways to protection in the EU. KW - migration policy; asylum policy; French EU Council Presidency 2022 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-42493 UR - https://www.delorscentre.eu/en/publications/detail/publication/the-french-eu-council ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Heimbach, Henriette A1 - Wernert, Yann T1 - Une présidence du Conseil divisée: La présidence française du Conseil de l’Union européenne en période électorale N2 - La présidence française du Conseil de l’UE au premier semestre 2022 aura lieu dans un contexte très particulier. Alors que de nombreux dossiers européens, tels la législation sur les services numériques ou le paquet « Fitfor55 » pour la protection du climat, doivent être finalisés, la France se verra face à des élections présidentielles et législatives à partir d’avril. Emmanuel Macron devra donc mettre à profit les trois premiers mois de cette présidence pour marquer ses priorités politiques, faire avancer le projet européen et se démarquer lors de la campagne électorale pour se faire réélire. Les élections présidentielles marqueront la fin de cette première phase de la présidence du Conseil, qui sera suivie par une phase technocratique, où peu de décisions d’envergure sont attendues au niveau européen. KW - Predidence du Conseil; elections francaises 2022 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-42556 UR - https://hertieschool-f4e6.kxcdn.com/fileadmin/2_Research/1_About_our_research/2_Research_centres/6_Jacques_Delors_Centre/Publications/Wernet_Heimbach_French_Presidency_FRENCH.pdf ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Heimbach, Henriette A1 - Wernert, Yann T1 - The two-step Council Presidency: France‘s Presidency of the Council of the European Union during the election period N2 - The French Council Presidency in the first half of 2022 comes at an important time. While many European dossiers such as the Digital Markets Act or the climate package „Fitfor55“ are waiting for decisive impulses and successfully conducted negotiations, presidential and parliamentary elections will take place in France from April on. President Macron will therefore use the first three months of the Council Presidency intensively to set political accents, to advance the European project and to make his mark in the French election campaign. The elections will then be the beginning of a technocratic phase of the Council Presidency in which few results are to be expected. KW - French presidency of the Council of the European Union 2022; French elections 2022 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-42543 UR - https://www.delorscentre.eu/en/publications/detail/publication/two-step-council-presidency ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Linek, Maximilian A1 - Traxler, Christian T1 - Framing and Social Information Nudges at Wikipedia JF - Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization N2 - We analyze a series of trials that randomly assigned Wikipedia users in Germany to different web banners soliciting donations. The trials varied framing or content of social information about how many other users are donating. Framing a given number of donors in a negative way increased donation rates. Variations in the communicated social information had no detectable effects. The findings are consistent with the results from a survey experiment. In line with donations being strategic substitutes, the survey documents that the negative framing lowers beliefs about others’ donations. Varying the social information, in contrast, is ineffective in changing average beliefs. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.06.033 SN - 0167-2681 N1 - See also: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.11128.pdf VL - 188 SP - 1269 EP - 1279 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Costello, Cathryn A1 - Foster, Michelle T1 - Race Discrimination Effaced at the International Court of Justice JF - AJIL Unbound N2 - This essay examines the interpretation of the core international treaty dedicated to the elimination of racial discrimination, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD), and in particular how the prohibition on race discrimination applies to the treatment of migrants. This essay is timely, as CERD has travelled from the margins of human rights law to the center of the hottest interstate lawfare. At the time of writing, the first ever interstate dispute before any UN treaty body is before the CERD Committee, and CERD has been invoked in several interstate cases before the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Unfortunately, this crucible of adjudication has not marked an increase in principled interpretation. This essay critiques the recent admissibility ruling of the ICJ in Qatar v. U.A.E. for its marginalization of the prohibition of race discrimination, in particular the failure meaningfully to consider how nationality discrimination may constitute prohibited race discrimination. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2021.51 VL - 115 SP - 339 EP - 344 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bach, Tobias A1 - Jugl, Marlene A1 - Köhler, Dustin A1 - Wegrich, Kai T1 - Reputational threats and democratic responsiveness of regulatory agencies T2 - The Accountability of Expertise N2 - This chapter studies decision-making behaviour of independent regulatory agencies. Theoretical accounts of delegation to regulatory agencies emphasise that losses of political accountability of regulators are traded off against potential gains in regulatory efficiency. The theory of credible commitment suggests that independent (non-majoritarian) regulatory agencies are more effective in regulating markets than organisations under direct political control. However, independent regulatory agencies operate in a political context and need to demonstrate their benefit to a diverse set of stakeholders, including elected politicians. We are hence confronted with a ‘paradox of autonomisation’ according to which more autonomous public organisations have to take into consideration external demands to a greater degree than less autonomous organisations. Independent regulatory agencies will thus be subjected to high … Y1 - 2021 SN - 9781003175490 SP - 81 EP - 98 PB - Routledge CY - London, New York ER -