<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>965</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2010</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>775</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>801</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>4</issue>
    <volume>36</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley-Blackwell</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Hoboken (NJ) [u.a.]</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2014-12-17</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">The educational gradient of nonmarital childbearing in Europe</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Nearly every European Country has experienced some increase in nonmarital childbearing, largely due to increasing births within cohabitation. Relatively few studies in Europe, however, investigate the educational gradient of childbearing within cohabitation or how it changed over time. Using retrospective union and fertility histories, we employ competing risk hazard models to examine the educational gradient of childbearing in cohabitation in eight countries across europe. In all countries studied, birth risks within cohabitation demonstrated a negative educational gradient. When directly comparing cohabiting fertility with marital fertility, the negative educational gradient persists in all countries except Italy, although differences were not significant in Austria, France, and West Germany. To explain these findings, we present an alternative explanation for the increase in childbearing within cohabitation that goes beyond the explanation of the Second Demographic Transition and provides a new interpretation of the underlying mechanisms that may influence childbearing within cohabitation.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Population and Development Review</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0098-7921</identifier>
    <identifier type="url">http://www.demogr.mpg.de/papers/working/wp-2010-004.pdf</identifier>
    <note>Available as Working Paper from the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research: &#13;
http://www.demogr.mpg.de/papers/working/wp-2010-004.pdf</note>
    <licence>Metadaten / metadata</licence>
    <author>Michaela Kreyenfeld</author>
    <submitter>Andrea Derichs</submitter>
    <author>Brienna Perelli-Harris</author>
    <author>Wendy Sigle-Rushton</author>
    <author>Trude Lappegard</author>
    <author>Caroline Berghammer</author>
    <author>Renske Keizer</author>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>879</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2012</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>167</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>182</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>2</issue>
    <volume>66</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Routledge</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>London [u.a.]</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2014-10-29</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Changes in union status during the transition to parenthood in eleven European countries, 1970s to early 2000s</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Couples who have children are increasingly likely to have lived together without being married at some point in their relationship. Some couples begin their unions with cohabitation and marry before first conception, some marry during pregnancy or directly after the first birth, while others remain unmarried 3 years after the first birth. Using union and fertility histories since the 1970s for eleven countries, we examine whether women who have children in unions marry, and if so, at what stage in family formation. We also examine whether women who conceive when cohabiting are more likely to marry or separate. We find that patterns of union formation and childbearing develop along different trajectories across countries. In all countries, however, less than 40 per cent of women remained in cohabitation up to 3 years after the first birth, suggesting that marriage remains the predominant institution for raising children.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Population Studies: A Journal of Demography</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1080/00324728.2012.673004</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1477-4747</identifier>
    <licence>Metadaten / metadata</licence>
    <author>Michaela Kreyenfeld</author>
    <submitter>Nicole Brünner</submitter>
    <author>Brienna Perelli-Harris</author>
    <author>Wendy Sigle-Rushton</author>
    <author>Renske Keizer</author>
    <author>Trude Lappegard</author>
    <author>Aiva Jasilioniene</author>
    <author>Caroline Berghammer</author>
    <author>Paola Di Giulio</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cohabitation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Marriage</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Union dynamics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Childbearing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Europe</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Life-course research</value>
    </subject>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>3665</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2020-11-09</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Educational differences in cohort fertility across subnational regions in Europe</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Educational differences in female cohort fertility vary strongly across high-income countries and over time, but knowledge about how educational fertility differentials play out at the sub-national regional level is limited. Examining these sub-national regional patterns might improve our understanding of national patterns, as regionally varying contextual conditions may affect fertility. This study provides for the first time for a large number of European countries a comprehensive account of educational differences in the cohort fertility rate (CFR) at the sub-national regional level. We harmonise data from population registers, censuses, and large-sample surveys for 15 countries to measure women’s completed fertility by educational level and region of residence at the end of the reproductive lifespan. In order to explore associations between educational differences in CFRs and levels of economic development, we link our data to regional GDP per capita. Empirical Bayesian estimation is used to reduce uncertainty in the regional fertility estimates. We document an overall negative gradient between the CFR and level of education, and notable regional variation in the gradient. The steepness of the gradient is inversely related to the economic development level. It is steepest in the least developed regions and close to zero in the most developed regions. This tendency is observed within countries as well as across all regions of all countries. Our findings underline the variability of educational gradients in women’s fertility, suggest that higher levels of development may be associated with less negative gradients, and call for more in-depth sub-national-level fertility analyses by education.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">European Journal of Population</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s10680-020-09562-0</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
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    <licence>Metadaten / metadata</licence>
    <author>Jessica Nisén</author>
    <submitter>Lena Klein</submitter>
    <author>Sebastian Klüsener</author>
    <author>Johan Dahlberg</author>
    <author>Lars Dommermuth</author>
    <author>Aiva Jasilioniene</author>
    <author>Michaela Kreyenfeld</author>
    <author>Trude Lappegård</author>
    <author>Peng Li</author>
    <author>Pekka Martikainen</author>
    <author>Karel Neels</author>
    <author>Bernhard Riederer</author>
    <author>Saskia te Riele</author>
    <author>Laura Szabó</author>
    <author>Alessandra Trimarchi</author>
    <author>Francisco Viciana</author>
    <author>Ben Wilson</author>
    <author>Mikko Myrskylä</author>
    <thesisPublisher>Hertie School</thesisPublisher>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>6076</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>6</issue>
    <volume>31</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2026-02-04</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Economic Conditions, Education and Parity‐Specific Fertility: A Sub‐National Regional Study Across 15 Countries in Europe</title>
    <abstract language="eng">There is a longstanding interest in the link between economic conditions and fertility levels. Most research measuring economic development has focused on national‐level patterns and period total fertility levels. We aim to extend existing knowledge by carrying out a sub‐national regional analysis of the link between economic conditions and parity‐specific cohort fertility, while taking into account heterogeneity by educational level. We study three fertility outcomes by women's education: the share of women who remain childless, the mean number of children per mother and the mean number of children per woman. For this analysis, we harmonised register, census and large‐scale survey data from 15 European countries, with a focus on women born in the late 1960s. Women's fertility was measured at the end of their reproductive careers and combined with contextual information, including information on the regional GDP (per capita). In our multiple regression models that controlled for country‐level factors, we found that GDP was positively associated with childlessness among women with medium and high levels of education. However, GDP was negatively associated with the number of children per mother among women with low levels of education. These findings show that the relationship between economic conditions and fertility varies depending on the level of education of the women, and it differs between childlessness and continued childbearing. High‐income contexts may be less supportive of continued childbearing for women with lower levels of education.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Population, Space and Place</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/psp.70074</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_json">x</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <licence>Metadaten / metadata</licence>
    <author>Jessica Nisén</author>
    <submitter>Alwine Hoppe</submitter>
    <author>Sebastian Klüsener</author>
    <author>Johan Dahlberg</author>
    <author>Lars Dommermuth</author>
    <author>Aiva Jasilioniene</author>
    <author>Michaela Kreyenfeld</author>
    <author>Trude Lappegård</author>
    <author>Peng Li</author>
    <author>Pekka Martikainen</author>
    <author>Karel Neels</author>
    <author>Bernhard Riederer</author>
    <author>Saskia te Riele</author>
    <author>Harun Sulak</author>
    <author>Laura Szabó</author>
    <author>Alessandra Trimarchi</author>
    <author>Francisco Viciana</author>
    <author>Mikko Myrskylä</author>
    <collection role="AY-24-25" number=""/>
    <thesisPublisher>Hertie School</thesisPublisher>
  </doc>
</export-example>
